Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing

Virulence

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 214-229

  Tsai, Catherine Jia Yun ^a   Loh, Jacelyn Mei San ^a   Proft, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

antimicrobial drug testing; Galleria mellonella; Gram negative pathogens; Gram positive pathogens; infection model; innate immunity; wax worm

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN; AZITHROMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEROPENEM; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; NUCLEIC ACID; PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEIN; PIPERACILLIN; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; STREPTOMYCIN; TERFENADINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CELL ENCAPSULATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; COCOON; COLONY FORMING UNIT; DRUG SCREENING; GALLERIA MELLONELLA; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INNATE IMMUNITY; LD50; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; NONHUMAN; POINT MUTATION; POLYMERIZATION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; ANIMAL MODEL; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIOPHAGE; DRUG EFFECTS; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; IMMUNOLOGY; LARVA; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; MOTH; PATHOGENICITY; PHAGE THERAPY; VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIOPHAGES; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; IMMUNITY, INNATE; LARVA; MODELS, ANIMAL; MOTHS; PHAGE THERAPY; VIRULENCE;

EID: 84964526748     PISSN: 21505594     EISSN: 21505608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1135289     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. M.Scoble. Classification of the Lepidoptera. Oxford University Press, 1995
2. N.Ramarao, C.Nielsen-Leroux, D.Lereclus. The insect Galleria mellonella as a powerful infection model to investigate bacterial pathogenesis. J Vis Exp 2012 Dec 11;(70):e4392; PMID:23271509; http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/4392.
3. M.E.Konkel, K.Tilly. Temperature-regulated expression of bacterial virulence genes. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:157-66; PMID:10742688; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00272-0
4. L.M.Smoot, J.C.Smoot, M.R.Graham, G.A.Somerville, D.E.Sturdevant, C.A.Migliaccio, G.L.Sylva, J.M.Musser. Global differential gene expression in response to growth temperature alteration in group A Streptococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10416-21; PMID:11517341; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.191267598
5. N.Browne, M.Heelan, K.Kavanagh. An analysis of the structural and functional similarities of insect hemocytes and mammalian phagocytes. Virulence 2013; 4:597-603; PMID:23921374; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.25906
6. H.G.Boman, D.Hultmark. Cell-free immunity in insects. Annu Rev Microbiol 1987; 41:103-26; PMID:3318666; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.000535
7. S.Tojo, F.Naganuma, K.Arakawa, S.Yokoo. Involvement of both granular cells and plasmatocytes in phagocytic reactions in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. J Insect Physiol 2000; 46:1129-35; PMID:10817839; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00223-1
8. L.L.Pech, M.R.Strand. Granular cells are required for encapsulation of foreign targets by insect haemocytes. J Cell Sci 1996; 109 (Pt 8):2053-60; PMID:8856501
9. A.R.Schmit, N.A.Ratcliffe. The encapsulation of foreign tissue implants in Galleria mellonella larvae. J Insect Physiol 1977; 23:175-84; PMID:323370; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(77)90027-0
10. J.Y.Choi, M.M.Whitten, M.Y.Cho, K.Y.Lee, M.S.Kim, N.A.Ratcliffe, B.L.Lee. Calreticulin enriched as an early-stage encapsulation protein in wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae. Dev Comp Immunol 2002; 26:335-43; PMID:11888648; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00081-7
11. D.Bergin, E.P.Reeves, J.Renwick, F.B.Wientjes, K.Kavanagh. Superoxide production in Galleria mellonella hemocytes: identification of proteins homologous to the NADPH oxidase complex of human neutrophils. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4161-70; PMID:15972506; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.7.4161-4170.2005
12. J.Renwick, E.P.Reeves, F.B.Wientjes, K.Kavanagh. Translocation of proteins homologous to human neutrophil p47phox and p67phox to the cell membrane in activated hemocytes of Galleria mellonella. Dev Comp Immunol 2007; 31:347-59; PMID:16920193; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2006.06.007
13. A.E.Halwani, D.F.Niven, G.B.Dunphy. Apolipophorin-III and the interactions of lipoteichoic acids with the immediate immune responses of Galleria mellonella. J Invertebr Pathol 2000; 76:233-41; PMID:11112367; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.2000.4978
14. C.C.Pratt, P.M.Weers. Lipopolysaccharide binding of an exchangeable apolipoprotein, apolipophorin III, from Galleria mellonella. Biol Chem 2004; 385:1113-9; PMID:15576334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2004.145
15. M.M.Whitten, I.F.Tew, B.L.Lee, N.A.Ratcliffe. A novel role for an insect apolipoprotein (apolipophorin III) in β-1,3-glucan pattern recognition and cellular encapsulation reactions. J Immunol 2004; 172:2177-85; PMID:14764684; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2177
16. M.D.Carvalho, V.E.Tobias, C.M.Vendrame, A.F.Shimabukuro, M.Gidlund, E.C.Quintao. Lipoproteins modify the macrophage uptake of triacylglycerol emulsion and of zymosan particles by similar mechanisms. Lipids 2000; 35:55-9; PMID:10695924; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-000-0494-1
17. D.R.Riddell, A.Graham, J.S.Owen. Apolipoprotein E inhibits platelet aggregation through the L-arginine:nitric oxide pathway. Implications for vascular disease. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:89-95; PMID:8995232; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.1.89
18. M.Niere, C.Meisslitzer, M.Dettloff, C.Weise, M.Ziegler, A.Wiesner. Insect immune activation by recombinant Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III(1). Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1433:16-26; PMID:10446356; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4838(99)00148-X
19. S.Y.Park, C.H.Kim, W.H.Jeong, J.H.Lee, S.J.Seo, Y.S.Han, I.H.Lee. Effects of two hemolymph proteins on humoral defense reactions in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Dev Comp Immunol 2005; 29:43-51; PMID:15325522; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2004.06.001
20. A.Zdybicka-Barabas, S.Staczek, P.Mak, K.Skrzypiec, E.Mendyk, M.Cytrynska. Synergistic action of Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III and lysozyme against Gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1828:1449-56; PMID:23419829; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.02.004
21. R.Dziarski, D.Gupta. The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Genome Biol 2006; 7:232; PMID:16930467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232
22. V.Seitz, A.Clermont, M.Wedde, M.Hummel, A.Vilcinskas, K.Schlatterer, L.Podsiadlowski. Identification of immunorelevant genes from greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) by a subtractive hybridization approach. Dev Comp Immunol 2003; 27:207-15; PMID:12590972; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-305X(02)00097-6
23. C.H.Kim, Y.P.Shin, M.Y.Noh, Y.H.Jo, Y.S.Han, Y.S.Seong, I.H.Lee. An insect multiligand recognition protein functions as an opsonin for the phagocytosis of microorganisms. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25243-50; PMID:20519517; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.134940
24. X.Q.Yu, M.R.Kanost. Binding of hemolin to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. An immunoglobulin superfamily member from insects as a pattern-recognition receptor. Eur J Biochem 2002; 269:1827-34; PMID:11952784; http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02830.x
25. H.A.Shaik, F.Sehnal. Hemolin expression in the silk glands of Galleria mellonella in response to bacterial challenge and prior to cell disintegration. J Insect Physiol 2009; 55:781-7; PMID:19414015; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.010
26. P.Mowlds, C.Coates, J.Renwick, K.Kavanagh. Dose-dependent cellular and humoral responses in Galleria mellonella larvae following β-glucan inoculation. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:146-53; PMID:19925881; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2009.11.004
27. S.E.Brown, A.Howard, A.B.Kasprzak, K.H.Gordon, P.D.East. A peptidomics study reveals the impressive antimicrobial peptide arsenal of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 39:792-800; PMID:19786100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.09.004
28. Y.S.Lee, E.K.Yun, W.S.Jang, I.Kim, J.H.Lee, S.Y.Park, K.S.Ryu, S.J.Seo, C.H.Kim, I.H.Lee. Purification, cDNA cloning and expression of an insect defensin from the great wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Insect Mol Biol 2004; 13:65-72; PMID:14728668; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00462.x
29. A.Sowa-Jasilek, A.Zdybicka-Barabas, S.Staczek, J.Wydrych, P.Mak, T.Jakubowicz, M.Cytryńska. Studies on the role of insect hemolymph polypeptides: Galleria mellonella anionic peptide 2 and lysozyme. Peptides 2014; 53:194-201; PMID:24472857; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.012
30. C.H.Kim, J.H.Lee, I.Kim, S.J.Seo, S.M.Son, K.Y.Lee, I.H.Lee. Purification and cDNA cloning of a cecropin-like peptide from the great wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Mol Cells 2004; 17:262-6; PMID:15179040
31. S.E.Brown, A.Howard, A.B.Kasprzak, K.H.Gordon, P.D.East. The discovery and analysis of a diverged family of novel antifungal moricin-like peptides in the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 38:201-12; PMID:18207081; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.10.009
32. J.A.Hoffmann, J.M.Reichhart, C.Hetru. Innate immunity in higher insects. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8:8-13; PMID:8729440; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80098-7
33. M.Cytrynska, P.Mak, A.Zdybicka-Barabas, P.Suder, T.Jakubowicz. Purification and characterization of eight peptides from Galleria mellonella immune hemolymph. Peptides 2007; 28:533-46; PMID:17194500; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2006.11.010
34. S.Kawaoka, S.Katsuma, T.Daimon, R.Isono, N.Omuro, K.Mita, T.Shimada. Functional analysis of four Gloverin-like genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2008; 67:87-96; PMID:18076111; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.20223
35. G.Langen, J.Imani, B.Altincicek, G.Kieseritzky, K.H.Kogel, A.Vilcinskas. Transgenic expression of gallerimycin, a novel antifungal insect defensin from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, confers resistance to pathogenic fungi in tobacco. Biol Chem 2006; 387:549-57; PMID:16740126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2006.071
36. P.A.Girard, Y.Boublik, C.W.Wheat, A.N.Volkoff, F.Cousserans, M.Brehelin, J.M.Escoubas. X-tox: an atypical defensin derived family of immune-related proteins specific to Lepidoptera. Dev Comp Immunol 2008; 32:575-84; PMID:17988734; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2007.09.004
37. H.Tang. Regulation and function of the melanization reaction in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2009; 3:105-11; PMID:19164947; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/fly.3.1.7747
38. K.Soderhall, L.Cerenius. Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10:23-8; PMID:9523106; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80026-5
39. A.Lu, Q.Zhang, J.Zhang, B.Yang, K.Wu, W.Xie, Y.X.Luan, E.Ling. Insect prophenoloxidase: the view beyond immunity. Front Physiol 2014; 5:252; PMID:25071597
40. B.Altincicek, M.Linder, D.Linder, K.T.Preissner, A.Vilcinskas. Microbial metalloproteinases mediate sensing of invading pathogens and activate innate immune responses in the lepidopteran model host Galleria mellonella. Infect Immun 2007; 75:175-83; PMID:17074843; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01385-06
41. A.Zdybicka-Barabas, P.Mak, T.Jakubowicz, M.Cytrynska. Lysozyme and defense peptides as suppressors of phenoloxidase activity in Galleria mellonella. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2014; 87:1-12; PMID:25044335; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.21175
42. V.Brinkmann, U.Reichard, C.Goosmann, B.Fauler, Y.Uhlemann, D.S.Weiss, Y.Weinrauch, A.Zychlinsky. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 2004; 303:1532-5; PMID:15001782; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092385
43. B.Altincicek, S.Stotzel, M.Wygrecka, K.T.Preissner, A.Vilcinskas. Host-derived extracellular nucleic acids enhance innate immune responses, induce coagulation, and prolong survival upon infection in insects. J Immunol 2008; 181:2705-12; PMID:18684961; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2705
44. G.Cotter, S.Doyle, K.Kavanagh. Development of an insect model for the in vivo pathogenicity testing of yeasts. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 27:163-9; PMID:10640612; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01427.x
45. S.Fedhila, C.Buisson, O.Dussurget, P.Serror, I.J.Glomski, P.Liehl, D.Lereclus, C.Nielsen-LeRoux. Comparative analysis of the virulence of invertebrate and mammalian pathogenic bacteria in the oral insect infection model Galleria mellonella. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 103:24-9; PMID:19800349; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.09.005
46. A.P.Desbois, P.J.Coote. Wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella): an in vivo model for assessing the efficacy of antistaphylococcal agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1785-90; PMID:21622972; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr198
47. P.Vilmos, E.Kurucz. Insect immunity: evolutionary roots of the mammalian innate immune system. Immunol Lett 1998; 62:59-66; PMID:9698099; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00023-6
48. M.E.Wand, J.W.McCowen, P.G.Nugent, J.M.Sutton. Complex interactions of Klebsiella pneumoniae with the host immune system in a Galleria mellonella infection model. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1790-8; PMID:24000226; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.063032-0
49. J.M.Loh, N.Adenwalla, S.Wiles, T.Proft. Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model for group A streptococcus. Virulence 2013; 4:419-28; PMID:23652836; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.24930
50. S.L.La Rosa, P.G.Casey, C.Hill, D.B.Diep, I.F.Nes, D.A.Brede. In vivo assessment of growth and virulence gene expression during commensal and pathogenic lifestyles of luxABCDE-tagged Enterococcus faecalis strains in murine gastrointestinal and intravenous infection models. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3986-97; PMID:23603680; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00831-13
51. S.L.La Rosa, D.B.Diep, I.F.Nes, D.A.Brede. Construction and application of a luxABCDE reporter system for real-time monitoring of Enterococcus faecalis gene expression and growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7003-11; PMID:22843522; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02018-12
52. R.J.Olsen, M.E.Watkins, C.C.Cantu, S.B.Beres, J.M.Musser. Virulence of serotype M3 Group A Streptococcus strains in wax worms (Galleria mellonella larvae). Virulence 2011; 2:111-9; PMID:21258213; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.2.14338
53. B.A.Evans, D.E.Rozen. A Streptococcus pneumoniae infection model in larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2653-60; PMID:22466968; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1609-7
54. A.Benachour, R.Ladjouzi, A.Le Jeune, L.Hebert, S.Thorpe, P.Courtin, M.P.Chapot-Chartier, T.K.Prajsnar, S.J.Foster, S.Mesnage. The lysozyme-induced peptidoglycan N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase PgdA (EF1843) is required for Enterococcus faecalis virulence. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:6066-73; PMID:22961856; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00981-12
55. A.O.Gaca, J.Abranches, J.K.Kajfasz, J.A.Lemos. Global transcriptional analysis of the stringent response in Enterococcus faecalis. Microbiology 2012; 158:1994-2004; PMID:22653948; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.060236-0
56. F.Gaspar, N.Teixeira, L.Rigottier-Gois, P.Marujo, C.Nielsen-LeRoux, M.T.Crespo, F.Lopes Mde, P.Serror. Virulence of Enterococcus faecalis dairy strains in an insect model: the role of fsrB and gelE. Microbiology 2009; 155:3564-71; PMID:19696101; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.030775-0
57. A.Hanin, I.Sava, Y.Bao, J.Huebner, A.Hartke, Y.Auffray, N.Sauvageot. Screening of in vivo activated genes in Enterococcus faecalis during insect and mouse infections and growth in urine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11879; PMID:20686694; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011879
58. F.Lebreton, E.Riboulet-Bisson, P.Serror, M.Sanguinetti, B.Posteraro, R.Torelli, A.Hartke, Y.Auffray, J.C.Giard. ace, Which encodes an adhesin in Enterococcus faecalis, is regulated by Ers and is involved in virulence. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2832-9; PMID:19433548; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01218-08
59. C.Martini, C.Michaux, F.Bugli, A.Arcovito, F.Iavarone, M.Cacaci, F.Paroni Sterbini, A.Hartke, N.Sauvageot, M.Sanguinetti, et al. The polyamine N-acetyltransferase-like enzyme PmvE plays a role in the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:364-71; PMID:25385793; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.02585-14
60. C.Michaux, M.Sanguinetti, F.Reffuveille, Y.Auffray, B.Posteraro, M.S.Gilmore, A.Hartke, J.C.Giard. SlyA is a transcriptional regulator involved in the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2638-45; PMID:21536798; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01132-10
61. S.Y.Park, K.M.Kim, J.H.Lee, S.J.Seo, I.H.Lee. Extracellular gelatinase of Enterococcus faecalis destroys a defense system in insect hemolymph and human serum. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1861-9; PMID:17261598; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01473-06
62. C.Zhao, A.Hartke, M.La Sorda, B.Posteraro, J.M.Laplace, Y.Auffray, M.Sanguinetti. Role of methionine sulfoxide reductases A and B of Enterococcus faecalis in oxidative stress and virulence. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3889-97; PMID:20566694; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00165-10
63. J.Chibebe Junior, B.B.Fuchs, C.P.Sabino, J.C.Junqueira, A.O.Jorge, M.S.Ribeiro, M.S.Gilmore, L.B.Rice, G.P.Tegos, M.R.Hamblin, et al. Photodynamic and antibiotic therapy impair the pathogenesis of Enterococcus faecium in a whole animal insect model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55926; PMID:23457486; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055926
64. F.Lebreton, F.Le Bras, F.Reffuveille, R.Ladjouzi, J.C.Giard, R.Leclercq, V.Cattoir. Galleria mellonella as a model for studying Enterococcus faecium host persistence. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 21:191-6; PMID:22286046; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000332737
65. F.Lebreton, W.van Schaik, M.Sanguinetti, B.Posteraro, R.Torelli, F.Le Bras, N.Verneuil, X.Zhang, J.C.Giard, A.Dhalluin, et al. AsrR is an oxidative stress sensing regulator modulating Enterococcus faecium opportunistic traits, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenicity. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002834; PMID:22876178; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002834
66. A.Y.Peleg, D.Monga, S.Pillai, E.Mylonakis, R.C.Moellering, Jr., G.M.Eliopoulos. Reduced susceptibility to vancomycin influences pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:532-6; PMID:19125671; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596511
67. C.Quiblier, K.Seidl, B.Roschitzki, A.S.Zinkernagel, B.Berger-Bachi, M.M.Senn. Secretome analysis defines the major role of SecDF in Staphylococcus aureus virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63513; PMID:23658837; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063513
68. S.A.Joyce, C.G.Gahan. Molecular pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes in the alternative model host Galleria mellonella. Microbiology 2010; 156:3456-68; PMID:20688820; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.040782-0
69. K.Mukherjee, M.Abu Mraheil, S.Silva, D.Muller, F.Cemic, J.Hemberger, T.Hain, A.Vilcinskas, T.Chakraborty. Anti-Listeria activities of Galleria mellonella hemolymph proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4237-40; PMID:21531838; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02435-10
70. K.Mukherjee, B.Altincicek, T.Hain, E.Domann, A.Vilcinskas, T.Chakraborty. Galleria mellonella as a model system for studying Listeria pathogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:310-7; PMID:19897755; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01301-09
71. K.Mukherjee, R.Raju, R.Fischer, A.Vilcinskas. Galleria mellonella as a model host to study gut microbe homeostasis and brain infection by the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2013; 135:27-39; PMID:23708825
72. C.Seifart Gomes, B.Izar, F.Pazan, W.Mohamed, M.A.Mraheil, K.Mukherjee, A.Billion, Y.Aharonowitz, T.Chakraborty, T.Hain. Universal stress proteins are important for oxidative and acid stress resistance and growth of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24965; PMID:21980369; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024965
73. M.Andrejko, M.Cytrynska, T.Jakubowicz. Apolipophorin III is a substrate for protease IV from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 243:331-7; PMID:15686832; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.12.024
74. M.Andrejko, M.Mizerska-Dudka. Elastase B of Pseudomonas aeruginosa stimulates the humoral immune response in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107:16-26; PMID:21236262; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.015
75. M.Andrejko, M.Mizerska-Dudka. Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase B on level and activity of immune proteins/peptides of Galleria mellonella hemolymph. J Insect Sci 2012; 12:88; PMID:23421724; http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.012.8801
76. M.Andrejko, A.Zdybicka-Barabas, M.Cytrynska. Diverse effects of Galleria mellonella infection with entomopathogenic and clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 115:14-25; PMID:24513029; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.006
77. L.Hill, N.Veli, P.J.Coote. Evaluation of Galleria mellonella larvae for measuring the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of antibiotic therapies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:254-61; PMID:24361354; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.11.001
78. G.Jander, L.G.Rahme, F.M.Ausubel. Positive correlation between virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants in mice and insects. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:3843-5; PMID:10851003; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.13.3843-3845.2000
79. A.M.Kropinski, J.S.Chadwick. The pathogenicity of rough strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Galleria mellonella. Can J Microbiol 1975; 21:2084-8; PMID:814978; http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m75-297
80. H.P.McLaughlin, D.L.Caly, Y.McCarthy, R.P.Ryan, J.M.Dow. An orphan chemotaxis sensor regulates virulence and antibiotic tolerance in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42205; PMID:22870303; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042205
81. S.Miyata, M.Casey, D.W.Frank, F.M.Ausubel, E.Drenkard. Use of the Galleria mellonella caterpillar as a model host to study the role of the type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2404-13; PMID:12704110; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.5.2404-2413.2003
82. M.Mizerska-Dudka, M.Andrejko. Galleria mellonella hemocytes destruction after infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:232-46; PMID:23456635; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201200273
83. C.Pustelny, S.Brouwer, M.Musken, A.Bielecka, A.Dotsch, M.Nimtz, S.Häussler. The peptide chain release factor methyltransferase PrmC is essential for pathogenicity and environmental adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:597-609; PMID:23278968; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12040
84. R.P.Ryan, J.Lucey, K.O'Donovan, Y.McCarthy, L.Yang, T.Tolker-Nielsen, J.M.Dow. HD-GYP domain proteins regulate biofilm formation and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:1126-36; PMID:19170727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01842.x
85. E.Sonnleitner, S.Hagens, F.Rosenau, S.Wilhelm, A.Habel, K.E.Jager, U.Bläsi. Reduced virulence of a hfq mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O1. Microb Pathog 2003; 35:217-28; PMID:14521880; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0882-4010(03)00149-9
86. R.A.Whiley, N.P.Sheikh, N.Mushtaq, E.Hagi-Pavli, Y.Personne, D.Javaid, R.D.Waite. Differential potentiation of the virulence of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis liverpool epidemic strain by oral commensal Streptococci. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:769-80; PMID:24158959; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit568
87. M.F.Alghoribi, T.M.Gibreel, A.R.Dodgson, S.A.Beatson, M.Upton. Galleria mellonella infection model demonstrates high lethality of ST69 and ST127 uropathogenic E. coli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101547; PMID:25061819; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101547
88. H.Ciesielczuk, J.Betts, L.Phee, M.Doumith, R.Hope, N.Woodford, D.W.Wareham. Comparative virulence of urinary and bloodstream isolates of extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in a Galleria mellonella model. Virulence 2015; 6:145-51; PMID:25853733; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.988095
89. S.Leuko, T.L.Raivio. Mutations that impact the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Cpx envelope stress response attenuate virulence in Galleria mellonella. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3077-85; PMID:22710873; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00081-12
90. J.K.Morgan, J.A.Ortiz, J.T.Riordan. The role for TolA in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathogenesis and virulence gene transcription. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:42-52; PMID:25448467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2014.10.010
91. D.A.Williamson, G.Mills, J.R.Johnson, S.Porter, S.Wiles. In vivo correlates of molecularly inferred virulence among extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) in the wax moth Galleria mellonella model system. Virulence 2014; 5:388-93; PMID:24518442; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.27912
92. E.Diago-Navarro, L.Chen, V.Passet, S.Burack, A.Ulacia-Hernando, R.P.Kodiyanplakkal, M.H.Levi, S.Brisse, B.N.Kreiswirth, B.C.Fries. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibit variability in capsular polysaccharide and capsule associated virulence traits. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:803-13; PMID:24634498; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu157
93. J.L.Insua, E.Llobet, D.Moranta, C.Perez-Gutierrez, A.Tomas, J.Garmendia, et al. Modeling Klebsiella pneumoniae pathogenesis by infection of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3552-65; PMID:23836821; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00391-13
94. M.M.McLaughlin, M.R.Advincula, M.Malczynski, G.Barajas, C.Qi, M.H.Scheetz. Quantifying the clinical virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase Klebsiella pneumoniae with a Galleria mellonella model and a pilot study to translate to patient outcomes. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:31; PMID:24428847; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-31
95. P.Aurass, M.Schlegel, O.Metwally, C.R.Harding, G.N.Schroeder, G.Frankel, A.Flieger. The Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm-secreted effector PlcC/CegC1 together with PlcA and PlcB promotes virulence and belongs to a novel zinc metallophospholipase C family present in bacteria and fungi. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11080-92; PMID:23457299; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.426049
96. C.R.Harding, G.N.Schroeder, S.Reynolds, A.Kosta, J.W.Collins, A.Mousnier, G.Frankel. Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2780-90; PMID:22645286; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00510-12
97. C.R.Harding, C.A.Stoneham, R.Schuelein, H.Newton, C.V.Oates, E.L.Hartland, G.N.Schroeder, G.Frankel. The Dot/Icm effector SdhA is necessary for virulence of Legionella pneumophila in Galleria mellonella and A/J mice. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2598-605; PMID:23649096; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00296-13
98. S.Ahmad, L.Hunter, A.Qin, B.J.Mann, M.L.van Hoek. Azithromycin effectiveness against intracellular infections of Francisella. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:123; PMID:20416090; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-123
99. G.Aperis, B.B.Fuchs, C.A.Anderson, J.E.Warner, S.B.Calderwood, E.Mylonakis. Galleria mellonella as a model host to study infection by the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:729-34; PMID:17400503; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2007.02.016
100. A.C.Jacobs, M.G.Thompson, C.C.Black, J.L.Kessler, L.P.Clark, C.N.McQueary, H.Y.Gancz, B.W.Corey, J.K.Moon, Y.Si, et al. AB5075, a Highly Virulent Isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii, as a Model Strain for the Evaluation of Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Treatments. MBio 2014; 5:e01076-14; PMID:24865555; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01076-14
101. A.Y.Peleg, S.Jara, D.Monga, G.M.Eliopoulos, R.C.Moellering, Jr., E.Mylonakis. Galleria mellonella as a model system to study Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis and therapeutics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2605-9; PMID:19332683; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01533-08
102. G.Koch, P.Nadal-Jimenez, C.R.Reis, R.Muntendam, M.Bokhove, E.Melillo, B.W.Dijkstra, R.H.Cool, W.J.Quax. Reducing virulence of the human pathogen Burkholderia by altering the substrate specificity of the quorum-quenching acylase PvdQ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1568-73; PMID:24474783; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311263111
103. M.A.Schell, L.Lipscomb, D.DeShazer. Comparative genomics and an insect model rapidly identify novel virulence genes of Burkholderia mallei. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:2306-13; PMID:18223084; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01735-07
104. K.D.Seed, J.J.Dennis. Development of Galleria mellonella as an alternative infection model for the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1267-75; PMID:18195031; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01249-07
105. R.J.Thomas, K.A.Hamblin, S.J.Armstrong, C.M.Muller, M.Bokori-Brown, S.Goldman, H.S.Atkins, R.W.Titball. Galleria mellonella as a model system to test the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antibiotics against Burkholderia pseudomallei. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:330-6; PMID:23402703; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.12.009
106. M.E.Wand, C.M.Muller, R.W.Titball, S.L.Michell. Macrophage and Galleria mellonella infection models reflect the virulence of naturally occurring isolates of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:11; PMID:21241461; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-11
107. O.Zak, T.O'Reilly. Animal models in the evaluation of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1527-31; PMID:1929323; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.35.8.1527
108. J.W.Betts, L.M.Phee, M.Hornsey, N.Woodford, D.W.Wareham. In vitro and in vivo activities of tigecycline-colistin combination therapies against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3541-6; PMID:24687491; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02449-14
109. S.N.Dean, B.M.Bishop, M.L.van Hoek. Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm to Alpha-Helical Peptides: D-enantiomer of LL-37. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:128; PMID:21772832; http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00128
110. M.K.Luther, M.Arvanitis, E.Mylonakis, K.L.LaPlante. Activity of daptomycin or linezolid in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against biofilm-forming Enterococcus faecalis or E. faecium in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model using simulated endocardial vegetations and an in vivo survival assay using Galleria mellonella larvae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4612-20; PMID:24867993; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02790-13
111. J.Krezdorn, S.Adams, P.J.Coote. A Galleria mellonella infection model reveals double and triple antibiotic combination therapies with enhanced efficacy versus a multidrug-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:945-55; PMID:24928215; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.074245-0
112. G.Brackman, P.Cos, L.Maes, H.J.Nelis, T.Coenye. Quorum sensing inhibitors increase the susceptibility of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2655-61; PMID:21422204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00045-11
113. K.D.Seed, J.J.Dennis. Experimental bacteriophage therapy increases survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with clinically relevant strains of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2205-8; PMID:19223640; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01166-08
114. A.M.Comeau, F.Tetart, S.N.Trojet, M.F.Prere, H.M.Krisch. Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): β-lactam and quinolone antibiotics stimulate virulent phage growth. PLoS One 2007; 2:e799; PMID:17726529; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000799
115. F.Kamal, J.J.Dennis. Burkholderia cepacia complex Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): antibiotics stimulate lytic phage activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1132-8; PMID:25452284; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02850-14
116. T.Olszak, P.Zarnowiec, W.Kaca, K.Danis-Wlodarczyk, D.Augustyniak, P.Drevinek, A.de Soyza, S.McClean, Z.Drulis-Kawa. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of environmental bacteriophages against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis patients. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99(14):6021-33; PMID:25758956
117. S.M.Cook, J.D.McArthur. Developing Galleria mellonella as a model host for human pathogens. Virulence 2013; 4:350-3; PMID:23799664; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.25240
118. P.Mowlds, K.Kavanagh. Effect of pre-incubation temperature on susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection by Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2008; 165:5-12; PMID:17922218; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9069-9
119. N.Banville, N.Browne, K.Kavanagh. Effect of nutrient deprivation on the susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection. Virulence 2012; 3:497-503; PMID:23076277; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.21972
120. J.P.Fallon, N.Troy, K.Kavanagh. Pre-exposure of Galleria mellonella larvae to different doses of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia causes differential activation of cellular and humoral immune responses. Virulence 2011; 2:413-21; PMID:21921688; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.5.17811
121. A.E.Halwani, G.B.Dunphy. Apolipophorin-III in Galleria mellonella potentiates hemolymph lytic activity. Dev Comp Immunol 1999; 23:563-70; PMID:10579385; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-305X(99)00037-3
122. P.Kopacek, C.Weise, P.Gotz. The prophenoloxidase from the wax moth Galleria mellonella: purification and characterization of the proenzyme. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 25:1081-91; PMID:8580908; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(95)00040-2
123. J.Abranches, J.H.Miller, A.R.Martinez, P.J.Simpson-Haidaris, R.A.Burne, J.A.Lemos. The collagen-binding protein Cnm is required for Streptococcus mutans adherence to and intracellular invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2277-84; PMID:21422186; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00767-10
124. J.P.Bitoun, S.Liao, X.Yao, S.J.Ahn, R.Isoda, A.H.Nguyen, L.J.Brady, R.A.Burne, J.Abranches, Z.T.Wen. BrpA is involved in regulation of cell envelope stress responses in Streptococcus mutans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2914-22; PMID:22327589; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07823-11
125. A.A.Buckley, R.C.Faustoferri, R.G.Quivey, Jr. β-Phosphoglucomutase contributes to aciduricity in Streptococcus mutans. Microbiology 2014; 160:818-27; PMID:24509501; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.075754-0
126. J.Purves, A.Cockayne, P.C.Moody, J.A.Morrissey. Comparison of the regulation, metabolic functions, and roles in virulence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologues gapA and gapB in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2010; 78:5223-32; PMID:20876289; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00762-10
127. C.Michaux, C.Martini, K.Shioya, S.Ahmed Lecheheb, A.Budin-Verneuil, P.Cosette, M.Sanguinetti, A.Hartke, N.Verneuil, J.C.Giard. CspR, a cold shock RNA-binding protein involved in the long-term survival and the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:6900-8; PMID:23086208; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01673-12
128. C.Michaux, L.F.Saavedra, F.Reffuveille, B.Bernay, D.Goux, A.Hartke, N.Verneuil, J.C.Giard. Cold-shock RNA-binding protein CspR is also exposed to the surface of Enterococcus faecalis. Microbiology 2013; 159:2153-61; PMID:23955430; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.071076-0
129. S.L.La Rosa, P.G.Casey, C.Hill, D.B.Diep, I.F.Nes, D.A.Brede. In VivoAssessment of Growth and Virulence Gene Expression during Commensal and Pathogenic Lifestyles ofluxABCDE-Tagged Enterococcus faecalis Strains in Murine Gastrointestinal and Intravenous Infection Models. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3986-97; PMID:23603680; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00831-13
130. N.E.de Oliveira, J.Abranches, A.O.Gaca, M.S.Laport, C.R.Damaso, C.Bastos Mdo, J.A.Lemos, M.Giambiagi-deMarval. clpB, a class III heat-shock gene regulated by CtsR, is involved in thermotolerance and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Microbiology 2011; 157:656-65; PMID:21148206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.041897-0
131. K.Mukherjee, T.Hain, R.Fischer, T.Chakraborty, A.Vilcinskas. Brain infection and activation of neuronal repair mechanisms by the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the lepidopteran model host Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2013; 4:324-32; PMID:23348912; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.23629
132. C.R.Harding, G.N.Schroeder, J.W.Collins, G.Frankel. Use of Galleria mellonella as a model organism to study Legionella pneumophila infection. J Vis Exp 2013:e50964; PMID:24299965
133. O.L.Champion, A.V.Karlyshev, N.J.Senior, M.Woodward, R.La Ragione, S.L.Howard, B.W.Wren, R.W.Titball. Insect infection model for Campylobacter jejuni reveals that O-methyl phosphoramidate has insecticidal activity. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:776-82; PMID:20113177
134. N.J.Senior, M.C.Bagnall, O.L.Champion, S.E.Reynolds, R.M.La Ragione, M.J.Woodward, F.J.Salguero, R.W.Titball. Galleria mellonella as an infection model for Campylobacter jejuni virulence. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:661-9; PMID:21233296; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.026658-0
135. O.Gundogdu, D.C.Mills, A.Elmi, M.J.Martin, B.W.Wren, N.Dorrell. The Campylobacter jejuni transcriptional regulator Cj1556 plays a role in the oxidative and aerobic stress response and is important for bacterial survival in vivo. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:4238-49; PMID:21642451; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.05189-11
136. M.E.Wand, L.J.Bock, J.F.Turton, P.G.Nugent, J.M.Sutton. Acinetobacter baumannii virulence is enhanced in Galleria mellonella following biofilm adaptation. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:470-7; PMID:22194338; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.037523-0
137. J.A.Iwashkiw, A.Seper, B.S.Weber, N.E.Scott, E.Vinogradov, C.Stratilo, B.Reiz, S.J.Cordwell, R.Whittal, S.Schild, et al. Identification of a general O-linked protein glycosylation system in Acinetobacter baumannii and its role in virulence and biofilm formation. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002758; PMID:22685409; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002758
138. J.A.Gaddy, B.A.Arivett, M.J.McConnell, R.Lopez-Rojas, J.Pachon, L.A.Actis. Role of acinetobactin-mediated iron acquisition functions in the interaction of Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 19606T with human lung epithelial cells, Galleria mellonella caterpillars, and mice. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1015-24; PMID:22232188; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.06279-11
139. J.S.Esterly, M.M.McLaughlin, M.Malczynski, C.Qi, T.R.Zembower, M.H.Scheetz. Pathogenicity of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in a Galleria mellonella host model according to bla(OXA-40) gene and epidemiological outbreak status. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:1240-2; PMID:24295983; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02201-13
140. C.M.Muller, L.Conejero, N.Spink, M.E.Wand, G.J.Bancroft, R.W.Titball. Role of RelA and SpoT in Burkholderia pseudomallei virulence and immunity. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3247-55; PMID:22778096; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00178-12
141. A.S.Ferreira, I.N.Silva, V.H.Oliveira, J.D.Becker, M.Givskov, R.P.Ryan, F.Fernandes, L.M.Moreira. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the Burkholderia cepacia tyrosine kinase bceF mutant reveals a role in tolerance to stress, biofilm formation, and virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3009-20; PMID:23435894; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00222-13
142. T.M.Gibreel, M.Upton. Synthetic epidermicin NI01 can protect Galleria mellonella larvae from infection with Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2269-73; PMID:23711896
143. A.Coughlan, K.Scanlon, B.P.Mahon, M.R.Towler. Zinc and silver glass polyalkenoate cements: an evaluation of their antibacterial nature. Biomed Mater Eng 2010; 20:99-106; PMID:20592447
144. A.C.Jacobs, L.Didone, J.Jobson, M.K.Sofia, D.Krysan, P.M.Dunman. Adenylate kinase release as a high-throughput-screening-compatible reporter of bacterial lysis for identification of antibacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:26-36; PMID:23027196; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01640-12
145. N.Browne, F.Hackenberg, W.Streciwilk, M.Tacke, K.Kavanagh. Assessment of in vivo antimicrobial activity of the carbene silver(I) acetate derivative SBC3 using Galleria mellonella larvae. Biometals 2014; 27:745-52; PMID:25037059; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-014-9766-z
146. M.Hornsey, D.W.Wareham. In vivo efficacy of glycopeptide-colistin combination therapies in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3534-7; PMID:21502628; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00230-11
147. J.A.O'Hara, L.A.Ambe, L.G.Casella, B.M.Townsend, M.R.Pelletier, R.K.Ernst, R.M.Shanks, Y.Doi. Activities of vancomycin-containing regimens against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2103-8; PMID:23422916; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02501-12
148. H.Yang, A.Pan, L.Hu, Y.Liu, Y.Ye, J.Li. Vancomycin protects against Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a Galleria mellonella model. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:433-5; PMID:25746598; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2014.997284
149. H.Yang, G.Chen, L.Hu, Y.Liu, J.Cheng, H.Li, Y.Ye, J.Li. In vivo activity of daptomycin/colistin combination therapy in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 45:188-91; PMID:25440154; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.10.012
150. M.Hornsey, L.Phee, C.Longshaw, D.W.Wareham. In vivo efficacy of telavancin/colistin combination therapy in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:285-7; PMID:23312607; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.013
151. S.N.Dean, M.L.van Hoek. Screen of FDA-approved drug library identifies maprotiline, an antibiofilm and antivirulence compound with QseC sensor-kinase dependent activity in Francisella novicida. Virulence 2015; 6:487-503; PMID:26155740; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2015.1046029