Inorganic nanomaterials as carriers for drug delivery

Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 1-27

  Chen, Shizhu ^a   Hao, Xiaohong ^a   Liang, Xingjie ^b   Zhang, Qun ^a   Zhang, Cuimiao ^a   Zhou, Guoqiang ^a   Shen, Shigang ^a   Jia, Guang ^a   Zhang, Jinchao ^a  

^a HEBEI UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Carbon; Gold; Inorganic nanodrug carriers; Magnetic iron oxide; Mesoporous silica; Quantum dot

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CARBON; DRUG INTERACTIONS; GOLD; IRON OXIDES; NANOCRYSTALS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOSTRUCTURES; NUCLEIC ACIDS; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; SILICA;

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICALS; FACILE PREPARATION; INORGANIC NANOMATERIALS; INORGANIC NANOSTRUCTURES; MAGNETIC IRON OXIDES; MESOPOROUS SILICA; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; SMALL-MOLECULE DRUGS;

DRUG THERAPY;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARBON NANOPARTICLE; DIAMOND; DOXORUBICIN; DRUG CARRIER; FULLERENE DERIVATIVE; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; GOLD NANOROD; GRAPHENE; MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLE; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOCAGE; NANOMATERIAL; NANOSPHERE; QUANTUM DOT; SILICON DIOXIDE; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; THIOGLYCOLIC ACID; INORGANIC COMPOUND; METAL NANOPARTICLE; NANOCAPSULE;

CANCER THERAPY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; CHEMISTRY; DRUG FORMULATION; PROCEDURES; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

DRUG COMPOUNDING; INORGANIC CHEMICALS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; NANOCAPSULES; SILICON DIOXIDE;

EID: 84960114555     PISSN: 15507033     EISSN: 15507041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2016.2122     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. J. Zhang, Z. F. Yuan, Y. Wang, W. H. Chen, G. F. Luo, S. X. Cheng, R. X. Zhuo, and X. Z. Zhang, Multifunctional envelopetype mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tumor-triggered targeting drug delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 5068 (2013).
2. H. Y. Cho and Y. B. Lee, Nano-sized drug delivery systems for lymphatic delivery. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 14, 868 (2014).
3. C. Zhang, C. Li, S. Huang, Z. Hou, Z. Cheng, P. Yang, C. Peng, and J. Lin, Self-activated luminescent and mesoporous strontium hydroxyapatite nanorods for drug delivery. Biomaterials 31, 3374 (2010).
4. J. Guo, L. Bourre, D. M. Soden, G. C. O'Sullivan, and C. O'Driscoll, Can non-viral technologies knockdown the barriers to siRNA delivery and achieve the next generation of cancer therapeutics. Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 402 (2011).
5. K. Kostarelos, The emergence of nanomedicine: A field in the making. Nanomedicine 1, 1 (2006).
6. C. L. Bai and M. H. Liu, From chemistry to nanoscience: Not just a matter of size. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52, 2678 (2013).
7. J. E. Lee, N. Lee, T. Kim, J. Kim, and T. Hyeon, Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanocomposite nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 893 (2011).
8. Y. Zhang, H. F. Chan, and K. W. Leong, Advanced materials and processing for drug delivery: The past and the future. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 104 (2013).
9. Z. Li, J. C. Barnes, A. Bosoy, J. F. Stoddartbc, and J. I. Zink, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2590 (2012).
10. P. Yang, Z. Quan, L. Lu, S. Huang, and J. Lin, Luminescence functionalization of mesoporous silica with different morphologies and applications as drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 29, 692 (2008).
11. L. Xing, H. Zheng, Y. Cao, and S. Che, Coordination polymer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for pH-responsive drug release. Adv. Mater. 24, 6433 (2012).
12. F. Yang, C. Jin, S. Subedi, C. L. Lee, Q. Wang, Y. Jiang, J. Li, Y. Di, and D. Fu, Emerging inorganic nanomaterials for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev. 38, 566 (2012).
13. J. Lu, Z. Li, J. I. Zink, and F. Tamanoi, In vivo tumor suppression efficacy of mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based drug-delivery system: Enhanced efficacy by folate modification. Nanomedicine 8, 212 (2012).
14. F. Q. Tang, L. L. Li, and D. Chen, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Synthesis, biocompatibility and drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 24, 1504 (2012).
15. P. Yang, S. L. Gai, and J. Lin, Functionalized mesoporous silica materials for controlled drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 3679 (2012).
16. M. Vallet-Regi, A. Rámila, R. P. del Real, and J. Pérez-Pariente, A new property of MCM-41: Drug delivery system. Chem. Mater. 13, 308 (2001).
17. F. Balas, M. Colilla, and M. Manzano, Bone-regenerative bioceramic implants with drug and protein controlled delivery capability. Prog. Solid State Chem. 36, 163 (2008).
18. M. Vallet-Regi, Ordered mesoporous materials in the context of drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering. Chem. Eur. J. 12, 5934 (2006).
19. F. Balas, M. Manzano, P. Horcajada, and M. Vallet-Regí, Confinement and controlled release of bisphosphonates on ordered mesoporous silica-based materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 8116 (2006).
20. 3+ hollow spheres as efficient luminescent materials and smart drug carriers. Chem. Eur. J. 16, 5672 (2010).
21. Y. F. Zhu, J. L. Shi, W. H. Shen, H. R. Chen, X. P. Dong, and M. L. Ruan, Preparation of novel hollow mesoporous silica spheres and their sustained-release property. Nanotechnology 16, 2633 (2005).
22. W. Zhao, M. Lang, Y. Li, L. Lia, and J. L. Shi, Fabrication of uniform hollow mesoporous silica spheres and ellipsoids of tunable size through a facile hard-templating route. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 2778 (2009).
23. Z. Feng, Y. Li, D. Niu, L. Li, W. Zhao, H. Chen, L. Li, J. Gao, M. Ruan, and J. Shi, A facile route to hollow nanospheres of mesoporous silica with tunable size. Chem. Comm. 23, 2629 (2008).
24. L. T. Chen and L. Weiss, The role of the sinus wall in the passage of erythrocytes through the spleen. Blood 41, 529 (1973).
25. L. Tan, D. Chen, H. Liu, and F. Q. Tang, A silica nanorattle with a mesoporous shell: An ideal nanoreactor for the preparation of tunable gold cores. Adv. Mater. 22, 4885 (2010).
26. W. Zhao, H. Chen, Y. Li, L. Li, M. Lang, and J. L. Shi, Uniform rattle-type hollow magnetic mesoporous spheres as drug delivery carriers and their sustained-release property. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 2780 (2008).
27. Y. Chen, H. Chen, L. Guo, Q. He, F. Chen, J. Zhou, J. Feng, and L. Shi, Hollow/rattle-type mesoporous nanostructures by a structural difference-based selective etching strategy. ACS Nano 4, 529 (2010).
28. C. C. Huang, W. Huang, and C. S. Yeh, Shell-by-shell synthesis of multi-shelled mesoporous silica nanospheres for optical imaging and drug delivery. Biomaterials 32, 556 (2011).
29. L. Wang, M. Kim, Q. Fang, J. Min, W. Jeon, S. Y. Lee, S. J. Son, S. W. Joo, and S. B. Lee, Hydrophobic end-gated silica nanotubes for intracellular glutathione-stimulated drug delivery in drugresistant cancer cells. Chem. Commun. 49, 3194 (2013).
30. J. Yu, X. Bai, J. Suh, S. B. Lee, and S. J. Son, Mechanical capping of silica nanotubes for encapsulation of molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 15574 (2009).
31. Z. Popovic, W. Liu, V. P. Chauhan, J. Lee, C. Wong, A. B. Greytak, N. Insinl, D. G. Noceral, D. Fukumura, R. K. Jain, and M. G. Bawendi, A nanoparticle size series for in vivo fluorescence imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 49, 8649 (2010).
32. J. Zhou, W. Wu, D. Caruntu, M. H. Yu, A. Martin, J. F. Chen, C. J. O'Connor, and W. L. Zhou, Synthesis of porous magnetic hollow silica nanospheres for nanomedicine application. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 17473 (2007).
33. H. H. P. Yiu, H. J. Niu, E. Biermans, G. van Tendeloo, and M. J. Rosseinsky, Designed multifunctional nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 1599 (2010).
34. Q. He, J. Zhang, F. Chen, L. Guo, Z. Zhu, and J. L. Shi, An anti-ROS/hepatic fibrosis drug delivery system based on salvianolic acid B loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 31, 7785 (2010).
35. J. Kim, J. E. Lee, J. Lee, J. H. Yu, B. C. Kim, K. An, Y. Hwang, C. H. Shin, J. G. Park, J. Kim, and T. Hyeon, Magnetic fluorescent delivery vehicle using uniform mesoporous silica spheres embedded with monodisperse magnetic and semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc.: 128:, 688 (2006).
36. 2 nanospheres as carriers for drug delivery. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 15801 (2011).
37. 2 nanocomposite as a drug carrier. Nanoscale 3, 661 (2011).
38. 3+@Silica fiber nanocomposite. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 2356 (2011).
39. 3+ nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 21, 717 (2009).
40. D. K. Chatterjeea, A. J. Rufaihaha, and Y. Zhang, Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29, 937 (2008).
41. P. Yang, Z. Quan, Z. Hou, C. Li, X. Kang, Z. Cheng, and J. Lin, A magnetic, luminescent and mesoporous core-shell structured composite material as drug carrier. Biomaterials 30, 4786 (2009).
42. 3+@hydrogel core-shell hybrid microspheres. ACS Nano 6, 3327 (2012).
43. Y. L. Zhao, Z. Li, S. Kabehie, Y. Y. Botros, J. F. Stoddart, J. I. Zink, pH-operated nanopistons on the surfaces of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 13016 (2010).
44. L. Du, S. Liao, H. A. Khatib, J. F. Stoddart, and J. I. Zink, Controlled-access hollow mechanized silica nanocontainers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 15136 (2009).
45. 2@polyacrylic acid core-shell nanocomposites for cell imaging and pH-responsive drug delivery. Nanoscale 5, 2249 (2013).
46. Y. F. Zhu, J. L. Shi, W. H. Shen, X. P. Dong, J. W. Feng, M. L. Ruan, and Y. Li, Stimuli-responsive controlled drug release from a hollow mesoporous silica sphere/polyelectrolyte multilayer core-shell structure. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 44, 5083 (2005).
47. B. S. Tian and C. Yang, Temperature-responsive nanocomposites based on mesoporous SBA-15 silica and PNIPAAm: Synthesis and characterization. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 4925 (2009).
48. P. W. Chung, R. Kumar, M. Pruski, and V. S. Y. Lin, Temperature responsive solution partition of organic-inorganic hybrid poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-coated mesoporous silica nanospheres. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 1390 (2008).
49. X. J. Kang, Z. Y. Cheng, D. M. Yang, P. Ma, M. M. Shang, C. Peng, and J. Lin, Design and synthesis of multifunctional drug carriers based on luminescent rattle-type mesoporous silica microspheres with a thermosensitive hydrogel as a controlled switch. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 1470 (2012).
50. A. Schlossbauer, S. Warncke, P. M. E. Gramlich, J. Kecht, A. Manetto, T. Carell, and T. Bein, A programmable DNA-based molecular valve for colloidal mesoporous silica. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 49, 4734 (2010).
51. E. Ruiz-Hernández, A. Baeza, and M. Vallet-Regí, Smart drug delivery through DNA/magnetic nanoparticle gates. ACS nano 5, 1259 (2011).
52. X. Hu, X. Hao, Y. Wu, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, P. C. Wang, G. Zou, and X. Liang, Multifunctional hybrid silica nanoparticles for controlled doxorubicin loading and release with thermal and pH dually response. J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 1109 (2l013).
53. G. L. Li, Z. Zheng, H. Möhwald, and D. G. Shchukin, Silica/polymer double-walled hybrid nanotubes: Synthesis and application as stimuli-responsive nanocontainers in self-healing coatings. ACS Nano 7, 2470 (2013).
54. J. Lu, E. Choi, F. Tamanoi, and J. I. Zink, Light-activated nanoimpeller-controlled drug release in cancer cells. Small 4, 421 (2008).
55. N. Ž. Knežević, B. G. Trewyn, and V. S. Y. Lin, Light- and pH-responsive release of doxorubicin from a mesoporous silica-based nanocarrier. Chem. Eur. J. 17, 3338 (2011).
56. E. Aznar, R. Casasús, B. García-Acosta, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, J. Soto, and P. Amorós, Photochemical and chemical two-channel control of functional nanogated hybrid architectures. Adv. Mater. 19, 2228 (2007).
57. N. S. Rejinold, T. Baby, S. V. Nair, and R. Jayakumar, Paclitaxel loaded fibrinogen coated CdTe/ZnTe core shell nanoparticles for targeted imaging and drug delivery to breast cancer cells. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 9, 1657 (2013).
58. J. Bang, J. Park, J. H. Lee, N. Won, J. Nam, J. Lim, B. Y. Chang, H. J. Lee, B. Chon, J. Shin, J. B. Park, J. H. Choi, K. Cho, S. M. Park, T. Joo, and S. Kim, ZnTe/ZnSe (Core/Shell) type-II quantum dots: Their optical and photovoltaic properties. Chem. Mater. 22, 233 (2009).
59. D. Dorfs, S. Hickey, and A. Eychmüller, Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences, edited by Challa S. S. R. Kumar, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2007), Vol. 6, pp. 331-366.
60. L. Wang, G. Qin, S. Geng, Y. Dai, and J. Y. Wang, Preparation of zein conjugated quantum dots and their in vivo transdermal delivery capacity through nude mouse skin. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 9, 367 (2013).
61. P. Zrazhevskiy, M. Sena, and X. Gao, Designing multifunctional quantum dots for bioimaging, detection, and drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 4326 (2010).
62. M. Liong, J. Lu, M. Kovochich, T. Xia, S. G. Ruehm, A. E. Nel, F. Tamanoi, and J. I. Zink, Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS Nano 2, 889 (2008).
63. Y. Wang and L. Chen, Quantum dots, lighting up the research and development of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine 7, 385 (2011).
64. S. Jin, Y. Hu, Z. Gu, L. Liu, and H. C. Wu, Application of quantum dots in biological imaging. J. Nanomater. 2011, 1 (2011).
65. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. Chung, and S. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 969 (2004).
66. I. L. Medintz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R. Goldman, and H. Mattoussi, Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat. Mater. 4, 435 (2005).
67. X. Gao, L. Yang, J. A. Petros, F. F. Marshall, J. W. Simons, and S. Nie, In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 16, 63 (2005).
68. B. Dubertret, P. Skourides, D. J. Norris, V. Noireaux, A. H. Brivanlou, and A. Libchaber, In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 298, 1759 (2002).
69. J. K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, and S. M. Simon, Longterm multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 47 (2002).
70. L. A. Bentolila, Y. Ebenstein, and S. Weiss, Quantum dots for in vivo small-animal imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 50, 493 (2009).
71. T. S. Hauck, R. E. Anderson, H. C. Fischer, S. Newbigging, and W. C. Chan, In vivo quantum-dot toxicity assessment. Small 6, 138 (2010).
72. S. J. Cho, D. Maysinger, M. Jain, B. Röder, S. Hackbarth, and F. M. Winnik, Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells. Langmuir 23, 1974 (2007).
73. W. W. Yu, E. Chang, R. Drezek, and V. L. Colvin, Water-soluble quantum dots for biomedical applications. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 348, 781 (2006).
74. A. Hoshino, K. Fujioka, T. Oku, M. Suga, Y. F. Sasaki, T. Ohta, M. Yasuhara, K. Suzuki, and K. Yamamoto, Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett. 4, 2163 (2004).
75. K. T. Yong, Y. Wang, I. Roy, H. Rui, M. T. Swihart, W.-C. Law, S. K. Kwak, L. Ye, J. Liu, and S. D. Mahajan, Preparation of quantum dot/drug nanoparticle formulations for traceable targeted delivery and therapy. Theranostics 2, 681 (2012).
76. N. Manabe, A. Hoshino, Y. Liang, T. Goto, N. Kato, and K. Yamamoto, Quantum dot as a drug tracer in vivo. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 5, 263 (2006).
77. S. J. Byrne, S. A. Corr, T. Y. Rakovich, Y. K. Gun'ko, Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, S. Mitchellc, and Y. Volkovc, Optimisation of the synthesis and modification of CdTe quantum dots for enhanced live cell imaging. J. Mater. Chem. 16, 2896 (2006).
78. V. Bagalkot, L. Zhang, E. Levy-Nissenbaum, S. Jon, P. W. Kantoff, R. Langer, and O. C. Farokhzad, Quantum dot-aptamer conjugates for synchronous cancer imaging, therapy, and sensing of drug delivery based on Bi-fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nano Lett. 7, 3065 (2007).
79. J. Jung, A. Solanki, K. A. Memoli, K. i. Kamei, H. Kim, M. A. Drahl, L. J. Williams, H. R. Tseng, and K. Lee, Selective inhibition of human brain tumor cells through multifunctional quantumdot-based siRNA delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 122, 107 (2010).
80. H. S. Cho, Z. Dong, G. M. Pauletti, J. Zhang, H. Xu, H. Gu, L. Wang, R. C. Ewing, C. Huth, F. Wang, and D. Shi, Fluorescent, superparamagnetic nanospheres for drug storage, targeting, and imaging: A multifunctional nanocarrier system for cancer diagnosis and treatment. ACS nano 4, 5398 (2010).
81. S. Li, Z. Liu, F. Ji, Z. Xiao, M. Wang, Y. Peng, Y. Zhang, L. Liu, Z. Liang, and F. Li, Delivery of quantum dot-siRNA nanoplexes in SK-N-SH cells for BACE1 gene silencing and intracellular imaging. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 1, e20 (2012).
82. P. Subramaniam, S. J. Lee, S. Shah, S. Patel, V. Starovoytov, and K. B. Lee, Generation of a library of non-toxic quantum dots for cellular imaging and siRNA delivery. Adv. Mater. 24, 4014 (2012).
83. S. Kim and M. G. Bawendi, Oligomeric ligands for luminescent and stable nanocrystal quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 14652 (2003).
84. A. A. Chen, A. M. Derfus, S. R. Khetani, and S. N. Bhatia, Quantum dots to monitor RNAi delivery and improve gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e190 (2005).
85. R. Q. Liang, W. Li, Y. Li, C. Tan, J. X. Li, Y. X. Jin, and K. C. Ruan, An oligonucleotide microarray for microRNA expression analysis based on labeling RNA with quantum dot and nanogold probe. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e17 (2005).
86. N. Jia, Q. Lian, H. Shen, C. Wang, X. Li, and Z. Yang, Intracellular delivery of quantum dots tagged antisense oligodeoxynucleotides by functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 7, 2976 (2007).
87. A. Bonoiu, S. D. Mahajan, L. Ye, R. Kumar, H. Ding, K. T. Yong, I. Roy, R. Aalinkeel, B. Nair, J. L. Reynolds, D. E. Sykes, M. A. Imperiale, E. J. Bergey, S. A. Schwartz, and P. N. Prasad, MMP-9 gene silencing by a quantum dot-siRNA nanoplex delivery to maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier. Brain Res. 1282, 142 (2009).
88. L. Qi and X. Gao, Quantum dot-amphipol nanocomplex for intracellular delivery and real-time imaging of siRNA. ACS Nano 2, 1403 (2008).
89. M. V. Yezhelyev, L. Qi, R. M. O'Regan, S. Nie, and X. Gao, Proton-sponge coated quantum dots for siRNA delivery and intracellular imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 9006 (2008).
90. A. M. Derfus, A. A. Chen, D.-H. Min, E. Ruoslahti, and S. N. Bhatia, Targeted quantum dot conjugates for siRNA delivery. Bioconjug. Chem. 18, 1391 (2007).
91. K. C. Weng, C. O. Noble, B. Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, F. F. Chen, D. C. Drummond, D. B. Kirpotin, D. Wang, Y. K. Hom, B. Hann, and J. W. Park, Targeted tumor cell internalization and imaging of multifunctional quantum dot-conjugated immunoliposomes in vitro and in vivo. Nano Lett. 8, 2851 (2008).
92. J. Schroeder, I. Shweky, H. Shmeeda, U. Banin, and A. Gabizon, Folate-mediated tumor cell uptake of quantum dots entrapped in lipid nanoparticles. J. Control Release 124, 28 (2007).
93. W. T. Al-Jamal, K. T. Al-Jamal, B. Tian, A. Cakebread, J. M. Halket, and K. Kostarelos, Tumor targeting of functionalized quantum dot-liposome hybrids by intravenous administration. Mol. Pharm. 6, 520 (2009).
94. W. B. Tan, N. Huang, and Y. Zhang, Ultrafine biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating multi-coloured quantum dots for bioapplications, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 310, 464 (2007).
95. Y. Guo, D. Shi, H. Cho, Z. Dong, A. Kulkarni, G. M. Pauletti, W. Wang, J. Lian, W. Liu, and L. Ren, In vivo imaging and drug storage by quantum-dot-conjugated carbon nanotubes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 2489 (2008).
96. W. T. Al-Jamal, K. T. Al-Jamal, P. H. Bomans, P. M. Frederik, and K. Kostarelos, Functionalized-quantum-dot-liposome hybrids as multimodal nanoparticles for cancer. Small 4, 1406 (2008).
97. W. B. Tan and Y. Zhang, Multifunctional quantum-dot-based magnetic chitosan nanobeads. Adv. Mater. 17, 2375 (2005).
98. H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318, 162 (1985).
99. P. M. Ajayan, Nanotubes from carbon. Chem. Rev. 99, 1787 (1999).
100. Z. Liu, X. Zhou, and Y. Qian, Synthetic methodologies for carbon nanomaterials. Adv. Mater. 22, 1963 (2010).
101. W. Yang, K. R. Ratinac, S. P. Ringer, P. Thordarson, J. J. Gooding, and F. Braet, Carbon nanomaterials in biosensors: Should you use nanotubes or graphene?. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 49, 2114 (2010).
102. W. Feng and P. Ji, Enzymes immobilized on carbon nanotubes. Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 889 (2011).
103. S. N. Baker and G. A. Baker, Luminescent carbon nanodots: Emergent nanolights. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 49, 6726 (2010).
104. J. Fan and P. K. Chu, Group IV nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, and biological applications. Small 6, 2080 (2010).
105. J. H. Liu, L. Cao, P. G. Luo, S. T. Yang, F. Lu, H. Wang, M. J. Meziani, S. A. Haque, Y. Liu, and S. Lacher, Fullerene-conjugated doxorubicin in cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2, 1384 (2010).
106. K. K. Liu, W. W. Zheng, C. C. Wang, Y. C. Chiu, C. L. Cheng, Y. S. Lo, C. Chen, and J. I. Chao, Covalent linkage of nanodiamondpaclitaxel for drug delivery and cancer therapy. Nanotechnology 21, 315106 (2010).
107. A. Ito, M. Shinkai, H. Honda, and T. Kobayashi, Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 100, 1 (2005).
108. M. Shinkai, Functional magnetic particles for medical application. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 94, 606 (2002).
109. L. T. Chen and L. Weiss, The role of the sinus wall in the passage of erythrocytes through the spleen. Blood 41, 529 (1973).
110. S. L. Hu, K. Y. Niu, J. Sun, J. Yang, N. Q. Zhao, and X. W. Du, One-step synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by laser irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 484 (2009).
111. Q. Wang, X. Huang, Y. Long, X. Wang, H. Zhang, R. Zhu, L. Liang, P. Teng, and H. Zheng, Hollow luminescent carbon dots for drug delivery. Carbon 59, 192 (2013).
112. S. Foley, C. Crowley, M. Smaihi, C. Bonfils, B. F. Erlanger, P. Seta, and C. Larroque, Cellular localisation of a water-soluble fullerene derivative. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294, 116 (2002).
113. K. Yang, W. Cao, X. Hao, X. Xue, J. Zhao, J. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Meng, B. Sun, J. Zhang, and X. Liang, Metallofullerene nanoparticles promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells through BMP signaling pathway. Nanoscale 5, 1205 (2013).
114. P. Chaudhuri, R. Harfouche, S. Soni, D. M. Hentschel, and S. Sengupta, Shape effect of carbon nanovectors on angiogenesis. ACS Nano 4, 574 (2010)
115. T. Y. Zakharian, A. Seryshev, B. Sitharaman, B. E. Gilbert, V. Knight, and L. J. Wilson, A fullerene-paclitaxel chemotherapeutic: Synthesis, characterization, and study of biological activity in tissue culture. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 12508 (2005).
116. F. Lu, S. A. Haque, S.-T. Yang, P. G. Luo, L. Gu, A. Kitaygorodskiy, H. Li, S. Lacher, and Y. P. Sun, Aqueous compatible fullerene-doxorubicin conjugates. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 17768 (2009).
117. N. Venkatesan, J. Yoshimitsu, Y. Ito, N. Shibata, and K. Takada, Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 26, 7154 (2005).
118. E. Nakamura and H. Isobe, Functionalized fullerenes in water. The first 10 years of their chemistry, biology, and nanoscience. Acc. Chem. Res. 36, 807 (2003).
119. R. Maeda-Mamiya, E. Noiri, H. Isobe, W. Nakanishi, K. Okamoto, K. Doi, T. Sugaya, T. Izumi, T. Homma, and E. Nakamura, In vivo gene delivery by cationic tetraamino fullerene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 5339 (2010).
120. K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Fal, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab, and K. Kim, A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490, 192 (2012).
121. X. Sun, Z. Liu, K. Welsher, J. T. Robinson, A. Goodwin, S. Zaric, and H. Dai, Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery. Nano Res. 1, 203 (2008).
122. Z. Liu, X. Sun, N. Nakayama-Ratchford, and H. Dai, Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. ACS Nano 1, 50 (2007).
123. D. Liu, C. Yi, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, and M. Yang, Inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by carboxylated carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 4, 2185 (2010).
124. M. D. Santi, A. Antonelli, M. Menotta, C. Sfara, S. Serafini, S. Lucarini, G. Brandi, and M. Magnani, Single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalization for the delivery of the water insoluble anticancer agent Indole-3-Carbinol Cyclic tetrameric derivative CTet. J. Nanopharmaceutics Drug Delivery 1, 45 (2013).
125. S. Dhar, Z. Liu, J. Thomale, H. Dai, and S. J. Lippard, Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated Pt (IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 11467 (2008).
126. Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen, X. Sun, X. Chen, and H. Dai, In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 47 (2006).
127. K. Welsher, Z. Liu, D. Daranciang, and H. Dai, Selective probing and imaging of cells with single walled carbon nanotubes as nearinfrared fluorescent molecules. Nano Lett. 8, 586 (2008).
128. Z. Liu, X. Li, S. M. Tabakman, K. Jiang, S. Fan, and H. Dai, Multiplexed multicolor Raman imaging of live cells with isotopically modified single walled carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 13540 (2008).
129. R. Singh, D. Pantarotto, D. McCarthy, O. Chaloin, J. Hoebeke, C. D. Partidos, J. P. Briand, M. Prato, A. Bianco, and K. Kostarelos, Binding and condensation of plasmid DNA onto functionalized carbon nanotubes: Toward the construction of nanotube-based gene delivery vectors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 4388 (2005).
130. Y. Liu, D. Wu, W. Zhang, X. Jiang, C. He, T. S. Chung, S. H. Goh, and K. W. Leong, Polyethylenimine-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for secure noncovalent immobilization and efficient delivery of DNA. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 117, 4860 (2005).
131. A. Alhaddad, M. Adam, J. Botsoa, G. Dantelle, S. Perruchas, T. Gacoin, C. Mansuy, S. Lavielle, C. Malvy, and F. Treussart, Nanodiamond as a vector for siRNA delivery to Ewing sarcoma cells. Small 7, 3087 (2011).
132. B. Moosa, K. Fhayli, S. Li, K. Julfakyan, A. Ezzeddine, and N. M. Khashab, Applications of nanodiamonds in drug delivery and catalysis. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 14, 332 (2014).
133. X. Q. Zhang, M. Chen, R. Lam, X. Xu, E. Osawa, and D. Ho, Polymer-functionalized nanodiamond platforms as vehicles for gene delivery. ACS Nano 3, 2609 (2009).
134. X. Li, J. Shao, Y. Qin, C. Shao, T. Zheng, and L. Ye, TAT-conjugated nanodiamond for the enhanced delivery of doxorubicin. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 7966 (2011).
135. T. J. Merkel and J. M. DeSimone, Dodging drug-resistant cancer with diamonds. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 73ps8 (2011).
136. E. K. Chow, X.-Q. Zhang, M. Chen, R. Lam, E. Robinson, H. Huang, D. Schaffer, E. Osawa, A. Goga, and D. Ho, Nanodiamond therapeutic delivery agents mediate enhanced chemoresistant tumor treatment. Sci. Transl. Med. 3, 73ra21 (2011).
137. Y. Chen, H. Chen, L. Guo, Q. He, F. Chen, J. Zhou, J. Feng, and J. Shi, Hollow/rattle-type mesoporous nanostructures by a structural difference-based selective etching strategy. ACS Nano 4, 529 (2009).
138. X. Zhang, R. Lam, X. Xu, E. K. Chow, H. Kim, and D. Ho, Multimodal nanodiamond drug delivery carriers for selective targeting, imaging, and enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy. Adv. Mater. 23, 4770 (2011).
139. K. V. Purtov, A. I. Petunin, A. E. Burov, A. P. Puzyr, and V. S. Bondar, Nanodiamonds as carriers for address delivery of biologically active substances. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5, 631 (2010).
140. H. Huang, E. Pierstorff, E. Osawa, and D. Ho, Protein-mediated assembly of nanodiamond hydrogels into a biocompatible and biofunctional multilayer nanofilm. ACS Nano 2, 203 (2008).
141. R. Lam, M. Chen, E. Pierstorff, H. Huang, E. Osawa, and D. Ho, Nanodiamond-embedded microfilm devices for localized chemotherapeutic elution. ACS Nano 2, 2095 (2008).
142. T. Bertok, A. Sediva, J. Katrlik, P. Gemeiner, M. Mikula, M. Nosko, and J. Tkac, Label-free detection of glycoproteins by the lectin biosensor down to attomolar level using gold nanoparticles. Talanta 108, 11 (2013).
143. S. F. Lai, C. C. Chien, W. C. Chen, H. H. Chen, Y. Y. Chen, C. L. Wang, Y. Hwu, C. S. Yang, C. Y. Chen, K. S. Liang, C. Petibois, H. R. Tan, E. S. Tok, and G. Margartitondo, Very small photoluminescent gold nanoparticles for multimodality biomedical imaging. Biotechnol. Adv. 31, 362 (2013).
144. E. I. Galanzha, E. Shashkov, M. Sarimollaoglu, K. E. Beenken, A. G. Basnakian, M. E. Shirtliff, J. W. Kim, M. S. Smeltzer, and V. P. Zharov, In vivo magnetic enrichment, photoacoustic diagnosis, and photothermal purging of infected blood using multifunctional gold and magnetic nanoparticles. PLoS ONE 7, e45557 (2012).
145. J. P. Cheng, Y. J. Gu, S. H. Cheng, and W. T. Wong, Surface functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 9, 1362 (2013).
146. K. Huang, H. Ma, J. Liu, S. Huo, A. Kumar, T. Wei, X. Zhang, S. Jin, Y. Gan, P. C. Wang, S. He, X. Zhang, and X. J. Liang, Sizedependent localization and penetration of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles in cancer cells, multicellular spheroids, and tumors in vivo. ACS Nano 6, 4483 (2012).
147. S. Rana, A. Bajaj, R. Mout, and V. M. Rotello, Monolayer coated gold nanoparticles for delivery applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 200 (2012).
148. C. Yi, D. Liu, C. C. Fong, J. Zhang, and M. Yang, Gold nanoparticles promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through p38 MAPK pathway. ACS Nano 4, 6439 (2010).
149. D. W. Kim, J. H. Kim, M. Park, J. H. Yeom, H. Go, S. Kim, M. S. Han, K. Lee, and J. Bae, Modulation of biological processes in the nucleus by delivery of DNA oligonucleotides conjugated with gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32, 2593 (2011).
150. S. S. Agasti, A. Chompoosor, C. C. You, P. Ghosh, C. K. Kim, and V. M. Rotello, Photoregulated release of caged anticancer drugs from gold nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 5728 (2009).
151. Z. F. Wang, L. Jia, and M. H. Li, Gold nanoparticles decorated by amphiphilic block copolymer as efficient system for drug delivery. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 9, 61 (2013).
152. J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, and J. Hillier, A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Discuss Faraday Soc. 11, 55 (1951).
153. D. H. Paik, Y. Seol, W. A. Halsey, and T. T. Perkins, Integrating a high-force optical trap with gold nanoposts and a robust gold-DNA bond. Nano Lett. 9, 2978 (2009).
154. R. Hong, G. Han, J. M. Fernández, B. Kim, N. S. Forbes, and V. M. Rotello, Glutathione-mediated delivery and release using monolayer protected nanoparticle carriers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 1078 (2006).
155. R. L. Letsinger, R. Elghanian, G. Viswanadham, and C. A. Mirkin, Use of a steroid cyclic disulfide anchor in constructing gold nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 11, 289 (2000).
156. F. Wang, Y. C. Wang, S. Dou, M. H. Xiong, T. M. Sun, and J. Wang, Doxorubicin-tethered responsive gold nanoparticles facilitate intracellular drug delivery for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer cells. ACS Nano 5, 3679 (2011).
157. J. Sharma, R. Chhabra, H. Yan, and Y. Liu, A facile in situ generation of dithiocarbamate ligands for stable gold nanoparticleoligonucleotide conjugates. Chem. Commun. 18, 2140 (2008).
158. S. D. Brown, P. Nativo, J. A. Smith, D. Stirling, P. R. Edwards, B. Venugopal, D. J. Flint, J. A. Plumb, D. Graham, and N. J. Wheate, Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 4678 (2010).
159. S. Huo, H. Ma, K. Huang, J. Liu, T. Wei, S. Jin, J. Zhang, S. He, and X. J. Liang, Superior penetration and retention behavior of 50 nm gold nanoparticles in tumors. Cancer Res. 73, 319 (2013).
160. C. Sun, H. Yang, Y. Yuan, X. Tian, L. Wang, Y. Guo, L. Xu, J. Lei, N. Gao, G. J. Anderson, X. J. Liang, C. Chen, Y. Zhao, and G. Nie, Controlling assembly of paired gold clusters within apoferritin nanoreactor for in vivo kidney targeting and biomedical imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 8617 (2011).
161. A. M. Alkilany, P. K. Nagaria, C. R. Hexel, T. J. Shaw, C. J. Murphy, and M. D. Wyatt, Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of gold nanorods: Molecular origin of cytotoxicity and surface effects. Small 5, 701 (2009).
162. D. Peer, J. M. Karp, S. Hong, O. C. Farokhzad, R. Margalit, and R. Langer, Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 751 (2007).
163. A. Kumar, H. Ma, X. Zhang, K. Huang, S. Jin, J. Liu, T. Wei, W. Cao, G. Zou, and X. J. Liang, Gold nanoparticles functionalized with therapeutic and targeted peptides for cancer treatment. Biomaterials 33, 1180 (2012).
164. P. S. Ghosh, C. K. Kim, G. Han, N. S. Forbes, and V. M. Rotello, Efficient gene delivery vectors by tuning the surface charge density of amino acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2, 2213 (2008).
165. J. L. Vivero-Escoto, I. I. Slowing, C. W. Wu, and V. S. Y. Lin, Photoinduced intracellular controlled release drug delivery in human cells by gold-capped mesoporous silica nanosphere. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 3462 (2009).
166. J. H. Kim and T. R. Lee, Discrete thermally responsive hydrogelcoated gold nanoparticles for use as drug-delivery vehicles. Drug Dev. Res. 67, 61 (2006).
167. M. Prabaharan, J. J. Grailer, S. Pilla, D. A. Steeber, and S. Gong, Gold nanoparticles with a monolayer of doxorubicin-conjugated amphiphilic block copolymer for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials 30, 6065 (2009).
168. M. L. Brongersma, Nanoscale photonics: Nanoshells: Gifts in a gold wrapper. Nat. Mater. 2, 296 (2003).
169. Y. Ma, X. Liang, S. Tong, G. Bao, Q. Ren, and Z. Dai, Gold nanoshell nanomicelles for potential magnetic resonance imaging, light-triggered drug release, and photothermal therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 815 (2013).
170. H. Liu, T. Liu, X. Wu, L. Li, L. Tan, D. Chen, and F. Tang, Targeting gold nanoshells on silica nanorattles: A drug cocktail to fight breast tumors via a single irradiation with near-infrared laser light. Adv. Mater. 24, 755 (2012).
171. C. A. Foss, G. L. Hornyak, J. A. Stockert, and C. R. Martin, Optical-properties of composite membranes containing arrays of nanoscopic gold cylinders. J. Phys. Chem. 96, 7497 (1992).
172. X. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, W. Qian, and M. A. El-Sayed, Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2115 (2006).
173. S. Jin, X. Ma, H. Ma, K. Zheng, J. Liu, S. Hou, J. Meng, P. C. Wang, X. Wu, and X. J. Liang, Surface chemistry-mediated penetration and gold nanorod thermotherapy in multicellular tumor spheroids. Nanoscale 5, 143 (2013).
174. A. M. Alkilany, L. B. Thompson, S. P. Boulos, P. N. Sisco, and C. J. Murphy, Gold nanorods: Their potential for photothermal therapeutics and drug delivery, tempered by the complexity of their biological interactions. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 190 (2012).
175. Q. Wei, J. Ji, and J. Shen, Synthesis of near-infrared responsive gold nanorod/PNIPAAm Core/Shell nanohybridsvia surface initiated ATRP for smart drug delivery. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 29, 645 (2008).
176. A. Wijaya, S. B. Schaffer, I. G. Pallares, and K. Hamad-Schifferli, Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods. ACS Nano 3, 80 (2008).
177. Y. Xiao, H. Hong, V. Z. Matson, A. Javadi, W. Xu, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, J. W. Engle, R. J. Nickles, W. Cai, D. A. Steeber, and S. Gong, Gold nanorods conjugated with doxorubicin and cRGD for combined anticancer drug delivery and PET imaging. Theranostics 2, 757 (2012).
178. R. Venkatesan, A. Pichaimani, K. Hari, P. K. Balasubramanian, J. Kulandaivel, and K. Premkumar, Doxorubicin conjugated gold nanorods: a sustained drug delivery carrier for improved anticancer therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 1010 (2013).
179. Y. Sun, B. T. Mayers, and Y. Xia, Template-engaged replacement reaction: A one-step approach to the large-scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with hollow interiors. Nano Lett. 2, 481 (2002).
180. X. Xia, M. Yang, L. K. Oetjen, Y. Zhang, Q. Li, J. Chen, and Y. Xia, An enzyme-sensitive probe for photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence detection of protease activity. Nanoscale 3, 950 (2011).
181. J. R. Hornick, J. Xu, S. Vangveravong, Z. Tu, J. B. Mitchem, D. Spitzer, P. Goedegebuure, R. H. Mach, and W. G. Hawkins, The novel sigma-2 receptor ligand SW43 stabilizes pancreas cancer progression in combination with gemcitabine. Mol. Cancer 9, 298 (2010).
182. A. van Waarde, A. A. Rybczynska, N. K. Ramakrishnan, K. Ishiwata, P. H. Elsinga, and R. A. J. O. Dierckx, Sigma receptors in oncology: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of sigma ligands. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16, 3519 (2010).
183. Y. Wang, J. Xu, X. Xia, M. Yang, S. Vangveravong, J. Chen, R. H. Mach, and Y. Xia, SV119-gold nanocage conjugates: A new platform for targeting cancer cells via sigma-2 receptors. Nanoscale 4, 421 (2012).
184. M. S. Yavuz, Y. Cheng, J. Chen, C. M. Cobley, Q. Zhang, M. Rycenga, J. Xie, C. Kim, K. H. Song, and A. G. Schwartz, Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light. Nat. Mater. 8, 935 (2009).
185. A. S. Hoffman, Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 18 (2002).
186. G. D. Moon, S.-W. Choi, X. Cai, W. Li, E. C. Cho, U. Jeong, L. V. Wang, and Y. Xia, A new theranostic system based on gold nanocages and phase-change materials with unique features for photoacoustic imaging and controlled release. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 4762 (2011).
187. S. Mondal, Ph ase change materials for smart textiles-An overview. Appl. Therm. Eng. 28, 1536 (2007).
188. M. W. Freeman, A. Arrott, and J. H. L. Watson, Magnetism in medicine. J. Appl. Phys. 31, S404 (1960).
189. C. Alexiou, W. Arnold, R. J. Klein, F. G. Parak, P. Hulin, and C. Bergemann, Locoregional cancer treatment with magnetic drug targeting. Cancer Res. 60, 6641 (2000).
190. X. W. Wang, B. Chen, X. Yang, J. Y. Zhang, L. Y. Zhao, and J. T. Tang, Functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles for highlyefficient gene delivery. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13, 746 (2013).
191. E. Maltas, M. Ozmen, B. Yildirmer, S. Kucukkolbasi, and S. Yildiz, Interaction between ketoconazole and human serum albumin on epoxy modified magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13, 6522 (2013).
192. B. Sivakumar, R. G. Aswathy, R. Sreejith, Y. Nagaoka, S. Iwai, M. Suzuki, T. Fujuda, T. Hasumura, Y. Yoshida, T. Maekawa, and D. N. Sakthikumar, Bacterial exopolysaccharide based magnetic nanoparticles: A versatile nanotool for cancer cell imaging, targeted drug delivery and synergistic effect of drug and hyperthermia mediated cancer therapy. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 10, 885 (2014).
193. C. Huang, Z. Tang, Y. Zhou, X. Zhou, Y. Jin, and D. Li, Magnetic micelles as a potential platform for dual targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 429, 113 (2012).
194. 2 core/shell nanoparticles: The silica coating regulations with a single core for different core sizes and shell thicknesses. Chem. Mater. 24, 4572 (2012).
195. W. C. Huang, S. H. Hu, K. H. Liu, S. Y. Chen, and D. M. Liu, A flexible drug delivery chip for the magnetically-controlled release of anti-epileptic drugs. J. Control Release 139, 221 (2009).
196. B. Q. Lu, Y. J. Zhu, G. F. Cheng, and Y. J. Ruan, Synthesis and application in drug delivery of hollow-core-double-shell magnetic iron oxide/silica/calcium silicate nanocomposites. Mater. Lett. 104, 53 (2013).
197. L. L. Ma, M. D. Feldman, J. M. Tam, A. S. Paranjape, K. K. Cheruku, T. A. Larson, J. O. Tam, D. R. Ingram, V. Paramita, J. W. Villard, J. T. Jenkins, T. Wang, G. D. Clarke, R. Asmis, K. Sokolov, B. Chandrasekar, T. E. Milner, and K. P. Johnston, Small multifunctional nanoclusters (nanoroses) for targeted cellular imaging and therapy. ACS Nano 3, 2686 (2009).
198. 4 nanoparticles for target-specific platin delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4216 (2009).
199. A. J. Wagstaff, S. D. Brown, M. R. Holden, G. E. Craig, J. A. Plumb, and R. E. Brown, Cisplatin drug delivery using gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced tumour targeting with external magnetic fields. Inorg. Chim. Acta. 393, 328 (2012).
200. Z. H. Xu, C. X. Li, X. J. Kang, D. M. Yang, P. P. Yang, and Z. Y. Hou, Synthesis of a multifunctional nanocomposite with magnetic, mesoporous, and near-IR absorption properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 16343 (2010).
201. 4 magnetic nanoparticles for delivery of aspirin. Powder Technol. 236, 157 (2013).
202. S. Purushotham and R. V. Ramanujan, Thermoresponsive magnetic composite nanomaterials for multimodal cancer therapy. Acta Biomater. 6, 502 (2010).
203. X. Yang, J. J. Grailer, I. J. Rowland, A. Javadi, S. A. Hurley, and D. A. Steeber, Multifunctional SPIO/DOX-loaded wormlike polymer vesicles for cancer therapy and MR imaging. Biomaterials 31, 9065 (2010).
204. W. H. Chiang, W. C. Huang, C. W. Chang, M. Y. Shen, Z. F. Shih, Y. F. Huang, S. C. Lin, and H. C. Chiu, Functionalized polymersomes with outlayered polyelectrolyte gels for potential tumor-targeted delivery of multimodal therapies and MR imaging. J. Control Release 168, 280 (2013).
205. S. K. Sahua, S. Maitib, A. Pramanika, S. K. Ghoshb, and P. Pramanika, Controlling the thickness of polymeric shell on magnetic nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin for targeted delivery and MRI contrast agent. Carbohydr. Polym. 87, 2593 (2012).
206. 4 to the drug accumulation of doxorubicin in cancer cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29, 1697 (2009).
207. F. Dilnawaz, A. Singh, C. Mohanty, and S. K. Sahoo, Dual drug loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Biomaterial 31, 3694 (2010).
208. A. K. Gupta and A. S. Curtis, Lactoferrin and ceruloplasmin derivatized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeting cell surface receptors. Biomaterial 25, 3029 (2004).
209. Y. T. Lim, M. Y. Cho, J. M. Lee, S. J. Chung, and B. H. Chung, Simultaneous intracellular delivery of targeting antibodies and functional nanoparticles with engineered protein Gsystem. Biomaterials 30, 1197 (2009).