Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 394-415

  Aguiar, Magda ^a   Atapattu, Navoda ^b   Bhatia, Vijayalakshmi ^c   Braegger, Christian ^d   Butler, Gary ^e   Cassinelli, Hamilton ^f   DIMeglio, Linda A ^g   Frew, Emma ^a   Fu, Junfen ^h   Goldberg, Gail ⁱ   Högler, Wolfgang ^a   Hyppönen, Elina ^j   Idris, Hafsatu Wasagu ^k   Khadgawat, Rajesh ^l   Kiely, Mairead ^m   Maddock, Jane ⁿ   Mäkitie, Outi ^o   Michigami, Toshimi ^p   Mughal, M Zulf ^q   Munns, Craig F ^r   Oduwole, Abiola ^s   Ozono, Keiichi ^t   Pettifor, John M ^u   Pludowski, Pawel ^v   Ramos Abad, Lorna ^w   Sävendahl, Lars ^x   Seth, Anju ^y   Shaw, Nick ^z   Specker, Bonny L ^aa   Thacher, Tom D ^ab   Tiosano, Dov ^ac   Tulchinsky, Ted ^ad   Ward, Leanne ^ae   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b Lady Ridgeway Hospital   (Sri Lanka)

^c SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^d UNIVERSITY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^f HOSPITAL DE NIÑOS RICARDO GUTIÉRREZ   (Argentina)

^g RILEY HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN   (United States)

^h CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

ⁱ MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^j SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^k AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^l ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^m UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^o UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI AND HELSINKI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^p RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH   (Japan)

^q ROYAL MANCHESTER CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^r CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

^s UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS   (Nigeria)

^t OSAKA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^u UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^v CHILDREN'S MEMORIAL HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Poland)

^w UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA   (Philippines)

^x KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^y KALAWATI SARAN CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (India)

^z BIRMINGHAM CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^aa SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^ab MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^ac RAMBAM MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^ad HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^ae CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF EASTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; CALCIFEDIOL; CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; PARATHYROID HORMONE; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN;

ARTICLE; BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; BONE MASS; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BREAST MILK; CALCIUM DEFICIENCY; CALCIUM INTAKE; CHILD GROWTH; COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CONTROL STRATEGY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; FRACTURE RISK; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH PROMOTION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERCALCIURIA; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY CALCIFICATION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACTATION; MATERNAL CHILD HEALTH CARE; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MEDICAL HISTORY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OSTEOMALACIA; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRAM COST EFFECTIVENESS; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RICKETS; RISK; RISK FACTOR; SUN EXPOSURE; TREATMENT DURATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; CHILD; CONSENSUS; DEFICIENCY; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; INFANT; MOTHER; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

CALCIUM; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONSENSUS; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; INFANT; MOTHERS; OSTEOMALACIA; RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES; RICKETS; RISK FACTORS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMINS;

EID: 84959357196     PISSN: 0021972X     EISSN: 19457197     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2175     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Ward LM, Gaboury I, Ladhani M, Zlotkin S. Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada. CMAJ. 2007;177(2):161-166.
2. Munns CF, Simm PJ, Rodda CP, et al. Incidence of vitamin D deficiency rickets among Australian children: an Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit study. Med J Aust. 2012;196(7):466-468.
3. Callaghan AL, Moy RJ, Booth IW, Debelle G, Shaw NJ. Incidence of symptomatic vitamin D deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91: 606-607.
4. Beck-Nielsen SS, Jensen TK, Gram J, Brixen K, Brock-Jacobsen B. Nutritional rickets in Denmark: a retrospective review of children's medical records from 1985 to 2005. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(8):941-949.
5. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM, et al. A comparison of calcium, vitamin D, or both for nutritional rickets in Nigerian children. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(8):563-568.
6. Balasubramanian K, Rajeswari J, Gulab, et al. Varying role of vitamin Ddeficiency in the etiology of rickets in young children vs. adolescents in northern India. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49(4):201-206.
7. Atapattu N, Shaw N, Högler W. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in the search for a biochemical definition of vitamin D deficiency in children. Pediatr Res. 2013;74(5):552-556.
8. Paxton GA, Teale GR, Nowson CA, et al. Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. Med J Aust. 2013;198(3):142-143.
9. Pettifor JM. Vitamin D deficiency and nutritional rickets in children. In: Feldman D, Pike JW, Adams J, eds. Vitamin D. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier Inc; 2011:1107-1128.
10. Pettifor JM. Nutritional rickets. In: Glorieux FH, Pettifor JM, Juppner H, eds. Pediatric Bone: Biology and Diseases. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2012:625-654.
11. Maiya S, Sullivan I, Allgrove J, et al. Hypocalcaemia and vitamin D deficiency: an important, but preventable, cause of life-threatening infant heart failure. Heart. 2008;94(5):581-584.
12. Loudon I. Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935. Med Hist. 1986;30(1):1-41.
13. Swiglo BA, Murad MH, Schünemann HJ, et al. A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the graDing of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(3):666-673.
14. Thacher TD, Clarke BL. VitaminDinsufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(1):50-60.
15. Tiosano D, Hochberg Z. Hypophosphatemia: thecommondenominator of all rickets. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27(4):392-401.
16. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
17. Carter GD. Accuracy of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays: confronting the issues. Curr Drug Targets. 2011;12:19-28.
18. Farrell CJ, Martin S, McWhinney B, Straub I, Williams P, Herrmann M. State-of-the-art vitamin D assays: a comparison of automated immunoassays with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Clin Chem. 2012;58:531-542.
19. Tai SS, Bedner M, Phinney KW. Development of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in human serum using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2010;82:1942-1948.
20. Stepman HC, Vanderroost A, Van Uytfanghe K, Thienpont L. Candidate reference measurement procedures for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by using isotopedilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2011;57:441-448.
21. SemposCT,VesperHW,PhinneyKW,ThienpontLM,CoatesPM, Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP). Vitamin D status as an international issue: national surveys and the problem of standardization. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2012;243:32-40.
22. Carter GD, Phinney KW. Assessing vitamin D status: time for a rethink? Clin Chem. 2014;60(6):809-811.
23. Yates AM, Bowron A, Calton L, et al. Interlaboratory variation in 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is significantly improved if common calibration material is used. Clin Chem. 2008;54:2082-2084.
24. Dawodu A, Agarwal M, Sankarankutty M, Hardy D, Kochiyil J, Badrinath P. Higher prevalence of vitaminDdeficiency in mothers of rachitic than nonrachitic children. J Pediatr. 2005;147(1):109-111.
25. Specker BL, Ho ML, Oestreich A, et al. Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China. J Pediatr. 1992; 120(5):733-739.
26. Majid Molla A, Badawi MH, al-Yaish S, Sharma P, el-Salam RS, Molla AM. Risk factors for nutritional rickets among children in Kuwait. Pediatr Int. 2000;42(3):280-284.
27. Molla AM, Al Badawi M, Hammoud MS, et al. Vitamin D status of mothers and their neonates in Kuwait. Pediatr Int. 2005;47(6): 649-652.
28. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53-58.
29. Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, Ioannidis JP. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ. 2014;348:g2035.
30. Aggarwal V, Seth A, Aneja S, et al. Role of calcium deficiency in development of nutritional rickets in Indian children: a case control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(10):3461-3466.
31. Benitez-Aguirre PZ, Wood NJ, Biesheuvel C, Moreira C, Munns CF. The natural history of vitaminDdeficiency in African refugees living in Sydney. Med J Aust. 2009;190(8):426-428.
32. Vogiatzi MG, Jacobson-Dickman E, DeBoer MD. Vitamin D supplementation and risk of toxicity in pediatrics: a review of current literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(4):1132-1141.
33. Tau C, Ciriani V, Scaiola E, Acuña M. Twice single doses of 100,000 IU of vitamin D in winter is adequate and safe for prevention of vitamin D deficiency in healthy children from Ushuaia, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007; 103:651-654.
34. Joshi R. Hypercalcemia due to hypervitaminosis D: report of seven patients. J Trop Pediatr. 2009;55(6):396-398.
35. Barrueto F Jr, Wang-Flores HH, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Nelson L. Acute vitamin D intoxication in a child. Pediatrics. 2005; 116(3):e453-e456.
36. Bereket A, Erdogan T. Oral bisphosphonate therapy for vitaminD intoxication of the infant. Pediatrics. 2003;111:899-901.
37. Kara C, Gunindi F, Ustyol A, AydinM. VitaminDintoxication due to an erroneously manufactured dietary supplement in seven children. Pediatrics. 2014;133(1):e240-e244.
38. Maalouf J, Nabulsi M, Vieth R, et al. Short-and long-term safety of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in school children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(7):2693-2701.
39. Vanstone MB, Oberfield SE, Shader L, Ardeshirpour L, Carpenter TO. Hypercalcemia in children receiving pharmacologic doses of vitamin D. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):e1060-e1063.
40. Pettifor JM, Ross P, Wang J, Moodley G, Couper-Smith J. Rickets in children of rural origin in South Africa: is low dietary calcium a factor? J Pediatr. 1978;92(2):320-324.
41. Legius E, Proesmans W, Eggermont E, Vandamme-Lobaerts R, Bouillon R, Smet M. Rickets due to dietary calcium deficiency. Eur J Pediatr. 1989;148(8):784-785.
42. Eyberg CJ, Pettifor JM, Moodley G. Dietary calcium intake in rural black South African children. The relationship between calcium intake and calcium nutritional status. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1986; 40(1):69-74.
43. Okonofua F, Gill DS, Alabi ZO, Thomas M, Bell JL, Dandona P. Rickets in Nigerian children: a consequence of calcium malnutrition. Metabolism. 1991;40(2):209-213.
44. Chapman T, Sugar N, Done S, Marasigan J, Wambold N, Feldman K. Fractures in infants and toddlers with rickets. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40(7):1184-1189.
45. Kreiter SR, Schwartz RP, KirkmanHNJr, Charlton PA, Calikoglu AS, Davenport ML. Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants. J Pediatr. 2000;137(2):153-157.
46. HazzaziMA,Alzeer I, TamimiW,Al AtawiM,Al Alwan I. Clinical presentation and etiology of osteomalacia/rickets in adolescents. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2013;24(5):938-941.
47. Agarwal A, Gulati D, Rath S, Walia M. Rickets: a cause of delayed walking in toddlers. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76(3):269-272.
48. Bloom E, Klein EJ, Shushan D, Feldman KW. Variable presentations of rickets in children in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004;20(2):126-130.
49. Senniappan S, Elazabi A, Doughty I, Mughal MZ. Case 2: Fractures in under-6-month-old exclusively breast-fed infants born to immigrant parents: nonaccidental injury? (case presentation). Diagnosis: Pathological fractures secondary to vitamin D deficiency rickets in under-6-months-old, exclusively breast-fed infants, born to immigrant parents. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(7):836-837, 992-993.
50. Mylott BM, Kump T, Bolton ML, Greenbaum LA. Rickets in the dairy state. WMJ. 2004;103(5):84-87.
51. Paterson CR. Vitamin D deficiency rickets simulating child abuse. J Pediatr Orthop. 1981;1(4):423-425.
52. Paterson CR. Vitamin D deficiency rickets and allegations of nonaccidental injury. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(12):2008-2012.
53. Schilling S, Wood JN, Levine MA, Langdon D, Christian CW. Vitamin D status in abused and nonabused children younger than 2 years old with fractures. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):835-841.
54. Gallo S, Comeau K, Vanstone C, et al. Effect of different dosages of oral vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in healthy, breastfed infants: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;309(17):1785-1792.
55. Beser E, Cakmakci T. Factors affecting the morbidity of vitaminD deficiency rickets and primary prevention. East Afr Med J. 1994; 71:(6):358-362.
56. Zeghoud F, Ben-Mekhbi H, Djeghri N, Garabédian M. Vitamin D prophylaxis during infancy: comparison of the long-term effects of three intermittent doses (15, 5, or 2. 5 mg) on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(3):393-396.
57. Pettifor JM. Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in children in developing countries. Ann Nutr Metab. 2014;64(suppl 2):15-22.
58. Holmlund-Suila E, Koskivirta P, Metso T, Andersson S, Mäkitie O, Viljakainen H. Vitamin D deficiency in children with a chronic illness-seasonal and age-related variations in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60856.
59. Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008; 122(5):1142-1152.
60. Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, et al. Vitamin D in the healthy European paediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(6):692-701.
61. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(7):1911-1930.
62. Vidailhet M, Mallet E, Bocquet A, et al. Vitamin D: still a topical matter in children and adolescents. A position paper by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics. Arch Pediatr. 2012;19(3):316-328.
63. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. AmJ Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1710S-1716S.
64. Cesur Y, Caksen H, Gündem A, Kirimi E, Odabas D. Comparison of low and high dose of vitamin D treatment in nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16(8): 1105-1109.
65. Markestad T, Halvorsen S, Halvorsen KS, Aksnes L, Aarskog D. Plasma concentrations of vitaminDmetabolites before and during treatment of vitaminDdeficiency rickets in children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1984;73:225-231.
66. Kruse K. Pathophysiology of calcium metabolism in children with vitamin D-deficiency rickets. J Pediatr. 1995;126:736-741.
67. Kutluk G, Cetinkaya F, BasakM. Comparisons of oral calcium, high dose vitamin D and a combination of these in the treatment of nutritional rickets in children. J Trop Pediatr. 2002;48(6):351-353.
68. Oginni LM, Sharp CA, Badru OS, Risteli J, Davie MW, Worsfold M. Radiological and biochemical resolution of nutritional rickets with calcium. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(9):812-817.
69. Thacher T, Glew RH, Isichei C, et al. Rickets in Nigerian children: response to calcium supplementation. J Trop Pediatr. 1999;45(4): 202-207.
70. Cipriani C, Romagnoli E, Pepe J, et al. Long-term bioavailability after a single oral or intramuscular administration of 600,000 IU of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol: implications for treatment and prophylaxis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(7):2709-2715.
71. Zabihiyeganeh M, Jahed A, Nojomi M. Treatment of hypovitaminosis D with pharmacologic doses of cholecalciferol, oral vs intramuscular; an open labeled RCT. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013; 78(2):210-216.
72. Mondal K, Seth A,MarwahaR, et al. Arandomized controlled trial on safety and efficacy of single intramuscular versus staggered oral dose of 600 000 IU Vitamin D in treatment of nutritional rickets. J Trop Pediatr. 2014;60(3):203-210.
73. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(6):1357-1364.
74. Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, Collett-Solberg PF, Kappy M. VitaminD deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):398-417.
75. Pearce SH, Cheetham TD. Diagnosis and management of vitamin D deficiency. BMJ. 2010;340:b5664.
76. Shaw NJ, MughalMZ. VitaminDand child health: part 2 (extraskeletal and other aspects). Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(5):368-372.
77. Munns C, Zacharin MR, Rodda CP, et al. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitaminDdeficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. Med J Aust. 2006;185(5): 268-272.
78. Mittal H, Rai S, Shah D, et al. 300,000 IU or 600,000 IU of oral vitamin D3 for treatment of nutritional rickets: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(4):265-272.
79. Elidrissy AT, Sedrani SH, Lawson DE. Vitamin D deficiency in mothers of rachitic infants. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984;36(3):266-268.
80. Bhakhri BK, Debata PK. Nutritional rickets presenting with myelofibrosis. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77(12):1437-1439.
81. Brinsmead T, Frawley K, Conwell LS. Images in pediatric endocrinology: vitamin D deficiency rickets and other nutritional deficiencies in a 12-month-old infant. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24:13-14.
82. Sanyal D, Raychaudhuri M. Infants with dilated cardiomyopathy and hypocalcemia. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(suppl 1): S221-S223.
83. Soliman A, Salama H, Alomar S, Shatla E, Ellithy K, Bedair E. Clinical, biochemical, and radiological manifestations of vitaminD deficiency in newborns presented with hypocalcemia. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(4):697-703.
84. Robinson PD, Högler W, Craig ME, et al. The re-emerging burden of rickets: a decade of experience from Sydney. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(7):564-568.
85. Al-Atawi MS, Al-Alwan IA, Al-Mutair AN, Tamim HM, Al-Jurayyan NA. Epidemiology of nutritional rickets in children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009;20(2):260-265.
86. Gross ML, Tenenbein M, Sellers EA. Severe vitamin D deficiency in 6 Canadian First Nation formula-fed infants. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72:20244.
87. Dawodu A, Saadi HF, Bekdache G, Javed Y, Altaye M, Hollis BW. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy in a population with endemic vitamin D deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2337-2346.
88. Brown J, Nunez S, Russell M, Spurney C. Hypocalcemic rickets and dilated cardiomyopathy: case reports and review of literature. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;30(6):818-823.
89. Ahmed I, Atiq M, Iqbal J, Khurshid M, Whittaker P. Vitamin D deficiency rickets in breast-fed infants presenting with hypocalcaemic seizures. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84(8):941-942.
90. Bachrach S, Fisher J, Parks J. Anoutbreak of vitaminDdeficiency rickets in a susceptible population. Pediatrics. 1979;64(6):871-877.
91. Binet A, Kooh S. Persistence of vitamin D-deficiency rickets in Toronto in the 1990s. Can J Public Health. 1996;87(4):227-230.
92. Cesur Y, Yuca SA, Kaya A, Yilmaz C, Bay A. VitaminDdeficiency rickets in infants presenting with hypocalcaemic convulsions. West Indian Med J. 2013;62(3):201-204.
93. DeLuciaMC,MitnickME,CarpenterTO. Nutritional rickets with normal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a call for reexamining the role of dietary calcium intake in North American infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(8):3539-3545.
94. Haworth JC, Dilling LA. Vitamin-D-deficient rickets in Manitoba, 1972-84. CMAJ. 1986;134(3):237-241.
95. Lazol JP, Cakan N, Kamat D. 10-year case review of nutritional rickets in Children's Hospital of Michigan. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008;47(4):379-384.
96. Matsuo K, Mukai T, Suzuki S, Fujieda K. Prevalence and risk factors of vitaminDdeficiency rickets in Hokkaido, Japan. Pediatr Int. 2009;51(4):559-562.
97. Peng LF, Serwint JR. A comparison of breastfed children with nutritional rickets who present during and after the first year of life. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42(8):711-717.
98. Salama MM, El-Sakka AS. Hypocalcemic seizures in breastfed infants with rickets secondary to severe maternal vitamin D deficiency. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13(9):437-442.
99. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Tebben PJ, et al. Increasing incidence of nutritional rickets: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(2):176-183.
100. Akpede GO, Omotara BA, Ambe JP. Rickets and deprivation: a Nigerian study. J R Soc Promot Health. 1999;119(4):216-222.
101. el Hag AI, Karrar ZA. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets in Sudanese children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1995;15(1):69-76.
102. Kaper BP, Romness MJ, Urbanek PJ. Nutritional rickets: report of four cases diagnosed at orthopaedic evaluation. Am J Orthop. 2000;29:214-218.
103. Kruger DM, Lyne ED, Kleerekoper M. Vitamin D deficiency rickets. A report on three cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;224:277-283.
104. Mughal MZ, Salama H, Greenaway T, Laing I, Mawer EB. Lesson of the week: florid rickets associated with prolonged breast feeDing without vitamin D supplementation. BMJ. 1999;318:39-40.
105. Siddiqui TS, Rai MI. Presentation and predisposing factors of nutritional rickets in children of Hazara Division. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2005;17(3):29-32.
106. Lerch C, Meissner T. Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD006164.
107. Ozkan B, Doneray H, Karacan M, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency rickets in the Eastern part of Turkey. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(1):95-100.
108. Pedersen P, Michaelsen KF, Mølgaard C. Children with nutritional rickets referred to hospitals in Copenhagen during a 10-year period. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92(1):87-90.
109. Robertson I. Survey of clinical rickets in the infant population in Cape Town, 1967-1968. S Afr Med J. 1969;43(35):1072-1076.
110. Strand MA, Peng G, Zhang P, Lee G. Preventing rickets in locally appropriate ways: a case report from north China. IntQCommunity Health Educ. 2003;21:297-322.
111. Tezer H, Siklar Z, Dallar Y, Dog?ankoç S. Early and severe presentation of vitamin D deficiency and nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and the effective factors. Turk J Pediatr. 2009; 51(2):110-115.
112. Combs GF Jr, Hassan N, Dellagana N, et al. Apparent efficacy of food-based calcium supplementation in preventing rickets in Bangladesh. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;121(3):193-204.
113. Combs GF, Hassan N. The Chakaria food system study: household-level, case-control study to identify risk factor for rickets in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(11):1291-1301.
114. Rudolf M, Arulanantham K, Greenstein R. Unsuspected nutritional rickets. Pediatrics. 1980;66(1):72-76.
115. Castile RG, Marks LJ, Stickler GB. Vitamin D deficiency rickets Two cases with faulty infant feeDing practices. Am J Dis Child. 1975;129(8):964-966.
116. Curtis JA, Kooh SW, Fraser D, Greenberg ML. Nutritional rickets in vegetarian children. Can Med Assoc J. 1983;128(2):150-152.
117. Fox AT, Du Toit G, Lang A, Lack G. Food allergy as a risk factor for nutritional rickets. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(6):566-569.
118. Imataka G, Mikami T, Yamanouchi H, Kano K, Eguchi M. Vitamin D deficiency rickets due to soybean milk. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40(3):154-155.
119. Miyako K, Kinjo S, Kohno H. Vitamin D deficiency rickets caused by improper lifestyle in Japanese children. Pediatr Int. 2005;47(2): 142-146.
120. Barreto-Chang OL, Pearson D, Shepard WE et al. Vitamin D-deficient rickets in a child with cow's milk allergy. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(4):394-398.
121. Holick MF. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. AmJ Clin Nutr. 1995;61(3 suppl):638S-645S.
122. Bogh M. Vitamin D production after UVB: aspects of UV-related and personal factors. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2012;243:24-31.
123. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):373-378.
124. Agarwal KS, Mughal MZ, Upadhyay P, Berry JL, Mawer EB, Puliyel JM. The impact of atmospheric pollution on vitamin D status of infants and toddlers in Delhi, India. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87(2): 111-113.
125. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Seasonal changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of young American black and white women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67:1232-1236.
126. Petersen B, Wulf HC, Triguero-Mas M, et al. Sun and ski holidays improve vitamin D status, but are associated with high levels of DNA damage. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(11):2806-2813.
127. Richter K, Breitner S, Webb A, et al. Influence of external, intrinsic and individual behaviour variables on serum 25(OH)D in a German survey. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2014;140:120-129.
128. Terushkin V, Bender A, Psaty EL, Engelsen O, Wang SQ, Halpern AC. Estimated equivalency of vitaminDproduction from natural sun exposureversus oralvitaminDsupplementationacross seasons attwo US latitudes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):929. e1-e9.
129. Holick MF. McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: vitamin D-new horizons for the 21st century. AmJ Clin Nutr. 1994;60(4):619-630.
130. Bodekær M, Petersen B, Thieden E, et al. UVR exposure and vitaminDin a rural population. Astudy of outdoor working farmers, their spouses and children. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2014; 13(11):1598-1606.
131. Bogh MK, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E, Wulf HC. Interdependence between body surface area and ultraviolet B dose in vitamin D production: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(1):163-169.
132. Kift R, Berry JL, Vail A, Durkin MT, Rhodes LE, Webb AR. Lifestyle factors incluDing less cutaneous sun exposure contribute to starkly lower vitaminDlevels in U. K. South Asians compared with the white population. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(6):1272-1278.
133. Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Heydenreich J, Wulf HC. UV radiation exposure related to age, sex, occupation, and sun behavior based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Arch Derm. 2004; 140(2):197-203.
134. Diffey BL. Is casual exposure to summer sunlight effective at maintaining adequate vitaminDstatus? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2010;26(4):172-176.
135. Farrar MD, Kift R, Felton SJ, et al. Recommended summer sunlight exposure amounts fail to produce sufficient vitamin D status in UK adults of South Asian origin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(5):1219-1224.
136. Farrar MD, Webb AR, Kift R, et al. Efficacy of a dose range of simulated sunlight exposures in raising vitamin D status in South Asian adults: implications for targeted guidance on sun exposure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(6):1210-1216.
137. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:1536-1538.
138. Webb AR, Kift R, Durkin MT, et al. The role of sunlight exposure in determining the vitamin D status of the U. K. white adult population. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(5):1050-1055.
139. Al-Mustafa ZH, Al-Madan M, Al-Majid HJ, Al-Muslem S, Al-Ateeq S, Al-Ali AK. VitaminDdeficiency and rickets in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2007;27(1):63-67.
140. Haider N, Nagi AG, Khan KM. Frequency of nutritional rickets in children admitted with severe pneumonia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010; 60(9):729-732.
141. Ozkan B. Nutritional rickets. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010; 2(4):137-143.
142. Pettifor JM. Vitamin D &/or calcium deficiency rickets in infants & children: a global perspective. Indian J Med Res. 2008;127(3): 245-249.
143. Teotia SP, Teotia M. Nutritional bone disease in Indian population. Indian J Med Res. 2008;127(3):219-228.
144. Balk SJ. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):e791-817.
145. Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, et al. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. Br Med J. 1980;280(6216):751-754.
146. Kalra P, Das V, Agarwal A, Kumar M, Ramesh V, Bhatia E. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on neonatal mineral homeostasis and anthropometry of the newborn and infant. Brit J Nutrit. 2012;108:1052-1058.
147. Marya RK, Rathee S, Dua V, Sangwan K. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on foetal growth. Indian J Med Res. 1988;88:488-492.
148. Cockburn F, Belton NR, Purvis RJ, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants. Br Med J. 1980;281(6232):11-14.
149. Delvin EE, Salle BL, Glorieux FH, Adeleine P, David LS. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis. J Pediatr. 1986;109:328-334.
150. Congdon P, Horsman A, Kirby PA, Dibble J, Bashir T. Mineral content of the forearms of babies born to Asian and white mothers. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;286(6373):1233-5.
151. Mallet E, Gügi B, Brunelle P, Hénocq A, Basuyau JP, Lemeur H. VitaminDsupplementation in pregnancy: a controlled trial of two methods. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68:300-304.
152. Brooke OG, Butters F, Wood C. Intrauterine vitamin D nutrition and postnatal growth in Asian infants. Br Med J Clin Res Ed. 1981;283(6298):1024.
153. Yu CK, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh TG, Robinson S. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;70:685-690.
154. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:2341-2357.
155. Wagner CL, McNeil R, Hamilton SA, et al. A randomized trial of vitaminDsupplementation in 2 community health center networks in South Carolina. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(2):137. e1-e13.
156. Saadi HF, Dawodu A, Afandi BO, Zayed R, Benedict S, Nagelkerke N. Efficacy of daily and monthly high-dose calciferol in vitamin D-deficient nulliparous and lactating women. AmJ Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1565-1571.
157. Leffelaar ER, Vrijkotte TG, van Eijsden M. Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort. Brit J Nutrit. 2010;104:108-117.
158. Weiler H, Fitzpatrick-Wong S, Veitch R, Kovacs H, Schellenberg J, McCloy U. Vitamin D deficiency and whole-body and femur bone mass relative to weight in healthy newborns. CMAJ. 2005; 172:757-761.
159. Viljakainen HT, Saarnio E, Hytinantti T, et al. Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1749-1757.
160. Mahon P, Harvey N, Crozier S, Inskip H, Robinson S, Arden N. Lowmaternal vitaminDstatus and fetal bone development: cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:14-19.
161. Ioannou C, Javaid MK, Mahon P, et al. The effect of maternal vitamin D concentration on fetal bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E2070-E2077.
162. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2006;367:36-43.
163. Lawlor DA, Wills AK, Fraser A, Sayers A, Fraser WD, Tobias JH. Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2013;381:2176-2183.
164. Sayers A, Tobias J. Estimated maternal ultraviolet B exposure levels in pregnancy influence skeletal development of the child. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:765-771.
165. Jarjou LM, Prentice A, Sawo Y, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(3):657-666.
166. Koo WW, Walters JC, Esterlitz J, Levine RJ, Bush AJ, Sibai B. Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:577-582.
167. Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, et al. World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. AmJ Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194: 639-649.
168. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosisDfor both the mother and the nursing infant. AmJ Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 suppl):1752S-1758S.
169. Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Fanning D, Ebeling M, Hollis BW. Highdose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeDing mothers and their infants: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Breastfeed Med. 2006;1(2):59-70.
170. Saadi HF, Dawodu A, Afandi B, et al. Effect of combined maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status of exclusively breastfed infants. Matern Child Nutr. 2009;5:25-32.
171. Oberhelman SS, Meekins ME, Fischer PR, et al. Maternal vitamin D supplementation to improve the vitamin D status of breast-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013; 88(12):1378-1387.
172. Basile LA, Taylor SN,WagnerCL, Horst RL, HollisBW. The effect of high-dose vitaminDsupplementation on serum vitaminDlevels and milk calcium concentration in lactating women and their infants. Breastfeed Med. 2006;1:27-35.
173. Rothberg AD, Pettifor JM, Cohen DF, Sonnendecker EW, Ross FP. Maternal-infant vitamin D relationships during breast-feeding. J Pediatr. 1982;101:500-503.
174. Ala-Houhala M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels during breast-feeDing with or without maternal or infantile supplementation of vitamin D. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985;4:220-226.
175. Ala-Houhala M, Koskinen T, Terho A, Koivula T, Visakorpi J. Maternal compared with infant vitamin D supplementation. Arch Dis Child. 1986;61:1159-1163.
176. Ortega RM, Martínez RM, Quintas ME, López-Sobaler AM, Andrés P. Calcium levels in maternal milk: relationships with calcium intake during the third trimester of pregnancy. Br J Nutr. 1998; 79:501-507.
177. Prentice A, Jarjou LM, Cole TJ, Stirling DM, Dibba B, Fairweather-Tait S. Calcium requirements of lactating Gambian mothers: effects of a calcium supplement on breast-milk calcium concentration, maternal bone mineral content, and urinary calcium excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:58-67.
178. Kalkwarf HJ, Specker BL, Bianchi DC, Ranz J, Ho M. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:523-528.
179. Vaughan LA, WeberCW,Kemberling SR. Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32: 2301-2306.
180. Kirksey A, Ernst JA, Roepke JL, Tsai TL. Influence of mineral intake and use of oral contraceptives before pregnancy on the mineral content of human colostrum and of more mature milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32:30-39.
181. Prentice A, Yan L, Jarjou LM, et al. Vitamin D status does not influence the breast-milk calcium concentration of lactating mothers accustomed to a low calcium intake. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86: 1006-1008.
182. Basile LA, Taylor SN,WagnerCL, Horst RL, HollisBW. The effect of high-dose vitaminDsupplementation on serum vitaminDlevels and milk calcium concentration in lactating women and their infants. Breastfeed Med. 2006;1(1):27-35.
183. Begum R, Coutinho ML, Dormandy TL, Yudkin S. Maternal malabsorption presenting as congenital rickets. Lancet. 1968; 1(7551):1048-1052.
184. Ford JA. Proceedings: aetiology of Asian rickets and osteomalacia in the United Kingdom. Arch Dis Child. 1973;48(10):827-828.
185. Moncrieff M, Fadahunsi TO. Congenital rickets due to maternal vitamin D deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:810-811.
186. Russell JG, Hill LF. True fetal rickets. Br J Radiol. 1974;47:732-734.
187. Zeidan S, Bamford M. Congenital rickets with maternal pre-eclampsia. J R Soc Med. 1984;77(5):426-427.
188. Park W, Paust H, Kaufmann HJ, Offermann G. Osteomalacia of the mother-rickets of the newborn. Eur J Pediatr. 1987;146(3): 292-293.
189. Mittal M, Kumar A, Ramji S, Narula S, Thirupuram S. Congenital rickets. Indian Pediatr. 1990;27(8):857-859.
190. Teotia M, Teotia SP, Nath M. Metabolic studies in congenital vitamin D deficiency rickets. Indian J Pediatr. 1995;62(1):55-61.
191. Sann L, David L, Frederich A. Congenital rickets. Study of the evolution of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1977;66(3):323-327.
192. Ramavat L. VitaminDdeficiency rickets at birth in Kuwait. Indian J Pediatr. 1999;66(1):37-43.
193. Innes AM, Seshia MM, Prasad C, et al. Congenital rickets caused by maternal vitamin D deficiency. Paediatr Child Health. 2002; 7(7):455-458.
194. Maiyegun SO, Malek AH, Devarajan LV, Dahniya MH. Severe congenital rickets secondary to maternal hypovitaminosis D: a case report. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2002;22(2):191-195.
195. Mohapatra A, Sankaranarayanan K, Kadam SS, Binoy S, Kanbur WA, Mondkar JA. Congenital rickets. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49(2): 126-127.
196. Erdeve O, Atasay B, Arsan S, Siklar Z, Ocal G, Berberog? lu M. Hypocalcemic seizure due to congenital rickets in the first day of life. Turk J Pediatr. 2007;49(3):301-303.
197. Tiwari S, Kumar R, Singla S, Dudeja A, Nangia S, Saili A. Congenital rickets presenting as refractory respiratory distress at birth. Indian J Pediatr. 2014;81(8):800-802.
198. Gradus D, Le Roith D, Karplus M, Zmora E, Grief M, Bar-Ziv J. Congenital hyperparathyroidism and rickets: secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. Isr J Med Sci. 1981;17(8):705-708.
199. Glass EJ, Barr DG. Transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal pseudohypoparathyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 1981;56(7):565-568.
200. Loughead JL, Mughal Z, Mimouni F, Tsang RC, Oestreich AE. Spectrum and natural history of congenital hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypocalcemia. Am J Perinatol. 1990;7(4): 350-355.
201. Demirel N, Aydin M, Zenciroglu A, et al. Hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency: an uncommon cause of neonatal respiratory distress. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2009;29(2):149-154.
202. Kirk J. Congenital rickets-a case report. Aust Paediatr J. 1982; 18(4):291-293.
203. Levin TL, States L, Greig A, Goldman HS. Maternal renal insufficiency: a cause of congenital rickets and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22(4):315-316.
204. Wang LY, Hung HY, Hsu CH, Shih SL, Lee YJ. Congenital rickets-a patient report. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1997;10(4):437-441.
205. al-Senan K, al-Alaiyan S, al-Abbad A, LeQuesne G. Congenital rickets secondary to untreated maternal renal failure. J Perinatol. 2001;21(7):473-475.
206. Samson GR. Skeletal dysplasias with osteopenia in the newborn: the value of alkaline phosphatase. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005;17(3):229-231.
207. Rimensberger P, Schubiger G, Willi U. Connatal rickets following repeated administration of phosphate enemas in pregnancy: a case report. Eur J Pediatr. 1992;151(1):54-56.
208. Lamm CI, Norton KI, Murphy RJ, Wilkins IA, Rabinowitz JG. Congenital rickets associated with magnesium sulfate infusion for tocolysis. J Pediatr. 1988;113(6):1078-1082.
209. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Strand MA, Pettifor JM. Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2006;26:1-16.
210. Bener A, Al-Ai M, Hoffmann GF. Vitamin D deficiency in healthy children in a sunny country: associated factors. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60(suppl 5):60-70.
211. Harris NS, Crawford PB, Yangzom Y, Pinzo L, Gyaltsen P, Hudes M. Nutritional and health status of Tibetan children living at high altitudes. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:341-347.
212. Muhe L, Lulseged S, Mason KE, Simoes EA. Case-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Lancet. 1997;349:1801-1804.
213. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Isichei CO, Zoakah AI, Pettifor JM. Prevention of nutritional rickets in Nigerian children with dietary calcium supplementation. Bone. 2012;50(5):1074-1080.
214. Fischer PR, Rahman A, Cimma JP, et al. Nutritional rickets without vitamin D deficiency in Bangladesh. J Trop Pediatr. 1999;45: 291-293.
215. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM, Lawson JO, Manaster BJ, ReaDing JC. Radiographic scoring method for the assessment of the severity of nutritional rickets. J Trop Pediatr. 2000;46:132-139.
216. Cesur Y, Dog?an M, Ariyuca S, et al. Evaluation of children with nutritional rickets. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24:35-43.
217. Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 suppl):1697S-1705S.
218. Uush T. Prevalence of classic signs and symptoms of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in Mongolian children and women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:207-210.
219. Bener A, Hoffmann G. Nutritional rickets among children in a sun rich country. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010;2010:410502.
220. TserendolgorU,MawsonJT,MacdonaldAC,OyunbilegM. Prevalence of rickets in Mongolia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7:325-328.
221. Underwood P, Margetts B. High levels of childhood rickets in rural North Yemen. Soc Sci Med. 1987;24:37-41.
222. Goldacre M, Hall N, Yeates DG. Hospitalisation for children with rickets in England: a historical perspective. Lancet. 2014; 383(9917):597-598.
223. Gordon CM, Williams AL, Feldman HA, et al. Treatment of hypovitaminosis D in infants and toddlers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(7):2716-2721.
224. Strand MA, Perry J, Jin M, et al. Diagnosis of rickets and reassessment of prevalence among rural children in northern China. Pediatr Int. 2007;49:202-209.
225. Taylor JA, Geyer LJ, Feldman KW. Use of supplemental vitaminD among infants breastfed for prolonged periods. Pediatrics. 2010; 125:105-111.
226. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM, Lawson JO, Isichei CO, Chan GM. Case-control study of factors associated with nutritional rickets in Nigerian children. J Pediatr. 2000;137:367-373.
227. World Health Organization. Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006.
228. Allen L. New approaches for designing and evaluating food fortification programs. J Nutr. 2006;136:1055-1058.
229. Flynn M. Recommendations for a national policy on vitamin D supplementation for infants in Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Food Safety Authority of Ireland; 2007.
230. Engle-Stone R, Ndjebayi AO, Nankap M, Brown K. Consumption of potentially fortifiable foods bywomenand young children varies by ecological zone and socio-economic status in Cameroon. J Nutr. 2012;142(3):555-565.
231. Babu US, Calvo MS. Modern India and the vitamin D dilemma: evidence for the need of a national food fortification program. Mol Nutri Food Res. 2010;54(8):1134-1147.
232. Kiely M, Black L. Dietary strategies to maintain adequacy of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2012;243:14-23.
233. Lamberg-Allardt C, Brustad M, Meyer H, Steingrimsdottir L. Vitamin D-a systematic literature review for the 5th edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Food Nutr Res. 2013;3:57.
234. Black LJ, Seamans KM, Cashman KD, Kiely M. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D food fortification. J Nutr. 2012;142(6):1102-1108.
235. Pietrek J, Preece MA, Windo J, et al. Prevention of vitamin-D deficiency in Asians. Lancet. 1976;1(7970):1145-1148.
236. Piirainen T, Laitinen K, Isolauri E. Impact of national fortification of fluid milks and margarines with vitaminDon dietary intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in 4-year-old children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(1):123-128.
237. Khadgawat R, Marwaha RK, Garg MK, et al. Impact of vitaminDfortified milk supplementation on vitamin D status of healthy school children aged 10-14 years. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(8):2335-2343.
238. Kumar J, Muntner P, Kaskel FJ, Hailpern SM, Melamed ML. Prevalence and associations of 25-hydroxyvitaminDdeficiency inUSchildren: NHANES 2001-2004. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3):e362-e370.
239. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM. Vitamin D treatment in calcium-deficiency rickets: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(9):807-811.
240. Ekbote VH, Khadilkar AV, Chiplonkar SA, Hanumante NM, Khadilkar VV, Mughal MZ. Apilot randomized controlled trial of oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation using fortified laddoos in underprivileged Indian toddlers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011; 65(4):440-446.
241. Nieman DC, Henson DA, ShaW. Ingestion of micronutrient fortified breakfast cereal has no influence on immune function in healthy children: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2011; 10:36.
242. Rafferty K, Watson P, Lappe J. The selection and prevalence of natural and fortified calcium food sources in the diets of adolescent girls. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011;43(2):96-102.
243. Hackett AF, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Allinson M, Robinson CJ, Appleton DR, Eastoe JE. The importance of fortification of flour with calcium and the sources of Ca in the diet of 375 English adolescents. Br J Nutr. 1984;51(2):193-197.
244. Greer F. Defining vitaminDdeficiency in children: beyond 25-OH vitamin D serum concentrations. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1471-1473.
245. Zipitis CS, Markides GA, Swann IL. Vitamin D deficiency: prevention or treatment? Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:1011-1014.
246. Högler W. Complications of vitamin D deficiency from the foetus to the infant: One cause, one prevention, but who's responsibility? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29(3):385-398.