메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 64, Issue , 2016, Pages 93-132

Believing that Humans Swallow Spiders in Their Sleep: False Beliefs as Side Effects of the Processes that Support Accurate Knowledge

Author keywords

Education; Errors; Feedback; Fluency; Knowledge; Learning; Memory; Truth

Indexed keywords


EID: 84950283356     PISSN: 00797421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2015.09.003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (165)
  • 1
    • 0042209567 scopus 로고
    • The effect of changed environmental conditions upon the results of college examinations
    • Abernathy, E.M., The effect of changed environmental conditions upon the results of college examinations. The Journal of Psychology 10 (1940), 293–301.
    • (1940) The Journal of Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 293-301
    • Abernathy, E.M.1
  • 2
    • 0020687086 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of information from long-term memory
    • Anderson, J.R., Retrieval of information from long-term memory. Science 220 (1983), 25–30.
    • (1983) Science , vol.220 , pp. 25-30
    • Anderson, J.R.1
  • 3
    • 0000397421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval
    • E.L. Bjork R.A. Bjork 2nd ed. Academic Press San Diego, CA
    • Anderson, M.C., Neely, J.H., Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval. Bjork, E.L., Bjork, R.A., (eds.) Memory (Handbook of perception and cognition), 2nd ed., 1996, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 237–313.
    • (1996) Memory (Handbook of perception and cognition) , pp. 237-313
    • Anderson, M.C.1    Neely, J.H.2
  • 4
    • 84928846180 scopus 로고
    • The generality of the relation between familiarity and judged validity
    • Arkes, H.R., Hackett, C., Boehm, L., The generality of the relation between familiarity and judged validity. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2 (1989), 81–94.
    • (1989) Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , vol.2 , pp. 81-94
    • Arkes, H.R.1    Hackett, C.2    Boehm, L.3
  • 5
    • 84938570543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When knowledge knows no bounds: self-perceived expertise predicts claims of impossible knowledge
    • Advanced online publication
    • Atir, S., Rosenzweig, E., Dunning, D., When knowledge knows no bounds: self-perceived expertise predicts claims of impossible knowledge. Psychological Science 26:8 (2015), 1295–1303 Advanced online publication.
    • (2015) Psychological Science , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 1295-1303
    • Atir, S.1    Rosenzweig, E.2    Dunning, D.3
  • 7
    • 0021384257 scopus 로고
    • Semantic memory content in permastore: fifty years of memory for Spanish learning in school
    • Bahrick, H.P., Semantic memory content in permastore: fifty years of memory for Spanish learning in school. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113 (1984), 1–29.
    • (1984) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.113 , pp. 1-29
    • Bahrick, H.P.1
  • 8
    • 84917266735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-span maintenance of knowledge
    • Psychology Press New York
    • Bahrick, H.P., Hall, L.K., Baker, M.K., Life-span maintenance of knowledge. 2013, Psychology Press, New York.
    • (2013)
    • Bahrick, H.P.1    Hall, L.K.2    Baker, M.K.3
  • 9
    • 0001513285 scopus 로고
    • Depth of automatic spreading activation: mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision
    • Balota, D.A., Lorch, R.F., Depth of automatic spreading activation: mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12 (1986), 336–345.
    • (1986) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.12 , pp. 336-345
    • Balota, D.A.1    Lorch, R.F.2
  • 10
    • 55349144915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fact learning: how information accuracy, delay, and repeated testing change retention and retrieval experience
    • Barber, S.J., Rajaram, S., Marsh, E.J., Fact learning: how information accuracy, delay, and repeated testing change retention and retrieval experience. Memory 16 (2008), 934–946.
    • (2008) Memory , vol.16 , pp. 934-946
    • Barber, S.J.1    Rajaram, S.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 11
    • 0012712774 scopus 로고
    • Remembering: An experimental and social study
    • Cambridge University Cambridge
    • Bartlett, F.C., Remembering: An experimental and social study. 1932, Cambridge University, Cambridge.
    • (1932)
    • Bartlett, F.C.1
  • 12
    • 0027241717 scopus 로고
    • A case study of anomaly detection: shallow semantic processing and cohesion establishment
    • Barton, S.B., Sanford, A.J., A case study of anomaly detection: shallow semantic processing and cohesion establishment. Memory and Cognition 21 (1993), 477–487.
    • (1993) Memory and Cognition , vol.21 , pp. 477-487
    • Barton, S.B.1    Sanford, A.J.2
  • 14
    • 77955555375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Going beyond the facts: young children extend knowledge by integrating episodes
    • Bauer, P.J., San Souci, P., Going beyond the facts: young children extend knowledge by integrating episodes. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 107 (2010), 452–465.
    • (2010) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.107 , pp. 452-465
    • Bauer, P.J.1    San Souci, P.2
  • 16
    • 21144466384 scopus 로고
    • Dissociation of processes in belief: source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth
    • Begg, I.M., Anas, A., Farinacci, S., Dissociation of processes in belief: source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121 (1992), 446–458.
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.121 , pp. 446-458
    • Begg, I.M.1    Anas, A.2    Farinacci, S.3
  • 18
    • 84927457768 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: common categories
    • Bellezza, F.S., Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: common categories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22 (1984), 324–326.
    • (1984) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.22 , pp. 324-326
    • Bellezza, F.S.1
  • 19
    • 33750306937 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: information about people
    • Bellezza, F.S., Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: information about people. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22 (1984), 511–513.
    • (1984) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.22 , pp. 511-513
    • Bellezza, F.S.1
  • 20
    • 84950386502 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: noun meanings
    • Bellezza, F.S., Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory: noun meanings. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22 (1984), 377–380.
    • (1984) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.22 , pp. 377-380
    • Bellezza, F.S.1
  • 21
    • 8744272356 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of retrieving information from knowledge structures in memory: self information
    • Bellezza, F.S., Reliability of retrieving information from knowledge structures in memory: self information. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25 (1987), 407–410.
    • (1987) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.25 , pp. 407-410
    • Bellezza, F.S.1
  • 22
    • 0040051030 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of retrieving information from knowledge structures in memory: scripts
    • Bellezza, F.S., Reliability of retrieving information from knowledge structures in memory: scripts. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26 (1988), 11–14.
    • (1988) Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , vol.26 , pp. 11-14
    • Bellezza, F.S.1
  • 24
    • 84938950205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All of the above: when multiple correct response options enhance the testing effect
    • Bishara, A.J., Lanzo, L.A., All of the above: when multiple correct response options enhance the testing effect. Memory 23 (2015), 1013–1028.
    • (2015) Memory , vol.23 , pp. 1013-1028
    • Bishara, A.J.1    Lanzo, L.A.2
  • 25
    • 0000018394 scopus 로고
    • Preprogramming knowledge: a major source of misconceptions in novice programmers
    • Bonar, J., Soloway, E., Preprogramming knowledge: a major source of misconceptions in novice programmers. Human-Computer Interaction 1 (1985), 133–161.
    • (1985) Human-Computer Interaction , vol.1 , pp. 133-161
    • Bonar, J.1    Soloway, E.2
  • 26
    • 0024871834 scopus 로고
    • Form or function: a comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish
    • Boster, J.S., Johnson, J.C., Form or function: a comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish. American Anthropologist 91 (1989), 866–889.
    • (1989) American Anthropologist , vol.91 , pp. 866-889
    • Boster, J.S.1    Johnson, J.C.2
  • 27
    • 77955600886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory and the Moses illusion: failures to detect contradictions with stored knowledge yield negative memorial consequences
    • Bottoms, H.C., Eslick, A.N., Marsh, E.J., Memory and the Moses illusion: failures to detect contradictions with stored knowledge yield negative memorial consequences. Memory 18 (2010), 670–678.
    • (2010) Memory , vol.18 , pp. 670-678
    • Bottoms, H.C.1    Eslick, A.N.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 28
    • 0018841084 scopus 로고
    • Recall and recognition of old information in relation to age and sex
    • Botwinick, J., Storandt, M., Recall and recognition of old information in relation to age and sex. Journal of Gerontology 35 (1980), 70–76.
    • (1980) Journal of Gerontology , vol.35 , pp. 70-76
    • Botwinick, J.1    Storandt, M.2
  • 30
    • 0005189806 scopus 로고
    • To what extent is memory measured by a single recall trial?
    • Brown, W., To what extent is memory measured by a single recall trial?. Journal of Experimental Psychology 6 (1923), 377–382.
    • (1923) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 377-382
    • Brown, W.1
  • 31
    • 0001590128 scopus 로고
    • Encountering misspellings and spelling performance: why wrong isn't right
    • Brown, A.S., Encountering misspellings and spelling performance: why wrong isn't right. Journal of Educational Psychology 80 (1988), 488–494.
    • (1988) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 488-494
    • Brown, A.S.1
  • 32
    • 0026129363 scopus 로고
    • A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience
    • Brown, A.S., A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience. Psychological Bulletin 109 (1991), 204–223.
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.109 , pp. 204-223
    • Brown, A.S.1
  • 35
    • 84863841387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring facts from fiction: reading correct and incorrect information affects memory for related information
    • Butler, A.C., Dennis, N.A., Marsh, E.J., Inferring facts from fiction: reading correct and incorrect information affects memory for related information. Memory 20 (2012), 487–498.
    • (2012) Memory , vol.20 , pp. 487-498
    • Butler, A.C.1    Dennis, N.A.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 36
    • 81355139702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high confidence errors return
    • Butler, A.C., Fazio, L.F., Marsh, E.J., The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high confidence errors return. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 18 (2011), 1238–1244.
    • (2011) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.18 , pp. 1238-1244
    • Butler, A.C.1    Fazio, L.F.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 37
    • 84881110838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explanation feedback is better than correct answer feedback for promoting transfer of learning
    • Butler, A.C., Godbole, N., Marsh, E.J., Explanation feedback is better than correct answer feedback for promoting transfer of learning. Journal of Educational Psychology 105 (2013), 290–298.
    • (2013) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.105 , pp. 290-298
    • Butler, A.C.1    Godbole, N.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 39
    • 45849127987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing
    • Butler, A.C., Roediger, H.L. III, Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing. Memory and Cognition 36 (2008), 604–616.
    • (2008) Memory and Cognition , vol.36 , pp. 604-616
    • Butler, A.C.1    Roediger, H.L.2
  • 40
    • 69549103563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using popular films to enhance classroom learning: the good, the bad, and the interesting
    • Butler, A.C., Zaromb, F.M., Lyle, K.B., Roediger, H.L. III, Using popular films to enhance classroom learning: the good, the bad, and the interesting. Psychological Science 20 (2009), 1161–1168.
    • (2009) Psychological Science , vol.20 , pp. 1161-1168
    • Butler, A.C.1    Zaromb, F.M.2    Lyle, K.B.3    Roediger, H.L.4
  • 42
    • 33746461849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The correction of errors committed with high confidence
    • Butterfield, B., Metcalfe, J., The correction of errors committed with high confidence. Metacognition and Learning 1 (2006), 69–84.
    • (2006) Metacognition and Learning , vol.1 , pp. 69-84
    • Butterfield, B.1    Metcalfe, J.2
  • 44
    • 84999009139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In what US state were the forty-niners searching for oil: Sometimes history experts miss the error
    • (Manuscript in preparation)
    • Cantor, A.D., Marsh, E.J., In what US state were the forty-niners searching for oil: Sometimes history experts miss the error. (Manuscript in preparation), 2015.
    • (2015)
    • Cantor, A.D.1    Marsh, E.J.2
  • 45
  • 46
    • 33744908588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: a review and quantitative synthesis
    • Cepeda, N.J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J.T., Rohrer, D., Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: a review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin 132 (2006), 354–380.
    • (2006) Psychological Bulletin , vol.132 , pp. 354-380
    • Cepeda, N.J.1    Pashler, H.2    Vul, E.3    Wixted, J.T.4    Rohrer, D.5
  • 47
    • 58149410841 scopus 로고
    • Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices
    • Chi, M.T., Feltovich, P.J., Glaser, R., Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science 5 (1981), 121–152.
    • (1981) Cognitive Science , vol.5 , pp. 121-152
    • Chi, M.T.1    Feltovich, P.J.2    Glaser, R.3
  • 49
    • 0002984353 scopus 로고
    • Network representation of a child's dinosaur knowledge
    • Chi, M.T.H., Koeske, D.R., Network representation of a child's dinosaur knowledge. Developmental Psychology 19 (1983), 29–39.
    • (1983) Developmental Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 29-39
    • Chi, M.T.H.1    Koeske, D.R.2
  • 50
    • 84987227217 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of high school biology textbooks as sources of misconceptions and difficulties in genetics and some suggestions for teaching genetics
    • Cho, H.-H., Kahle, J.B., Nordland, F.H., An investigation of high school biology textbooks as sources of misconceptions and difficulties in genetics and some suggestions for teaching genetics. Science Education 69 (1985), 707–719.
    • (1985) Science Education , vol.69 , pp. 707-719
    • Cho, H.-H.1    Kahle, J.B.2    Nordland, F.H.3
  • 51
    • 27644539190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incubation and the resolution of tip-of-the-tongue states
    • Choi, H., Smith, S.M., Incubation and the resolution of tip-of-the-tongue states. The Journal of General Psychology 132 (2005), 365–376.
    • (2005) The Journal of General Psychology , vol.132 , pp. 365-376
    • Choi, H.1    Smith, S.M.2
  • 52
    • 33748954193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misconceptions and attitudes that interfere with learning to program
    • S. Fincher M. Petre
    • Clancy, M., Misconceptions and attitudes that interfere with learning to program. Fincher, S., Petre, M., (eds.) Computer science education research, 2004, 85–100.
    • (2004) Computer science education research , pp. 85-100
    • Clancy, M.1
  • 54
    • 58149409019 scopus 로고
    • A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing
    • Collins, A.M., Loftus, E.F., A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82 (1975), 407–428.
    • (1975) Psychological Review , vol.82 , pp. 407-428
    • Collins, A.M.1    Loftus, E.F.2
  • 55
    • 0000642562 scopus 로고
    • On the very long-term retention of knowledge acquired through formal education: twelve years of cognitive psychology
    • Conway, M.A., Cohen, G., Stanhope, N., On the very long-term retention of knowledge acquired through formal education: twelve years of cognitive psychology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120 (1991), 395–409.
    • (1991) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.120 , pp. 395-409
    • Conway, M.A.1    Cohen, G.2    Stanhope, N.3
  • 58
    • 1042268185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MMR vaccine and autism: an update of the scientific evidence
    • DeStefano, F., Thompson, W.W., MMR vaccine and autism: an update of the scientific evidence. Expert Review of Vaccines 3 (2004), 19–22.
    • (2004) Expert Review of Vaccines , vol.3 , pp. 19-22
    • DeStefano, F.1    Thompson, W.W.2
  • 60
    • 0001467771 scopus 로고
    • On problem solving
    • (Serial No. 270)
    • Duncker, K., On problem solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5), 1945 (Serial No. 270).
    • (1945) Psychological Monographs , vol.58 , Issue.5
    • Duncker, K.1
  • 61
    • 84878359087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving students' learning with effective learning techniques: promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology
    • Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K.A., Marsh, E.J., Nathan, M.J., Willingham, D.T., Improving students' learning with effective learning techniques: promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14 (2013), 4–58.
    • (2013) Psychological Science in the Public Interest , vol.14 , pp. 4-58
    • Dunlosky, J.1    Rawson, K.A.2    Marsh, E.J.3    Nathan, M.J.4    Willingham, D.T.5
  • 62
    • 84893552697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do people keep believing because they want to? Preexisting attitudes and the continued influence of misinformation
    • Ecker, U.K.H., Lewandowsky, S., Fenton, O., Martin, K., Do people keep believing because they want to? Preexisting attitudes and the continued influence of misinformation. Memory and Cognition 42 (2014), 292–304.
    • (2014) Memory and Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 292-304
    • Ecker, U.K.H.1    Lewandowsky, S.2    Fenton, O.3    Martin, K.4
  • 66
    • 79951712755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ironic effects of drawing attention to story errors
    • Eslick, A.N., Fazio, L.K., Marsh, E.J., Ironic effects of drawing attention to story errors. Memory 19 (2011), 184–191.
    • (2011) Memory , vol.19 , pp. 184-191
    • Eslick, A.N.1    Fazio, L.K.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 67
    • 0034562333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Student peer assessment in higher education: a meta-analysis comparing peer and teacher marks
    • Falchikov, N., Goldfinch, J., Student peer assessment in higher education: a meta-analysis comparing peer and teacher marks. Review of Educational Research 70 (2000), 287–322.
    • (2000) Review of Educational Research , vol.70 , pp. 287-322
    • Falchikov, N.1    Goldfinch, J.2
  • 68
    • 0039999645 scopus 로고
    • Examinations in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings
    • Farnsworth, P.R., Examinations in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings. Journal of Social Psychology 5 (1934), 128–129.
    • (1934) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 128-129
    • Farnsworth, P.R.1
  • 69
    • 77956462605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorial consequences of multiple-choice testing on immediate and delayed tests
    • Fazio, L.K., Agarwal, P.K., Marsh, E.J., Roediger, H.L. III, Memorial consequences of multiple-choice testing on immediate and delayed tests. Memory and Cognition 38 (2010), 407–418.
    • (2010) Memory and Cognition , vol.38 , pp. 407-418
    • Fazio, L.K.1    Agarwal, P.K.2    Marsh, E.J.3    Roediger, H.L.4
  • 71
    • 50949085096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slowing presentation speed increases illusions of knowledge
    • Fazio, L.K., Marsh, E.J., Slowing presentation speed increases illusions of knowledge. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 15 (2008), 180–185.
    • (2008) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.15 , pp. 180-185
    • Fazio, L.K.1    Marsh, E.J.2
  • 73
    • 0036511467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of problem gambling: modifying misconceptions and increasing knowledge
    • Ferland, F., Ladouceur, R., Vitaro, F., Prevention of problem gambling: modifying misconceptions and increasing knowledge. Journal of Gambling Studies 18 (2002), 19–29.
    • (2002) Journal of Gambling Studies , vol.18 , pp. 19-29
    • Ferland, F.1    Ladouceur, R.2    Vitaro, F.3
  • 75
    • 0001670646 scopus 로고
    • How mental systems believe
    • Gilbert, D.T., How mental systems believe. American Psychologist 46 (1991), 107–119.
    • (1991) American Psychologist , vol.46 , pp. 107-119
    • Gilbert, D.T.1
  • 79
    • 38249042726 scopus 로고
    • How knowledge is structured and used by expert and novice children
    • Gobbo, C., Chi, M., How knowledge is structured and used by expert and novice children. Cognitive Development 1 (1986), 221–237.
    • (1986) Cognitive Development , vol.1 , pp. 221-237
    • Gobbo, C.1    Chi, M.2
  • 80
    • 84886409564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suggestibility from stories: can production difficulties and source monitoring explain a developmental reversal?
    • Goswick, A.E., Mullet, H.G., Marsh, E.J., Suggestibility from stories: can production difficulties and source monitoring explain a developmental reversal?. Journal of Cognition and Development 14 (2013), 607–616.
    • (2013) Journal of Cognition and Development , vol.14 , pp. 607-616
    • Goswick, A.E.1    Mullet, H.G.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 81
    • 84864419966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding?
    • Grimaldi, P.J., Karpicke, J.D., When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding?. Memory and Cognition 40 (2012), 505–513.
    • (2012) Memory and Cognition , vol.40 , pp. 505-513
    • Grimaldi, P.J.1    Karpicke, J.D.2
  • 82
    • 0001217924 scopus 로고
    • Promoting conceptual change in science: a comparative meta-analysis of instructional interventions from reading education and science education
    • Guzzetti, B.J., Snyder, T.E., Glass, G.V., Gamas, W.S., Promoting conceptual change in science: a comparative meta-analysis of instructional interventions from reading education and science education. Reading Research Quarterly 28 (1993), 116–159.
    • (1993) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.28 , pp. 116-159
    • Guzzetti, B.J.1    Snyder, T.E.2    Glass, G.V.3    Gamas, W.S.4
  • 83
    • 0001060865 scopus 로고
    • Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience
    • Hart, J.T., Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology 56 (1965), 208–216.
    • (1965) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 208-216
    • Hart, J.T.1
  • 85
    • 21144467822 scopus 로고
    • Low-involvement learning: memory without evaluation
    • Hawkins, S.A., Hoch, S.J., Low-involvement learning: memory without evaluation. Journal of Consume Research 19 (1992), 212–225.
    • (1992) Journal of Consume Research , vol.19 , pp. 212-225
    • Hawkins, S.A.1    Hoch, S.J.2
  • 86
    • 80054862043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading is believing: the truth effect and source credibility
    • Henkel, L.A., Mattson, M.E., Reading is believing: the truth effect and source credibility. Consciousness and Cognition 20 (2011), 1705–1721.
    • (2011) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.20 , pp. 1705-1721
    • Henkel, L.A.1    Mattson, M.E.2
  • 87
    • 84893522991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilgrims sailing the Titanic: plausibility effects on memory for misinformation
    • Hinze, S.R., Slaten, D.G., Horton, W.S., Jenkins, R., Rapp, D.N., Pilgrims sailing the Titanic: plausibility effects on memory for misinformation. Memory and Cognition 42 (2014), 305–324.
    • (2014) Memory and Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 305-324
    • Hinze, S.R.1    Slaten, D.G.2    Horton, W.S.3    Jenkins, R.4    Rapp, D.N.5
  • 88
    • 0028961974 scopus 로고
    • Is semantic memory consistently impaired early in the course of Alzheimer's disease? Neuroanatomical and diagnostic implications
    • Hodges, J.R., Patterson, K., Is semantic memory consistently impaired early in the course of Alzheimer's disease? Neuroanatomical and diagnostic implications. Neuropsychologia 33 (1995), 441–459.
    • (1995) Neuropsychologia , vol.33 , pp. 441-459
    • Hodges, J.R.1    Patterson, K.2
  • 89
    • 0041642078 scopus 로고
    • The role of refutation text in overcoming difficulty with science concepts
    • Hynd, C., Alvermann, D.E., The role of refutation text in overcoming difficulty with science concepts. Journal of Reading 29 (1986), 440–446.
    • (1986) Journal of Reading , vol.29 , pp. 440-446
    • Hynd, C.1    Alvermann, D.E.2
  • 91
    • 0031230141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of varying levels of expertise on the basic level of categorization
    • Johnson, K.E., Mervis, C.B., Effects of varying levels of expertise on the basic level of categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126 (1997), 248–277.
    • (1997) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.126 , pp. 248-277
    • Johnson, K.E.1    Mervis, C.B.2
  • 93
    • 75149181375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixing the communications failure
    • Kahan, D., Fixing the communications failure. Nature 463 (2010), 296–297.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.463 , pp. 296-297
    • Kahan, D.1
  • 95
    • 77955501569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The less-is-more effect: predictions and tests
    • Katsikopoulos, K.V., The less-is-more effect: predictions and tests. Judgment and Decision Making 5 (2010), 244–257.
    • (2010) Judgment and Decision Making , vol.5 , pp. 244-257
    • Katsikopoulos, K.V.1
  • 96
    • 0002395948 scopus 로고
    • Remembering mistaken for knowing: ease of retrieval as a basis for confidence in answers to general knowledge questions
    • Kelley, C.M., Lindsay, D.S., Remembering mistaken for knowing: ease of retrieval as a basis for confidence in answers to general knowledge questions. Journal of Memory and Language 32 (1993), 1–24.
    • (1993) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.32 , pp. 1-24
    • Kelley, C.M.1    Lindsay, D.S.2
  • 99
    • 0345581330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does deliberate source monitoring reduce students' misconceptions about psychology?
    • Landau, J.D., Bavaria, A.J., Does deliberate source monitoring reduce students' misconceptions about psychology?. Teaching of Psychology 30 (2003), 311–314.
    • (2003) Teaching of Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 311-314
    • Landau, J.D.1    Bavaria, A.J.2
  • 100
    • 0007183525 scopus 로고
    • How much do people remember? Some estimates of the quantity of learned information in long-term memory
    • Landauer, T.K., How much do people remember? Some estimates of the quantity of learned information in long-term memory. Cognitive Science 10 (1986), 477–493.
    • (1986) Cognitive Science , vol.10 , pp. 477-493
    • Landauer, T.K.1
  • 101
  • 104
    • 0024673262 scopus 로고
    • The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source
    • Lindsay, D.S., Johnson, M.K., The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory and Cognition 17 (1989), 349–358.
    • (1989) Memory and Cognition , vol.17 , pp. 349-358
    • Lindsay, D.S.1    Johnson, M.K.2
  • 105
    • 35348999016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simplicity and probability in causal explanation
    • Lombrozo, T., Simplicity and probability in causal explanation. Cognitive Psychology 55 (2007), 232–257.
    • (2007) Cognitive Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 232-257
    • Lombrozo, T.1
  • 108
    • 33750800999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning errors from fiction: difficulties in reducing reliance on fictional stories
    • Marsh, E.J., Fazio, L.K., Learning errors from fiction: difficulties in reducing reliance on fictional stories. Memory and Cognition 34 (2006), 1140–1149.
    • (2006) Memory and Cognition , vol.34 , pp. 1140-1149
    • Marsh, E.J.1    Fazio, L.K.2
  • 109
    • 84871019135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorial consequences of testing school-aged children
    • Marsh, E.J., Fazio, L.K., Goswick, A.E., Memorial consequences of testing school-aged children. Memory 20 (2012), 899–906.
    • (2012) Memory , vol.20 , pp. 899-906
    • Marsh, E.J.1    Fazio, L.K.2    Goswick, A.E.3
  • 110
    • 84865059597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using verification feedback to correct errors on a multiple-choice test
    • Marsh, E.J., Lozito, J.P., Umanath, S., Bjork, E.L., Bjork, R.A., Using verification feedback to correct errors on a multiple-choice test. Memory 20 (2012), 645–653.
    • (2012) Memory , vol.20 , pp. 645-653
    • Marsh, E.J.1    Lozito, J.P.2    Umanath, S.3    Bjork, E.L.4    Bjork, R.A.5
  • 113
    • 0001596874 scopus 로고
    • Intuitive physics
    • McCloskey, M., Intuitive physics. Scientific American 248 (1983), 122–130.
    • (1983) Scientific American , vol.248 , pp. 122-130
    • McCloskey, M.1
  • 114
    • 0022039891 scopus 로고
    • Misleading postevent information and memory for events: arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses
    • McCloskey, M., Zaragoza, M., Misleading postevent information and memory for events: arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114 (1985), 1–16.
    • (1985) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.114 , pp. 1-16
    • McCloskey, M.1    Zaragoza, M.2
  • 115
    • 0004222163 scopus 로고
    • Psychological statistics
    • 4th ed. Wiley New York
    • McNemar, A., Psychological statistics. 4th ed., 1969, Wiley, New York.
    • (1969)
    • McNemar, A.1
  • 116
    • 0031065488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorization and reasoning among tree experts: do all roads lead to Rome?
    • Medin, D.L., Lynch, E.B., Coley, J.D., Atran, S., Categorization and reasoning among tree experts: do all roads lead to Rome?. Cognitive Psychology 32 (1997), 49–96.
    • (1997) Cognitive Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 49-96
    • Medin, D.L.1    Lynch, E.B.2    Coley, J.D.3    Atran, S.4
  • 117
    • 72449170032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed versus immediate feedback in children's and adults' vocabulary learning
    • Metcalfe, J., Kornell, N., Finn, B., Delayed versus immediate feedback in children's and adults' vocabulary learning. Memory and Cognition 37 (2009), 1077–1087.
    • (2009) Memory and Cognition , vol.37 , pp. 1077-1087
    • Metcalfe, J.1    Kornell, N.2    Finn, B.3
  • 119
    • 0015130194 scopus 로고
    • Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations
    • Meyer, D.E., Schvaneveldt, R.W., Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology 90 (1971), 227–234.
    • (1971) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 227-234
    • Meyer, D.E.1    Schvaneveldt, R.W.2
  • 123
    • 0002918576 scopus 로고
    • Why some students don't learn chemistry
    • Nakhleh, M.B., Why some students don't learn chemistry. Journal of Chemistry Education 69 (1992), 191–196.
    • (1992) Journal of Chemistry Education , vol.69 , pp. 191-196
    • Nakhleh, M.B.1
  • 124
    • 0010804618 scopus 로고
    • Predictive accuracy of the feeling of knowing across different criterion tasks and across different subject populations and individuals
    • M.M. Gruneberg P. Morris R.N. Sykes Wiley New York
    • Nelson, T.O., Predictive accuracy of the feeling of knowing across different criterion tasks and across different subject populations and individuals. Gruneberg, M.M., Morris, P., Sykes, R.N., (eds.) Practical aspects of memory, Vol. 2, 1988, Wiley, New York, 190–196.
    • (1988) Practical aspects of memory , vol.2 , pp. 190-196
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 125
    • 0001496617 scopus 로고
    • Norms of 300 general-information questions: accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings
    • Nelson, T.O., Narens, L., Norms of 300 general-information questions: accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (1980), 338–368.
    • (1980) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.19 , pp. 338-368
    • Nelson, T.O.1    Narens, L.2
  • 128
    • 77952009224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions
    • Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior 32 (2010), 303–330.
    • (2010) Political Behavior , vol.32 , pp. 303-330
    • Nyhan, B.1    Reifler, J.2
  • 129
    • 84869778187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opening the political mind? The effects of self-affirmation and graphical information on factual misperceptions
    • (Unpublished manuscript) Dartmouth College Hanover, NH
    • Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Opening the political mind? The effects of self-affirmation and graphical information on factual misperceptions. (Unpublished manuscript), 2011, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
    • (2011)
    • Nyhan, B.1    Reifler, J.2
  • 130
    • 36549002751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “None of the above” as a correct and incorrect alternative on a multiple-choice test: Implications for the testing effect
    • Odegard, T.N., Koen, J.D., “None of the above” as a correct and incorrect alternative on a multiple-choice test: Implications for the testing effect. Memory 15 (2007), 873–885.
    • (2007) Memory , vol.15 , pp. 873-885
    • Odegard, T.N.1    Koen, J.D.2
  • 131
    • 0003003194 scopus 로고
    • Moses beats Adam: a semantic relatedness effect on a semantic illusion
    • van Oostendorp, H., de Mul, S., Moses beats Adam: a semantic relatedness effect on a semantic illusion. Acta Psychologica 74 (1990), 35–46.
    • (1990) Acta Psychologica , vol.74 , pp. 35-46
    • van Oostendorp, H.1    de Mul, S.2
  • 132
    • 49649097351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The recognition heuristic in memory-based inference: is recognition a non-compensatory cue?
    • Pachur, T., Bröder, A., Marewski, J.N., The recognition heuristic in memory-based inference: is recognition a non-compensatory cue?. Journal of Behavioral Decision-Making 21 (2008), 183–210.
    • (2008) Journal of Behavioral Decision-Making , vol.21 , pp. 183-210
    • Pachur, T.1    Bröder, A.2    Marewski, J.N.3
  • 134
    • 0000103125 scopus 로고
    • What is memory aging the aging of?
    • Perlmutter, M., What is memory aging the aging of?. Developmental Psychology 14 (1978), 330–345.
    • (1978) Developmental Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 330-345
    • Perlmutter, M.1
  • 135
    • 3142516990 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of “social desirability” in survey studies
    • Phillips, D.L., Clancy, K.J., Some effects of “social desirability” in survey studies. American Journal of Sociology 77 (1972), 921–940.
    • (1972) American Journal of Sociology , vol.77 , pp. 921-940
    • Phillips, D.L.1    Clancy, K.J.2
  • 136
    • 0002699908 scopus 로고
    • Incorporation versus compartmentalization in memory for discourse
    • Potts, G.R., Peterson, S.B., Incorporation versus compartmentalization in memory for discourse. Journal of Memory and Language 24 (1985), 107–118.
    • (1985) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.24 , pp. 107-118
    • Potts, G.R.1    Peterson, S.B.2
  • 137
    • 77957970077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why testing improves memory: mediator effectiveness hypothesis
    • Pyc, M.A., Rawson, K.A., Why testing improves memory: mediator effectiveness hypothesis. Science, 330, 2010, 335.
    • (2010) Science , vol.330 , pp. 335
    • Pyc, M.A.1    Rawson, K.A.2
  • 138
    • 0039365290 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal tracking of difficult memory retrievals
    • Read, J.D., Bruce, D., Longitudinal tracking of difficult memory retrievals. Cognitive Psychology 14 (1982), 280–300.
    • (1982) Cognitive Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 280-300
    • Read, J.D.1    Bruce, D.2
  • 139
    • 0033194997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth
    • Reber, R., Schwartz, N., Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. Consciousness and Cognition 8 (1999), 338–342.
    • (1999) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.8 , pp. 338-342
    • Reber, R.1    Schwartz, N.2
  • 140
    • 77957101120 scopus 로고
    • The role of partial matches in comprehension: the Moses illusion revisited
    • A. Graesser G. Bower Academic Press New York
    • Reder, L.M., Cleeremans, A., The role of partial matches in comprehension: the Moses illusion revisited. Graesser, A., Bower, G., (eds.) The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 25, 1990, Academic Press, New York, 233–258.
    • (1990) The psychology of learning and motivation , vol.25 , pp. 233-258
    • Reder, L.M.1    Cleeremans, A.2
  • 141
    • 0008440827 scopus 로고
    • Locus of the Moses illusion: imperfect encoding, retrieval, or match?
    • Reder, L.M., Kusbit, G.W., Locus of the Moses illusion: imperfect encoding, retrieval, or match?. Journal of Memory and Language 30 (1991), 385–406.
    • (1991) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.30 , pp. 385-406
    • Reder, L.M.1    Kusbit, G.W.2
  • 142
    • 84993728927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The power of testing memory: basic research and implications of educational practice
    • Roediger, H.L. III., Karpicke, J.D., The power of testing memory: basic research and implications of educational practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science 1 (2006), 181–210.
    • (2006) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.1 , pp. 181-210
    • Roediger, H.L.1    Karpicke, J.D.2
  • 145
    • 33746915110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The expert mind
    • Retrieved from August
    • Ross, P.E., The expert mind. Scientific American, August 2006, 64–71 Retrieved from http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/∼dkoehler/ACC784/Ross2006.pdf.
    • (2006) Scientific American , pp. 64-71
    • Ross, P.E.1
  • 146
    • 0022155031 scopus 로고
    • Context effects: classroom tests and context independence
    • Saufley, W.H. Jr., Otaka, S.R., Bavaresco, J.L., Context effects: classroom tests and context independence. Memory and Cognition 13 (1985), 522–528.
    • (1985) Memory and Cognition , vol.13 , pp. 522-528
    • Saufley, W.H.1    Otaka, S.R.2    Bavaresco, J.L.3
  • 147
    • 84965393809 scopus 로고
    • New conceptualizations of practice: common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training
    • Schmidt, R.A., Bjork, R.A., New conceptualizations of practice: common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training. Psychological Science 3 (1992), 207–217.
    • (1992) Psychological Science , vol.3 , pp. 207-217
    • Schmidt, R.A.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 149
    • 0035378167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental context-dependent memory: a review and meta-analysis
    • Smith, S.M., Vela, E., Environmental context-dependent memory: a review and meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8 (2001), 203–220.
    • (2001) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.8 , pp. 203-220
    • Smith, S.M.1    Vela, E.2
  • 150
    • 80051473399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Google effects on memory: cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips
    • Sparrow, B., Liu, J., Wegner, D.M., Google effects on memory: cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips. Science 333 (2011), 776–778.
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , pp. 776-778
    • Sparrow, B.1    Liu, J.2    Wegner, D.M.3
  • 151
    • 1542711800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naïve psychological science: the prevalence, strength, and sources of misconceptions
    • Taylor, A.K., Kowalski, P., Naïve psychological science: the prevalence, strength, and sources of misconceptions. The Psychological Record 54 (2004), 15–25.
    • (2004) The Psychological Record , vol.54 , pp. 15-25
    • Taylor, A.K.1    Kowalski, P.2
  • 152
    • 0002783221 scopus 로고
    • The use of schemata in the acquisition and transfer of knowledge
    • Thorndyke, P.W., Hayes-Roth, B., The use of schemata in the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. Cognitive Psychology 11 (1979), 82–106.
    • (1979) Cognitive Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 82-106
    • Thorndyke, P.W.1    Hayes-Roth, B.2
  • 153
    • 0032285568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peer assessment between students in colleges and universities
    • Topping, K., Peer assessment between students in colleges and universities. Review of Educational Research 68 (1998), 249–276.
    • (1998) Review of Educational Research , vol.68 , pp. 249-276
    • Topping, K.1
  • 154
    • 0002850873 scopus 로고
    • Memory and consciousness
    • Tulving, E., Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology 26 (1985), 1–12.
    • (1985) Canadian Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 1-12
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 156
    • 33745847757 scopus 로고
    • Belief in the law of small numbers
    • Tversky, A., Kahneman, D., Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin 76 (1971), 105–110.
    • (1971) Psychological Bulletin , vol.76 , pp. 105-110
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 157
    • 84864022486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive and negative effects of monitoring popular films for historical inaccuracies
    • Umanath, S., Butler, A.C., Marsh, E.J., Positive and negative effects of monitoring popular films for historical inaccuracies. Applied Cognitive Psychology 26 (2012), 556–567.
    • (2012) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 556-567
    • Umanath, S.1    Butler, A.C.2    Marsh, E.J.3
  • 158
    • 84865436110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging and the memorial consequences of catching contradictions with prior knowledge
    • Umanath, S., Marsh, E.J., Aging and the memorial consequences of catching contradictions with prior knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 27, 2012, 1033.
    • (2012) Psychology and Aging , vol.27 , pp. 1033
    • Umanath, S.1    Marsh, E.J.2
  • 159
    • 33845999905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversing the truth effect: learning the interpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth
    • Unkelbach, C., Reversing the truth effect: learning the interpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33 (2007), 219–230.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.33 , pp. 219-230
    • Unkelbach, C.1
  • 160
    • 62749127264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multinomial modeling approach to dissociate different components of the truth effect
    • Unkelbach, C., Stahl, C., A multinomial modeling approach to dissociate different components of the truth effect. Consciousness and Cognition 18 (2009), 22–38.
    • (2009) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.18 , pp. 22-38
    • Unkelbach, C.1    Stahl, C.2
  • 161
    • 84998882276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential perils of changing environmental context on examination scores
    • Van Der Wege, M., Barry, L.A., Potential perils of changing environmental context on examination scores. College Teaching 56 (2008), 173–176.
    • (2008) College Teaching , vol.56 , pp. 173-176
    • Van Der Wege, M.1    Barry, L.A.2
  • 164
    • 58149166761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can I get pregnant from oral sex? Sexual health misconceptions in e-mails to a reproductive health website
    • Wynn, L.L., Foster, A.M., Trussell, J., Can I get pregnant from oral sex? Sexual health misconceptions in e-mails to a reproductive health website. Contraception 79 (2009), 91–97.
    • (2009) Contraception , vol.79 , pp. 91-97
    • Wynn, L.L.1    Foster, A.M.2    Trussell, J.3
  • 165
    • 0015861461 scopus 로고
    • I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: further evidence on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
    • Yarmey, A.D., I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: further evidence on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. Memory and Cognition 1 (1973), 287–290.
    • (1973) Memory and Cognition , vol.1 , pp. 287-290
    • Yarmey, A.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.