Seed fate and decision-making processes in scatter-hoarding rodents

Biological Reviews

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 474-504

  Lichti, Nathanael I ^a   Steele, Michael A ^b   Swihart, Robert K ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WILKES UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

behavioural plasticity; choice model; complexity; context dependence; foraging; hierarchical Bayes; plant animal interaction; random utility; seed dispersal; trait mediated interaction

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; DECISION MAKING; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HOARDING; PHYSIOLOGY; RODENT; SEED DISPERSAL;

ANIMALS; BAYES THEOREM; DECISION MAKING; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HOARDING; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RODENTIA; SEED DISPERSAL;

EID: 84947748968     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12240     Document Type: Article

References (479)

1. Abe, H., Matsuki, R., Ueno, S., Nashimoto, M. & Hasegawa, M. (2006). Dispersal of Camellia japonica seeds by Apodemus speciosus revealed by maternity analysis of plants and behavioral observation of animal vectors. Ecological Research 21, 732–740.
2. Acamovic, T. & Brooker, J. (2005). Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, 403–412.
3. *Alexander, H. M., Cummings, C. L., Kahn, L. & Snow, A. A. (2001). Seed size variation and predation of seeds produced by wild and crop–wild sunflowers. American Journal of Botany 88, 623–627.
4. Andersson, M. & Krebs, J. (1978). On the evolution of hoarding behaviour. Animal Behaviour 26, 707–711.
5. Archibald, D. W., Fletcher, Q. E., Boutin, S., McAdam, A. G., Speakman, J. R. & Humphries, M. M. (2013). Sex-specific hoarding behavior in North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Journal of Mammalogy 94, 761–770.
6. Bakian, A. V., Sullivan, K. A. & Paxton, E. H. (2012). Elucidating spatially explicit behavioral landscapes in the Willow Flycatcher. Ecological Modelling 232, 119–132.
7. *Barga, S. C. & Vander Wall, S. B. (2013). Dispersal of an herbaceous perennial, Paeonia brownii, by scatter-hoarding rodents. Ecoscience 20, 172–181.
8. Barkley, C. L. & Jacobs, L. F. (2007). Sex and species differences in spatial memory in food-storing kangaroo rats. Animal Behaviour 73, 321–329.
9. *Barnett, R. J. (1977). The effect of burial by squirrels on germination and survival of oak and hickory nuts. American Midland Naturalist 98, 319–330.
10. Barrett, L. I. (1931). Influence of forest litter on the germination and early survival of chestnut oak, Quercus Montana, Willd. Ecology 12, 476–484.
11. *Barthelmess, E. L. (2001). The effects of tannin and protein on food preference in eastern grey squirrels. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 13, 115–132.
12. Bedoya-Perez, M. A., Carthey, A. J., Mella, V. S., McArthur, C. & Banks, P. B. (2013). A practical guide to avoid giving up on giving-up densities. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67, 1541–1553.
13. Ben-Akiva, M., de Palma, A., McFadden, D., Abou-Zeid, M., Chiappori, P. A., de Lapparent, M., Durlauf, S. N., Fosgerau, M., Fukuda, D. & Hess, S. (2012). Process and context in choice models. Marketing Letters 23, 439–456.
14. Borchert, M. (2004). Vertebrate seed dispersal of Marah macrocarpus (Cucurbitaceae) after fire in the Western transverse ranges of California. Ecoscience 11, 463–471.
15. *Bossema, I. (1979). Jays and oaks: an eco-ethological study of a symbiosis. Behaviour 70, 1–116.
16. Boucher, D. H. (1981). Seed predation by mammals and forest dominance by Quercus oleoides, a tropical lowland oak. Oecologia 49, 409–414.
17. Boyd, R. S. & Brum, G. D. (1983). Postdispersal reproductive biology of a Mojave desert population of Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). American Midland Naturalist 110, 25–36.
18. Branco, M., Branco, C., Merouani, H. & Almeida, M. H. (2002). Germination success, survival and seedling vigour of Quercus suber acorns in relation to insect damage. Forest Ecology and Management 166, 159–164.
19. *Brewer, S. W. (2001). Predation and dispersal of large and small seeds of a tropical palm. Oikos 92, 245–255.
20. *Brewer, S. W. & Rejmánek, M. (1999). Small rodents as significant dispersers of tree seeds in a Neotropical forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 165–174.
21. *Briggs, J. M. & Smith, K. G. (1989). Influence of habitat on acorn selection by Peromyscus leucopus. Journal of Mammalogy 70, 35–43.
22. Briggs, J. S. & Vander Wall, S. B. (2004). Substrate type affects caching and pilferage of pine seeds by chipmunks. Behavioral Ecology 15, 666–672.
23. Briggs, J. S., Vander Wall, S. B. & Jenkins, S. H. (2009). Forest rodents provide directed dispersal of Jeffrey pine seeds. Ecology 90, 675–687.
24. Brodin, A. (2007). Theoretical models of adaptive energy management in small wintering birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 362, 1857–1871.
25. Brodin, A. (2010). The history of scatter hoarding studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 365, 869–881.
26. Brown, J. S. (1988). Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22, 37–47.
27. Brown, J. S. (1999). Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1, 49–71.
28. Brown, J. S. & Kotler, B. P. (2004). Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation. Ecology Letters 7, 999–1014.
29. Brownie, C., Hines, J. E., Nichols, J. D., Pollock, K. H. & Hestbeck, J. B. (1993). Capture-recapture studies for multiple strata including non-Markovian transitions. Biometrics 49, 1173–1187.
30. Cahalane, V. H. (1942). Caching and recovery of food by the western fox squirrel. The Journal of Wildlife Management 6, 338–352.
31. Campos, C., Giannoni, S., Taraborelli, P. & Borghi, C. (2007). Removal of mesquite seeds by small rodents in the Monte desert, Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments 69, 228–236.
32. *Cao, L., Xiao, Z., Wang, Z., Guo, C., Chen, J. & Zhang, Z. (2011). High regeneration capacity helps tropical seeds to counter rodent predation. Oecologia 166, 997–1007.
33. Caswell, H. (2001). Matrix Population Models. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
34. *Celis-Diez, J. L. & Bustamante, R. O. (2005). Frequency-dependent seed size selection on Cryptocarya alba (Mol.) Looser (Lauraceae): testing the effect of background. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 84, 137–142.
35. *Celis-Diez, J. L., Bustamante, R. O. & Vasquez, R. A. (2004). Assessing frequency dependent seed size selection: a field experiment. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81, 307–312.
36. *Chang, G., Xiao, Z. & Zhang, Z. (2009). Hoarding decisions by Edward's long-tailed rats (Leopoldamys edwardsi) and South China field mice (Apodemus draco): the responses to seed size and germination schedule in acorns. Behavioural Processes 82, 7–11.
37. *Chang, G. & Zhang, Z. (2014). Functional traits determine formation of mutualism and predation interactions in seed-rodent dispersal system of a subtropical forest. Acta Oecologica 55, 43–50.
38. Charnov, E. L. (1976). Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9, 129–136.
39. *Chauvet, S., Feer, F. & Forget, P. M. (2004). Seed fate of two Sapotaceae species in a Guianan rain forest in the context of escape and satiation hypotheses. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, 1–9.
40. Cheke, L. G. & Clayton, N. S. (2012). Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) overcome their current desires to anticipate two distinct future needs and plan for them appropriately. Biology Letters 8, 171–175.
41. Chen, X., Cannon, C. H. & Conklin-Brittan, N. L. (2012). Evidence for a trade-off strategy in stone oak (Lithocarpus) seeds between physical and chemical defense highlights fiber as an important antifeedant. PLoS One 7, e32890.
42. *Cheng, J., Xiao, Z. & Zhang, Z. (2005). Seed consumption and caching on seeds of three sympatric tree species by four sympatric rodent species in a subtropical forest, China. Forest Ecology and Management 216, 331–341.
43. *Cheng, J. & Zhang, H. (2011). Seed–hoarding of Edward's long-tailed rats Leopoldamys edwardsi in response to weevil infestation in cork oak Quercus variabilis. Current Zoology 57, 50–55.
44. Choudhury, C. F., Ben-Akiva, M. & Zeid, M. A. (2010). Dynamic latent plan models. Journal of Choice Modelling 3, 50–70.
45. Chung-MacCoubrey, A. L., Hagerman, A. E. & Kirkpatrick, R. L. (1997). Effects of tannins on digestion and detoxification activity in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Physiological Zoology 70, 270–277.
46. Cirillo, C. & Xu, R. (2011). Dynamic discrete choice models for transportation. Transport Reviews 31, 473–494.
47. Clark, J. S. (2009). Beyond neutral science. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 8–15.
48. Clark, J. S., Carpenter, S. R., Barber, M., Collins, S., Dobson, A., Foley, J. A., Lodge, D. M., Pascual, M., Pielke, R. Jr. & Pizer, W. (2001). Ecological forecasts: an emerging imperative. Science 293, 657–660.
49. Clark, C. W. & Dukas, R. (2003). The behavioral ecology of a cognitive constraint: limited attention. Behavioral Ecology 14, 151–156.
50. Clark, J. S. & Gelfand, A. E. (2006). A future for models and data in environmental science. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21, 375–380.
51. Clayton, N. S., Bussey, T. J. & Dickinson, A. (2003). Can animals recall the past and plan for the future? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 685–691.
52. Clayton, N. S. & Dickinson, A. (1999). Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember the relative time of caching as well as the location and content of their caches. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113, 403–416.
53. Clayton, N. S. & Emery, N. J. (2007). The social life of corvids. Current Biology 17, 652–656.
54. Clayton, N. S., Yu, K. S. & Dickinson, A. (2001). Scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) form integrated memories of the multiple features of caching episodes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 27, 17–29.
55. Correia, S. P., Dickinson, A. & Clayton, N. S. (2007). Western scrub-jays anticipate future needs independently of their current motivational state. Current Biology 17, 856–861.
56. Cousens, R. D., Hill, J., French, K. & Bishop, I. D. (2010). Towards better prediction of seed dispersal by animals. Functional Ecology 24, 1163–1170.
57. Crawley, M. & Long, C. (1995). Alternate bearing, predator satiation and seedling recruitment in Quercus robur L. Journal of Ecology 83, 683–696.
58. Cressie, N., Calder, C. A., Clark, J. S., Hoef, J. M. V. & Wikle, C. K. (2009). Accounting for uncertainty in ecological analysis: the strengths and limitations of hierarchical statistical modeling. Ecological Applications 19, 553–570.
59. *Cristol, D. A. (2001). American crows cache less preferred walnuts. Animal Behaviour 62, 331–336.
60. Cristol, D. A. & Switzer, P. V. (1999). Avian prey-dropping behavior. II. American crows and walnuts. Behavioral Ecology 10, 220–226.
61. Cummings, D. E. & Overduin, J. (2007). Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 117, 13–23.
62. Dalgleish, H. J., Shukle, J. T. & Swihart, R. K. (2012). Weevil seed damage reduces germination and seedling growth of hybrid American chestnut. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, 1107–1114.
63. Dally, J. M., Clayton, N. S. & Emery, N. J. (2006). The behaviour and evolution of cache protection and pilferage. Animal Behaviour 72, 13–23.
64. Dally, J. M., Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2004). Cache protection strategies by western scrub–jays (Aphelocoma californica): hiding food in the shade. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 271, S387–S390.
65. Dally, J. M., Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2005). Cache protection strategies by western scrub-jays, Aphelocoma californica: implications for social cognition. Animal Behaviour 70, 1251–1263.
66. Daly, M., Jacobs, L. F., Wilson, M. I. & Behrends, P. R. (1992). Scatter hoarding by kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) and pilferage from their caches. Behavioral Ecology 3, 102.
67. Daly, M., Rauschenberger, J. & Behrends, P. (1982). Food aversion learning in kangaroo rats: a specialist-generalist comparison. Animal Learning & Behavior 10, 314–320.
68. *Darley-Hill, S. & Johnson, W. C. (1981). Acorn dispersal by the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Oecologia 50, 231–232.
69. Day, D. E. & Bartness, T. J. (2001). Effects of foraging effort on body fat and food hoarding in Siberian hamsters. Journal of Experimental Zoology 289, 162–171.
70. De Kort, S. R. & Clayton, N. S. (2006). An evolutionary perspective on caching by corvids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 273, 417–423.
71. De Kort, S. R., Tebbich, J. M., Dally, J. M., Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2006). The comparative cognition of caching. In Comparative Cognition: Experimental Explorations of Animal Intelligence (eds E. A. Wasserman and T. R. Zentall), pp. 602–618. Oxford University Press, New York.
72. *Delgado, M. M., Nicholas, M., Petrie, D. J. & Jacobs, L. F. (2014). Fox squirrels match food assessment and cache effort to value and scarcity. PLoS ONE 9, e92892.
73. Dial, R. (2003). Energetic savings and the body size distributions of gliding mammals. Evolutionary Ecology Research 5, 1151–1162.
74. *Dixon, M. D., Johnson, W. C. & Adkisson, C. S. (1997). Effects of weevil larvae on acorn use by blue jays. Oecologia 111, 201–208.
75. Downs, C. T., McDonald, P. M., Brown, K. & Ward, D. (2003). Effects of Acacia condensed tannins on urinary parameters, body mass, and diet choice of an Acacia specialist rodent, Thallomys nigricauda. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29, 845–858.
76. Ducousso, A., Michaud, H. & Lumaret, R. (1993). Reproduction and gene flow in the genus Quercus. Annals of Forest Science 50, 91–106.
77. Dukas, R. (2004). Causes and consequences of limited attention. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 63, 197–210.
78. Duval, B., Jackson, E. & Whitford, W. (2005). Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) germination and survival in black-grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grassland: relations between microsite and heteromyid rodent (Dipodomys spp.) impact. Journal of Arid Environments 62, 541–554.
79. Ebensperger, L. A. & Wallem, P. K. (2002). Grouping increases the ability of the social rodent, Octodon degus, to detect predators when using exposed microhabitats. Oikos 98, 491–497.
80. Elliott, L. (1978). Social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in the Adirondack Mountains. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (Volume 265), 107pp. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
81. Embar, K., Kotler, B. P. & Mukherjee, S. (2011). Risk management in optimal foragers: the effect of sightlines and predator type on patch use, time allocation, and vigilance in gerbils. Oikos 120, 1657–1666.
82. Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2001). Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays. Nature 414, 443–446.
83. Emery, N. J. & Clayton, N. S. (2004). The mentality of crows: convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and apes. Science 306, 1903–1907.
84. Emlen, J. M. (1966). The role of time and energy in food preference. American Naturalist 100, 611–617.
85. Engelbrecht, M., Bochet, E. & García-Fayos, P. (2014). Mucilage secretion: an adaptive mechanism to reduce seed removal by soil erosion? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 111, 241–251.
86. Engelbrecht, M. & García-Fayos, P. (2012). Mucilage secretion by seeds doubles the chance to escape removal by ants. Plant Ecology 213, 1167–1175.
87. Espelta, J. M., Bonal, R. & Sánchez Humanes, B. (2009a). Pre dispersal acorn predation in mixed oak forests: interspecific differences are driven by the interplay among seed phenology, seed size and predator size. Journal of Ecology 97, 1416–1423.
88. Espelta, J. M., Cortés, P., Molowny-Horas, R. & Retana, J. (2009b). Acorn crop size and pre-dispersal predation determine inter-specific differences in the recruitment of co-occurring oaks. Oecologia 161, 559–568.
89. Evans, M. R. (2012). Modelling ecological systems in a changing world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 367, 181–190.
90. *Fanson, B. G., Fanson, K. V. & Brown, J. S. (2008). Foraging behaviour of two rodent species inhabiting a kopje (rocky outcrop) in Tsavo West National Park, Kenya. African Zoology 43, 184–191.
91. *Fanson, B. G., Fanson, K. V. & Brown, J. S. (2010). Ecological factors affecting the foraging behaviour of Xerus rutilus. African Zoology 45, 265–272.
92. *Fedriani, J. M. & Boulay, R. (2006). Foraging by fearful frugivores: combined effect of fruit ripening and predation risk. Functional Ecology 20, 1070–1079.
93. *Fleck, D. C. & Woolfenden, G. E. (1997). Can acorn tannin predict scrub-jay caching behavior? Journal of Chemical Ecology 23, 793–806.
94. *Folgarait, P. J. & Sala, O. E. (2002). Granivory rates by rodents, insects, and birds at different microsites in the Patagonian steppe. Ecography 25, 417–427.
95. Forbey, J. S., Dearing, M. D., Gross, E. M., Orians, C. M., Sotka, E. E. & Foley, W. J. (2013). A pharm-ecological perspective of terrestrial and aquatic plant-herbivore interactions. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39, 465–480.
96. *Forget, P. M. (1990). Seed-dispersal of Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae) by caviomorph rodents in French Guiana. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, 459–468.
97. *Forget, P., Milleron, T. & Feer, F. (1998). Patterns in post-dispersal seed removal by neotropical rodents and seed fate in relation to seed size. In Dynamics of Tropical Communities; the 37th Symposium of the British Ecological Society (eds D. M. Newbery, H. H. T. Prins, and N. Brown), pp. 25–49. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
98. Fox, J. F. (1982). Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns. Evolution 36, 800–809.
99. *Frank, C. L. (1988). Diet selection by a heteromyid rodent: role of net metabolic water production. Ecology 69, 1943–1951.
100. Frank, C. L. (1994). Polyunsaturate content and diet selection by ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Ecology 75, 458–463.
101. Freeland, W. & Janzen, D. H. (1974). Strategies in herbivory by mammals: the role of plant secondary compounds. The American Naturalist 108, 269–289.
102. Fuller, P. J. & Hay, M. E. (1983). Is glue production by seeds of Salvia columbariae a deterrent to desert granivores? Ecology 64, 960–963.
103. Galetti, M., Donatti, C. I., Pires, A. S., Guimarães, P. R. & Jordano, P. (2006). Seed survival and dispersal of an endemic Atlantic forest palm: the combined effects of defaunation and forest fragmentation. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151, 141–149.
104. *Galetti, M., Donatti, C. I., Steffler, C., Genini, J., Bovendorp, R. S. & Fleury, M. (2010). The role of seed mass on the caching decision by agoutis, Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Agoutidae). Zoologia 27, 472–476.
105. Gálvez, D. (2011). Digestibility of palm seeds and bruchids larvae by Neotropical rodents. Animal Biology 61, 21–27.
106. *Gálvez, D. & Jansen, P. A. (2007). Bruchid beetle infestation and the value of Attalea butyracea endocarps for neotropical rodents. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, 381–384.
107. Gálvez, D., Kranstauber, B., Kays, R. W. & Jansen, P. A. (2009). Scatter hoarding by the Central American agouti: a test of optimal cache spacing theory. Animal Behaviour 78, 1327–1333.
108. García, D., Bañuelos, M. J. & Houle, G. (2002). Differential effects of acorn burial and litter cover on Quercus rubra recruitment at the limit of its range in eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 80, 1115–1120.
109. Geluso, K. (2005). Benefits of small-sized caches for scatter-hoarding rodents: influence of cache size, depth, and soil moisture. Journal of Mammalogy 86, 1186–1192.
110. Gendron, R. P. & Reichman, O. J. (1995). Food perishability and inventory management: a comparison of three caching strategies. The American Naturalist 145, 948–968.
111. Gerber, L., Reichman, O. & Roughgarden, J. (2004). Food hoarding: future value in optimal foraging decisions. Ecological Modelling 175, 77–85.
112. *Giannoni, S. M., Dacar, M., Taraborelli, P. & Borghi, C. E. (2001). Seed hoarding by rodents of the Monte desert, Argentina. Austral Ecology 26, 259–263.
113. Gibson, L. P. (1969). Monograph of the Genus Curculio in the New World (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Entomological Society of America, College Park.
114. Gibson, L. P. (1972). Insects that Damage White Oak Acorns. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby.
115. *Goheen, J. R. & Swihart, R. K. (2003). Food-hoarding behavior of gray squirrels and North American red squirrels in the central hardwoods region: implications for forest regeneration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 1636–1639.
116. *Goheen, J. R., Swihart, R. K. & Robins, J. H. (2003). The anatomy of a range expansion: changes in cranial morphology and rates of energy extraction for North American red squirrels from different latitudes. Oikos 102, 33–44.
117. Gómez, J. M. (2003). Spatial patterns in long distance dispersal of Quercus ilex acorns by jays in a heterogeneous landscape. Ecography 26, 573–584.
118. *Gómez, J. M. (2004a). Bigger is not always better: conflicting selective pressures on seed size in Quercus ilex. Evolution 58, 71–80.
119. Gómez, J. M. (2004b). Importance of microhabitat and acorn burial on Quercus ilex early recruitment: non-additive effects on multiple demographic processes. Plant Ecology 172, 287–297.
120. *Gómez, J. M., Puerta-Piñero, C. & Schupp, E. W. (2008). Effectiveness of rodents as local seed dispersers of Holm oaks. Oecologia 155, 529–537.
121. Greenberg, C. H., Keyser, T. L., Zarnoch, S. J., Connor, K., Simon, D. M. & Warburton, G. S. (2012). Acorn viability following prescribed fire in upland hardwood forests. Forest Ecology and Management 275, 79–86.
122. Grodzinski, U. & Clayton, N. S. (2010). Problems faced by food-caching corvids and the evolution of cognitive solutions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 365, 977–987.
123. *Guimarães, P. R., José, J., Galetti, M. & Trigo, J. R. (2003). Quinolizidine alkaloids in Ormosia arborea seeds inhibit predation but not hoarding by agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina). Journal of Chemical Ecology 29, 1065–1072.
124. Gustafson, E. J. (2013). When relationships estimated in the past cannot be used to predict the future: using mechanistic models to predict landscape ecological dynamics in a changing world. Landscape Ecology 28, 1429–1437.
125. Haas, J. P. & Heske, E. J. (2005). Experimental study of the effects of mammalian acorn predators on red oak acorn survival and germination. Journal of Mammalogy 86, 1015–1021.
126. *Hadj-Chikh, L. Z., Steele, M. A. & Smallwood, P. D. (1996). Caching decisions by grey squirrels: a test of the handling time and perishability hypotheses. Animal Behaviour 52, 941–948.
127. Hagerman, A. E. & Robbins, C. T. (1993). Specificity of tannin-binding salivary proteins relative to diet selection by mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, 628–633.
128. *Hallwachs, W. (1994). The clumsy dance between agoutis and plants: scatterhoarding by Costa Rican dry forest agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata: Dasyproctidae: Rodentia). Dissertation Thesis: Cornell University, Ithaca.
129. Hampe, A., El Marsi, L. & Petit, R. J. (2010). Origin of spatial genetic structure in an expanding oak population. Molecular Ecology 19, 459–471.
130. *Hay, M. E. & Fuller, P. J. (1981). Seed escape from heteromyid rodents: the importance of microhabitat and seed preference. Ecology 62, 1395–1399.
131. *Henderson, C. B. (1990). The influence of seed apparency, nutrient content and chemical defenses on dietary preference in Dipodomys ordii. Oecologia 82, 333–341.
132. Herman, C. S. & Valone, T. J. (2000). The effect of mammalian predator scent on the foraging behavior of Dipodomys merriami. Oikos 91, 139–145.
133. Herrera, C. M. (2002). Seed dispersal by vertebrates. In Plant–Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach (eds C. M. Herrera and O. Pellmyr), pp. 185–208. Blackwell Science, Malden.
134. Hirsch, B., Kays, R. & Jansen, P. (2013). Evidence for cache surveillance by a scatter-hoarding rodent. Animal Behaviour 85, 1511–1516.
135. Hirsch, B. T., Kays, R., Pereira, V. E. & Jansen, P. A. (2012). Directed seed dispersal towards areas with low conspecific tree density by a scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecology Letters 15, 1423–1429.
136. *Hopewell, L. J. & Leaver, L. A. (2008). Evidence of social influences on cache-making by grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Ethology 114, 1061–1068.
137. Hopewell, L. J., Leaver, L. A. & Lea, S. E. G. (2008). Effects of competition and food availability on travel time in scatter-hoarding gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Behavioral Ecology 19, 1143–1149.
138. Hoshizaki, K. (2008). Rodent seed hoarding and regeneration of Aesculus turbinata: patterns, processes and implications. In Ecology of Riparian Forests in Japan: Disturbance, Life History, and Regeneration (eds H. Sakio and T. Tamura), pp. 107–122. Springer, Tokyo.
139. *Hoshizaki, K. & Hulme, P. E. (2002). Mast seeding and predator-mediated indirect interactions in evidence from post-dispersal fate of rodent-generated caches. In Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (eds D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva and M. Galetti), pp. 227–239. CAB International, Cambridge.
140. Hoshizaki, K., Suzuki, W. & Nakashizuka, T. (1999). Evaluation of secondary dispersal in a large-seeded tree Aesculus turbinata: a test of directed dispersal. Plant Ecology 144, 167–176.
141. Hougner, C., Colding, J. & Söderqvist, T. (2006). Economic valuation of a seed dispersal service in the Stockholm National Urban Park, Sweden. Ecological Economics 59, 364–374.
142. Houston, A. I. (1997). Natural selection and context-dependent values. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 264, 1539–1541.
143. Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. (2014). Foraging currencies, metabolism and behavioural routines. Journal of Animal Ecology 83, 30–40.
144. Howard, W. E., Marsh, R. E. & Cole, R. E. (1968). Food detection by deer mice using olfactory rather than visual cues. Animal Behaviour 16, 13–17.
145. Howe, H. F. & Miriti, M. N. (2004). When seed dispersal matters. BioScience 54, 651–660.
146. Howe, H. F. & Smallwood, J. (1982). Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13, 201–228.
147. Huang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Wu, F. & Zhang, Z. (2011). Behavioural responses of sympatric rodents to complete pilferage. Animal Behaviour 81, 831–836.
148. *Hubbard, J. A. & McPherson, G. R. (1997). Acorn selection by Mexican jays: a test of a tri-trophic symbiotic relationship hypothesis. Oecologia 110, 143–146.
149. Hubbell, S. P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
150. *Hulme, P. E. & Hunt, M. K. (1999). Rodent post-dispersal seed predation in deciduous woodland: predator response to absolute and relative abundance of prey. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 417–428.
151. Hulme, P. E. & Kollmann, J. (2005). Seed predator guilds, spatial variation in post-dispersal seed predation and potential effects on plant demography: a temperate perspective. In Seed Fate: Predation, Dispersal, and Seedling Establishment (eds P. M. Forget, J. E. Lambert, P. E. Hulme and S. B. vander Wall), pp. 9–30. CAB International, Wallingford.
152. Humphries, M. M., Thomas, D. W., Hall, C. L., Speakman, J. R. & Kramer, D. L. (2002). The energetics of autumn mast hoarding in eastern chipmunks. Oecologia 133, 30–37.
153. *Hurly, T. A. & Robertson, R. J. (1987). Scatterhoarding by territorial red squirrels: a test of the optimal density model. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, 1247–1252.
154. *Iida, S. (1996). Quantitative analysis of acorn transportation by rodents using magnetic locator. Plant Ecology 124, 39–43.
155. Iida, S. (2004). Indirect negative influence of dwarf bamboo on survival of Quercus acorn by hoarding behavior of wood mice. Forest Ecology and Management 202, 257–263.
156. Iida, S. (2006). Dispersal patterns of Quercus serrata acorns by wood mice in and around canopy gaps in a temperate forest. Forest Ecology and Management 227, 71–78.
157. *Ivan, J. S. & Swihart, R. K. (2000). Selection of mast by granivorous rodents of the central hardwood forest region. Journal of Mammalogy 81, 549–562.
158. Jacobs, L. F. (1992a). Memory for cache locations in Merriam's kangaroo rats. Animal Behaviour 43, 585–593.
159. *Jacobs, L. F. (1992b). The effect of handling time on the decision to cache by grey squirrels. Animal Behaviour 43, 522–524.
160. Jacobs, L. F. & Liman, E. R. (1991). Grey squirrels remember the locations of buried nuts. Animal Behaviour 41, 103–110.
161. *Jansen, P. A., Bartholomeus, M., Bongers, F., Elzinga, J. A., den Ouden, J. & Van Wieren, S. E. (2002). The role of seed size in dispersal by a scatter-hoarding rodent. In Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (eds D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva and M. Galetti), pp. 209–225. CAB International, Cambridge.
162. *Jansen, P. A., Bongers, F. & Hemerik, L. (2004). Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by a neotropical scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecological Monographs 74, 569–589.
163. *Jansen, P. A., Bongers, F. & Prins, H. H. T. (2006). Tropical rodents change rapidly germinating seeds into long term food supplies. Oikos 113, 449–458.
164. Jansen, P. A., Elschot, K., Verkerk, P. J. & Wright, S. J. (2010). Seed predation and defleshing in the agouti-dispersed palm Astrocaryum standleyanum. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, 473–480.
165. *Jansen, P. A. & Forget, P. M. (2001). Scatterhoarding rodents and tree regeneration. In Nouragues: Dynamics and Plant–Animal Interactions in a Neotropical Rainforest (eds F. Bongers, P. Charles-Dominique, P.-M. Forget and M. Thery), pp. 275–288. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
166. Jansen, P. A., Hirsch, B. T., Emsens, W. J., Zamora-Gutierrez, V., Wikelski, M. & Kays, R. (2012). Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 12610–12615.
167. Janzen, D. H. (1969). Seed-eaters versus seed size, number, toxicity and dispersal. Evolution 23, 1–27.
168. Janzen, D. H. (1971). Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2, 465–492.
169. Jenkins, S. H. (1988). Comments on relationships between native seed preferences of shrub-steppe granivores and seed nutritional characteristics. Oecologia 75, 481–482.
170. Jenkins, S. H., Aron, R. & Green, W. C. H. (1995). Food hoarding by Merriam's kangaroo rats: a test of alternative hypotheses. Ecology 76, 2470–2481.
171. *Jenkins, S. H. & Ascanio, R. (1993). A potential nutritional basis for resource partitioning by desert rodents. American Midland Naturalist 130, 164–172.
172. *Jensen, T. S. (1985). Seed-seed predator interactions of European beech, Fagus silvatica and forest rodents, Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis. Oikos 44, 149–156.
173. Johnson, T. K. & Jorgensen, C. D. (1981). Ability of desert rodents to find buried seeds. Journal of Range Management 34, 312–314.
174. Johnson, W. C., Thomas, L. & Adkisson, C. S. (1993). Dietary circumvention of acorn tannins by blue jays. Implications for oak demography. Oecologia 94, 159–164.
175. Jonsen, I. D., Flemming, J. M. & Myers, R. A. (2005). Robust state-space modeling of animal movement data. Ecology 86, 2874–2880.
176. Kagel, J. H., Green, L. & Caraco, T. (1986). When foragers discount the future: constraint or adaptation? Animal Behaviour 34, 271–283.
177. Kamil, A. C. & Gould, K. L. (2008). Memory in food caching animals. In Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, Learning Theory and Behaviour (Volume 1, eds R. Menzel and J. H. Byrne), pp. 419–439. Elsevier Ltd., Amsterdam.
178. Keen-Rhinehart, E., Dailey, M. J. & Bartness, T. (2010). Physiological mechanisms for food-hoarding motivation in animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 365, 961–975.
179. Kelly, D. & Sork, V. L. (2002). Mast seeding in perennial plants: why, how, where? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 427–447.
180. *Kelrick, M., MacMahon, J., Parmenter, R. & Sisson, D. (1986). Native seed preferences of shrub-steppe rodents, birds and ants: the relationships of seed attributes and seed use. Oecologia 68, 327–337.
181. Kelt, D. A. (2011). Comparative ecology of desert small mammals: a selective review of the past 30 years. Journal of Mammalogy 92, 1158–1178.
182. Kenward, R. & Holm, J. (1993). On the replacement of the red squirrel in Britain. A phytotoxic explanation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 251, 187–194.
183. *Kerley, G. & Erasmus, T. (1991). What do mice select for in seeds? Oecologia 86, 261–267.
184. Kilham, L. (1963). Food storing of red-bellied woodpeckers. The Wilson Bulletin 75, 227–234.
185. *Klinger, R. & Rejmánek, M. (2009). The numerical and functional responses of a granivorous rodent and the fate of neotropical tree seeds. Ecology 90, 1549–1563.
186. Klinger, R. & Rejmánek, M. (2010). A strong conditional mutualism limits and enhances seed dispersal and germination of a tropical palm. Oecologia 162, 951–963.
187. Kohl, K. D. & Dearing, M. (2012). Experience matters: prior exposure to plant toxins enhances diversity of gut microbes in herbivores. Ecology Letters 15, 1008–1015.
188. Kohl, K. D., Miller, A. W., Marvin, J. E., Mackie, R. & Dearing, M. D. (2014a). Herbivorous rodents (Neotoma spp.) harbour abundant and active foregut microbiota. Environmental Microbiology 16, 2869–2878.
189. Kohl, K. D., Weiss, R. B., Cox, J., Dale, C. & Denise Dearing, M. (2014b). Gut microbes of mammalian herbivores facilitate intake of plant toxins. Ecology Letters 17, 1238–1246.
190. Kohl, K. D., Stengel, A., Samuni-Blank, M. & Dearing, M. D. (2013). Effects of anatomy and diet on gastrointestinal pH in rodents. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 319, 225–229.
191. *Kollmann, J. & Schill, H. P. (1996). Spatial patterns of dispersal, seed predation and germination during colonization of abandoned grassland by Quercus petraea and Corylus avellana. Plant Ecology 125, 193–205.
192. Kot, M., Lewis, M. A. & Van Den Driessche, P. (1996). Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms. Ecology 77, 2027–2042.
193. Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S. & Bouskila, A. (2004). Apprehension and time allocation in gerbils: the effects of predatory risk and energetic state. Ecology 85, 917–922.
194. *Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S. & Hickey, M. (1999). Food storability and the foraging behavior of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). American Midland Naturalist 142, 77–86.
195. Kotler, B. P., Brown, J., Mukherjee, S., Berger-Tal, O. & Bouskila, A. (2010). Moonlight avoidance in gerbils reveals a sophisticated interplay among time allocation, vigilance and state-dependent foraging. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 277, 1469–1474.
196. Krasnov, B. R., Shenbrot, G. I., Rios, L. E. & Lizurume, M. E. (2000). Does food-searching ability determine habitat selection? Foraging in sand of three species of gerbilline rodents. Ecography 23, 122–129.
197. Křivan, V. (2010). Evolutionary stability of optimal foraging: partial preferences in the diet and patch models. Journal of Theoretical Biology 267, 486–494.
198. Křivan, V., Cressman, R. & Schneider, C. (2008). The ideal free distribution: a review and synthesis of the game-theoretic perspective. Theoretical Population Biology 73, 403–425.
199. Kuechly, H. U., Mueller, J. S., Reinfelder, V. L., Wiedemann, S. & Blaum, N. (2011). Rodent-mediated dispersal of Acacia seeds in Kalahari savannah rangelands–implications for bush encroachment. African Journal of Ecology 49, 119.
200. Kulahci, I. G. & Bowman, R. (2011). Recaching decisions of Florida scrub-jays are sensitive to ecological conditions. Ethology 117, 700–707.
201. Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L., Medina, P. L., Campanella, A., López-Portillo, J., González-Romero, A., Grajales-Tam, K. M., Burke, A. M., Gronemeyer, P. & Browning, D. M. (2014). The landscape of fear: the missing link to understand top-down and bottom-up controls of prey abundance? Ecology 95, 1141–1152.
202. Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L. & Ripple, W. J. (2010). The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid. Open Ecology Journal 3, 1–7.
203. Lavenex, P., Shiflett, M., Lee, R. & Jacobs, L. (1998). Spatial versus nonspatial relational learning in free-ranging fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Journal of Comparative Psychology 112, 127–136.
204. *Leaver, L. A. (2004). Effects of food value, predation risk, and pilferage on the caching decisions of Dipodomys merriami. Behavioral Ecology 15, 729–734.
205. *Leaver, L. A. & Daly, M. (1998). Effects of food preference on scatter-hoarding by kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami). Behaviour 135, 823–832.
206. Leaver, L. A. & Daly, M. (2001). Food caching and differential cache pilferage: a field study of coexistence of sympatric kangaroo rats and pocket mice. Oecologia 128, 577–584.
207. *Leaver, L. A. & Daly, M. (2003). Effect of predation risk on selectivity in heteromyid rodents. Behavioural Processes 64, 71–75.
208. Leaver, L. A., Hopewell, L., Caldwell, C. & Mallarky, L. (2007). Audience effects on food caching in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis): evidence for pilferage avoidance strategies. Animal Cognition 10, 23–27.
209. Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J. K., Barnes, C. A., Moser, E. I., McNaughton, B. L. & Moser, M.-B. (2005). Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in hippocampal neuronal ensembles. Science 309, 619–623.
210. Levin, S. A., Muller-Landau, H. C., Nathan, R. & Chave, J. (2003). The ecology and evolution of seed dispersal: a theoretical perspective. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, 575–604.
211. Levine, J. M. & Murrell, D. J. (2003). The community-level consequences of seed dispersal patterns. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, 549–574.
212. Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Lozupone, C., Turnbaugh, P. J., Ramey, R. R., Bircher, J. S., Schlegel, M. L., Tucker, T. A., Schrenzel, M. D. & Knight, R. (2008). Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 320, 1647–1651.
213. Li, H. J. & Zhang, Z. B. (2003). Effect of rodents on acorn dispersal and survival of the Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.). Forest Ecology and Management 176, 387–396.
214. Li, H. J. & Zhang, Z. B. (2007). Effects of mast seeding and rodent abundance on seed predation and dispersal by rodents in Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae). Forest Ecology and Management 242, 511–517.
215. Lichti, N. I. (2012). Implications of context-dependent scatterhoarding for seed survival and dispersal in North American oaks (Quercus). Dissertation Thesis: Purdue University, West Lafayette.
216. *Lichti, N. I., Steele, M. A., Zhang, H. & Swihart, R. K. (2014). Mast species composition alters seed fate in North American rodent-dispersed hardwoods. Ecology 95, 1746–1758.
217. Lima, S. L. (1998). Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. BioScience 48, 25–34.
218. Lima, S. L. & Dill, L. M. (1990). Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, 619–640.
219. *Lima, S. L. & Valone, T. J. (1986). Influence of predation risk on diet selection: a simple example in the grey squirrel. Animal Behaviour 34, 536–544.
220. Lima, S. L., Valone, T. J. & Caraco, T. (1985). Foraging-efficiency-predation-risk trade-off in the grey squirrel. Animal Behaviour 33, 155–165.
221. *Liu, C., Liu, G., Shen, Z. & Yi, X. (2013). Effects of disperser abundance, seed type, and interspecific seed availability on dispersal distance. Acta Theriologica 58, 267–278.
222. *Lobo, N., Green, D. J. & Millar, J. S. (2013). Effects of seed quality and abundance on the foraging behavior of deer mice. Journal of Mammalogy 94, 1449–1459.
223. *Lockard, R. B. & Lockard, J. S. (1971). Seed preference and buried seed retrieval of Dipodomys deserti. Journal of Mammalogy 52, 219–221.
224. Longland, W. S. (1994). Effects of artificial bush canopies and illumination on seed patch selection by heteromyid rodents. American Midland Naturalist 132, 82–90.
225. Longland, W. S. (1996). Desert rodents in disturbed shrub communities and their effects on plant recruitment. In Proceedings: Wild Land Shrub and Arid Land Restoration Symposium, INT-GTR-315 (eds B. A. Roundy, E. D. McArthur, J. S. Haley and D. K. Mann), pp. 209–215. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden.
226. Longland, W. S., Jenkins, S. H., Vander Wall, S. B., Veech, J. A. & Pyare, S. (2001). Seedling recruitment in Oryzopsis hymenoides: are desert granivores mutualists or predators? Ecology 82, 3131–3148.
227. Longland, W. S. & Ostoja, S. M. (2013). Ecosystem services from keystone species: diversionary seeding and seed-caching desert rodents can enhance indian ricegrass seedling establishment. Restoration Ecology 21, 285–291.
228. Longland, W. S. & Price, M. V. (1991). Direct observations of owls and heteromyid rodents: can predation risk explain microhabitat use? Ecology 72, 2261–2273.
229. *López-Barrera, F., Newton, A. & Manson, R. (2005). Edge effects in a tropical montane forest mosaic: experimental tests of post-dispersal acorn removal. Ecological Research 20, 31–40.
230. Lorenz, T. J., Sullivan, K. A., Bakian, A. V. & Aubry, C. A. (2011). Cache-site selection in Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The Auk 128, 237–247.
231. *Lu, J. & Zhang, Z. (2008). Differentiation in seed hoarding among three sympatric rodent species in a warm temperate forest. Integrative Zoology 3, 134–142.
232. MacArthur, R. H. & Pianka, E. R. (1966). On optimal use of a patchy environment. American Naturalist 100, 603–609.
233. Makkar, H. & Becker, K. (1998). Adaptation of cattle to tannins: role of proline-rich proteins in oak-fed cattle. Animal Science 67, 277–281.
234. Male, L. H. & Smulders, T. V. (2007). Hyperdispersed cache distributions reduce pilferage: a field study. Animal Behaviour 73, 717–726.
235. Manly, B. F. J., McDonald, L. L., Thomas, D. L., McDonald, T. L. & Erickson, W. P. (2002). Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. Second Edition (). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
236. Mari, L., Casagrandi, R., Gatto, M., Avgar, T. & Nathan, R. (2008). Movement strategies of seed predators as determinants of plant recruitment patterns. The American Naturalist 172, 694–711.
237. Marquis, D. A., Eckert, P. L., Roach, B. A., Station, N. F. E. & Service, U. S. F. (1976). Acorn Weevils, Rodents, and Deer All Contribute to Oak-Regeneration Difficulties in Pennsylvania, Research Paper NE-356. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby.
238. Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R. & Foley, W. J. (2005). Detoxification rates constrain feeding in common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Ecology 86, 2946–2954.
239. McAdoo, J. K., Evans, C. C., Roundy, B. A., Young, J. A. & Evans, R. A. (1983). Influence of heteromyid rodents on Oryzopsis hymenoides germination. Journal of Range Management 36, 61–64.
240. McAuliffe, J. R. (1988). Markovian dynamics of simple and complex desert plant communities. The American Naturalist 131, 459–490.
241. McAuliffe, J. R. (1990). Paloverdes, pocket mice, and bruchid beetles: interrelationships of seeds, dispersers, and seed predators. The Southwestern Naturalist 35, 329–337.
242. McConkey, K. R., Prasad, S., Corlett, R. T., Campos-Arceiz, A., Brodie, J. F., Rogers, H. & Santamaria, L. (2012). Seed dispersal in changing landscapes. Biological Conservation 146, 1–13.
243. McEuen, A. B. & Steele, M. A. (2005). Atypical acorns appear to allow seed escape after apical notching by squirrels. American Midland Naturalist 154, 450–458.
244. McFadden, D. (2001). Economic choices. American Economic Review 91, 351–378.
245. McLoughlin, P. D., Morris, D. W., Fortin, D., Vander Wal, E. & Contasti, A. L. (2010). Considering ecological dynamics in resource selection functions. Journal of Animal Ecology 79, 4–12.
246. McNamara, J. M. & Houston, A. I. (1987). Partial preferences and foraging. Animal Behaviour 35, 1084–1099.
247. Mendoza, E. & Dirzo, R. (2009). Seed tolerance to predation: evidence from the toxic seeds of the buckeye tree (Aesculus californica; Sapindaceae). American Journal of Botany 96, 1255–1261.
248. Midgley, J., Anderson, B., Bok, A. & Fleming, T. (2002). Scatter-hoarding of Cape Proteaceae nuts by rodents. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4, 623–626.
249. Min, B., Barry, T., Attwood, G. & McNabb, W. (2003). The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 106, 3–19.
250. Molokwu, M. N., Olsson, O., Nilsson, J.-Å. & Ottosson, U. (2008). Seasonal variation in patch use in a tropical African environment. Oikos 117, 892–898.
251. Moorcroft, P. R., Lewis, M. A. & Crabtree, R. L. (2006). Mechanistic home range models capture spatial patterns and dynamics of coyote territories in Yellowstone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 273, 1651–1659.
252. *Moore, J. E., McEuen, A. B., Swihart, R. K., Contreras, T. A. & Steele, M. A. (2007). Determinants of seed removal distance by scatter-hoarding rodents in deciduous forests. Ecology 88, 2529–2540.
253. *Moore, J. E. & Swihart, R. K. (2006). Nut selection by captive blue jays: importance of availability and implications for seed dispersal. Condor 108, 377–388.
254. Moore, J. E. & Swihart, R. K. (2008). Factors affecting the relationship between seed removal and seed mortality. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, 378–385.
255. Morgan, K. R. & Price, M. V. (1992). Foraging in heteromyid rodents: the energy costs of scratch-digging. Ecology 73, 2260–2272.
256. Morris, D. (1962). The behaviour of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) with special reference to scatter hoarding. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 139, 701–732.
257. Muegge, B. D., Kuczynski, J., Knights, D., Clemente, J. C., González, A., Fontana, L., Henrissat, B., Knight, R. & Gordon, J. I. (2011). Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans. Science 332, 970–974.
258. Muller-Landau, H. C., Wright, S. J., Calderón, O., Condit, R. & Hubbell, S. P. (2008). Interspecific variation in primary seed dispersal in a tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 96, 653–667.
259. Muñoz, A. & Bonal, R. (2007). Rodents change acorn dispersal behaviour in response to ungulate presence. Oikos 116, 1631–1638.
260. *Muñoz, A. & Bonal, R. (2008a). Are you strong enough to carry that seed? Seed size/body size ratios influence seed choices by rodents. Animal Behaviour 76, 709–715.
261. *Muñoz, A. & Bonal, R. (2008b). Seed choice by rodents: learning or inheritance? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, 913–922.
262. Muñoz, A. & Bonal, R. (2011). Linking seed dispersal to cache protection strategies. Journal of Ecology 99, 1016–1025.
263. Muñoz, A., Bonal, R. & Díaz, M. (2009). Ungulates, rodents, shrubs: interactions in a diverse mediterranean ecosystem. Basic and Applied Ecology 10, 151–160.
264. *Muñoz, A., Bonal, R. & Espelta, J. M. (2012). Responses of a scatter-hoarding rodent to seed morphology: links between seed choices and seed variability. Animal Behaviour 84, 1435–1442.
265. Murphy, M. T., Garkaklis, M. J. & Hardy, G. E. S. J. (2005). Seed caching by woylies Bettongia penicillata can increase sandalwood Santalum spicatum regeneration in Western Australia. Austral Ecology 30, 747–755.
266. Murray, A. L., Barber, A. M., Jenkins, S. H. & Longland, W. S. (2006). Competitive environment affects food-hoarding behavior of Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami). Journal of Mammalogy 87, 571–578.
267. Nathan, R., Katul, G. G., Bohrer, G., Kuparinen, A., Soons, M. B., Thompson, S. E., Trakhtenbrot, A. & Horn, H. S. (2011). Mechanistic models of seed dispersal by wind. Theoretical Ecology 4, 113–132.
268. Navarro-Castilla, Á. & Barja, I. (2014). Does predation risk, through moon phase and predator cues, modulate food intake, antipredatory and physiological responses in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus)? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68, 1505–1512.
269. Nersesian, C. L., Banks, P. B., Simpson, S. J. & McArthur, C. (2012). Mixing nutrients mitigates the intake constraints of a plant toxin in a generalist herbivore. Behavioral Ecology 23, 879–888.
270. Olsson, O. & Molokwu, M. N. (2007). On the missed opportunity cost, GUD, and estimating environmental quality. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 53, 263–278.
271. Orrock, J. L., Borer, E. T., Brudvig, L. A., Firn, J., MacDougall, A. S., Melbourne, B. A., Yang, L. H., Baker, D. V., Bar-Massada, A. & Crawley, M. J. (2014). A continent-wide study reveals clear relationships between regional abiotic conditions and post-dispersal seed predation. Journal of Biogeography 42, 662–670.
272. Ostoja, S. M., Schupp, E. W., Durham, S. & Klinger, R. (2013). Seed harvesting is influenced by associational effects in mixed seed neighbourhoods, not just by seed density. Functional Ecology 27, 775–785.
273. *Osunkoya, O. O. (1994). Postdispersal survivorship of north Queensland rainforest seeds and fruits: effects of forest, habitat and species. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 52–64.
274. Pearson, K. M. & Theimer, T. C. (2004). Seed-caching responses to substrate and rock cover by two Peromyscus species: implications for pinyon pine establishment. Oecologia 141, 76–83.
275. *Perea, R., González, R., San Miguel, A. & Gil, L. (2011a). Moonlight and shelter cause differential seed selection and removal by rodents. Animal Behaviour 82, 717–723.
276. Perea, R., San Miguel, A. & Gil, L. (2011b). Leftovers in seed dispersal: ecological implications of partial seed consumption for oak regeneration. Journal of Ecology 99, 194–201.
277. *Perea, R., San Miguel, A., Martínez-Jauregui, M., Valbuena-Carabaña, M. & Gil, L. (2012). Effects of seed quality and seed location on the removal of acorns and beechnuts. European Journal of Forest Research 131, 623–631.
278. *Pérez-Ramos, I. M. & Marañón, T. (2008). Factors affecting post-dispersal seed predation in two coexisting oak species: microhabitat, burial and exclusion of large herbivores. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 3506–3514.
279. *Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Urbieta, I. R., Maranón, T., Zavala, M. A. & Kobe, R. K. (2008). Seed removal in two coexisting oak species: ecological consequences of seed size, plant cover and seed-drop timing. Oikos 117, 1386–1396.
280. Pesendorfer, M. B. (2014). Scatter-hoarding of acorns by island scrub-jays. Dissertation Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln.
281. Petit, D. R., Petit, L. J. & Petit, K. E. (1989). Winter caching ecology of deciduous woodland birds and adaptations for protection of stored food. Condor 91, 766–776.
282. *Podolsky, R. H. & Price, M. V. (1990). Patch use by Dipodomys deserti (Rodentia: Heteromyidae): profitability, preference, and depletion dynamics. Oecologia 83, 83–90.
283. Pollock, K. H., Nichols, J. D., Brownie, C. & Hines, J. E. (1990). Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments. Wildlife Monographs 107, 3–97.
284. *Pons, J. & Pausas, J. G. (2007a). Acorn dispersal estimated by radio-tracking. Oecologia 153, 903–911.
285. *Pons, J. & Pausas, J. G. (2007b). Not only size matters: acorn selection by the European jay (Garrulus glandarius). Acta Oecologica 31, 353–360.
286. *Pons, J. & Pausas, J. G. (2007c). Rodent acorn selection in a Mediterranean oak landscape. Ecological Research 22, 535–541.
287. Powell, J. A. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2004). Multiscale analysis of active seed dispersal contributes to resolving Reid's paradox. Ecology 85, 490–506.
288. Pravosudov, V. V. & Roth, T. C. (2013). Cognitive ecology of food hoarding: the evolution of spatial memory and the hippocampus. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 44, 173–193.
289. Preston, S. D. & Jacobs, L. F. (2005). Cache decision making: the effects of competition on cache decisions in Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). Journal of Comparative Psychology 119, 187–196.
290. *Preston, S. D. & Jacobs, L. F. (2009). Mechanisms of cache decision making in fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Journal of Mammalogy 90, 787–795.
291. *Price, M. V. (1983). Laboratory studies of seed size and seed species selection by heteromyid rodents. Oecologia 60, 259–263.
292. Price, M. V. & Correll, R. A. (2001). Depletion of seed patches by Merriam's kangaroo rats: are GUD assumptions met? Ecology Letters 4, 334–343.
293. Price, M. V. & Heinz, K. M. (1984). Effects of body size, seed density, and soil characteristics on rates of seed harvest by heteromyid rodents. Oecologia 61, 420–425.
294. Price, M. V. & Jenkins, S. H. (1986). Rodents as seed consumers and dispersers. In Seed Dispersal (ed. D. R. Murray), pp. 191–235. Academic Press, Sydney.
295. *Price, M. V. & Joyner, J. W. (1997). What resources are available to desert granivores: seed rain or soil seed bank? Ecology 78, 764–773.
296. Price, M. V. & Mittler, J. E. (2006). Cachers, scavengers, and thieves: a novel mechanism for desert rodent coexistence. The American Naturalist 168, 194–206.
297. Price, M. V. & Podolsky, R. H. (1989). Mechanisms of seed harvest by heteromyid rodents: soil texture effects on harvest rate and seed size selection. Oecologia 81, 267–273.
298. Price, M. V., Waser, N. M. & McDonald, S. (2000). Seed caching by heteromyid rodents from two communities: implications for coexistence. Journal of Mammalogy 81, 97–106.
299. Puerta-Piñero, C. (2010). Intermediate spatial variations on acorn predation shapes Holm oak establishment within a Mediterranean landscape context. Plant Ecology 210, 213–224.
300. Puerta-Piñero, C., Brotons, L., Coll, L. & González-Olabarría, J. (2012). Valuing acorn dispersal and resprouting capacity ecological functions to ensure Mediterranean forest resilience after fire. European Journal of Forest Research 131, 835–844.
301. Puerta-Piñero, C., Gómez, J. M. & Schupp, E. W. (2010). Spatial patterns of acorn dispersal by rodents: do acorn crop size and ungulate presence matter? Oikos 119, 179–187.
302. *Pyare, S., Kent, J. A., Noxon, D. L. & Murphy, M. T. (1993). Acorn preference and habitat use in eastern chipmunks. American Midland Naturalist 130, 173–183.
303. Pyare, S. & Longland, W. S. (2000). Seedling-aided cache detection by heteromyid rodents. Oecologia 122, 66–71.
304. Quispe, R., Villavicencio, C. P., Cortés, A. & Vásquez, R. A. (2009). Inter-population variation in hoarding behaviour in degus, Octodon degus. Ethology 115, 465–474.
305. Raby, C. R., Alexis, D. M., Dickinson, A. & Clayton, N. S. (2007). Planning for the future by western scrub-jays. Nature 445, 919–921.
306. Raby, C. & Clayton, N. (2010). The cognition of caching and recovery in food-storing birds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 41, 1–34.
307. Raevel, V., Violle, C. & Munoz, F. (2012). Mechanisms of ecological succession: insights from plant functional strategies. Oikos 121, 1761–1770.
308. Raubenheimer, D. & Simpson, S. J. (1997). Integrative models of nutrient balancing: application to insects and vertebrates. Nutrition Research Reviews 10, 151–179.
309. Rees, M. & Ellner, S. P. (2009). Integral projection models for populations in temporally varying environments. Ecological Monographs 79, 575–594.
310. *Reichman, O. (1977). Optimization of diets through food preferences by heteromyid rodents. Ecology 58, 454–457.
311. *Reichman, O. (1988). Caching behaviour by eastern woodrats, Neotoma floridana, in relation to food perishability. Animal Behaviour 36, 1525–1532.
312. Reichman, O. & Aitchison, S. (1981). Mammal trails on mountain slopes: optimal paths in relation to slope angle and body weight. The American Naturalist 117, 416–420.
313. Reichman, O., Fattaey, A. & Fattaey, K. (1986). Management of sterile and mouldy seeds by a desert rodent. Animal Behaviour 34, 221–225.
314. Reichman, O. J. & Oberstein, D. (1977). Selection of seed distribution types by Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus amplus. Ecology 58, 636–643.
315. Ribeiro, J. F. & Vieira, E. M. (2014). Interactions between a seed-eating neotropical rodent, the Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae), and the Brazilian ‘pine’ Araucaria angustifolia. Austral Ecology 39, 279–287.
316. Rieucau, G., Vickery, W. L. & Doucet, G. J. (2009). A patch use model to separate effects of foraging costs on giving-up densities: an experiment with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63, 891–897.
317. Robbins, C. (1993). Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Second Edition (). Academic Press, San Diego.
318. Robbins, C. T., Hagerman, A., Austin, P., McArthur, C. & Hanley, T. (1991). Variation in mammalian physiological responses to a condensed tannin and its ecological implications. Journal of Mammalogy 72, 480–486.
319. Robbins, C., Hanley, T., Hagerman, A., Hjeljord, O., Baker, D., Schwartz, C. & Mautz, W. (1987a). Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: reduction in protein availability. Ecology 68, 98–107.
320. Robbins, C., Mole, S., Hagerman, A. & Hanley, T. (1987b). Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: reduction in dry matter digestion? Ecology 68, 1606–1615.
321. *Rong, K., Yang, H., Ma, J., Zong, C. & Cai, T. (2013). Food availability and animal space use both determine cache density of Eurasian red squirrels. PLoS One 8, e80632.
322. Roth, T. C., LaDage, L. D. & Pravosudov, V. V. (2012). Evidence for long-term spatial memory in a parid. Animal Cognition 15, 149–154.
323. Roth, J. K. & Vander Wall, S. B. (2005). Primary and secondary seed dispersal of bush chinquapin (Fagaceae) by scatterhoarding rodents. Ecology 86, 2428–2439.
324. Rowell, J. T. (2010). Tactical population movements and distributions for ideally motivated competitors. The American Naturalist 176, 638–650.
325. *Rusch, U., Midgley, J. & Anderson, B. (2013). Rodent consumption and caching behaviour selects for specific seed traits. South African Journal of Botany 84, 83–87.
326. Rusch, U., Midgley, J. & Anderson, B. (2014). Seasonal fluctuations in rodent seed caching and consumption behaviour in fynbos shrublands: implications for fire management. South African Journal of Botany 93, 217–221.
327. Sanchez, J. C. & Reichman, O. (1987). The effects of conspecifics on caching behavior of Peromyscus leucopus. Journal of Mammalogy 68, 695–697.
328. *Scarlett, T. L. & Smith, K. G. (1991). Acorn preference of urban blue jays(Cyanocitta cristata) during fall and spring in northwestern Arkansas. Condor 93, 438–442.
329. *Schmidt, K. A. (2000). Interactions between food chemistry and predation risk in fox squirrels. Ecology 81, 2077–2085.
330. *Schmidt, K. A., Brown, J. S. & Morgan, R. A. (1998). Plant defenses as complementary resources: a test with squirrels. Oikos 81, 130–142.
331. Schnurr, J. L., Canham, C. D., Ostfeld, R. S. & Inouye, R. S. (2004). Neighborhood analyses of small-mammal dynamics: impacts on seed predation and seedling establishment. Ecology 85, 741–755.
332. Schnurr, J. L., Ostfeld, R. S. & Canham, C. D. (2002). Direct and indirect effects of masting on rodent populations and tree seed survival. Oikos 96, 402–410.
333. Schupp, E. W. (1995). Seed seedling conflicts, habitat choice, and patterns of plant recruitment. American Journal of Botany 82, 399–409.
334. Schupp, E. W. & Fuentes, M. (1995). Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and the unification of plant population ecology. Ecoscience 2, 267–275.
335. Schupp, E. W., Jordano, P. & Gómez, J. M. (2010). Seed dispersal effectiveness revisited: a conceptual review. New Phytologist 188, 333–353.
336. *Seiwa, K., Watanabe, A., Irie, K., Kanno, H., Saitoh, T. & Akasaka, S. (2002). Impact of site-induced mouse caching and transport behaviour on regeneration in Castanea crenata. Journal of Vegetation Science 13, 517–526.
337. *Semel, B. & Andersen, D. C. (1988). Vulnerability of acorn weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and attractiveness of weevils and infested Quercus alba acorns to Peromyscus leucopus and Blarina brevicauda. American Midland Naturalist 119, 385–393.
338. *Shaner, P. J., Bowers, M. & Macko, S. (2007). Giving-up density and dietary shifts in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Ecology 88, 87–95.
339. *Sherbrooke, W. C. (1976). Differential acceptance of toxic jojoba seed (Simmondsia chinensis) by four Sonoran Desert heteromyid rodents. Ecology 57, 596–602.
340. *Shimada, T. (2001a). Hoarding behaviors of two wood mouse species: different preference for acorns of two Fagaceae species. Ecological Research 16, 127–133.
341. Shimada, T. (2001b). Nutrient compositions of acorns and horse chestnuts in relation to seed-hoarding. Ecological Research 16, 803–808.
342. Shimada, T. & Saitoh, T. (2003). Negative effects of acorns on the wood mouse Apodemus speciosus. Population Ecology 45, 7–17.
343. Shimada, T. & Saitoh, T. (2006). Re-evaluation of the relationship between rodent populations and acorn masting: a review from the aspect of nutrients and defensive chemicals in acorns. Population Ecology 48, 341–352.
344. Shimada, T., Saitoh, T., Sasaki, E., Nishitani, Y. & Osawa, R. (2006). Role of tannin-binding salivary proteins and tannase-producing bacteria in the acclimation of the Japanese wood mouse to acorn tannins. Journal of Chemical Ecology 32, 1165–1180.
345. *Short, H. L. (1976). Composition and squirrel use of acorns of black and white oak groups. The Journal of Wildlife Management 40, 479–483.
346. Silvius, K. M. (2002). Spatio-temporal patterns of palm endocarp use by three Amazonian forest mammals: granivory or ‘grubivory’? Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, 707–723.
347. Sipes, A., Lichti, N. & Swihart, R. (2013). Acorn germination is not enhanced near cache sites relative to random locations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, 529–532.
348. *Sivy, K. J., Ostoja, S. M., Schupp, E. W. & Durham, S. (2011). Effects of rodent species, seed species, and predator cues on seed fate. Acta Oecologica 37, 321–328.
349. Skellam, J. (1951). Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38, 196–218.
350. *Smallwood, P. D. & Peters, W. D. (1986). Grey squirrel food preferences: the effects of tannin and fat concentration. Ecology 67, 168–174.
351. *Smallwood, P. D., Steele, M. A. & Faeth, S. H. (2001). The ultimate basis of the caching preferences of rodents, and the oak-dispersal syndrome: tannins, insects, and seed germination. American Zoologist 41, 840–851.
352. *Smith, C. C. & Follmer, D. (1972). Food preferences of squirrels. Ecology 53, 82–91.
353. Smulders, T. V. (1998). A game theoretical model of the evolution of food hoarding: applications to the Paridae. The American Naturalist 151, 356–366.
354. Soné, K., Hiroi, S., Nagahama, D., Ohkubo, C., Nakano, E., Murao, S. & Hata, K. (2002). Hoarding of acorns by granivorous mice and its role in the population processes of Pasania edulis (Makino) Makino. Ecological Research 17, 553–564.
355. Soné, K. & Kohno, A. (1999). Acorn hoarding by the field mouse Apodemus speciosus Temminck (Rodentia: Muridae). Journal of Forest Research 4, 167–175.
356. Sorensen, J. S., McLister, J. D. & Dearing, M. D. (2005). Plant secondary metabolites compromise the energy budgets of specialist and generalist mammalian herbivores. Ecology 86, 125–139.
357. *Sork, V. L. & Boucher, D. H. (1977). Dispersal of sweet pignut hickory in a year of low fruit production, and the influence of predation by a curculionid beetle. Oecologia 28, 289–299.
358. Spiegel, O. & Nathan, R. (2010). Incorporating density dependence into the directed-dispersal hypothesis. Ecology 91, 1538–1548.
359. Stapanian, M. A. & Smith, C. C. (1978). A model for seed scatterhoarding: coevolution of fox squirrels and black walnuts. Ecology 59, 884–896.
360. Stapanian, M. A. & Smith, C. C. (1986). How fox squirrels influence the invasion of prairies by nut-bearing trees. Journal of Mammalogy 67, 326–332.
361. Steele, M. A. (2008). Evolutionary interactions between tree squirrels and trees: a review and synthesis. Current Science 95, 871–876.
362. Steele, M. A., Bugdal, M., Yuan, A., Bartlow, A., Buzalewski, J., Lichti, N. & Swihart, R. (2011). Cache placement, pilfering, and a recovery advantage in a seed-dispersing rodent: could predation of scatter hoarders contribute to seedling establishment? Acta Oecologica 37, 554–560.
363. *Steele, M. A., Contreras, T. A., Hadj-Chikh, L. Z., Agosta, S. J., Smallwood, P. D. & Tomlinson, C. N. (2014). Do scatter hoarders trade off increased predation risks for lower rates of cache pilferage? Behavioral Ecology 25, 206–215.
364. Steele, M. A., Gavel, K. & Bachman, W. (1998). Dispersal of half-eaten acorns by gray squirrels: effects of physical and chemical seed characteristics. In Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Tree Squirrels, Special Publication 6 (eds M. A. Steele, J. F. Merritt and D. A. Zegers), pp. 223–232. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville.
365. *Steele, M. A., Hadj-Chikh, L. Z. & Hazeltine, J. (1996). Caching and feeding decisions by Sciurus carolinensis: responses to weevil-infested acorns. Journal of Mammalogy 77, 305–314.
366. Steele, M. A., Halkin, S. L., Smallwood, P. D., McKenna, T. J., Mitsopoulos, K. & Beam, M. (2008). Cache protection strategies of a scatter-hoarding rodent: do tree squirrels engage in behavioural deception? Animal Behaviour 75, 705–714.
367. *Steele, M. A., Knowles, T., Bridle, K. & Simms, E. L. (1993). Tannins and partial consumption of acorns: implications for dispersal of oaks by seed predators. American Midland Naturalist 130, 229–238.
368. *Steele, M. A., Manierre, S., Genna, T., Contreras, T. A., Smallwood, P. D. & Pereira, M. E. (2006). The innate basis of food-hoarding decisions in grey squirrels: evidence for behavioural adaptations to the oaks. Animal Behaviour 71, 155–160.
369. Steele, M. A., Rompre, G., Stratford, J. A., Zhang, H., Suchocki, M. & Marino, S. (2015). Scatterhoarding rodents favor higher predation risks for cache sites: the potential for predators to influence the seed dispersal process. Integrative Zoology 10, 257–266.
370. Steele, M. & Smallwood, P. (2002). Acorn dispersal by birds and mammals. In Oak Forest Ecosystems: Ecology and Management for Wildlife (eds W. McShea and W. Healy), pp. 182–195. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
371. *Steele, M. A., Smallwood, P. D., Spunar, A. & Nelsen, E. (2001a). The proximate basis of the oak dispersal syndrome: detection of seed dormancy by rodents. Integrative and Comparative Biology 41, 852–864.
372. *Steele, M. A., Turner, G., Smallwood, P. D., Wolff, J. O. & Radillo, J. (2001b). Cache management by small mammals: experimental evidence for the significance of acorn-embryo excision. Journal of Mammalogy 82, 35–42.
373. Stephens, D. W., Brown, J. S. & Ydenberg, R. C. (2007). Foraging: Behavior and Ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
374. Stephens, D. W. & Krebs, J. R. (1986). Foraging Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
375. Suhonen, J. & Alatalo, R. V. (1991). Hoarding sites in mixed flocks of willow and crested tits. Ornis Scandinavica 22, 88–93.
376. Sullivan, H. L., Curtin, C. G., Reynolds, C. A. & Cardiff, S. G. (2001). The effect of topography on the foraging costs of heteromyid rodents. Journal of Arid Environments 48, 255–266.
377. Sun, S., Gao, X. & Chen, L. (2004). High acorn predation prevents the regeneration of Quercus liaotungensis in the Dongling mountain region of north China. Restoration Ecology 12, 335–342.
378. Sun, S. & Zhang, H. (2013). Cache sites preferred by small rodents facilitate cache survival in a subtropical primary forest, central China. Wildlife Research 40, 294–302.
379. Sundaram, M., Willoughby, J. R., Lichti, N. I., Steele, M. A. & Swihart, R. K. (2015). Segregating the effects of seed traits and common ancestry of hardwood trees on eastern gray squirrel foraging decisions. PLoS One 10, e0130942.
380. Swartz, M. J., Jenkins, S. H. & Dochtermann, N. A. (2010). Coexisting desert rodents differ in selection of microhabitats for cache placement and pilferage. Journal of Mammalogy 91, 1261–1268.
381. Swihart, R., DeAngelis, D., Feng, Z. & Bryant, J. (2009). Troublesome toxins: time to re-think plant-herbivore interactions in vertebrate ecology. BMC Ecology 9, 5.
382. Takahashi, K., Sato, K. & Washitani, I. (2006). The role of the wood mouse in Quercus serrata acorn dispersal in abandoned cut-over land. Forest Ecology and Management 229, 120–127.
383. *Takahashi, K., Sato, K. & Washitani, I. (2007). Acorn dispersal and predation patterns of four tree species by wood mice in abandoned cut-over land. Forest Ecology and Management 250, 187–195.
384. *Takahashi, A. & Shimada, T. (2008). Selective consumption of acorns by the Japanese wood mouse according to tannin content: a behavioral countermeasure against plant secondary metabolites. Ecological Research 23, 1033–1038.
385. Takechi, R., Tamura, N. & Hayashi, F. (2009). Improved walnut-feeding skills with experience in wood mice, Apodemus speciosus. Journal of Ethology 27, 83–89.
386. *Tamura, N., Hashimoto, Y. & Hayashi, F. (1999). Optimal distances for squirrels to transport and hoard walnuts. Animal Behaviour 58, 635–642.
387. *Tamura, N. & Hayashi, F. (2008). Geographic variation in walnut seed size correlates with hoarding behaviour of two rodent species. Ecological Research 23, 607–614.
388. Taraborelli, P., Borruel, N. & Mangeaud, A. (2009). Ability of murid rodents to find buried seeds in the Monte desert. Ethology 115, 201–209.
389. *Taraborelli, P. A., Dacar, M. & Giannoni, S. M. (2003). Effect of plant cover on seed removal by rodents in the Monte desert (Mendoza, Argentina). Austral Ecology 28, 651–657.
390. Taylor, C. R., Caldwell, S. L. & Rowntree, V. (1972). Running up and down hills: some consequences of size. Science 178, 1096–1097.
391. Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C., McMahon, T. A. & Looney, T. R. (1980). Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: a comparison of large and small animals. Journal of Experimental Biology 86, 9–18.
392. Thayer, T. C. & Vander Wall, S. B. (2005). Interactions between Steller's jays and yellow pine chipmunks over scatter-hoarded sugar pine seeds. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 365–374.
393. *Theimer, T. C. (2003). Intraspecific variation in seed size affects scatterhoarding behaviour of an Australian tropical rain-forest rodent. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, 95–98.
394. Theimer, T. C. (2005). Rodent scatterhoarders as conditional mutualists. In Seed Fate: Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment (eds P. M. Forget, J. E. Lambert, P. E. Hulme and S. B. Vander Wall), pp. 283–296. CAB International, Wallingford.
395. Thomas, D. L., Johnson, D. & Griffith, B. (2006). A Bayesian random effects discrete-choice model for resource selection: population-level selection inference. Journal of Wildlife Management 70, 404–412.
396. Torregrossa, A.-M. & Dearing, M. D. (2009). Nutritional toxicology of mammals: regulated intake of plant secondary compounds. Functional Ecology 23, 48–56.
397. Tsurim, I. & Abramsky, Z. (2004). The effect of travel costs on food hoarding in gerbils. Journal of Mammalogy 85, 67–71.
398. van Beest, F. M., McLoughlin, P. D., Vander Wal, E. & Brook, R. K. (2014). Density-dependent habitat selection and partitioning between two sympatric ungulates. Oecologia 175, 1155–1165.
399. Van der Meer, P., Kunne, P., Brunsting, A., Dibor, L. & Jansen, P. (2008). Evidence for scatter-hoarding in a tropical peat swamp forest in Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 20, 340–343.
400. Van der Merwe, M. & Brown, J. S. (2008). Mapping the landscape of fear of the cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris). Journal of Mammalogy 89, 1162–1169.
401. *Van der Merwe, M., Brown, J. S. & Kotler, B. P. (2014). Quantifying the future value of cacheable food using fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 60, 1–10.
402. *Van der Merwe, M., Burke, A. & Brown, J. (2007). Foraging ecology of North American tree squirrels on cacheable and less cacheable foods: a comparison of two urban habitats. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9, 705–716.
403. van *Ulft, L. (2004). The effect of seed mass and gap size on seed fate of tropical rain forest tree species in Guyana. Plant Biology 6, 214–221.
404. Vander Wall, S. B. (1982). An experimental analysis of cache recovery in Clark's nutcracker. Animal Behaviour 30, 84–94.
405. Vander Wall, S. B. (1990). Food Hoarding in Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
406. Vander Wall, S. B. (1993a). A model of caching depth: implications for scatter hoarders and plant dispersal. American Naturalist 141, 217–232.
407. Vander Wall, S. B. (1993b). Cache site selection by chipmunks (Tamias spp.) and its influence on the effectiveness of seed dispersal in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). Oecologia 96, 246–252.
408. Vander Wall, S. B. (1995a). Sequential patterns of scatter hoarding by yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus). American Midland Naturalist 133, 312–321.
409. *Vander Wall, S. B. (1995b). The effects of seed value on the caching behavior of yellow pine chipmunks. Oikos 74, 533–537.
410. Vander Wall, S. B. (1998). Foraging success of granivorous rodents: effects of variation in seed and soil water on olfaction. Ecology 79, 233–241.
411. Vander Wall, S. B. (2000). The influence of environmental conditions on cache recovery and cache pilferage by yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Behavioral Ecology 11, 544–549.
412. Vander Wall, S. B. (2001). The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal. The Botanical Review 67, 74–117.
413. *Vander Wall, S. B. (2002a). Masting in animal-dispersed pines facilitates seed dispersal. Ecology 83, 3508–3516.
414. Vander Wall, S. B. (2002b). Secondary dispersal of Jeffrey pine seeds by rodent scatter-hoarders: the roles of pilfering, recaching and a variable environment. In Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (eds D. Levey, W. Silva and M. Galetti), pp. 193–208. CAB International, Cambridge.
415. *Vander Wall, S. B. (2003a). Effects of seed size of wind dispersed pines (Pinus) on secondary seed dispersal and the caching behavior of rodents. Oikos 100, 25–34.
416. Vander Wall, S. B. (2003b). How rodents smell buried seeds: a model based on the behavior of pesticides in soil. Journal of Mammalogy 84, 1089–1099.
417. *Vander Wall, S. B. (2008). On the relative contributions of wind vs. animals to seed dispersal of four Sierra Nevada pines. Ecology 89, 1837–1849.
418. Vander Wall, S. B. (2010). How plants manipulate the scatter-hoarding behaviour of seed-dispersing animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 365, 989–997.
419. Vander Wall, S. B. & Beck, M. J. (2012). A comparison of frugivory and scatter-hoarding seed-dispersal syndromes. The Botanical Review 78, 10–31.
420. Vander Wall, S. B., Beck, M. J., Briggs, J. S., Roth, J. K., Thayer, T. C., Hollander, J. L. & Armstrong, J. M. (2003). Interspecific variation in the olfactory abilities of granivorous rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 84, 487–496.
421. Vander Wall, S. B., Briggs, J. S., Jenkins, S. H., Kuhn, K. M., Thayer, T. C. & Beck, M. J. (2006). Do food-hoarding animals have a cache recovery advantage? Determining recovery of stored food. Animal Behaviour 72, 189–197.
422. Vander Wall, S. B., Forget, P. M., Lambert, J. E. & Hulme, P. E. (2005). Seed fate pathways: filling the gap between parent and offspring. In Seed Fate: Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment (eds P. M. Forget, J. E. Lambert, P. E. Hulme and S. B. Vander Wall), pp. 1–8. CAB International, Wallingford.
423. Vander Wall, S. B. & Jenkins, S. H. (2003). Reciprocal pilferage and the evolution of food-hoarding behavior. Behavioral Ecology 14, 656–667.
424. *Veech, J. A. & Jenkins, S. H. (2005). Comparing the effects of granivorous rodents on persistence of Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides) seeds in mixed and monospecific seed patches. Western North American Naturalist 65, 321–328.
425. Verdolin, J. L. (2006). Meta-analysis of foraging and predation risk trade-offs in terrestrial systems. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 60, 457–464.
426. Vergassola, M., Villermaux, E. & Shraiman, B. I. (2007). ‘Infotaxis’ as a strategy for searching without gradients. Nature 445, 406–409.
427. Villalba, J. J., Provenza, F. D. & Bryant, J. (2002). Consequences of the interaction between nutrients and plant secondary metabolites on herbivore selectivity: benefits or detriments for plants? Oikos 97, 282–292.
428. Wada, N. & Uemura, S. (1994). Seed dispersal and predation by small rodents on the herbaceous understory plant Symplocarpus renifolius. American Midland Naturalist 132, 320–327.
429. Waisman, A. S. & Jacobs, L. F. (2008). Flexibility of cue use in the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). Animal Cognition 11, 625–636.
430. Waite, T. A. (2001a). Background context and decision making in hoarding gray jays. Behavioral Ecology 12, 318–324.
431. Waite, T. A. (2001b). Intransitive preferences in hoarding gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50, 116–121.
432. Waite, T. A. & Reeve, J. D. (1997). Multistage scatter-hoarding decisions in the gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis). Bird Behavior 1, 7–14.
433. Waitman, B., Vander Wall, S. & Esque, T. (2012). Seed dispersal and seed fate in Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia). Journal of Arid Environments 81, 1–8.
434. *Wang, B. & Chen, J. (2008). Tannin concentration enhances seed caching by scatter-hoarding rodents: an experiment using artificial 'seeds'. Acta Oecologica 34, 379–385.
435. *Wang, B. & Chen, J. (2009). Seed size, more than nutrient or tannin content, affects seed caching behavior of a common genus of Old World rodents. Ecology 90, 3023–3032.
436. *Wang, B. & Chen, J. (2012). Effects of fat and protein levels on foraging preferences of tannin in scatter-hoarding rodents. PLoS One 7, e40640.
437. *Wang, B., Chen, J. & Corlett, R. T. (2014). Factors influencing repeated seed movements by scatter-hoarding rodents in an alpine forest. Scientific Reports 4, 4786.
438. *Wang, B., Ye, C.-X., Cannon, C. H. & Chen, J. (2013). Dissecting the decision making process of scatter-hoarding rodents. Oikos 122, 1027–1034.
439. Wenny, D. G. (2001). Advantages of seed dispersal: a re-evaluation of directed dispersal. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3, 51–74.
440. Wenny, D. G., Devault, T. L., Johnson, M. D., Kelly, D., Sekercioglu, C. H., Tomback, D. F. & Whelan, C. J. (2011). The need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. The Auk 128, 1–14.
441. Wickler, S., Hoyt, D., Cogger, E. & Hall, K. (2001). Effect of load on preferred speed and cost of transport. Journal of Applied Physiology 90, 1548–1551.
442. Williams, C. (1989). Acorn insects. In Entomology (Volume 20). Michigan Entomological Society, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
443. Wink, M. (2010). Introduction. In Functions and Biotechnology of Plant Secondary Metabolites, Annual Plant Reviews (Volume 39, ed. M. Wink), pp. 1–20. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
444. Winterrowd, M. F. & Weigl, P. D. (2006). Mechanisms of cache retrieval in the group nesting southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). Ethology 112, 1136–1144.
445. Wunder, B. A. (1975). A model for estimating metabolic rate of active or resting mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 49, 345–354.
446. *Xiao, Z., Chang, G. & Zhang, Z. (2008). Testing the high-tannin hypothesis with scatter-hoarding rodents: experimental and field evidence. Animal Behaviour 75, 1235–1241.
447. *Xiao, Z., Gao, X., Jiang, M. & Zhang, Z. (2009). Behavioral adaptation of Pallas's squirrels to germination schedule and tannins in acorns. Behavioral Ecology 20, 1050–1055.
448. *Xiao, Z., Gao, X., Steele, M. A. & Zhang, Z. (2010). Frequency-dependent selection by tree squirrels: adaptive escape of nondormant white oaks. Behavioral Ecology 21, 169–175.
449. *Xiao, Z., Gao, X. & Zhang, Z. (2013a). Sensitivity to seed germination schedule by scatter-hoarding Pére David's rock squirrels during mast and non-mast years. Ethology 119, 472–479.
450. *Xiao, Z., Gao, X. & Zhang, Z. (2013b). The combined effects of seed perishability and seed size on hoarding decisions by Pére David's rock squirrels. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67, 1067–1075.
451. Xiao, Z., Harris, M. K. & Zhang, Z. (2007). Acorn defenses to herbivory from insects: implications for the joint evolution of resistance, tolerance and escape. Forest Ecology and Management 238, 302–308.
452. *Xiao, Z., Jansen, P. A. & Zhang, Z. (2006a). Using seed-tagging methods for assessing post-dispersal seed fate in rodent-dispersed trees. Forest Ecology and Management 223, 18–23.
453. *Xiao, Z., Wang, Y., Harris, M. & Zhang, Z. (2006b). Spatial and temporal variation of seed predation and removal of sympatric large-seeded species in relation to innate seed traits in a subtropical forest, Southwest China. Forest Ecology and Management 222, 46–54.
454. *Xiao, Z. & Zhang, Z. (2012). Behavioural responses to acorn germination by tree squirrels in an old forest where white oaks have long been extirpated. Animal Behaviour 83, 945–951.
455. Xiao, Z., Zhang, Z. & Krebs, C. J. (2013c). Long-term seed survival and dispersal dynamics in a rodent-dispersed tree: testing the predator satiation hypothesis and the predator dispersal hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 101, 1256–1264.
456. *Xiao, Z., Zhang, Z. & Wang, Y. (2004). Dispersal and germination of big and small nuts of Quercus serrata in a subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest. Forest Ecology and Management 195, 141–150.
457. *Xiao, Z., Zhang, Z. & Wang, Y. (2005). Effects of seed size on dispersal distance in five rodent-dispersed fagaceous species. Acta Oecologica 28, 221–229.
458. Yamamura, N. & Tsuji, N. (1987). Optimal patch time under exploitative competition. The American Naturalist 129, 553–567.
459. Yang, Y. & Yi, X. (2012). Partial acorn consumption by small rodents: implication for regeneration of white oak, Quercus mongolica. Plant Ecology 213, 197–205.
460. *Yang, Y., Yi, X. & Niu, K. (2011). The effects of kernel mass and nutrition reward on seed dispersal of three tree species by small rodents. Acta Ethologica 15, 1–8.
461. *Yang, Y., Yi, X. & Yu, F. (2012). Repeated radicle pruning of Quercus mongolica acorns as a cache management tactic of Siberian chipmunks. Acta Ethologica 15, 9–14.
462. Yi, X., Curtis, R., Bartlow, A. W., Agosta, S. J. & Steele, M. A. (2013). Ability of chestnut oak to tolerate acorn pruning by rodents. Naturwissenschaften 100, 81–90.
463. *Yi, X., Steele, M. A. & Zhang, Z. (2012a). Acorn pericarp removal as a cache management strategy of the Siberian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus. Ethology 118, 87–94.
464. *Yi, X., Yang, Y., Curtis, R., Bartlow, A. W., Agosta, S. J. & Steele, M. A. (2012b). Alternative strategies of seed predator escape by early-germinating oaks in Asia and North America. Ecology and Evolution 2, 487–492.
465. Yi, X. F. & Yang, Y. Q. (2010). Large acorns benefit seedling recruitment by satiating weevil larvae in Quercus aliena. Plant Ecology 209, 291–300.
466. *Yi, X. & Yang, Y. (2011). Scatterhoarding of Manchurian walnut Juglans mandshurica by small mammals: response to seed familiarity and seed size. Acta Theriologica 56, 141–147.
467. *Yi, X., Yang, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2011). Intra-and inter-specific effects of mast seeding on seed fates of two sympatric Corylus species. Plant Ecology 212, 785–793.
468. *Yi, X. & Zhang, Z. (2008). Seed predation and dispersal of glabrous filbert (Corylus heterophylla) and pilose filbert (Corylus mandshurica) by small mammals in a temperate forest, northeast China. Plant Ecology 196, 135–142.
469. *Yi, X., Zhang, M., Bartlow, A. W. & Dong, Z. (2014). Incorporating cache management behavior into seed dispersal: the effect of pericarp removal on acorn germination. PLoS One 9, e92544.
470. *Zhang, H., Chen, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2008). Differences of dispersal fitness of large and small acorns of Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis) before and after seed caching by small rodents in a warm temperate forest, China. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 1243–1250.
471. Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Steele, M. A., Yang, Z., Wang, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2013a). Rodent-favored cache sites do not favor seedling establishment of shade-intolerant wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca Linn.) in northern China. Plant Ecology 214, 531–543.
472. *Zhang, M., Steele, M. A. & Yi, X. (2013b). Reconsidering the effects of tannin on seed dispersal by rodents: evidence from enclosure and field experiments with artificial seeds. Behavioural Processes 100, 200–207.
473. Zhang, H., Steele, M. A., Zhang, Z., Wang, W. & Wang, Y. (2014a). Rapid sequestration and recaching by a scatter-hoarding rodent (Sciurotamias davidianus). Journal of Mammalogy 95, 480–490.
474. Zhang, M., Dong, Z., Yi, X. & Bartlow, A. W. (2014b). Acorns containing deeper plumule survive better: how white oaks counter embryo excision by rodents. Ecology and Evolution 4, 59–66.
475. *Zhang, Y.-F., Wang, C., Tian, S.-L. & Lu, J.-Q. (2014c). Dispersal and hoarding of sympatric forest seeds by rodents in a temperate forest from northern China. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry 7, 70–74.
476. Zhang, H., Wang, Y. & Zhang, Z. (2011). Responses of seed-hoarding behaviour to conspecific audiences in scatter-and/or larder-hoarding rodents. Behaviour 148, 825–842.
477. Zhang, H. & Zhang, Z. (2007). Key factors affecting the capacity of Davids rock squirrels (Sciurotamias davidianus) to discover scatter-hoarded seeds in enclosures. Biodiversity Science 15, 329–336.
478. Zhang, H. & Zhang, Z. (2008). Endocarp thickness affects seed removal speed by small rodents in a warm-temperate broad-leafed deciduous forest, China. Acta Oecologica 34, 285–293.
479. Zwolak, R. & Crone, E. E. (2012). Quantifying the outcome of plant–granivore interactions. Oikos 121, 20–27.