Vitamin D deficiency and its role in neurological conditions: A review

Revue Neurologique

Volumn 172, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 109-122

  Mpandzou, G ^a,b   Ait Ben Haddou E ^a,b   Regragui, W ^a,b   Benomar, A ^a,b,c   Yahyaoui, M ^a,b  

^a IBN SINA HOSPITAL   (Morocco)

^b MOHAMMED V UNIVERSITY   (Morocco)

^c Universite Internationale Abulcasis des Sciences de la Sante   (Morocco)

Author keywords

Neurological conditions; Pathogenesis; Supplementation; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; COLECALCIFEROL; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; SECOSTEROID; STRUCTURAL PROTEIN; VITAMIN D;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN SIZE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPILEPSY; EXCITOTOXICITY; EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; MANAGED CARE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SUNLIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; BLOOD; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION; PARKINSON DISEASE; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84959374977     PISSN: 00353787     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.11.005     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Brouwer-Brolsma EM, de Groot CPGML, van de Rest O. Vitamin D and association with cognitive performance, cognitive decline, and demantia. In: Martin CR, Preedy V, editors. Diet and nutrition in dementia and cognitive decline, III. Elsevier; 2015. 978-0-12-407824-6p. 679-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407824-6.00114-2.
2. Neyestani TR. Is multiple sclerosis a sun deprivation disease?: lessons from the past for the future path. In: Watson RR, editor. Bioactive nutraceuticals and dietary supplements in neurological and brain: prevention and therapy, VII. Elsevier; 2015. 978-0-12-411462-3p. 481-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411462-3.00050-3.
3. Vojinović S, Savić D, Lukić S, Savić L, Vojinović J. Disease relapses in multiple sclerosis can be influenced by air pollution and climate seasonal conditions. Vojnosanit Pregl 2015;72(1):44-9.
4. Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S, et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence. Autoimmun Rev 2013;12(10):976-89.
5. Wrzosek M, Lukaszkiewicz J, Wrzosek M, et al. Vitamin D and the central nerveux system. Pharmacol Rep 2013;65:271-8 [ISSN 1734-1140].
6. Annweiler C, Bartha R, Karras SN, Gautier J, Roche F, Beauchet O. Vitamin D and white matter abnormalities in older adults: a quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MRI. Exp Gerontol 2015;63:41-7.
7. Millet P, Landel V, Virard I, Morello M, Féron F. Rô les bénéfiques de la vitamine D sur le neurodégénérescence et les troubles mentaux. Cah Nutr Diet 2014;49(6):279-93.
8. Sundström P, Salzer J, Vitamin. D and multiple sclerosis-from epidemiology to prevention. Acta Neurol Scand 2015;132(199):56-61.
9. Brouwer-Brolsma EM, van der Zwaluw NL, et al. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lower plasma glucose are associated with larger gray matter volume but not with white matter or total brain volume in Dutch community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr 2015;145(8):1817-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.214197 [Epub 2015 Jul 1].
10. Thouvenot E, Camu W. Vitamine D et neurologie. Presse Med 2013;42(10):1398-404.
11. Gatto NM, Sinsheimer JS, Cockburn M, Escobedo LA, Bordelon Y, Ritz B. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease in a population with high ultraviolet radiation exposure. J Neurol Sci 2015;352(1-2):88-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.043 [Epub 2015 Apr 7].
12. Mohajeri MH, Troesch B, Weber P. Inadequate supply of vitamins and DHA in the elderly: implications for brain aging and Alzheimer-type dementia. Nutrition 2015;31(2):261-75.
13. Wishart K, Maggini S, Wintergerst ES. Vitamin D and immunity. In: Watson RR, editor. Foods and diatary supplements in the prevention and treatment of disease in older adults, III. Elsevier; 2015. 978-0-12-418680-4p. 253-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-418680-4.00024-5.
14. Kesby JP, Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. The effects of Vitamin D on brain development and adult brain function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011;347(1-2):121-7.
15. Briones TL, Darwish H. Decrease in age-related tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive improvement following Vitamin D supplementation are associated with modulation of brain energy metabolism and redox state. Neuroscience 2014;262:143-55.
16. Lang PO. Le rô le immunomodulateur de la vitamine D : quelle est sa place dans les défenses anti-infectieuses ? NPG 2013;13(74):71-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npg.2012.11.001.
17. Moy KA, Mondul AM, Zhang H, et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating Vitamin D-binding protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99(6):1424-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.080309 [Epub 2014 Apr 16].
18. Nemere I, Garbi N, Hammerling G, Hintze KJ. Role of the 1,25D3-MARRS receptor in the 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated uptake of calcium and phosphate in intestinal cells. Steroids 2012;77(10):897-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2012.04.002 [Epub 2012 Apr 21].
19. Richard CL, Farach-Carson MC, Rohe B, Nemere I, Meckling KA. Involvement of 1,25D3-MARRS (membrane associated, rapid response steroid-binding), a novel Vitamin D receptor, in growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2010;316(5):695-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.015 [Epub 2009 Dec 28].
20. Stiles AR, Kozlitina J, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, King KS, Russell DW, et al. anatomic, and clinical determinants of human serum sterol and Vitamin D levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(38):E4006-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413561111 [Epub 2014 Sep 8].
21. Waterhouse M, Tran B, Armstrong BK, et al. Environmental, personal, and genetic determinants of response to Vitamin D supplementation in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(7):E1332-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4101 [Epub 2014 Apr 2].
22. Barry EL, Rees JR, Peacock JL, et al. Genetic variants in CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and VDR modify the efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation for increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(10):E2133-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1389 [Epub 2014 Jul 29].
23. Laczmanski L, Lwow F, Mossakowska M, et al. Association between Vitamin D concentration and levels of sex hormones in an elderly Polish population with different genotypes of VDR polymorphisms (rs10735810, rs1544410, rs7975232, rs731236). Gene 2015;559(1):73-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.022 [Epub 2015 Jan 14].
24. Nissen J, Vogel U, Ravn-Haren G, et al. Common variants in CYP2R1 and GC genes are both determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations after UVB irradiation and after consumption of Vitamin D-fortified bread and milk during winter in Denmark. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101(1):218-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.092148 [Epub 2014 Nov 5].
25. Lehmann U, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Hinz K, Westphal S, Dierkes J. Bioavailability of Vitamin D(2) and D(3) in healthy volunteers, a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(11):4339-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-4287 [Epub 2013 Sep 3].
26. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(6):1357-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.031070 [Epub 2012 May 2].
27. Alam U, Chan AW, Buazon A, et al. Differential effects of different Vitamin D replacement strategies in patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2014;28(1):66-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.09.003 [Epub 2013 Oct 16].
28. Melhem SJ, Aiedeh KM, Hadidi KA. Effects of a 10-day course of a high dose calciferol versus a single mega dose of ergocalciferol in correcting Vitamin D deficiency. Ann Saudi Med 2015;35(1):13-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2015.13.
29. Logan VF, Gray AR, Peddie MC, Harper MJ, Houghton LA. Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation is more effective than vitamin D2 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status over the winter months. Br J Nutr 2013;109(6):1082-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512002851 [Epub 2012 Jul 11].
30. Biancuzzo RM, Clarke N, Reitz RE, Travison TG, Holick MF. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98(3):973-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2114 [Epub 2013 Feb 5].
31. Lai JK, Lucas RM, Banks E, Ponsonby AL, Ausimmune Investigator Group. Variability in Vitamin D assays impairs clinical assessment of Vitamin D status. Intern Med J 2012;42(1):43-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02471.x.
32. Eyles DW, Liu PY, Josh P, Cui X. Intracellular distribution of the Vitamin D receptor in the brain: comparison with classic target tissues and redistribution with development. Neuroscience 2014;268:1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.042 [Epub 2014 Mar 6. PubMed PMID: 24607320].
33. Holmøy T, Moen SM, Gundersen TA, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D in cerebrospinal fluid during relapse and remission of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009;15(11):1280-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509107008 [Epub 2009 Oct 6].
34. Holmøy T, Moen SM. Assessing Vitamin D in the central nervous system. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2010;190:88-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01383.x.
35. DeLuca GC, Kimball SM, Kolasinski J, Ramagopalan SV, Ebers GC. Review: the role of Vitamin D in nervous system health and disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013;39(5):458-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nan.12020.
36. Groves NJ, McGrath JJ, Burne TH. Vitamin D as a neurosteroid affecting the developing and adult brain. Annu Rev Nutr 2014;34:117-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105557.
37. Eyles D, Brown J, Mackay-Sim A, McGrath J, Feron F. Vitamin D3 and brain development. Neuroscience 2003;118(3):641-53.
38. Hawes JE, Tesic D, Whitehouse AJ, Zosky GR, Smith JT, Wyrwoll CS. Maternal Vitamin D deficiency alters fetal brain development in the BALB/c mouse. Behav Brain Res 2015;286:192-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.008 [Epub 2015 Mar 7].
39. Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ, Daly RM. Effects of Vitamin D supplementation on neuroplasticity in older adults: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Osteoporos Int 2015;26(1):131-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2855-6 [Epub 2014 Aug 20].
40. Shab-Bidar S, Neyestani TR, Djazayery A. The interactive effect of improvement of Vitamin D status and VDR FokI variants on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015;69(2): 216-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.240 [Epub 2014 Nov 26].
41. Annweiler C, Annweiler T, Montero-Odasso M, Bartha R, Beauchet O. Vitamin D and brain volumetric changes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2014;78(1):30-9.
42. Shivakumar V, Kalmady SV, Amaresha AC, et al. Serum Vitamin D and hippocampal gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015;233(2):175-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.006 [Epub 2015 Jun 24].
43. Burton JM, Costello FE. Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis and central nervous system demyelinating disease-a review. J Neuroophthalmol 2015;35(2):194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000256.
44. Duan S, Lv Z, Fan X, et al. Vitamin D status and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2014;570:108-13.
45. Ascherio A, Munger KL, White R, et al. Vitamin D as an early predictor of multiple sclerosis activity and progression. JAMA Neurol 2014;71(3):306-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5993.
46. A° ivo J, Hänninen A, Ilonen J, Soilu-Hänninen M. Vitamin D3 administration to MS patients leads to increased serum levels of latency activated peptide (LAP) of TGF-beta. J Neuroimmunol 2015;280:12-5.
47. Correale J, Gaitán MI. Multiple sclerosis and environnemental factors: the role of Vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Acta Neurol Scand 2015;132(199):46-55.
48. Munger K, Ascherio A. Understanding the joint effects of EBV and Vitamin D in MS. Mult Scler 2013;19(12):1554-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513503723.
49. Soilu-Hänninen M, Laaksonen M, Laitinen I, Erä linna JP, Lilius EM, Mononen I. A longitudinal study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone levels indicate the importance of Vitamin D and calcium homeostasis regulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79(2):152-7 [Epub 2007 Jun 19].
50. Neau JP, Artaud-Uriot MS, Lhomme V, et al. Vitamine D et sclérose en plaques. É tude prospective d'une cohorte de patients de la région Poitou-Charentes. Rev Neurol 2011;167(4):317-23.
51. Razzouki H, Belahsen F, Messouak O. Vitamine D et sclérose en plaques. É tude prospective d'une cohorte de patients au CHU de Fè s. Rev Neurol 2014;170(1):A99-118.
52. Thouvenot E, Orsini M, Daurès JP, Camu W. Vitamin D is associated with degree of disability in patients with fully ambulatory relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2015;22(3):564-9.
53. Scott TF, Hackett CT, Dworek DC, Schramke CJ. Low Vitamin D level is associated with higher relapse rate in natalizumab treated MS patients. J Neurol Sci 2013;330 (1-2):27-31.
54. van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, et al. Vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis and community controls in Tasmania, Australia. J Neurol 2007;254(5): 581-90 [Epub 2007 Apr 11].
55. Mowry EM, James JA, Krupp LB, Waubant E. Vitamin D status and antibody levels to common viruses in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011;17(6):666-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510394398 [Epub 2011 Jan 6].
56. Salzer J, Nyström M, Hallmans G, Stenlund H, Wadell G, Sundström P. Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and Vitamin D in prospective multiple sclerosis biobank samples. Mult Scler 2013;19(12):1587-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513483888 [Epub 2013 Apr 2].
57. Najafipoor A, Roghanian R, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Bouzari M, Etemadifar M. The beneficial effects of vitamin D3 on reducing antibody titers against Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Immunol 2015;294(1):9-12.
58. Pandit L, Ramagopalan SV, Malli C, D'Cunha A, Kunder R, Shetty R. Association of Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis in India. Mult Scler 2013;19(12):1592-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513482375 [Epub 2013 Mar 21].
59. Jalkanen A, Kauko T, Turpeinen U, Hämä laïnen E, Airas L. Multiple sclerosis and Vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Neurol Scand 2015;131(1):64-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.12306 [Epub 2014 Sep 12].
60. Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Hakiki B, et al. Postpartum relapses increase the risk of disability progression in multiple sclerosis: the role of disease modifying drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85(8):845-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2013-306054 [Epub 2014 Jan 8].
61. Vukusic S, Durand-Dubief F, Benoit A, Marignier R, Frangoulis B, Confavreux C. Natalizumab for the prevention of post-partum relapses in women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015;21(7):953-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514554056 [Epub 2014 Oct 10].
62. Pozzilli C, Pugliatti M. An overview of pregnancy-related issues in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2015;22(Suppl. 2):34-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12797.
63. Hellwig K, Rockhoff M, Herbstritt S, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding and the effect on postpartum multiple sclerosis relapses. JAMA Neurol; 2015;72(10):1132-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1806.
64. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC. Widespread Vitamin D insufficiency: a new challenge for primary prevention, with particular reference to multiple sclerosis. Presse Med 2011;40(4Pt1):349-56.
65. Sibon I, de Toffol B, Azulay JP, et al. American Academy of Neurology, Washington 18-25 April 2015. Rev Neurol 2015;171(6-7):581-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2015.04.005.
66. Mohammadi-Kordkhayli M, Ahangar-Parvin R, Azizi SV, et al. Vitamin D modulates the expression of IL-27 and IL-33 in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Iran J Immunol 2015;12(1):35-49. DOI: IJIv12i1A4 [PMID: 25784096].
67. Farsani ZS, Behmanesh M, Sahraian MA. Interleukin-10 but not transforming growth factor-b1 gene expression is up-regulated by Vitamin D treatment in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2015;350(1-2):18-23.
68. Soilu-Hänninen M, Aivo J, Lindström BM, et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with vitamin D3 as an add on treatment to interferon b-1b in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83(5):565-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-301876 [Epub 2012 Feb 22].
69. Munger KL, Kö chert K, Simon KC, et al. Molecular mechanism underlying the impact of Vitamin D on disease activity of MS. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014;1(8):605-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.91 [Epub 2014 Aug 22].
70. Holmøy T, Esbensen QY, Torkildsen ∅, et al. WT1 and interferon-b-Vitamin D association in MS: a longitudinal study. Acta Neurol Scand 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.12448.
71. Røsjø E, Myhr KM, Løken-Amsrud KI, et al. Vitamin D status ans effect of interferon-b1a treatment on MRI activity and serum inflammation markers in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2015;280:21-8.
72. Steffensen LH, Brustad M, Kampman MT. What is needed to keep persons with multiple sclerosis Vitamin D-sufficient throughout the year? J Neurol 2013;260(1):182-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6611-6 [Epub 2012 Aug 1].
73. Hiremath GS, Cettomai D, Baynes M, et al. Vitamin D status and effect of low-dose cholecalciferol and highdose ergocalciferol supplementation in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009;15(6):735-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509102844 [Epub 2009 Apr 21].
74. Dö rr J, Ohlraun S, Skarabis H, Paul F. Efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis (EVIDIMS Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-15.
75. O'Connell K, Kelly S, Kinsella K, et al. Dose-related effects of Vitamin D on immune responses in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and healthy control participants: study protocol for an exploratory randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-272.
76. Bhargava P, Cassard S, Steele SU, et al. The Vitamin D to ameliorate multiple sclerosis (VIDAMS) trial: study design for a multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Contemp Clin Trials 2014;39(2):288-93.
77. Kremer L, Slassi Sennou I, Benkirane N, et al. É valuation du taux de 25-hydroxy-vitamine D dans la neuromyé lite optique. Rev Neurol 2014;170:A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j;neurol.2014.01.303.
78. Shellhaas RA, Barks AK, Joshi SM. Prevalence and risk factors for Vitamin D insufficiency among children with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2010;42(6):422-6.
79. Teagarden DL, Meador KJ, Loring DW. Low Vitamin D levels are common in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2014;108(8):1352-6.
80. Lee YJ, Park KM, Kim YM, Yeon GM, Nam SO. Longitudinal change of Vitamin D status in children with epilepsy on antiepileptic drugs: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatr Neurol 2015;52(2):153-9.
81. Snoeijen-Schouwenaars FM, van Deursen KC, Tan IY, Verschuure P, Majoie MH. Vitamin D supplementation in children with epilepsy and intellectual disability. Pediatr Neurol 2015;52(2):160-4.
82. Sonmez FM, Donmez A, Namuslu M, Canbal M, Orun E. Vitamin D deficiency in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2015;1-5.
83. Chung PW, Park KY, Kim JM, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamine D status is associated with chronic cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2015;46:248-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/StrokeAHA.114.007706.
84. Majumdar V, Prabhakar P, Kulkarni GB, Christopher R. Vitamin D status, hypertension and ischemic stroke: a clinical perspective. J Hum Hypertens 2015;1-6.
85. Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Ajjan R, et al. Can Vitamin D deficiency cause diabetes and cardiovascular diseases? Present evidence and future perspectives. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012;22(2):81-7.
86. Brøndum-Jacobsen P, Nordestgaard BG, Schnohr P, Benn M. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and symptomatic ischemic stroke: an original study and meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2013;73(1):38-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.23738 [Epub 2012 Dec 7].
87. Prabhakar P, Majumdar V, Kulkarni GB, Christopher R. Genetic variants of Vitamin D receptor and susceptibility to ischemic stroke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;456(2):631-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.007 [Epub 2014 Dec 8].
88. Schneider AL, Lutsey PL, Selvin E, et al. Vitamin D, Vitamin D binding protein gene polymorphisms, race and risk of incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Eur J Neurol 2015;22(8):1220-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12731 [Epub 2015 May 12].
89. Zittermann A, Morshuis M, Kuhn J, et al. Vitamin D metabolites and fibroblast growth factor-23 in patients with left ventricular assist device implants: association with stroke and mortality risk. Eur J Nutr 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
90. Park KY, Chung PW, Kim YB, et al. Serum Vitamin D status as a predictor of prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2015;40(1-2):73-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000434691 [Epub 2015 Jul 11].
91. Skaaby T. The relationship of Vitamin D status to risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Dan Med J 2015;62.(2) [pii: B5008].
92. Skaaby T, Husemoen LL, Martinussen T, et al. Vitamin D status, filaggrin genotype, and cardiovascular risk factors: a Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e57647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005764 [Epub 2013 Feb 27].
93. Michos ED, Carson KA, Schneider AL, et al. Vitamin D and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities brain magnetic resonance imaging study. JAMA Neurol 2014;71(7):863-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.755.
94. Del Brutto OH, Mera RM, Macias J, Morales G, Zambrano M. Cerebrovascular correlates of Vitamin D deficiency in older adults living near the Equator: results from the Atahualpa Project. Int J Stroke 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12627 [Epub ahead of print].
95. Kiggundu DS, Mutebi E, Kibirige D, Boxer R, Kakande B, Kigozi BK, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and its characteristics among patients with acute stroke at a national referral hospital in Kampala Uganda. BMC Endocr Disord 2015;15(1):53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12902-015-0053-y.
96. Witham MD, Dove FJ, Sugden JA, Doney AS, Struthers AD. The effect of Vitamin D replacement on markers of vascular health in stroke patients-A randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012;22(10):864-70.
97. Thomas T, Briot K. Effets osseux et musculaires de la vitamine D. Presse Med 2013;42(10):1351-7.
98. Tö rök R, Tö rök N, Szalardy L, et al. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease in Hungarians. Neurosci Lett 2013;551:70-4.
99. Niu MY, Wang L, Xie AM, Apa I, Bsm I, Fok I, et al. Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D receptor gene and Parkinson's disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015;128(13):1809-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.159358.
100. Fyfe I. Parkinson disease. Reduced level of dietary Vitamin D is associated with PD. Nat Rev Neurol 2015;11(2):68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.265 [Epub 2015 Jan 13].
101. Wang L, Evatt ML, Maldonado LG, et al. Vitamin D from different sources is inversely associated with Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2015;30(4):560-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26117 [Epub 2014 Dec 27].
102. Moghimi E, Solomon JA, Gianforcaro A, Hamadeh MJ. Dietary vitamin D3 restriction exacerbates disease pathophysiology in the spinal cord of the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0126355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126355.
103. Gianforcaro A, Hamadeh MJ. Vitamin D as a potential therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014;20(2):101-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12204.
104. Solomon JA, Gianforcaro A, Hamadeh MJ. Vitamin D3 deficiency differentially affects functional and disease outcomes in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2011;6(12):e29354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029354 [Epub 2011 Dec 27].
105. Camu W, Tremblier B, Plassot C, et al. Vitamin D confers protection to motoneurons and is a prognostic factor of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2014;35(5):1198-205.
106. Karam C, Barrett MJ, Imperato T, MacGowan DJ, Scelsa S. Vitamin D deficiency and its supplementation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2013;20(11):1550-3. revue neurologique 172 (2016) 109-122
107. Blasco H, Madji Hounoum B, Dufour-Rainfray D, et al. Vitamin D is not a protective factor in ALS. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015;21(8):651-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12423 [Epub 2015 Jun 20].
108. Buell JS, Dawson-Hughes B, Scott TM, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitalin D, dementia, and cerebrovascular pathology in elders receiving home services. Neurology 2010;74(1):18-26.
109. Littlejohns TJ, Henley WE, Lang IA, et al. Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2014;83:1-9.
110. van der Schaft J, Koek HL, Dijkstra E, Verhaar HJJ, van der Schouw YT, Emmelot-Vonk MH. The association between Vitamin D and cognition: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2013;12(4):1013-23.
111. Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of Vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013;34(1):47-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.07.001 [Epub 2012 Jul 11].
112. Moon Y, Moon WJ, Kwon H, Lee JM, Han SH. Vitamin D deficiency disrupts neuronal integrity in cognitively impaired patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;45(4):1089-96.
113. Nagel G, Herbolsheimer F, Riepe M, et al. Serum Vitamin D concentrations and cognitive function in a population-based study among older adults in South Germany. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;45(10):1119-26.
114. Barnard K, Colón-Emeric C. Extraskeletal effects of Vitamin D in older adults: cardiovascular disease, mortality, mood, and cognition. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2010;8(1):4-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2010.02.004.
115. Zhao Y, Sun Y, Ji HF, Shen L. Vitamin D levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: a meta-analysis. Nutrition 2013;29(6):828-32.
116. Duygu Gezen AK, Erdinc D, Selma Y. Unexpected impact of Vitamin D deficiency: disruption of Vitamin D membrane receptor (1,25 MARRS) induces presenilin 1 expression. Alzheimer Dement 2013;9(4):P358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.680.
117. Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, et al. Exercise and Vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175(5):703-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0225.
118. Badsha H, Daher M, Ooi Kong K. Myalgias or non-specific muscle pain in Arab or Indo-Pakistani patients may indicate Vitamin D deficiency. Clin Rheumatol 2009;28(8):971-3.
119. Jesus CAS, Feder D, Peres MFP. The role of Vitamin D in pathophysiology and treatment of fibromyalgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2013;17(8):355.
120. Gupta RP, Hollis BW, Patel SB, Patrick KS, Bell NH. CYP3A4 is a human microsomal Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19(4):680-8.
121. Glueck CJ, Budhani SB, Masineni SS, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, myositis-myalgia, and reversible statin intolerance. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27(9):1683-90.
122. Glueck CJ, Conrad B. Severe Vitamin D deficiency, myopathy, and rhabdomyolysis. N Am J Med Sci 2013;5(8):494-5.
123. Askmark H, Haggard L, Nygren I, Punga AR. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with myasthenia gravis and improvement of fatigue after supplementation of vitamin D3: pilot study. Eur J Neurol 2012;19(12):1554-60.
124. Skalli S, Muller M, Pradines S, Halimi S, Wion-Bardot N. Vitamin D deficiency and peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Intern Med 2012;23(2):e67-8.
125. Soderstrom LH, Johnson SP, Diaz VA, Mainous 3rd AG. Associations between Vitamin D and diabetic neuropathy in a nationally representative sample: results from 2001-2004 NHANES. Diabet Med 2012;29(1):50-5.
126. Thaisetthawatkul P, Fernandes Filho JAM, Ansari SA. Prevalence of low Vitamin D in sensory neuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2012;123(6):e25.
127. Jiping Z, Ning X, Dong Y, et al. Association between the level of serum Vitamin D and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Chin End Met 2014;30(5):385-7.
128. Elf K, Askmark H, Nygren I, Punga AR. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with primary immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies. J Neurol Sci 2014;345(1-2):184-8.
129. Agmon-Levin N, Kivity S, Tzioufas AG, et al. Low levels of Vitamin D are associated with neuropathy and lymphoma among patients with Sjö gren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2012;39(3):234-9.
130. De Jesus S, Bandyopadhyay S. Surprising prevalence of unrecognized vitamin D3 deficiency in fall and Winter months in meuromuscular clinics in central Pennsylvania: a pilot study. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2015;16(4):199-201.
131. Barnes MS, Bonham MP, Robson PJ, et al. Assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in male and female multiple sclerosis patients and control volunteers. Mult Scler 2007;13(5):670-2 [Epub 2007 Feb 16].
132. Baärnhielm M, Hedström AK, Kockum I, et al. Sunlight is associated with decreased multiple sclerosis risk: no interaction with human leukocyte antigen-DRB1∗15. Eur J Neurol 2012;19(7):955-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03650.x [Epub 2012 Jan 31].