Role of Paracrine Mechanisms

Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 39-48

  Hodgkinson, Conrad P ^a   Gomez, José A ^a   Bareja, Akshay ^a   Dzau, Victor J ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac regeneration; Cardiac repair; Paracrine factors; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

EID: 84954513279     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801888-0.00004-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. Hodgkinson CP, Gomez JA, Mirotsou M, et al. Genetic engineering of mesenchymal stem cells and its application in human disease therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010, 21:1513-1526.
2. Teo AK, Vallier L Emerging use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Biochem J 2010, 428:11-23.
3. Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Bonner-Weir S Stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010, 6:139-148.
4. Loebinger MR, Bilton D, Wilson R Upper airway 2: Bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and sinusitis. Thorax 2009, 64:1096-1101.
5. Pistoia V, Raffaghello L Potential of mesenchymal stem cells for the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010, 6:211-218.
6. Kumar AH, Caplice NM Clinical potential of adult vascular progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010, 30:1080-1087.
7. Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM, Schneider MD Unchain my heart: the scientific foundations of cardiac repair. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:572-583.
8. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997, 275:964-967.
9. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, et al. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 2001, 410:701-705.
10. Tomita S, Li RK, Weisel RD, et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function. Circulation 1999, 100:II247-II256.
11. Gnecchi M, Zhang Z, Ni A, et al. Paracrine mechanisms in adult stem cell signaling and therapy. Circ Res 2008, 103:1204-1219.
12. Balsam LB, Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium. Nature 2004, 428:668-673.
13. Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature 2004, 428:664-668.
14. Alvarez-Dolado M, Pardal R, Garcia-Verdugo JM, et al. Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature 2003, 425:968-973.
15. Kajstura J, Rota M, Whang B, et al. Bone marrow cells differentiate in cardiac cell lineages after infarction independently of cell fusion. Circ Res 2005, 96:127-137.
16. Noiseux N, Gnecchi M, Lopez-Ilasaca M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing Akt dramatically repair infarcted myocardium and improve cardiac function despite infrequent cellular fusion or differentiation. Mol Ther 2006, 14:840-850.
17. Gnecchi M, He H, Liang OD, et al. Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med 2005, 11:367-368.
18. Gnecchi M, He H, Noiseux N, et al. Evidence supporting paracrine hypothesis for Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac protection and functional improvement. FASEB J 2006, 20:661-669.
19. Takahashi M, Li TS, Suzuki R, et al. Cytokines produced by bone marrow cells can contribute to functional improvement of the infarcted heart by protecting cardiomyocytes from ischemic injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 291:H886-H893.
20. Zhou P, Wirthlin L, McGee J, et al. Contribution of human hematopoietic stem cells to liver repair. Semin Immunopathol 2009, 31:411-419.
21. Chen L, Tredget EE, Wu PY, et al. Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1886.
22. Mirotsou M, Zhang Z, Deb A, et al. Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is the key Akt-mesenchymal stem cell-released paracrine factor mediating myocardial survival and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:1643-1648.
23. Lim SY, Kim YS, Ahn Y, et al. The effects of mesenchymal stem cells transduced with Akt in a porcine myocardial infarction model. Cardiovasc Res 2006, 70:530-542.
24. Uemura R, Xu M, Ahmad N, et al. Bone marrow stem cells prevent left ventricular remodeling of ischemic heart through paracrine signaling. Circ Res 2006, 98:1414-1421.
25. Xu M, Uemura R, Dai Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of bone marrow stem cells on cardiac structure and function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007, 42:441-448.
26. Zhang Z, Deb A, Zhang Z, et al. Secreted frizzled related protein 2 protects cells from apoptosis by blocking the effect of canonical Wnt3a. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009, 46:370-377.
27. Morrow EM, Yoo SY, Flavell SW, et al. Identifying autism loci and genes by tracing recent shared ancestry. Science 2008, 321:218-223.
28. Huang J, Guo J, Beigi F, et al. HASF is a stem cell paracrine factor that activates PKC epsilon mediated cytoprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014, 66:157-164.
29. Ferreira JC, Brum PC, Mochly-Rosen D. betaIIPKC and epsilonPKC isozymes as potential pharmacological targets in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011, 51:479-484.
30. Beigi F, Schmeckpeper J, Pow-Anpongkul P, et al. C3orf58, a novel paracrine protein, stimulates cardiomyocyte cell-cycle progression through the PI3K-AKT-CDK7 pathway. Circ Res 2013, 113:372-380.
31. Miura T. HASF, a PKC-epsilon activator with novel features for cardiomyocyte protection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014, 69:1-3.
32. Nagaya N, Kangawa K, Itoh T, et al. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005, 112:1128-1135.
33. Ortiz LA, Gambelli F, McBride C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:8407-8411.
34. Oyagi S, Hirose M, Kojima M, et al. Therapeutic effect of transplanting HGF-treated bone marrow mesenchymal cells into CCl4-injured rats. J Hepatol 2006, 44:742-748.
35. Ninichuk V, Gross O, Segerer S, et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells reduce interstitial fibrosis but do not delay progression of chronic kidney disease in collagen4A3-deficient mice. Kidney Int 2006, 70:121-129.
36. Ohnishi S, Yasuda T, Kitamura S, et al. Effect of hypoxia on gene expression of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and mononuclear cells. Stem Cells 2007, 25:1166-1177.
37. Xu X, Xu Z, Xu Y, et al. Effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on extracellular matrix after myocardial infarction in rats. Coron Artery Dis 2005, 16:245-255.
38. Ohnishi S, Sumiyoshi H, Kitamura S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis through paracrine actions. FEBS Lett 2007, 581:3961-3966.
39. He W, Zhang L, Ni A, et al. Exogenously administered secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) reduces fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:21110-21115.
40. Mastri M, Shah Z, Hsieh K, et al. Secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 as a target in antifibrotic therapeutic intervention. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014, 306:C531-C539.
41. Kobayashi K, Luo M, Zhang Y, et al. Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 is a procollagen C proteinase enhancer with a role in fibrosis associated with myocardial infarction. Nat Cell Biol 2009, 11:46-55.
42. Uren A, Reichsman F, Anest V, et al. Secreted frizzled-related protein-1 binds directly to wingless and is a biphasic modulator of Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:4374-4382.
43. Ostrom RS. A new molecular target for blunting organ fibrosis. Focus on "secreted frizzled-related protein 2 as a target in antifibrotic therapeutic intervention". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014, 306:C527-C528.
44. Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Heart regeneration. Nature 2011, 473:326-335.
45. Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, et al. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 2009, 324:98-102.
46. Soonpaa MH, Field LJ. Assessment of cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis in normal and injured adult mouse hearts. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:H220-H226.
47. Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E, et al. Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science 2011, 331:1078-1080.
48. Poss KD, Wilson LG, Keating MT. Heart regeneration in zebrafish. Science 2002, 298:2188-2190.
49. Kardami E, Banerji S, Doble BW, et al. PKC-dependent phosphorylation may regulate the ability of connexin43 to inhibit DNA synthesis. Cell Commun Adhes 2003, 10:293-297.
50. Hinrichsen R, Haunso S, Busk PK Different regulation of p27 and Akt during cardiomyocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Growth Factors 2007, 25:132-140.
51. Zhao YY, Sawyer DR, Baliga RR, et al. Neuregulins promote survival and growth of cardiac myocytes. Persistence of ErbB2 and ErbB4 expression in neonatal and adult ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:10261-10269.
52. Bersell K, Arab S, Haring B, et al. Neuregulin1/ErbB4 signaling induces cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair of heart injury. Cell 2009, 138:257-270.
53. Cote GM, Sawyer DB, Chabner BA ERBB2 inhibition and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:2150-2153.
54. Ieda M, Tsuchihashi T, Ivey KN, et al. Cardiac fibroblasts regulate myocardial proliferation through beta1 integrin signaling. Dev Cell 2009, 16:233-244.
55. Heo SC, Lee KO, Shin SH, et al. Periostin mediates human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-stimulated tumor growth in a xenograft lung adenocarcinoma model. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011, 1813:2061-2070.
56. Kuhn B, del Monte F, Hajjar RJ, et al. Periostin induces proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes and promotes cardiac repair. Nat Med 2007, 13:962-969.
57. Lorts A, Schwanekamp JA, Elrod JW, et al. Genetic manipulation of periostin expression in the heart does not affect myocyte content, cell cycle activity, or cardiac repair. Circ Res 2009, 104:e1-e7.
58. Ladage D, Yaniz-Galende E, Rapti K, et al. Stimulating myocardial regeneration with periostin peptide in large mammals improves function post-myocardial infarction but increases myocardial fibrosis. PLoS One 2013, 8:e59656.
59. Zhao S, Wu H, Xia W, et al. Periostin expression is upregulated and associated with myocardial fibrosis in human failing hearts. J Cardiol 2014, 63:373-378.
60. Duerr RL, Huang S, Miraliakbar HR, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances ventricular hypertrophy and function during the onset of experimental cardiac failure. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:619-627.
61. Stanley WC, Recchia FA, Lopaschuk GD Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. Physiol Rev 2005, 85:1093-1129.
62. Hu Q, Wang X, Lee J, et al. Profound bioenergetic abnormalities in peri-infarct myocardial regions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 291:H648-H657.
63. Feygin J, Mansoor A, Eckman P, et al. Functional and bioenergetic modulations in the infarct border zone following autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007, 293:H1772-H1780.
64. Gnecchi M, He H, Melo LG, et al. Early beneficial effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing Akt on cardiac metabolism after myocardial infarction. Stem Cells 2009, 27:971-979.
65. Freestone NS, Ribaric S, Mason WT The effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on adult rat cardiac contractility. Mol Cell Biochem 1996, 163-164:223-229.
66. Kamihata H, Matsubara H, Nishiue T, et al. Implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhances collateral perfusion and regional function via side supply of angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation 2001, 104:1046-1052.
67. Nagaya N, Fujii T, Iwase T, et al. Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in rats with acute myocardial infarction through angiogenesis and myogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004, 287:H2670-H2676.
68. Kinnaird T, Stabile E, Burnett MS, et al. Local delivery of marrow-derived stromal cells augments collateral perfusion through paracrine mechanisms. Circulation 2004, 109:1543-1549.
69. Rehman J, Li J, Orschell CM, et al. Peripheral blood "endothelial progenitor cells" are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 2003, 107:1164-1169.
70. Dzau VJ, Gnecchi M, Pachori AS, et al. Therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension 2005, 46:7-18.
71. Kinnaird T, Stabile E, Burnett MS, et al. Marrow-derived stromal cells express genes encoding a broad spectrum of arteriogenic cytokines and promote in vitro and in vivo arteriogenesis through paracrine mechanisms. Circ Res 2004, 94:678-685.
72. Tse HF, Siu CW, Zhu SG, et al. Paracrine effects of direct intramyocardial implantation of bone marrow derived cells to enhance neovascularization in chronic ischaemic myocardium. Eur J Heart Fail 2007, 9:747-753.
73. Markel TA, Wang Y, Herrmann JL, et al. VEGF is critical for stem cell-mediated cardioprotection and a crucial paracrine factor for defining the age threshold in adult and neonatal stem cell function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008, 295:H2308-H2314.
74. Di Santo S, Yang Z, Wyler von Ballmoos M, et al. Novel cell-free strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis: in vitro generated conditioned medium can replace progenitor cell transplantation. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5643.
75. Urbich C, Aicher A, Heeschen C, et al. Soluble factors released by endothelial progenitor cells promote migration of endothelial cells and cardiac resident progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005, 39:733-742.
76. Ohnishi S, Yanagawa B, Tanaka K, et al. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells attenuates myocardial injury and dysfunction in a rat model of acute myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007, 42:88-97.
77. Zhang Y, Ingram DA, Murphy MP, et al. Release of proinflammatory mediators and expression of proinflammatory adhesion molecules by endothelial progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009, 296:H1675-H1682.
78. Di Stefano R, Barsotti MC, Armani C, et al. Human peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells synthesize and express functionally active tissue factor. Thromb Res 2009, 123:925-930.
79. Majumdar MK, Keane-Moore M, Buyaner D, et al. Characterization and functionality of cell surface molecules on human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Sci 2003, 10:228-241.
80. Glennie S, Soeiro I, Dyson PJ, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells. Blood 2005, 105:2821-2827.
81. Baraniak PR, McDevitt TC Stem cell paracrine actions and tissue regeneration. Regen Med 2010, 5:121-143.
82. Rasmusson I, Le Blanc K, Sundberg B, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells stimulate antibody secretion in human B cells. Scand J Immunol 2007, 65:336-343.
83. Djouad F, Charbonnier LM, Bouffi C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the differentiation of dendritic cells through an interleukin-6-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells 2007, 25:2025-2032.
84. Spaggiari GM, Abdelrazik H, Becchetti F, et al. MSCs inhibit monocyte-derived DC maturation and function by selectively interfering with the generation of immature DCs: central role of MSC-derived prostaglandin E2. Blood 2009, 113:6576-6583.
85. Spaggiari GM, Capobianco A, Abdelrazik H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit natural killer-cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production: role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and prostaglandin E2. Blood 2008, 111:1327-1333.
86. Ortiz LA, Dutreil M, Fattman C, et al. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mediates the antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effect of mesenchymal stem cells during lung injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:11002-11007.
87. Bolli R, Chugh AR, D'Amario D, et al. Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet 2011, 378:1847-1857.
88. Chugh AR, Beache GM, Loughran JH, et al. Administration of cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the SCIPIO trial: surgical aspects and interim analysis of myocardial function and viability by magnetic resonance. Circulation 2012, 126:S54-S64.
89. Tang XL, Rokosh G, Sanganalmath SK, et al. Intracoronary administration of cardiac progenitor cells alleviates left ventricular dysfunction in rats with a 30-day-old infarction. Circulation 2010, 121:293-305.
90. Hong KU, Guo Y, Li QH, et al. c-kit+ cardiac stem cells alleviate post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction despite poor engraftment and negligible retention in the recipient heart. PLoS One 2014, 9:e96725.
91. Mourkioti F, Rosenthal N IGF-1, inflammation and stem cells: interactions during muscle regeneration. Trends Immunol 2005, 26:535-542.
92. Engels MC, Rajarajan K, Feistritzer R, et al. Insulin-like growth factor promotes cardiac lineage induction in vitro by selective expansion of early mesoderm. Stem Cells 2014, 32:1493-1502.
93. Nakanishi C, Yamagishi M, Yamahara K, et al. Activation of cardiac progenitor cells through paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 374:11-16.
94. Hodgkinson CP, Naidoo V, Patti KG, et al. Abi3bp is a multifunctional autocrine/paracrine factor that regulates mesenchymal stem cell biology. Stem Cells 2013, 31:1669-1682.
95. Hodgkinson CP, Gomez JA, Payne AJ, et al. Abi3bp regulates cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Circ Res 2014, 115:1007-1016.
96. Huangfu D, Maehr R, Guo W, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:795-797.
97. Tang YL, Zhu W, Cheng M, et al. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the benefit of cardiac progenitor cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction by inducing CXCR4 expression. Circ Res 2009, 104:1209-1216.
98. Rosova I, Dao M, Capoccia B, et al. Hypoxic preconditioning results in increased motility and improved therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2008, 26:2173-2182.
99. Mangi AA, Noiseux N, Kong D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med 2003, 9:1195-1201.
100. Deng J, Han Y, Yan C, et al. Overexpressing cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes protects mesenchymal stem cells against hypoxia- and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis by activation of PI3K/Akt. Apoptosis 2009.
101. Wang X, Hu Q, Mansoor A, et al. Bioenergetic and functional consequences of stem cell-based VEGF delivery in pressure-overloaded swine hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 290:H1393-H1405.
102. Yang F, Cho SW, Son SM, et al. Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhanced angiogenesis using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:3317-3322.
103. Matsumoto R, Omura T, Yoshiyama M, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-expressing mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25:1168-1173.
104. Lin H, Shabbir A, Molnar M, et al. Adenoviral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor splice variants differentially regulate bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2008, 216:458-468.
105. Huang J, Zhang Z, Guo J, et al. Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing CCR1 increases cell viability, migration, engraftment, and capillary density in the injured myocardium. Circ Res 2010, 106:1753-1762.
106. Cheng Z, Ou L, Zhou X, et al. Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 gene to infarcted myocardium improves cardiac performance. Mol Ther 2008, 16:571-579.
107. Mirotsou M., Jayawardena T.M., Schmeckpeper J., et al. Paracrine mechanisms of stem cell reparative and regenerative actions in the heart. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2011, 50(2):280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.08.005. Epub 2010 Aug 19. PMID: 20727900, PMCID: PMC3021634.