The inflammatory inception of gallbladder cancer

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer

Volumn 1865, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 245-254

  Espinoza, Jaime A ^a   Bizama, Carolina ^b   García, Patricia ^b   Ferreccio, Catterina ^b   Javle, Milind ^c   Miquel, Juan F ^b   Koshiol, Jill ^d   Roa, Juan C ^b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^d NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic inflammation; Gallbladder cancer; Gallstones; Metaplasia; Salmonella Typhi; TP53

Indexed keywords

ANOMALOUS ARRANGEMENT OF THE PANCREATICOBILIARY DUCT; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BILE DUCT MALFORMATION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENESIS; CHOLELITHIASIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; GALLBLADDER CANCER; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; COMPLICATION; GALLBLADDER NEOPLASMS; GALLSTONE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; GALLBLADDER NEOPLASMS; GALLSTONES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION;

EID: 84962486560     PISSN: 0304419X     EISSN: 18792561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.03.004     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Hundal R., Shaffer E.A. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin. Epidemiol. 2014, 6:99-109.
2. Lazcano-Ponce E.C., Miquel J.F., Munoz N., Herrero R., Ferrecio C., Wistuba, de Ruiz P.Alonso, Urista G.Aristi, Nervi F. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2001, 51:349-364.
3. Roa I., Ibacache G., Roa J., Araya J., de Aretxabala X., Munoz S. Gallstones and gallbladder cancer-volume and weight of gallstones are associated with gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006, 93:624-628.
4. Wistuba, Gazdar A.F. Gallbladder cancer: lessons from a rare tumour. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4:695-706.
5. Pilgrim C.H., Groeschl R.T., Christians K.K., Gamblin T.C. Modern perspectives on factors predisposing to the development of gallbladder cancer. HPB (Oxford) 2013, 15:839-844.
6. Hsing A.W., Bai Y., Andreotti G., Rashid A., Deng J., Chen J., Goldstein A.M., Han T.Q., Shen M.C., Fraumeni J.F., Gao Y.T. Family history of gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer and gallstones: a population-based study in Shanghai. Chin. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 121:832-838.
7. Zatonski W.A., Lowenfels A.B., Boyle P., Maisonneuve P., Bueno de Mesquita H.B., Ghadirian P., Jain M., Przewozniak K., Baghurst P., Moerman C.J., Simard A., Howe G.R., McMichael A.J., Hsieh C.C., Walker A.M. Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997, 89:1132-1138.
8. Nagaraja V., Eslick G.D. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the relationship between chronic Salmonella typhi carrier status and gall-bladder cancer. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014, 39:745-750.
9. Scanu T., Spaapen R.M., Bakker J.M., Pratap C.B., Wu L.E., Hofland I., Broeks A., Shukla V.K., Kumar M., Janssen H., Song J.Y., Neefjes-Borst E.A., te Riele H., Holden D.W., Nath G., Neefjes J. Salmonella manipulation of host signaling pathways provokes cellular transformation associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Cell Host Microbe 2015, 17:763-774.
10. Leitch A. A British Medical Association lecture on gall stones and cancer of the gall bladder: an experimental study. Br. Med. J. 1924, 2:451-454.
11. Adsay N.V. Neoplastic precursors of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary system. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 2007, 36:889-900. (vii).
12. Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 2008, 454:428-435.
13. Nathan C., Ding A. Nonresolving inflammation. Cell 2010, 140:871-882.
14. Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1994, 12:991-1045.
15. Kono H., Rock K.L. How dying cells alert the immune system to danger. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 8:279-289.
16. Kuraishy A., Karin M., Grivennikov S.I. Tumor promotion via injury- and death-induced inflammation. Immunity 2011, 35:467-477.
17. Dvorak H.F. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986, 315:1650-1659.
18. Cerutti P.A. Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science 1985, 227:375-381.
19. Wilson G.S., George J. Physical and chemical insults induce inflammation and gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Lett. 2014, 345:190-195.
20. Kundu J.K., Surh Y.J. Inflammation: gearing the journey to cancer. Mutat. Res. 2008, 659:15-30.
21. Elinav E., Nowarski R., Thaiss C.A., Hu B., Jin C., Flavell R.A. Inflammation-induced cancer: crosstalk between tumours, immune cells and microorganisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2013, 13:759-771.
22. Hussain S.P., Harris C.C. Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 121:2373-2380.
23. Kandoth C., McLellan M.D., Vandin F., Ye K., Niu B., Lu C., Xie M., Zhang Q., McMichael J.F., Wyczalkowski M.A., Leiserson M.D., Miller C.A., Welch J.S., Walter M.J., Wendl M.C., Ley T.J., Wilson R.K., Raphael B.J., Ding L. Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types. Nature 2013, 502:333-339.
24. Li M., Zhang Z., Li X., Ye J., Wu X., Tan Z., Liu C., Shen B., Wang X.A., Wu W., Zhou D., Zhang D., Wang T., Liu B., Qu K., Ding Q., Weng H., Mu J., Shu Y., Bao R., Cao Y., Chen P., Liu T., Jiang L., Hu Y., Dong P., Gu J., Lu W., Shi W., Lu J., Gong W., Tang Z., Zhang Y., Wang X., Chin Y.E., Weng X., Zhang H., Tang W., Zheng Y., He L., Wang H., Liu Y. Whole-exome and Targeted Gene Sequencing of Gallbladder Carcinoma Identifies Recurrent Mutations in the ErbB Pathway 2014, Nat Genet.
25. Nakamura H., Arai Y., Totoki Y., Shirota T., Elzawahry A., Kato M., Hama N., Hosoda F., Urushidate T., Ohashi S., Hiraoka N., Ojima H., Shimada K., Okusaka T., Kosuge T., Miyagawa S., Shibata T. Genomic Spectra of Biliary Tract Cancer 2015, Nat Genet.
26. Moreno M., Pimentel F., Gazdar A.F., Wistuba, Miquel J.F. TP53 abnormalities are frequent and early events in the sequential pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma. Ann. Hepatol. 2005, 4:192-199.
27. Jain K., Mohapatra T., Das P., Misra M.C., Gupta S.D., Ghosh M., Kabra M., Bansal V.K., Kumar S., Sreenivas V., Garg P.K. Sequential occurrence of preneoplastic lesions and accumulation of loss of heterozygosity in patients with gallbladder stones suggest causal association with gallbladder cancer. Ann. Surg. 2014, 260:1073-1080.
28. Gouas D., Shi H., Hainaut P. The aflatoxin-induced TP53 mutation at codon 249 (R249S): biomarker of exposure, early detection and target for therapy. Cancer Lett. 2009, 286:29-37.
29. Meissonnier G.M., Pinton P., Laffitte J., Cossalter A.M., Gong Y.Y., Wild C.P., Bertin G., Galtier P., Oswald I.P. Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin B1: impairment of the cell-mediated response to vaccine antigen and modulation of cytokine expression. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 231:142-149.
30. Li Y., Ma Q.G., Zhao L.H., Wei H., Duan G.X., Zhang J.Y., Ji C. Effects of lipoic acid on immune function, the antioxidant defense system, and inflammation-related genes expression of broiler chickens fed aflatoxin contaminated diets. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15:5649-5662.
31. Nogueira L., Foerster C., Groopman J., Egner P., Koshiol J., Ferreccio C. Association of aflatoxin with gallbladder cancer in Chile. JAMA 2015, 313:2075-2077.
32. Slack J.M. Metaplasia and somatic cell reprogramming. J. Pathol. 2009, 217:161-168.
33. Hussain S.P., Amstad P., Raja K., Ambs S., Nagashima M., Bennett W.P., Shields P.G., Ham A.J., Swenberg J.A., Marrogi A.J., Harris C.C. Increased p53 mutation load in noncancerous colon tissue from ulcerative colitis: a cancer-prone chronic inflammatory disease. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:3333-3337.
34. West N.R., McCuaig S., Franchini F., Powrie F. Emerging Cytokine Networks in Colorectal Cancer 2015, Nat. Rev. Immunol.
35. Ochiai A., Yamauchi Y., Hirohashi S. p53 mutations in the non-neoplastic mucosa of the human stomach showing intestinal metaplasia. Int. J. Cancer 1996, 69:28-33.
36. Cesar A.C., Borim A.A., Caetano A., Cury P.M., Silva A.E. Aneuploidies, deletion, and overexpression of TP53 gene in intestinal metaplasia of patients without gastric cancer. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2004, 153:127-132.
37. Roa J.C., Araya J.C., Villaseca M.A., Roa I., Correa P. Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in neoplastic and preneoplastic gastric lesions. Rev. Med. Chil. 2003, 131:1227-1236.
38. Schulze K., Imbeaud S., Letouze E., Alexandrov L.B., Calderaro J., Rebouissou S., Couchy G., Meiller C., Shinde J., Soysouvanh F., Calatayud A.L., Pinyol R., Pelletier L., Balabaud C., Laurent A., Blanc J.F., Mazzaferro V., Calvo F., Villanueva A., Nault J.C., Bioulac-Sage P., Stratton M.R., Llovet J.M., Zucman-Rossi J. Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinomas identifies new mutational signatures and potential therapeutic targets. Nat. Genet. 2015, 47:505-511.
39. Zou S., Li J., Zhou H., Frech C., Jiang X., Chu J.S., Zhao X., Li Y., Li Q., Wang H., Hu J., Kong G., Wu M., Ding C., Chen N., Hu H. Mutational landscape of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:5696.
40. Chan-On W., Nairismagi M.L., Ong C.K., Lim W.K., Dima S., Pairojkul C., Lim K.H., McPherson J.R., Cutcutache I., Heng H.L., Ooi L., Chung A., Chow P., Cheow P.C., Lee S.Y., Choo S.P., Tan I.B., Duda D., Nastase A., Myint S.S., Wong B.H., Gan A., Rajasegaran V., Ng C.C., Nagarajan S., Jusakul A., Zhang S., Vohra P., Yu W., Huang D., Sithithaworn P., Yongvanit P., Wongkham S., Khuntikeo N., Bhudhisawasdi V., Popescu I., Rozen S.G., Tan P., Teh B.T. Exome sequencing identifies distinct mutational patterns in liver fluke-related and non-infection-related bile duct cancers. Nat. Genet. 2013, 45:1474-1478.
41. Ong C.K., Subimerb C., Pairojkul C., Wongkham S., Cutcutache I., Yu W., McPherson J.R., Allen G.E., Ng C.C., Wong B.H., Myint S.S., Rajasegaran V., Heng H.L., Gan A., Zang Z.J., Wu Y., Wu J., Lee M.H., Huang D., Ong P., Chan-on W., Cao Y., Qian C.N., Lim K.H., Ooi A., Dykema K., Furge K., Kukongviriyapan V., Sripa B., Wongkham C., Yongvanit P., Futreal P.A., Bhudhisawasdi V., Rozen S., Tan P., Teh B.T. Exome sequencing of liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Nat. Genet. 2012, 44:690-693.
42. Espinoza J.A., García P., Bizama C., Roa J.C. Molecular Genetics of Gallbladder Cancer, eLS 2015, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.
43. Colotta F., Allavena P., Sica A., Garlanda C., Mantovani A. Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 2009, 30:1073-1081.
44. Bieging K.T., Mello S.S., Attardi L.D. Unravelling mechanisms of p53-mediated tumour suppression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2014, 14:359-370.
45. Munoz-Espin D., Serrano M. Cellular senescence: from physiology to pathology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2014, 15:482-496.
46. Bartkova J., Horejsi Z., Koed K., Kramer A., Tort F., Zieger K., Guldberg P., Sehested M., Nesland J.M., Lukas C., Orntoft T., Lukas J., Bartek J. DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature 2005, 434:864-870.
47. Gorgoulis V.G., Vassiliou L.V., Karakaidos P., Zacharatos P., Kotsinas A., Liloglou T., Venere M., Ditullio R.A., Kastrinakis N.G., Levy B., Kletsas D., Yoneta A., Herlyn M., Kittas C., Halazonetis T.D. Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions. Nature 2005, 434:907-913.
48. Reshetnyak V.I. Concept of the pathogenesis and treatment of cholelithiasis. World J. Hepatol. 2012, 4:18-34.
49. Krawczyk M., Wang D.Q., Portincasa P., Lammert F. Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of gallbladder stone formation. Semin. Liver Dis. 2011, 31:157-172.
50. von Kampen O., Buch S., Nothnagel M., Azocar L., Molina H., Brosch M., Erhart W., von Schonfels W., Egberts J., Seeger M., Arlt A., Balschun T., Franke A., Lerch M.M., Mayerle J., Kratzer W., Boehm B.O., Huse K., Schniewind B., Tiemann K., Jiang Z.Y., Han T.Q., Mittal B., Srivastava A., Fenger M., Jorgensen T., Schirin-Sokhan R., Tonjes A., Wittenburg H., Stumvoll M., Kalthoff H., Lammert F., Tepel J., Puschel K., Becker T., Schreiber S., Platzer M., Volzke H., Krawczak M., Miquel J.F., Schafmayer C., Hampe J. Genetic and functional identification of the likely causative variant for cholesterol gallstone disease at the ABCG5/8 lithogenic locus. Hepatology 2013, 57:2407-2417.
51. Xu H.L., Cheng J.R., Andreotti G., Gao Y.T., Rashid A., Wang B.S., Shen M.C., Chu L.W., Yu K., Hsing A.W. Cholesterol metabolism gene polymorphisms and the risk of biliary tract cancers and stones: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai. Chin. Carcinogen. 2011, 32:58-62.
52. Srivastava A., Tulsyan S., Pandey S.N., Choudhuri G., Mittal B. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the ABCG8 transporter gene is associated with gallbladder cancer susceptibility. Liver Int. 2009, 29:831-837.
53. Stender S., Frikke-Schmidt R., Nordestgaard B.G., Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Sterol transporter adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter G8, gallstones, and biliary cancer in 62,000 individuals from the general population. Hepatology 2011, 53:640-648.
54. Wang J., Grishin N., Kinch L., Cohen J.C., Hobbs H.H., Xie X.S. Sequences in the nonconsensus nucleotide-binding domain of ABCG5/ABCG8 required for sterol transport. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:7308-7314.
55. Kidambi S., Patel S.B. Cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterol transporters: ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1: a review. Xenobiotica 2008, 38:1119-1139.
56. Klett E.L., Patel S. Genetic defenses against noncholesterol sterols. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2003, 14:341-345.
57. Krawczyk M., Lutjohann D., Schirin-Sokhan R., Villarroel L., Nervi F., Pimentel F., Lammert F., Miquel J.F. Phytosterol and cholesterol precursor levels indicate increased cholesterol excretion and biosynthesis in gallstone disease. Hepatology 2012, 55:1507-1517.
58. Srivastava K., Srivastava A., Pandey S.N., Kumar A., Mittal B. Functional polymorphisms of the cyclooxygenase (PTGS2) gene and risk for gallbladder cancer in a North Indian population. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 44:774-780.
59. Srivastava K., Srivastava A., Kumar A., Mittal B. Significant association between toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms and gallbladder cancer. Liver Int. 2010, 30:1067-1072.
60. Vishnoi M., Pandey S.N., Choudhuri G., Mittal B. IL-1 gene polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility of gallbladder cancer in a north Indian population. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2008, 186:63-68.
61. Hsing A.W., Sakoda L.C., Rashid A., Andreotti G., Chen J., Wang B.S., Shen M.C., Chen B.E., Rosenberg P.S., Zhang M., Niwa S., Chu L., Welch R., Yeager M., Fraumeni J.F., Gao Y.T., Chanock S.J. Variants in inflammation genes and the risk of biliary tract cancers and stones: a population-based study in China. Cancer Res. 2008, 68:6442-6452.
62. Castro F.A., Koshiol J., Hsing A.W., Gao Y.T., Rashid A., Chu L.W., Shen M.C., Wang B.S., Han T.Q., Zhang B.H., Niwa S., Yu K., Zhang H., Chanock S., Andreotti G. Inflammatory gene variants and the risk of biliary tract cancers and stones: a population-based study in China. BMC Cancer 2012, 12:468.
63. Srivastava A., Pandey S.N., Choudhuri G., Mittal B. CCR5 Delta32 polymorphism: associated with gallbladder cancer susceptibility. Scand. J. Immunol. 2008, 67:516-522.
64. Sharma K.L., Misra S., Kumar A., Mittal B. Association of liver X receptors (LXRs) genetic variants to gallbladder cancer susceptibility. Tumour Biol. 2013, 34:3959-3966.
65. Jiao X., Huang J., Wu S., Lv M., Jianfu Y.Hu, Su X., Luo C., Ce B. hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and susceptibility to gallbladder cancer in a Chinese population. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 121:501-505.
66. Rege R.V., Prystowsky J.B. Inflammation and a thickened mucus layer in mice with cholesterol gallstones. J. Surg. Res. 1998, 74:81-85.
67. Lavoie B., Nausch B., Zane E.A., Leonard M.R., Balemba O.B., Bartoo A.C., Wilcox R., Nelson M.T., Carey M.C., Mawe G.M. Disruption of gallbladder smooth muscle function is an early feature in the development of cholesterol gallstone disease. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2012, 24:e313-e324.
68. van Erpecum K.J., Wang D.Q., Moschetta A., Ferri D., Svelto M., Portincasa P., Hendrickx J.J., Schipper M., Calamita G. Gallbladder histopathology during murine gallstone formation: relation to motility and concentrating function. J. Lipid Res. 2006, 47:32-41.
69. Maurer K.J., Rao V.P., Ge Z., Rogers A.B., Oura T.J., Carey M.C., Fox J.G. T-cell function is critical for murine cholesterol gallstone formation. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:1304-1315.
70. Carotti S., Guarino M.P., Cicala M., Perrone G., Alloni R., Segreto F., Rabitti C., Morini S. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on inflammatory infiltrate in gallbladder muscle of cholesterol gallstone patients. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2010, 22:866-873. (e232).
71. Miquel J.F., Van Der Putten J., Pimentel F., Mok K.S., Groen A.K. Increased activity in the biliary Con A-binding fraction accounts for the difference in crystallization behavior in bile from Chilean gallstone patients compared with Dutch gallstone patients. Hepatology 2001, 33:328-332.
72. Krawczyk M., Miquel J.F., Stokes C.S., Zuniga S., Hampe J., Mittal B., Lammert F. Genetics of biliary lithiasis from an ethnic perspective. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 2013, 37:119-125.
73. Roa I., de Aretxabala X., Araya J.C., Roa J. Preneoplastic lesions in gallbladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006, 93:615-623.
74. Wu T., Zhang Z., Liu B., Hou D., Liang Y., Zhang J., Shi P. Gut microbiota dysbiosis and bacterial community assembly associated with cholesterol gallstones in large-scale study. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:669.
75. Kozuka S., Tsubone N., Yasui A., Hachisuka K. Relation of adenoma to carcinoma in the gallbladder. Cancer 1982, 50:2226-2234.
76. Roa I., Araya J.C., Villaseca M., De Aretxabala X., Riedemann P., Endoh K., Roa J. Preneoplastic lesions and gallbladder cancer: an estimate of the period required for progression. Gastroenterology 1996, 111:232-236.
77. Roa I., Araya J.C., Villaseca M., Roa J., de Aretxabala X., Ibacache G. Gallbladder cancer in a high risk area: morphological features and spread patterns. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1999, 46:1540-1546.
78. Dowling G.P., Kelly J.K. The histogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Cancer 1986, 58:1702-1708.
79. Laitio M. Histogenesis of epithelial neoplasms of human gallbladder II. Classification of carcinoma on the basis of morphological features. Pathol. Res. Pract. 1983, 178:57-66.
80. Harbison J., Reynolds J.V., Sheahan K., Gibney R.G., Hyland J.M. Evidence for the polyp-cancer sequence in gallbladder cancer. Ir. Med. J. 1997, 90:98.
81. Roa I., de Aretxabala X., Araya J.C., Villaseca M., Roa J., Guzman P. Incipient gallbladder carcinoma. clinical and pathological study and prognosis in 196 cases. Rev. Med. Chil. 2001, 129:1113-1120.
82. Duarte I., Llanos O., Domke H., Harz C., Valdivieso V. Metaplasia and precursor lesions of gallbladder carcinoma. Frequency, distribution, and probability of detection in routine histologic samples. Cancer 1993, 72:1878-1884.
83. Mukhopadhyay S., Landas S.K. Putative precursors of gallbladder dysplasia: a review of 400 routinely resected specimens. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2005, 129:386-390.
84. Mathur S.K., Duhan A., Singh S., Aggarwal M., Aggarwal G., Sen R., Garg S. Correlation of gallstone characteristics with mucosal changes in gall bladder. Trop. Gastroenterol. 2012, 33:39-44.
85. Regalo G., Leutz A. Hacking cell differentiation: transcriptional rerouting in reprogramming, lineage infidelity and metaplasia. EMBO Mol. Med. 2013, 5:1154-1164.
86. Tu S., Bhagat G., Cui G., Takaishi S., Kurt-Jones E.A., Rickman B., Betz K.S., Penz-Oesterreicher M., Bjorkdahl O., Fox J.G., Wang T.C. Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 2008, 14:408-419.
87. Sakamoto H., Mutoh H., Ido K., Satoh K., Hayakawa H., Sugano K. A close relationship between intestinal metaplasia and Cdx2 expression in human gallbladders with cholelithiasis. Hum. Pathol. 2007, 38:66-71.
88. Seretis C., Lagoudianakis E., Gemenetzis G., Seretis F., Pappas A., Gourgiotis S. Metaplastic changes in chronic cholecystitis: implications for early diagnosis and surgical intervention to prevent the gallbladder metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2014, 6:26-29.
89. Runner G.J., Corwin M.T., Siewert B., Eisenberg R.L. Gallbladder wall thickening. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2014, 202:W1-W12.
90. Legan M., Luzar B., Marolt V.F., Cor A. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with p53 accumulation in premalignant and malignant gallbladder lesions. World J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 12:3425-3429.
91. Kim H., Song J.Y., Cho J.Y., Yoon Y.S., Han H.S., Lee H.S., Ryu H.S., Choe G. Strong cytoplasmic expression of COX2 at the invasive fronts of gallbladder cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 2010, 63:1048-1053.
92. Liu E., Sakoda L.C., Gao Y.T., Rashid A., Shen M.C., Wang B.S., Deng J., Han T.Q., Zhang B.H., Fraumeni J.F., Hsing A.W. Aspirin use and risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in Shanghai. Chin. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:1315-1318.
93. Sostres C., Lanas A. Gastrointestinal effects of aspirin. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011, 8:385-394.
94. Lee S.P., Carey M.C., LaMont J.T. Aspirin prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation in prairie dogs. Science 1981, 211:1429-1431.
95. Hood K., Gleeson D., Ruppin D.C., Dowling R.H. Prevention of gallstone recurrence by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1988, 2:1223-1225.
96. Marks J.W., Bonorris G.G., Schoenfield L.J. Effects of ursodiol or ibuprofen on contraction of gallbladder and bile among obese patients during weight loss. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1996, 41:242-249.
97. Adamek H.E., Buttmann A., Weber J., Riemann J.F. Can aspirin prevent gallstone recurrence after successful extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy?. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1994, 29:355-359.
98. Broomfield P.H., Chopra R., Sheinbaum R.C., Bonorris G.G., Silverman A., Schoenfield L.J., Marks J.W. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and aspirin on the formation of lithogenic bile and gallstones during loss of weight. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 319:1567-1572.
99. Cohen B.I., Mosbach E.H., Ayyad N., Yoshii M., McSherry C.K. Aspirin does not inhibit cholesterol cholelithiasis in two established animal models. Gastroenterology 1991, 101:1109-1116.
100. Kurata J.H., Marks J., Abbey D. One gram of aspirin per day does not reduce risk of hospitalization for gallstone disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1991, 36:1110-1115.
101. Li Y.F., Russell D.H., Myers S.I., Weisbrodt N.W., Moody F.G. Gallbladder contractility in aspirin- and cholesterol-fed prairie dogs. Gastroenterology 1994, 106:1662-1667.
102. Pazzi P., Scagliarini R., Sighinolfi D., Govoni M., La Corte R., Gullini S. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and gallstone disease prevalence: a case-control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1998, 93:1420-1424.
103. Attili A.F., Capocaccia R., Carulli N., Festi D., Roda E., Barbara L., Capocaccia L., Menotti A., Okolicsanyi L., Ricci G., Lalloni L., Mariotti S., Sama C., Scafato E. Factors associated with gallstone disease in the MICOL experience. Multicenter Italian study on epidemiology of cholelithiasis. Hepatology 1997, 26:809-818.
104. Tsimikas S., Willerson J.T., Ridker P.M. C-reactive protein and other emerging blood biomarkers to optimize risk stratification of vulnerable patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006, 47:C19-C31.
105. Aleksandrova K., Boeing H., Nothlings U., Jenab M., Fedirko V., Kaaks R., Lukanova A., Trichopoulou A., Trichopoulos D., Boffetta P., Trepo E., Westhpal S., Duarte-Salles T., Stepien M., Overvad K., Tjonneland A., Halkjaer J., Boutron-Ruault M.C., Dossus L., Racine A., Lagiou P., Bamia C., Benetou V., Agnoli C., Palli D., Panico S., Tumino R., Vineis P., Bueno-de-Mesquita B., Peeters P.H., Gram I.T., Lund E., Weiderpass E., Quiros J.R., Agudo A., Sanchez M.J., Gavrila D., Barricarte A., Dorronsoro M., Ohlsson B., Lindkvist B., Johansson A., Sund M., Khaw K.T., Wareham N., Travis R.C., Riboli E., Pischon T. Inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers and risk of liver and biliary tract cancer. Hepatology 2014, 60:858-871.
106. Kemp T.J., Castro F.A., Gao Y.T., Hildesheim A., Nogueira L., Wang B.S., Sun L., Shelton G., Pfeiffer R.M., Hsing A.W., Pinto L.A., Koshiol J. Application of multiplex arrays for cytokine and chemokine profiling of bile. Cytokine 2015, 73:84-90.
107. Ehling J., Tacke F. Role of chemokine pathways in hepatobiliary cancer. Cancer Lett. 2015.
108. Steffensen K.R., Jakobsson T., Gustafsson J.A. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 2013, 17:977-990.
109. Gabbi C., Kim H.J., Barros R., Korach-Andre M., Warner M., Gustafsson J.A. Estrogen-dependent gallbladder carcinogenesis in LXRbeta-/- female mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:14763-14768.
110. Kobayashi S., Asano T., Yamasaki M., Kenmochi T., Saigo K., Ochiai T. Prophylactic excision of the gallbladder and bile duct for patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Arch. Surg. 2001, 136:759-763.
111. Funabiki T., Matsubara T., Miyakawa S., Ishihara S. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction and carcinogenesis to biliary and pancreatic malignancy. Langenbeck's Arch. Surg. 2009, 394:159-169.
112. Fumino S., Tokiwa K., Ono S., Iwai N. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the gallbladder of patients with anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2003, 38:585-589.
113. Hanada K., Tsuchida A., Iwao T., Eguchi N., Sasaki T., Morinaka K., Matsubara K., Kawasaki Y., Yamamoto S., Kajiyama G. Gene mutations of K-ras in gallbladder mucosae and gallbladder carcinoma with an anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary duct. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999, 94:1638-1642.
114. Matsubara T., Sakurai Y., Sasayama Y., Hori H., Ochiai M., Funabiki T., Matsumoto K., Hirono I. K-ras point mutations in cancerous and noncancerous biliary epithelium in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Cancer 1996, 77:1752-1757.
115. Matsubara T., Tsuji T., Miyama A., Yamaguchi H., Funabiki T. Mutagenicity of bile and pancreatic juice from patients with pancreatico-biliary maljunction. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1995, 42:113-116.
116. Jones S., Zhang X., Parsons D.W., Lin J.C., Leary R.J., Angenendt P., Mankoo P., Carter H., Kamiyama H., Jimeno A., Hong S.M., Fu B., Lin M.T., Calhoun E.S., Kamiyama M., Walter K., Nikolskaya T., Nikolsky Y., Hartigan J., Smith D.R., Hidalgo M., Leach S.D., Klein A.P., Jaffee E.M., Goggins M., Maitra A., Iacobuzio-Donahue C., Eshleman J.R., Kern S.E., Hruban R.H., Karchin R., Papadopoulos N., Parmigiani G., Vogelstein B., Velculescu V.E., Kinzler K.W. Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses. Science 2008, 321:1801-1806.
117. Javle M., Rashid A., Churi C., Kar S., Zuo M., Eterovic A.K., Nogueras-Gonzalez G.M., Janku F., Shroff R.T., Aloia T.A., Vauthey J.N., Curley S., Mills G., Roa I. Molecular characterization of gallbladder cancer using somatic mutation profiling. Hum. Pathol. 2013.
118. Jiao Y., Pawlik T.M., Anders R.A., Selaru F.M., Streppel M.M., Lucas D.J., Niknafs N., Guthrie V.B., Maitra A., Argani P., Offerhaus G.J., Roa J.C., Roberts L.R., Gores G.J., Popescu I., Alexandrescu S.T., Dima S., Fassan M., Simbolo M., Mafficini A., Capelli P., Lawlor R.T., Ruzzenente A., Guglielmi A., Tortora G., de Braud F., Scarpa A., Jarnagin W., Klimstra D., Karchin R., Velculescu V.E., Hruban R.H., Vogelstein B., Kinzler K.W., Papadopoulos N., Wood L.D. Exome sequencing identifies frequent inactivating mutations in BAP1, ARID1A and PBRM1 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Nat. Genet. 2013, 45:1470-1473.
119. Landgren A.M., Landgren O., Gridley G., Dores G.M., Linet M.S., Morton L.M. Autoimmune disease and subsequent risk of developing alimentary tract cancers among 4.5 million US male veterans. Cancer 2011, 117:1163-1171.
120. Koshiol J., Lam T.K., Gridley G., Check D., Brown L.M., Landgren O. Racial differences in chronic immune stimulatory conditions and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in veterans from the United States. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29:378-385.
121. Joffe N., Antonioli D.A. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Radiol. 1981, 32:319-324.
122. Castro F.A., Liu X., Forsti A., Ji J., Sundquist J., Sundquist K., Koshiol J., Hemminki K. Increased risk of hepatobiliary cancers after hospitalization for autoimmune disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 12:1038-1045. e1037.
123. Hirschfield G.M., Karlsen T.H., Lindor K.D., Adams D.H. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Lancet 2013, 382:1587-1599.
124. Lewis J.T., Talwalkar J.A., Rosen C.B., Smyrk T.C., Abraham S.C. Prevalence and risk factors for gallbladder neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: evidence for a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2007, 31:907-913.
125. Said K., Glaumann H., Bergquist A. Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J. Hepatol. 2008, 48:598-605.
126. Buckles D.C., Lindor K.D., Larusso N.F., Petrovic L.M., Gores G.J. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, gallbladder polyps are frequently malignant. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 97:1138-1142.
127. Said K., Glaumann H., Bjornstedt M., Bergquist A. The value of thioredoxin family proteins and proliferation markers in dysplastic and malignant gallbladders in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2012, 57:1163-1170.
128. Polk D.B., Peek R.M. Helicobacter pylori: gastric cancer and beyond. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010, 10:403-414.
129. Kumar S. Infection as a risk factor for gallbladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006, 93:633-639.
130. Botsford T.W. Acute typhoidal cholecystitis and cholelithiasis occurring forty-three years after typhoid fever - report of a case. N. Engl. J. Med. 1941, 224:799-800.
131. Axelrod L., Munster A.M., O'Brien T.F. Typhoid cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma after interval of 67 years. JAMA 1971, 217:83.
132. Welton J.C., Marr J.S., Friedman S.M. Association between hepatobiliary cancer and typhoid carrier state. Lancet 1979, 1:791-794.
133. el-Zayadi A., Ghoneim M., Kabil S.M., el Tawil A., Sherif A., Selim O. Bile duct carcinoma in Egypt: possible etiological factors. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1991, 38:337-340.
134. Mellemgaard A., Gaarslev K. Risk of hepatobiliary cancer in carriers of Salmonella typhi. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1988, 80:288.
135. Caygill C.P., Hill M.J., Braddick M., Sharp J.C. Cancer mortality in chronic typhoid and paratyphoid carriers. Lancet 1994, 343:83-84.
136. Strom B.L., Soloway R.D., Rios-Dalenz J.L., Rodriguez-Martinez H.A., West S.L., Kinman J.L., Polansky M., Berlin J.A. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer. An international collaborative case-control study. Cancer 1995, 76:1747-1756.
137. Shukla V.K., Singh H., Pandey M., Upadhyay S.K., Nath G. Carcinoma of the gallbladder-is it a sequel of typhoid?. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2000, 45:900-903.
138. Nath G., Singh H., Shukla V.K. Chronic typhoid carriage and carcinoma of the gallbladder. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1997, 6:557-559.
139. Dutta U., Garg P.K., Kumar R., Tandon R.K. Typhoid carriers among patients with gallstones are at increased risk for carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 95:784-787.
140. Nath G., Singh Y.K., Kumar K., Gulati A.K., Shukla V.K., Khanna A.K., Tripathi S.K., Jain A.K., Kumar M., Singh T.B. Association of carcinoma of the gallbladder with typhoid carriage in a typhoid endemic area using nested PCR. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2008, 2:302-307.
141. Safaeian M., Gao Y.T., Sakoda L.C., Quraishi S.M., Rashid A., Wang B.S., Chen J., Pruckler J., Mintz E., Hsing A.W. Chronic typhoid infection and the risk of biliary tract cancer and stones in Shanghai, China. Infect Agent Cancer 2011, 6:6.
142. Dongol S., Thompson C.N., Clare S., Nga T.V., Duy P.T., Karkey A., Arjyal A., Koirala S., Khatri N.S., Maskey P., Poudel S., Jaiswal V.K., Vaidya S., Dougan G., Farrar J.J., Dolecek C., Basnyat B., Baker S. The microbiological and clinical characteristics of invasive salmonella in gallbladders from cholecystectomy patients in Kathmandu, Nepal. PLoS One 2012, 7:e47342.
143. Menendez A., Arena E.T., Guttman J.A., Thorson L., Vallance B.A., Vogl W., Finlay B.B. Salmonella infection of gallbladder epithelial cells drives local inflammation and injury in a model of acute typhoid fever. J. Infect. dis. 2009, 200:1703-1713.
144. Gonzalez-Escobedo G., Marshall J.M., Gunn J.S. Chronic and acute infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella Typhi: understanding the carrier state. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2011, 9:9-14.
145. Diez-Garcia M., Capita R., Alonso-Calleja C. Influence of serotype on the growth kinetics and the ability to form biofilms of Salmonella isolates from poultry. Food Microbiol. 2012, 31:173-180.
146. Crawford R.W., Rosales-Reyes R., Ramirez-Aguilar Mde L., Chapa-Azuela O., Alpuche-Aranda C., Gunn J.S. Gallstones play a significant role in Salmonella spp. gallbladder colonization and carriage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:4353-4358.
147. Crawford R.W., Gibson D.L., Kay W.W., Gunn J.S. Identification of a bile-induced exopolysaccharide required for Salmonella biofilm formation on gallstone surfaces. Infect. Immun. 2008, 76:5341-5349.
148. Raffatellu M., Chessa D., Wilson R.P., Tukel C., Akcelik M., Baumler A.J. Capsule-mediated immune evasion: a new hypothesis explaining aspects of typhoid fever pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 2006, 74:19-27.
149. Raffatellu M., Santos R.L., Chessa D., Wilson R.P., Winter S.E., Rossetti C.A., Lawhon S.D., Chu H., Lau T., Bevins C.L., Adams L.G., Baumler A.J. The capsule encoding the viaB locus reduces interleukin-17 expression and mucosal innate responses in the bovine intestinal mucosa during infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Infect. Immun. 2007, 75:4342-4350.
150. Diehl A.K., Beral V. Cholecystectomy and changing mortality from gallbladder cancer. Lancet 1981, 2:187-189.
151. Wood R., Fraser L.A., Brewster D.H., Garden O.J. Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer and trends in cholecystectomy rates in Scotland, 1968-1998. Eur. J. Cancer 2003, 39:2080-2086.
152. S.d.S.P.Ministerio de Salud, Guia Clinica Colecistectomía Preventiva Adultos de 35 a 49 años. Ministerio de Salud, 2010 2010, http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/72205a1420599f92e04001011f016d02.pdf).