Lichens as natural sources of biotechnologically relevant bacteria

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 583-595

  Suzuki, Marcelino T ^a   Parrot, Delphine ^b   Berg, Gabriele ^c   Grube, Martin ^d   Tomasi, Sophie ^b  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1   (France)

^c GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

Actinobacteria; Bacteria; Biotechnology; Cyanobacteria; Lichens

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; FUNGI; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISMS;

ACTINOBACTERIA; BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIALS; CYANOBACTERIA; DIVERSE COMMUNITY; LICHENS; MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY; NATURAL SOURCES;

BACTERIA;

BACTERIUM; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CYANOBACTERIUM; LICHEN;

ACTINOBACTERIA; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CYANOBACTERIUM; LICHEN (ORGANISM); NONHUMAN; REVIEW; FUNGUS; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM; MICROBIOLOGY; SYMBIOSIS;

ACTINOBACTERIA; ALGAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CYANOBACTERIA; FUNGI;

ACTINOBACTERIA; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CYANOBACTERIA; FUNGI; LICHENS; MICROBIAL CONSORTIA; SYMBIOSIS;

EID: 84953635181     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: 14320614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7114-z     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. An S-Y, Xiao T, Yokota A (2008) Schumannella luteola gen. nov., sp nov., a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae. J Gen Appl Microbiol 54:253–258. doi:10.2323/jgam.54.253
2. An S-Y, Xiao T, Yokota A (2009) Leifsonia lichenia sp nov., isolated from lichen in Japan. J Gen Appl Microbiol 55:339–343
3. Ando T, Hirayama K, Takahashi R, Horino I, Etoh Y, Morioka H, Shibai H, Murai A (1985) The structures of anthracycline antibiotics, cosmomycins A and B. Agr Biol Chem Tokyo 49:1207–1209. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.49.1207
4. Antal N, Fiedler HP, Stackebrandt E, Beil W, Stroch K, Zeeck A (2005) Retymicin, galtamycin B, saquayamycin Z and ribofuranosyllumichrome, novel secondary metabolites from Micromonospora sp Tu 6368 - I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities. J Antibiot 58:95–102
5. Aschenbrenner IA, Cardinale M, Berg G, Grube M (2014) Microbial cargo: do bacteria on symbiotic propagules reinforce the microbiome of lichens? Environ Microbiol 16:3743–3752. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12658
6. Bates ST, Cropsey GWG, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Fierer N (2011) Bacterial communities associated with the lichen symbiosis. Appl Environ Microb 77:1309–1314. doi:10.1128/aem.02257-10
7. Bjelland T, Grube M, Hoem S, Jorgensen SL, Daae FL, Thorseth IH, Ovreas L (2011) Microbial metacommunities in the lichen-rock habitat. Environ Microbiol Rep 3:434–442. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00206.x
8. Boustie J, Grube M (2005) Lichens, a promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Plant Gent Resour 3:273–287
9. Brady SF, Simmons L, Kim JH, Schmidt EW (2009) Metagenomic approaches to natural products from free-living and symbiotic organisms. Nat Prod Rep 26:1488–1503. doi:10.1039/b817078a
10. Brana AF, Fiedler H-P, Nava H, Gonzalez V, Sarmiento-Vizcaino A, Molina A, Acuna JL, Garcia LA, Blanco G (2015) Two Streptomyces species producing antibiotic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory compounds are widespread among intertidal macroalgae and deep-sea coral reef invertebrates from the central Cantabrian sea. Microb Ecol 69:512–524. doi:10.1007/s00248-014-0508-0
11. Cardinale M, Puglia AM, Grube M (2006) Molecular analysis of lichen-associated bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57:484–495. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00133.x
12. Cardinale M, de Castro JV Jr, Mueller H, Berg G, Grube M (2008) In situ analysis of the bacterial community associated with the reindeer lichen Cladonia arbuscula reveals predominance of Alphaproteobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 66:63–1. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00546.x
13. Cardinale M, Grube M, Berg G (2011) Frondihabitans cladoniiphilus sp nov., an actinobacterium of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from lichen, and emended description of the genus Frondihabitans. Int J Syst Evol Micr 61:3033–3038. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028324-0
14. Cardinale M, Grube M, Castro JV Jr, Mueller H, Berg G (2012a) Bacterial taxa associated with the lung lichen Lobaria pulmonaria are differentially shaped by geography and habitat. FEMS Microbiol Lett 329:111–115. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02508.x
15. Cardinale M, Steinova J, Rabensteiner J, Berg G, Grube M (2012b) Age, sun and substrate: triggers of bacterial communities in lichens. Environ Microbiol Rep 4:23–28. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00272.x
16. Cernava T, Aschenbrenner IA, Grube M, Liebminger S, Berg G (2015a) A novel assay for the detection of bioactive volatiles evaluated by screening of lichen-associated bacteria Front Microbiol 6 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00398
17. Cernava T, Mueller H, Aschenbrenner IA, Grube M, Berg G (2015b) Analyzing the antagonistic potential of the lichen microbiome against pathogens by bridging metagenomic with culture studies. Front Microbiol 6 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00620
18. Chang F-Y, Brady SF (2013) Discovery of indolotryptoline antiproliferative agents by homology-guided metagenomic screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:2478–2483. doi:10.1073/pnas.1218073110
19. Davies J, Wang H, Taylor T, Warabi K, Huang XH, Andersen RJ (2005) Uncialamycin, a new enediyne antibiotic. Org Lett 7:5233–5236. doi:10.1021/ol052081f
20. De Bary A (1879) Die erscheinung der symbiose. Verlag von Karl J, Trübner
21. Dittmann E, Fewer DP, Neilan BA (2013) Cyanobacterial toxins: biosynthetic routes and evolutionary roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37:23–43. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.12000.x
22. Dworkin M (2001) Myxobacteria. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020391
23. Edelman MJ, Gandara DR, Hausner P, Israel V, Thornton D, DeSanto J, Doyle LA (2003) Phase 2 study of cryptophycin 52 (LY355703) in patients previously treated with platinum based chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 39:197–199. doi:10.1016/s0169-5002(02)00511-1
24. Elix JA (2014) A Catalogue of Standardized Chromatographic Data and Biosynthetic Relationships for Lichen Substances. Third Edition, 3rd edn. Published by the author, Camberra
25. Esposito A, Ciccazzo S, Borruso L, Zerbe S, Daffonchio D, Brusetti L (2013) A three-scale analysis of bacterial communities involved in rocks colonization and soil formation in high mountain environments. Curr Microbiol 67:472–479. doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0391-9
26. Frank A (1876) Ueber die biologischen Verhältnisse des Thallus einiger Krustenflechten. In: Cohn F (ed) Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen., vol 2, vol 2, vol. JU Kern, Breslay, pp 123–200
27. Freeman MF, Gurgui C, Helf MJ, Morinaka BI, Uria AR, Oldham NJ, Sahl H-G, Matsunaga S, Piel J (2012) Metagenome mining reveals polytheonamides as posttranslationally modified ribosomal peptides. Science 338:387–390. doi:10.1126/science.1226121
28. Fuerst JA (2014) Diversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms associated with marine sponges. Appl Microbiol Biot 98:7331–7347. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5861-x
29. Gasser I, Vieira de Castro Junior J, Müller H, Berg G (2011) Lichen-associated bacteria antagonistic to phytopathogens and their potential to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates, in Pertot, I., Elad Y, Gessler, C and A. Cini (eds) Working Group "Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens" IOBC WPRS BULLETIN V78 ISBN 978-92-9067-256-2 pp 375–379
30. Golakoti T, Yoshida WY, Chaganty S, Moore RE (2001) Isolation and structure determination of nostocyclopeptides A1 and A2 from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp ATCC53789. J Nat Prod 64:54–59. doi:10.1021/np000316k
31. Gonzalez I, Ayuso-Sacido A, Anderson A, Genilloud O (2005) Actinomycetes isolated from lichens: Evaluation of their diversity and detection of biosynthetic gene sequences. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 54:401–415. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2005.05.004
32. Grube M, Blaha J (2003) On the phylogeny of some polyketide synthase genes in the lichenized genus Lecanora. Mycol Res 107:1419–1426. doi:10.1017/s0953756203008724
33. Grube M, Cardinale M, de Castro JV Jr, Mueller H, Berg G (2009) Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses. ISME J 3:1105–1115. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.63
34. Grube M, Koeberl M, Lackner S, Berg C, Berg G (2012) Host-parasite interaction and microbiome response: effects of fungal infections on the bacterial community of the Alpine lichen Solorina crocea. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 82:472–481. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01425.x
35. Grube M, Cernava T, Soh J, Fuchs S, Aschenbrenner I, Lassek C, Wegner U, Becher D, Riedel K, Sensen CW, Berg G (2015) Exploring functional contexts of symbiotic sustain within lichen-associated bacteria by comparative omics. ISME Journal 9:412–424. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.138
36. Hamada M, Yamamura H, Komukai C, Tamura T, K-i S, Hayakawa M (2012) Luteimicrobium album sp nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a lichen collected in Japan, and emended description of the genus Luteimicrobium. J Antibiot 65:427–431. doi:10.1038/ja.2012.45
37. Hirsch CF, Liesch JM, Salvatore MJ, Schwartz RE, Sesin DF (1990) Antifungal fermentation product and method. USA Patent 4946835
38. Hodkinson BP, Lutzoni F (2009) A microbiotic survey of lichen-associated bacteria reveals a new lineage from the Rhizobiales. Symbiosis 49:163–180. doi:10.1007/s13199-009-0049-3
39. Hodkinson BP, Gottel NR, Schadt CW, Lutzoni F (2012) Photoautotrophic symbiont and geography are major factors affecting highly structured and diverse bacterial communities in the lichen microbiome. Environ Microbiol 14:147–161. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02560.x
40. Honegger R (2000) Great discoveries in bryology and lichenology—Simon Schwendener (1829–1919) and the dual hypothesis of lichens. Bryologist 103:307–313. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0307:SSATDH]2.0.CO;2
41. Huneck S, Yoshimura I (1996) Identification of lichen substances, 1st edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
42. Jakobi M, Winkelmann G, Kaiser D, Kempter C, Jung G, Berg G, Bahl H (1996) Maltophilin: a new antifungal compound produced by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R3089. J Antibiot 49:1101–1104
43. Kaasalainen U, Fewer DP, Jokela J, Wahlsten M, Sivonen K, Rikkinen J (2013) Lichen species identity and diversity of cyanobacterial toxins in symbiosis. New Phytol 198:647–651. doi:10.1111/nph.12215
44. Kampa A, Gagunashvili AN, Gulder TAM, Morinaka BI, Daolio C, Godejohann M, Miao VPW, Piel J, Andresson OS (2013) Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:E3129–E3137. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305867110
45. Kim M-K, Park H, Oh T-J (2013) Antimicrobial properties of the bacterial associates of the Arctic lichen Stereocaulon sp. Afr J Microbiol Res 7:3651–3657
46. Kim MK, Park H, Oh TJ (2014) Antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of polar microorganisms isolated from Arctic lichen Ochrolechia sp. Pol J Microbiol 63:317–322
47. Lang E, Swiderski J, Stackebrandt E, Schumann P, Sproeer C, Sahin N (2007) Herminiimonas saxobsidens sp nov., isolated from a lichen-colonized rock. Int J Syst Evol Micr 57:2618–2622. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65163-0
48. Lavallee V (2011) Antipain and its analogues, natural product inhibitors of cathepsin K isolated from Streptomyces. MSc., The University of British Columbia
49. Lee H, Shin SC, Lee J, Kim SJ, Kim B-K, Hong SG, Kim EH, Park H (2012a) Genome sequence of Sphingomonas sp strain PAMC 26621, an Arctic-lichen-associated bacterium isolated from a Cetraria sp. J Bacteriol 194:3030–3030. doi:10.1128/jb.00395-12
50. Lee J, Shin SC, Kim SJ, Kim B-K, Hong SG, Kim EH, Park H, Lee H (2012b) Draft genome sequence of a Sphingomonas sp., an endosymbiotic bacterium isolated from an Arctic lichen Umbilicaria sp. J Bacteriol 194:3010–3011. doi:10.1128/jb.00360-12
51. Lee D-H, Hur JS, Kahng H-Y (2013) Sphingobacterium cladoniae sp nov., isolated from lichen, Cladonia sp., and emended description of Sphingobacterium siyangense. Int J Syst Evol Micr 63:755–760. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.038844-0
52. Lee YM, Kim EH, Lee HK, Hong SG (2014) Biodiversity and physiological characteristics of Antarctic and Arctic lichens-associated bacteria. World J Microb Biot 30:2711–2721. doi:10.1007/s11274-014-1695-z
53. Li B, Xie C-H, Yokota A (2007) Nocardioides exalbidus sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from lichen in Izu-Oshima Island, Japan. Actinomycetologica 21:22–26. doi:10.3209/saj.SAJ210103
54. Liba CM, Ferrara FIS, Manfio GP, Fantinatti-Garboggini F, Albuquerque RC, Pavan C, Ramos PL, Moreira-Filho CA, Barbosa HR (2006) Nitrogen-fixing chemo-organotrophic bacteria isolated from cyanobacteria-deprived lichens and their ability to solubilize phosphate and to release amino acids and phytohormones. J Appl Microbiol 101:1076–1086. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03010.x
55. Magarvey NA, Beck ZQ, Golakoti T, Ding Y, Huber U, Hemscheidt TK, Abelson D, Moore RE, Sherman DH (2006) Biosynthetic characterization and chemoenzymatic assembly of the cryptophycins. Potent anticancer agents from Nostoc cyanobionts. ACS Chem Biol 1:766–779. doi:10.1021/cb6004307
56. Mannisto MK, Tiirola M, McConnell J, Haggblom MM (2010) Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans sp nov., Mucilaginibacter lappiensis sp nov and Mucilaginibacter mallensis sp nov., isolated from soil and lichen samples. Int J Syst Evol Micr 60:2849–2856. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.019364-0
57. McCurdy HD (1971) Studies on the Taxonomy of the Myxobacterales: IV. Melittangium. Int J Syst Evol Micr 21:50–54 doi:doi:10.1099/00207713-21-1-50
58. Molnár K, Farkas E (2010) Current Results on Biological Activities of Lichen Secondary Metabolites: a Review. Z Naturforsch vol 65. doi:10.1515/znc-2010-3-401
59. Moore RE, Patterson GML (1997) Method for producing Cryptocins by cultivating a Nostoc sp. USA Patent 5:945,315
60. Motohashi K, Takagi M, Yamamura H, Hayakawa M, Shin-ya K (2010) new angucycline and a new butenolide isolated from lichen-derived Streptomyces spp. A J Antibiot 63:545–548. doi:10.1038/ja.2010.94
61. Muggia L, Grube M (2010) Type III polyketide synthases in lichen mycobionts. Fungal Biol 114:379–385. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.001
62. Muggia L, Klug B, Berg G, Grube M (2013) Localization of bacteria in lichens from Alpine soil crusts by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Appl Soil Ecol 68:20–25. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.03.008
63. Mushegian AA, Peterson CN, Baker CCM, Pringle A (2011) Bacterial diversity across individual lichens. Appl Environ Microb 77:4249–4252. doi:10.1128/aem.02850-10
64. Niedermeyer THJ, Daily A, Swiatecka-Hagenbruch M, Moscow JA (2014) Selectivity and Potency of Microcystin Congeners against OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 Expressing Cancer Cells Plos One 9 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091476
65. Ochi K, Hosaka T (2013) New strategies for drug discovery: activation of silent or weakly expressed microbial gene clusters. Appl Microbiol Biot 97:87–98. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4551-9
66. Oksanen I, Jokela J, Fewer DP, Wahlsten M, Rikkinen J, Sivonen K (2004) Discovery of rare and highly toxic microcystins from lichen-associated cyanobacterium Nostoc sp strain IO-102-I. Appl Environ Microb 70:5756–5763. doi:10.1128/aem.70.10.5756-5763.2004
67. Pankratov TA (2012) Acidobacteria in microbial communities of the bog and tundra lichens. Microbiology 81:51–58. doi:10.1134/S0026261711060166
68. Parrot D, Antony-Babu S, Intertaglia L, Grube M, Tomasi S, Suzuki M (2015) Littoral lichens as a novel source of potentially bioactive Actinobacteria. Sci Rep 5:15839. doi:10.1038/srep15839
69. Reichenbach H (1999) The ecology of the myxobacteria. Environ Microbiol 1:15–21. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.1999.00016.x
70. Rikkinen J (1995) What’s behind the pretty colours?: a study on the photobiology of lichens. Finnish Bryological Society, ISBN: 951-96475-3-8
71. Robinson C (1999) The genetics of industrial microorganisms: the first half century. Trends Biotechnol 17:178–181
72. Schendener S (1860) Untersuchunger über des Flechtentallus. In: Nägeli C (ed) Beiträge zur Wissenchaftlichen Botanik, vol 2, vol 2. Wilhelm Engelman, Leipizg, pp 109–186
73. Schmitt I, Kautz S, Lumbsch HT (2008) 6-MSAS-like polyketide synthase genes occur in lichenized ascomycetes. Mycol Res 112:289–296. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.023
74. Schneider T, Schmid E, de Castro JV Jr, Cardinale M, Eberl L, Grube M, Berg G, Riedel K. (2011). Structure and function of the symbiosis partners of the lung lichen (Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm.) analyzed by metaproteomics. Proteomics. 11:2752–6. d
75. Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Ruisi S, Grube M, Cardinale M, Onofri S (2010) Culturable bacteria associated with Antarctic lichens: affiliation and psychrotolerance. Polar Biol 33:71–83. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0686-2
76. Shin SC, Ahn DH, Lee JK, Kim SJ, Hong SG, Kim EH, Park H (2012) Genome sequence of Sphingomonas sp strain PAMC 26605, isolated from Arctic lichen (Ochrolechia sp.). J Bacteriol 194:1607–1607. doi:10.1128/jb.00004-12
77. Shrestha G, St Clair LL (2013) Lichens: a promising source of antibiotic and anticancer drugs. Phytochem Rev 12:229–244. doi:10.1007/s11101-013-9283-7
78. Shukla V, Joshi GP, Rawat MSM (2010) Lichens as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds: a review. Phytochem Rev 9:303–314. doi:10.1007/s11101-010-9189-6
79. Sigurbjornsdottir MA, Heidmarsson S, Jonsdottir AR, Vilhelmsson O (2014) Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging Can. J Microbiol 60:307–317. doi:10.1139/cjm-2013-0888
80. Sigurbjornsdottir MA, Andresson OS, Vilhelmsson O (2015) Analysis of the Peltigera membranacea metagenome indicates that lichen-associated bacteria are involved in phosphate solubilization. Microbiology (SGM) 161:989–996. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000069
81. Singh SB, Garrity GM, Genillourd O, Lingham RB, Martin I, Nallin-Omstead M, Silverman KC, Zink DL (1997) Inhibitor compounds of farnesyl-protein transferase and chemotherapeutic compositions containing the same, produced by strain ATCC 55532. USA Patent 5:627,057
82. Stocker-Woergoetter E (2008) Metabolic diversity of lichen-forming ascomycetous fungi: culturing, polyketide and shikimate metabolite production, and PKS genes. Nat Prod Rep 25:188–190. doi:10.1039/b606983p
83. Subramani R, Aalbersberg W (2013) Culturable rare Actinomycetes: diversity, isolation and marine natural product discovery. Appl Microbiol Biot 97:9291–9321. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5229-7
84. Taylor TN, Hass H, Remy W, Kerp H (1995) The oldest fossil lichen. Nature 378:244–244. doi:10.1038/378244a0
85. Thaxter R (1892) On the Myxobacteriaceae, a new order of Schizomycetes. Bot Gaz 17:389–406. doi:10.2307/2464109
86. Uphof JCT (1925) Purple bacteria as symbionts of a lichen Science 61:67–67 doi:10.1126/science.61.1568.67
87. Verma S, Miles D, Gianni L, Krop IE, Welslau M, Baselga J, Pegram M, Oh DY, Dieras V, Guardino E, Fang L, Lu MW, Olsen S, Blackwell K, Grp ES (2012) Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 367:1783–1791. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209124
88. Williams DE, Davies J, Patrick BO, Bottriell H, Tarling T, Roberge M, Andersen RJ (2008) Cladoniamides A-G, tryptophan-derived alkaloids produced in culture by Streptomyces uncialis. Org Lett 10:3501–3504. doi:10.1021/ol801274c
89. Wilson MC, Mori T, Ruckert C, Uria AR, Helf MJ, Takada K, Gernert C, Steffens UAE, Heycke N, Schmitt S, Rinke C, Helfrich EJN, Brachmann AO, Gurgui C, Wakimoto T, Kracht M, Crusemann M, Hentschel U, Abe I, Matsunaga S, Kalinowski J, Takeyama H, Piel J (2014) An environmental bacterial taxon with a large and distinct metabolic repertoire. Nature 506:58 − + doi:10.1038/nature12959
90. Woolhouse M, Farrar J (2014) Policy: an intergovernmental panel on antimicrobial resistance. Nature 509:555–557
91. Yamamura H, Ashizawa H, Nakagawa Y, Hamada M, Ishida Y, Otoguro M, Tamura T, Hayakawa M (2011a) Actinomycetospora iriomotensis sp nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a lichen sample. J Antibiot 64:289–292. doi:10.1038/ja.2011.15
92. Yamamura H, Ashizawa H, Nakagawa Y, Hamada M, Ishida Y, Otoguro M, Tamura T, Hayakawa M (2011b) Actinomycetospora rishiriensis sp nov., isolated from a lichen. Int J Syst Evol Micr 61:2621–2625. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028753-0
93. Yang XM, Shimizu YZ, Steiner JR, Clardy J (1993) Nostoclide I and II, extracellular metabolites from a symbiotic cyanobacterium, Nostoc sp, from the lichen Peltigera canina. Tetrahedron Lett 34:761–764. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(93)89005-b
94. Yasuda Y, Kaleta J, Bromme D (2005) The role of cathepsins in osteoporosis and arthritis: rationale for the design of new therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 57:973–993. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2004.12.013
95. Yim G, Wang HH, Davies J (2007) Antibiotics as signalling molecules. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362:1195–1200. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2044
96. Yoon V, Nodwell JR (2014) Activating secondary metabolism with stress and chemicals. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 41:415–424. doi:10.1007/s10295-013-1387-y
97. Zachow C, Müller H, Tilcher R, Donat C, Berg G (2013) Catch the best: novel screening strategy to select stress protecting agents for crop plants. Agronomy 3:794–815
98. Zhang LP, Wang HY, Fang XM, Stackebrandt E, Ding YB (2003) Improved methods of isolation and purification of myxobacteria and development of fruiting body formation of two strains. J Microbiol Meth 54:21–27. doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(02)00257-9