Co-Creation Experiences: Attention and Memorability

Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing

Volumn 33, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 1309-1336

  Campos, Ana Cláudia ^a   Mendes, Julio ^a   do Valle, Patricia Oom ^a   Scott, Noel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALGARVE   (Portugal)

^b GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

active participation; attention; Co creation tourism experience; interaction; memorability

Indexed keywords

EID: 84954521327     PISSN: 10548408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10548408.2015.1118424     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. D.Agapito, J.Mendes, & P.Valle, (2013). Exploring the conceptualization of the sensory dimension of tourist experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2(2), 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.03.001
2. S.K.Aho, (2001). Towards a general theory of touristic experiences:Modelling experience process in tourism. Tourism Review, 56(3–4), 33–37. doi:10.1108/eb058368
3. J.Almarode, & A.M.Miller, (2013). Captivate, activate and invigorate the student brain in science and math. London:Sage Publications.
4. T.D.Andersson, (2007). The tourist in the experience economy. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 46–58. doi:10.1080/15022250701224035
5. L.Andrades, & F.Dimanche, (2014). Co-creation of experience value:A tourist behaviour approach. In M.Chen & J.Uysal (Ed.), Creating experience value in tourism (pp. 95–112). London:CABI. doi:10.1079/9781780643489.0095
6. E.J.Arnould, & L.L.Price, (1993). River magic:Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 24–45. doi:10.1086/jcr.1993.20.issue-1
7. A.Aron, E.Melinat, E.N.Aron, R.D.Vallone, & R.J.Bator, (1997). The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness:A procedure and some preliminary findings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(4), 363–377. doi:10.1177/0146167297234003
8. A.Azevedo, (2009). Designing unique and memorable experiences:The unexpected surprise factor. Actas do III Congresso Internacional de Turismo de Leiria e Oeste, Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar (ESTM/IPL), Peniche, 25 e 26 Novembro.
9. R.Ballantyne, J.Packer, & J.Falk, (2011). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability:Testing short – And long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1243–1252. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.003
10. R.Ballantyne, J.Packer, & L.A.Sutherland, (2011). Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism:Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences. Tourism Management, 32(4), 770–779. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.012
11. A.Bandura, (1989). Social cognitive theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 1–60.
12. G.Bertella, (2014). The co-creation of animal-based tourism experience. Tourism Recreation Research, 39(1), 115–125. doi:10.1080/02508281.2014.11081330
13. S.Bharwani, & V.Jauhari, (2013). An exploratory study of competencies required to co-create memorable customer experiences in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(6), 823–843. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-05-2012-0065
14. E.Binkhorst, & T.Den Dekker, (2009). Agenda for co-creation tourism experience Research. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(2), 311–327. doi:10.1080/19368620802594193
15. S.Bitgood, (2010). An attention-value model of museum visitors. Center for the Advancement of Informal Science Education. Retrieved from http://caise.insci.org/uploads/docs/VSA_Bitgood.pdf-
16. K.A.Braun-LaTour, M.J.Grinley, & E.F.Loftus, (2006). Tourist memory distortion. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 360–367. doi:10.1177/0047287506286721
17. H.Brooks, (1996). The problem of attention management in innovation for sustainability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 53(1), 21–26. doi:10.1016/0040-1625(96)00054-6
18. A.Brunner-Sperdin, M.Peters, & A.Strobl, (2012). It is all about the emotional state:Managing tourists’ experiences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.004
19. A.C.Campos, J.Mendes, P.O.Valle, & N.Scott, (2015). Co-creation of tourist experiences:A literature review. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–32. doi:10.1080/13683500.2015.1081158
20. A.Carù, & B.Cova, (2007). Consuming experience. Abingdon:Routledge.
21. S.H.Cary, (2004). The tourist moment. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 61–77. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2003.03.001
22. T.S.Cho, & D.C.Hambrick, (2006). Attention as the mediator between top management team characteristics and strategic change:The case of airline deregulation. Organization Science, 17(4), 453–469. doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0192
23. M.M.Chun, & N.B.Turk-Browne, (2007). Interactions between attention and memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 177–184.
24. J.J.Clark, (1997). Attention. Retrieved from http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~ashas/Cognition%20Textbook/chapter3.pdf
25. S.Q.Cutler, & B.A.Carmichael, (2010). The dimensions of the tourist experience. In M.Morgan, P.Lugosi, & J.R.B.Ritchie (Eds.), The tourism and leisure experience:Consumer and managerial perspectives (pp. 3–26). Bristol:Channel View Publications.
26. R.Dalton, P.Lynch, & A.-M.Lally, (2009). Towards an understanding of experience concept development in tourism service design. EuroCHRie, 22-24 October, Helsinki, Finland.
27. T.H.Davenport, & J.C.Beck, (2000). Getting the attention you need. Harvard Business Review, September–October, 118–126.
28. P.Dayan, S.Kakade, & P.R.Montague, (2000). Learning and selective attention. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1218–1223. doi:10.1038/81504
29. A.K.A.De Jager, (2009). Co-creation as a strategic element of tourism destination competitiveness. In 3rd advances in tourism marketing conference:Marketing innovations for sustainable destinations:Operations, interactions, experiences. Bournemouth:Bournemouth University.
30. C.De Rojas, & C.Camarero, (2008). Visitors’ experience, mood and satisfaction in a heritage context:Evidence from an interpretation center. Tourism Management, 29(3), 525–537. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.004
31. A.Dijksterhuis, & H.Aarts, (2010). Goals, attention, and (un)consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 467–490. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100445
32. P.Dong, & N.Y.M.Siu, (2013). Servicescape elements, customer predispositions and service experience:The case of theme park visitors (2013). Tourism Management, 36, 541–551. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.004
33. J.Driver, (2001). A selective review of selective attention research from the past century. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 53–78. doi:10.1348/000712601162103
34. T.Edensor, (2000). Staging tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 322–344. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00082-1
35. R.Ek, J.Larsen, & S.B.Hornskov, (2012). A dynamic framework of tourist experiences:Space-time and performances in the experience economy. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, November, 37–41.
36. P.J.Fahy, (2004). Media characteristics and online learning technology. In F.Anderson & T.Elloumi (Ed.), Theory and practice of online learning (pp. 137–172). Athabasca:Athabasca University. Retrieved from cde.athabascau.ca/online_books
37. J.Falkinger, (2007). Attention economies. Journal of Economic Theory, 133, 266–294. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2005.12.001
38. N.Ferdinand, & N.L.Williams, (2010). Tourism memorabilia and the tourism experience. In M.Morgan, P.Lugosi, & J.R.B.Ritchie (Eds.), The tourism and leisure experience:Consumer and managerial perspectives (pp. 202–217). Bristol:Channel View Publications.
39. M.Finn, M.Elliot-White, & M.Walton, (2000). Tourism and leisure research methods:Data collection, analysis and interpretation. Harlow:Pearson Education Ltd.
40. C.Gentile, P.Milano, & G.Noci, (2007). How to sustain the customer experience:An overview of experience components that co-create value with the customer. European Management Journal, 25(5), 395–410. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2007.08.005
41. D.Gibbs, & C.Ritchie, (2010). Theatre in restaurants:Constructing the experience. In M.Morgan, P.Lugosi, & J.R.B.Ritchie (Eds.), The tourism and leisure experience:Consumer and managerial perspectives (pp. 182–201). Bristol:Channel View Publications.
42. E.Hertzman, D.Anderson, & S.Rowley, (2008). Edutainment heritage tourist attractions:A portrait of visitors’ experiences at Storyeum. Museum Management and Curatorship, 23(2), 155–175. doi:10.1080/09647770802012227
43. A.J.Hoffman, & W.Ocasio, (2001). Not all events are attended equally:Toward a middle-range theory of industry attention to external events. Organization Science, 12(4), 414–434. doi:10.1287/orsc.12.4.414.10639
44. K.D.Hoffman, & J.E.G.Bateson, (2011). Services marketing:Concepts, strategies & cases. Mason, OH:Cengage Learning.
45. M.B.Holbrook, & E.C.Hirschman, (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption:Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132–141. doi:10.1086/jcr.1982.9.issue-2
46. B.A.Huberman, & F.Wu, (2008). The economics of attention:Maximizing user value in information-rich environments. Advances in Complex Systems, 11(4), 487–496. doi:10.1142/S0219525908001830
47. M.Hunter, (1994). Enhancing teaching. New York, NY:Macmillan College Publishing.
48. P.Ihamäki, (2012). Geocachers:The creative tourism experience. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 3(3), 152–175. doi:10.1108/17579881211264468
49. G.R.Jennings, (2005). Interviewing:A focus on qualitative techniques. In C.Ritchie, B.W.Burns, & C.Palmer (Eds.), Tourism research methods, integrating theory with practice (pp. 99–118). Wallingford:CABI Publishing.
50. M.Jonasson, & N.Scherle, (2012). Performing co-produced guided tours. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12(1), 55–73. doi:10.1080/15022250.2012.655078
51. F.Jordan, & H.Gibson, (2004). Let your data do the talking. In J.Phillimore & L.Goodson (Eds.), Qualitative research in tourism (pp. 215–235). London:Routledge.
52. J.-H.Kim, (2010). Determining the factors affecting the memorable nature of travel experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 780–796. doi:10.1080/10548408.2010.526897
53. J.-H.Kim, J.R.Ritchie, & B.McCormick, (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12–25. doi:10.1177/0047287510385467
54. D.A.Kolb, (1984). Experiential learning:Experience as the source of learning and development. New Jersey, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
55. D.Kreziak, & I.Frochot, (2011). Co-construction de l’expérience touristique. Les stratégies des touristes en stations de sport d’hiver [Co-constructing tourism experience:The strategies developed by tourists in winter sports’ resorts]. Décisions Marketing, 64, 23–34.
56. B.A.Kuhl, & M.M.Chun, (2014). Memory and attention. In A.C.Nobre & S.Kastner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of attention (pp. 806–836). Oxford:Oxford University Press.
57. S.Larsen, (2007). Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7–18. doi:10.1080/15022250701226014
58. N.L.Leech, & A.J.Onwuegbuzie, (2007). An array of qualitative data analysis tools:A call for data analysis triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 557–584. doi:10.1037/1045-3830.22.4.557
59. X.Y.Lehto, J.T.O’Leary, & A.M.Morrison, (2004). The effect of prior experience on vacation behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 801–818. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.02.006
60. Y.S.Lincoln, & E.G.Guba, (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
61. P.Lugosi, & A.R.Walls, (2013). Researching destination experiences:Themes, perspectives and challenges. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2(2), 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.07.001
62. M.Mancas, & O.Le Meur, (2013). Memorability of natural scenes:The role of attention. 20th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 15-18 September, 196–200, Melbourne, Australia. doi:10.1109/ICIP.2013.6738041
63. O.K.Mansfeldt, E.M.Vestager, & M.B.Iversen, (2008). Experience design in city tourism. In Nordic Innovation Centre project number:06316 (pp. 1–212). Oslo:Nordic Innovation Centre.
64. S.Marschall, (2012). Tourism and memory. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2216–2219. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.001
65. E.Mather, (2013). Novelty, attention, and challenges for developmental psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(August), 491, pp. 1-4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00491
66. L.Mathisen, (2013). Staging natural environments:A performance perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 9(2013), 163–183. doi:10.1108/S1745-3542(2013)0000009012
67. M.Mehmetoglu, & M.Engen, (2011). Pine and Gilmore’s concept of experience economy and its dimensions:An empirical examination in tourism. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 12(4), 237–255. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2011.541847
68. J.Minkiewicz, J.Evans, & K.Bridson, (2013). How do consumers co-create their experiences? An exploration in the heritage sector. Journal of Marketing Management, December, 1–30. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2013.800899
69. M.Mkono, (2013). Using net-based ethnography (Netnography) to understand the staging and marketing of “authentic African” dining experiences to tourists at Victoria Falls. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 37(2), 184–198. doi:10.1177/1096348011425502
70. M.Morgan, (2006). Making space for experiences. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 5(4), 305–313. doi:10.1057/palgrave.rlp.5100034
71. M.Morgan, (2007). ‘We’re not the Barmy Army!’:Reflections on the sports tourist experience. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 361–372. doi:10.1002/jtr.637
72. J.M.Morse, K.Olson, & J.Spiers, (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 13–22.
73. G.Moscardo, (1996). Mindful visitors. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 376–397. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(95)00068-2
74. L.Mossberg, (2007). A marketing approach to the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 59–74. doi:10.1080/15022250701231915
75. L.Mossberg, (2008). Extraordinary experiences through storytelling. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 8(3), 195–210. doi:10.1080/15022250802532443
76. G.Mulongo, (2013). Effect of active learning teaching methodology on learner participation. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(4), 157–168.
77. P.Mundy, & L.Newell, (2007). Attention, joint attention, and social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 269–274. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00518.x
78. B.Neuhofer, D.Buhalis, & A.Ladkin, (2012). Conceptualising technology enhanced destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1(1–2), 36–46. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.08.001
79. B.Neuhofer, D.Buhalis, & A.Ladkin, (2013a). High tech for high touch experiences:A case study from the hospitality industry. In L.Cantoni & Z.Xiang (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism. Proceedings of the International Conference in Innsbruck, Austria, January 22-25 (pp. 290–301). Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
80. B.Neuhofer, D.Buhalis, & A.Ladkin, (2013b). Experiences, co-creation and technology:A conceptual approach to enhance tourism experiences. In Tourism and Global Change:On the edge of something big. CAUTHE 2013 Conference Proceedings (pp. 546–555). Lincoln:Lincoln University.
81. G.Niculescu, (2010). The new approaches of attention economy and experience economy in management of the cultural tourism. Analele Universităţii “Constantin Brâncuşi” Din Târgu Jiu, Seria Economie, 4, 152–159.
82. T.O’Dell, (2010). Experiencescapes. In P.O’Dell & T.Billing (Eds.), Experiencescapes:Tourism, culture, and economy (pp. 11–33). Koge:Copenhagen Business School Press.
83. T.O’Dell, & P.Billing, (Eds.). (2005). Experiencescapes:Tourism, culture, and economy. Koge:Copenhagen Business School Press.
84. S.Oana, (2008). Tourist experiences based on intimacy. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(4), 1197–1203.
85. W.Ocasio, (1997). Towards an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 187–206.
86. W.Ocasio, (2011). Attention to attention. Organization Science, 22(5), 1286–1296. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0602
87. B.S.Oken, M.C.Salinsky, & S.M.Elsas, (2010). Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention:Physiological basis and measurement. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(9), 1885–1901. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.01.017
88. C.Ooi, (2003). Crafting tourism experiences:Managing the attention product. In The 12th Nordic symposium on tourism and hospitality research (pp. 1–26). Stavanger:Stavanger University College.
89. C.Ooi, (2010). A theory of tourism experiences. In P.O’Dell & T.Billing (Eds.), Experiencescapes:Tourism, culture, and economy (pp. 51–68). Koge:Copenhagen Business School Press.
90. C.Pagenstecher, (2003). The construction of the tourist gaze. How industrial was post-war German tourism ? In L.Tissot (Ed.), Construction d’une industrie touristique au 19e et 20e siècles. Perspectives internationales. Development of a Tourist Industry in the 19th and 20th Centuries. International Perspectives (pp. 373–389). Neuchâtel:Alphil.
91. D.Patterson, & S.Bitgood, (1988). Some evolving principles of visitor behavior. In A.Benefield, J.T.Roper, & S.Bitgood (Eds.), Visitor studies:Theory, research, and practice (Vol. 1, pp. 40–50). Jacksonville:Jacksonville State Univ. Centre for Social Design.
92. P.L.Pearce, & M.Kang, (2009). The effects of prior and recent experience on continuing interest in tourist settings. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(2), 172–190. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2009.01.005
93. H.C.Perkins, & D.C.Thorns, (2001). Gazing or performing. International Sociology. doi:10.1177/0268580901016002004
94. B.Pikkemaat, & M.Schuckert, (2007). Success factors of theme parks:An exploratory study. Tourism, 55(2), 197–208.
95. B.J.Pine, & J.H.Gilmore, (1999). The experience economy:Work is theatre and every business a stage. Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Publishing.
96. J.Potts, J.Hartley, J.Banks, J.Burgess, R.Cobcroft, S.Cunningham, & L.Montgomery, (2008). Consumer co-creation and situated creativity. Industry and Innovation, 15(5), 459–474. doi:10.1080/13662710802373783
97. S.H.G.Poulsson, & S.H.Kale, (2004). The experience economy and commercial experiences. The Marketing Review, 4, 267–277. doi:10.1362/1469347042223445
98. C.K.Prahalad, & V.Ramaswamy, (2004). Co-creation experiences:The next practice in value creation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(3), 5–14. doi:10.1002/dir.20015
99. N.K.Prebensen, & L.Foss, (2011). Coping and co-creating in tourist experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 54–67. doi:10.1002/jtr.799
100. N.K.Prebensen, J.Vittersø, & T.I.Dahl, (2013a). Value co-creation significance of tourist resources. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 240–261. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2013.01.012
101. N.K.Prebensen, E.Woo, & M.S.Uysal, (2013b). Experience value:Antecedents and consequences. Current Issues in Tourism, April, 1–19. doi:10.1080/13683500.2013.770451
102. S.Quan, & N.Wang, (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience:An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism Management, 25(3), 297–305. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00130-4
103. V.Ramaswamy, (2011). It’s about human experiences… and beyond, to co-creation. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 195–196. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.06.030
104. V.Ramaswamy, & F.Gouillart, (2010). The power of co-creation. New York, NY:Free Press.
105. D.Reisberg, F.Heuer, J.McLean, & M.O’Shaughnessy, (1988). The quantity, not the quality, of affect predicts memory vividness. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26(2), 100–103. doi:10.3758/BF03334873
106. G.Richards, (2010). Tourism development trajectories - from culture to creativity?. Tourism and Management Studies, 6, 9–15.
107. G.Richards, & L.Marques, (2012). Exploring creative tourism. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 4(2), 1–11.
108. G.Richards, & J.Wilson, (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences:A solution to the serial reproduction of culture? Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209–1223. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.002
109. I.Rihova, D.Buhalis, M.Moital, & M.B.Gouthro, (2013). Social layers of customer-to-customer value co-creation. Journal of Service Management, 24(5), 553–566. doi:10.1108/JOSM-04-2013-0092
110. I.Rihova, D.Buhalis., M.Moital, & M.B.Gouthro, (2014). Conceptualising customer-to-customer value co-creation in tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research. doi:10.1002/jtr.1993
111. J.Ritchie, & J.Lewis, (Eds.). (2003). Qualitative research practice:A guide for social science students and researchers. London:Sage.
112. P.Robinson, (2001). Attention and memory during SLA. In C.J.Doughty & M.H.Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 631–678). Oxford:Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch19
113. C.Ryan, (2000). Tourist experiences, phenomenographic analysis, post‐postivism and neural network software. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(2), 119–131. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1522-1970
114. M.Sarter, B.Givens, & J.P.Bruno, (2001). The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention:Where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Research Reviews, 35(2), 146–160. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00044-3
115. G.Scerif, & R.Wu, (2014). Developmental disorders:A window onto attention dynamics. In A.C.Nobre & S.Kastner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of attention (pp. 893–926). Oxford:Oxford University Press.
116. B.Schmitt, (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1–3), 53–67. doi:10.1362/026725799784870496
117. B.Schmitt, (2010). Experience marketing:Concepts, frameworks and consumer insights. Foundations and Trends in Marketing, 5(2), 55–112. doi:10.1561/1700000027
118. N.Scott, E.Laws, & P.Boksberger, (2009). The marketing of hospitality and leisure experiences. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(2–3), 99–110. doi:10.1080/19368620802590126
119. D.R.Shaffer, & K.Kipp, (2014). Developmental psychology:Childhood and adolescence (9th ed.). Belmont:Cengage Learning.
120. Y.S.L.S.Snell, (1999). Interactive lecturing:Strategies for increasing participation in large group presentations. Medical Teacher, 21(1), 37–42. doi:10.1080/01421599980011
121. C.Stangor, R.Jhangiani, & H.Tarry, (2014). Principles of social psychology – 1st International Edition. Retrieved September 16, 2015 from http://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/
122. C.A.Surra, & C.A.Ridley, (1991). Multiple perspectives on interaction:Participants, peers, and observers. In B.M.Montgomery & S.Duck (Eds.), Studying Interpersonal Interaction (pp. 35–55). New York, NY:The Guilford Press.
123. R.Sylwester, & J.-Y.Cho, (1993). What brain research says about paying attention. Educational Leadership, 50(4), 71–75.
124. S.-K.Tan, S.-F.Kung, & D.-B.Luh, (2013). A model of “creative experience” in creative tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 153–174. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.002
125. S.-K.Tan, D.-B.Luh, & S.-F.Kung, (2014). A taxonomy of creative tourists in creative tourism. Tourism Management, 42, 248–259. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.11.008
126. K.Thompson, (2008). Tourist decision making and the service centred dominant logic of marketing. In S.Richardson, L.Fredline, A.Patiar, & M.Ternel, (Eds.), CAUTHE, Proceedings of the 18th Annual CAUTHE Conference (pp. 1–4), CD-ROM, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 11–14 February. ISBN:978-1-921291-33-3.
127. V.W.S.Tung, & J.R.B.Ritchie, (2011a). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367–1386. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.009
128. V.W.S.Tung, & J.R.B.Ritchie, (2011b). Investigating the memorable experiences of the senior travel market:An examination of the reminiscence bump. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 331–343. doi:10.1080/10548408.2011.563168
129. J.Urry, (1990). The tourist gaze. London:Sage Publications Ltd.
130. S.L.Vargo, & R.F.Lusch, (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1–17. doi:10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036
131. S.L.Vargo, & R.F.Lusch, (2008). Service-dominant logic:Continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36, 1–10. doi:10.1007/s11747-007-0069-6
132. P.C.Verhoef, K.N.Lemon, A.Parasuraman, A.Roggeveen, M.Tsiros, & L.A.Schlesinger, (2009). Customer experience creation:Determinants, dynamics and management strategies. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 31–41. doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2008.11.001
133. S.Volo, (2009). Conceptualizing experience:A tourist based approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(2–3), 111–126. doi:10.1080/19368620802590134
134. C.Voss, (2004). Trends in the experience and service economy:The experience profit cycle (executive summary). In Centre for operations and technology. London:London Business School.
135. A.H.Walle, (1997). Quantitative versus qualitative tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 524–536. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(96)00055-2
136. A.R.Walls, F.Okumus, Y.Wang, & D.J.W.Kwun, (2011). An epistemological view of consumer experiences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 10–21. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.03.008
137. S.R.Wikström, (2008). A consumer perspective on experience creation. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 7(1), 31–50. doi:10.1362/147539208X290334
138. R.K.Wright, (2010). ‘Been there, done that’:Embracing our post-trip experiential recollections through the social construction and subjective consumption of personal narratives. In M.Morgan, P.Lugosi, & J.R.B.Ritchie (Eds.). The tourism and leisure experience:Consumer and managerial perspectives (pp. 117–136). Bristol:Channel View Publications.
139. M.S.Yadav, J.C.Prabhu, & R.K.Chandy, (2007). Managing the future:CEO attention and innovation outcomes. Journal of Marketing, 71(4), 84–101. doi:10.1509/jmkg.71.4.84