메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2015, Pages E418-E438

Muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Update on causes and biological findings

Author keywords

Deconditioning; Hyperinflation; Muscle dysfunction; Proteostasis; Systemic inflammation

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

EID: 84947422196     PISSN: 20721439     EISSN: 20776624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.08.04     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (127)

References (254)
  • 1
    • 0037464547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics and the making of Homo sapiens
    • Carroll SB. Genetics and the making of Homo sapiens. Nature 2003;422:849-57.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , pp. 849-857
    • Carroll, S.B.1
  • 2
    • 0030626573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal shoulder mechanics and function
    • Kibler WB. Normal shoulder mechanics and function. Instr Course Lect 1997;46:39-42.
    • (1997) Instr Course Lect , vol.46 , pp. 39-42
    • Kibler, W.B.1
  • 3
    • 0037397170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories of bipedal walking: an odyssey
    • Vaughan CL. Theories of bipedal walking: an odyssey. J Biomech 2003;36:513-23.
    • (2003) J Biomech , vol.36 , pp. 513-523
    • Vaughan, C.L.1
  • 4
    • 0039264465 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the respiratory muscles
    • Roussos C, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc
    • Edwards RHT, Faulkner JA. Structure and function of the respiratory muscles. In: Roussos C, editor. The Thorax. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1995:185-217.
    • (1995) The Thorax , pp. 185-217
    • Edwards, R.H.T.1    Faulkner, J.A.2
  • 5
    • 0013477985 scopus 로고
    • The act of breathing
    • Roussos C, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc
    • Macklem PT. The act of breathing. In: Roussos C, editor. The thorax. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1995:445-56.
    • (1995) The thorax , pp. 445-456
    • Macklem, P.T.1
  • 6
    • 0018142438 scopus 로고
    • The respiratory muscles: mechanics, control, and pathophysiology
    • Derenne JP, Macklem PT, Roussos C. The respiratory muscles: mechanics, control, and pathophysiology. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118:119-33.
    • (1978) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.118 , pp. 119-133
    • Derenne, J.P.1    Macklem, P.T.2    Roussos, C.3
  • 7
    • 0027160086 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of the parasternal intercostals in prone dogs: statics and dynamics
    • De Troyer A, Farkas G. Mechanics of the parasternal intercostals in prone dogs: statics and dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1993;74:2757-62.
    • (1993) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.74 , pp. 2757-2762
    • De Troyer, A.1    Farkas, G.2
  • 8
    • 14144249342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between the canine diaphragm and intercostal muscles in lung expansion
    • De Troyer A. Interaction between the canine diaphragm and intercostal muscles in lung expansion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005;98:795-803.
    • (2005) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.98 , pp. 795-803
    • De Troyer, A.1
  • 9
  • 10
    • 33745847102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of diaphragmatic contraction on the action of the canine parasternal intercostals
    • De Troyer A, Leduc D. Effect of diaphragmatic contraction on the action of the canine parasternal intercostals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006;101:169-75.
    • (2006) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.101 , pp. 169-175
    • De Troyer, A.1    Leduc, D.2
  • 11
    • 31544439356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimized analysis of surface electromyograms of the scalenes during quiet breathing in humans
    • Hug F, Raux M, Prella M, et al. Optimized analysis of surface electromyograms of the scalenes during quiet breathing in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006;150:75-81.
    • (2006) Respir Physiol Neurobiol , vol.150 , pp. 75-81
    • Hug, F.1    Raux, M.2    Prella, M.3
  • 12
    • 0037377614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory effects of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in humans
    • Legrand A, Schneider E, Gevenois PA, et al. Respiratory effects of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003;94:1467-72.
    • (2003) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.94 , pp. 1467-1472
    • Legrand, A.1    Schneider, E.2    Gevenois, P.A.3
  • 13
    • 0030938477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperinflation and respiratory muscle interaction
    • Decramer M. Hyperinflation and respiratory muscle interaction. Eur Respir J 1997;10:934-41.
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 934-941
    • Decramer, M.1
  • 14
    • 0028948499 scopus 로고
    • Activity of latissimus dorsi muscle during inspiratory threshold loads
    • Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, Monells J, et al. Activity of latissimus dorsi muscle during inspiratory threshold loads. Eur Respir J 1995;8:441-5.
    • (1995) Eur Respir J , vol.8 , pp. 441-445
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Gea, J.2    Monells, J.3
  • 15
    • 0025909374 scopus 로고
    • Electrical and mechanical output of the expiratory muscles in anesthetized dogs
    • Bellemare F, Bono D, D'Angelo E. Electrical and mechanical output of the expiratory muscles in anesthetized dogs. Respir Physiol 1991;84:171-83.
    • (1991) Respir Physiol , vol.84 , pp. 171-183
    • Bellemare, F.1    Bono, D.2    D'Angelo, E.3
  • 16
    • 32244433770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physiology of cough
    • Chang AB. The physiology of cough. Paediatr Respir Rev 2006;7:2-8.
    • (2006) Paediatr Respir Rev , vol.7 , pp. 2-8
    • Chang, A.B.1
  • 17
    • 0029862879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expiratory muscle endurance performance after exhaustive submaximal exercise
    • Fuller D, Sullivan J, Fregosi RF. Expiratory muscle endurance performance after exhaustive submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996;80:1495-502.
    • (1996) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.80 , pp. 1495-1502
    • Fuller, D.1    Sullivan, J.2    Fregosi, R.F.3
  • 18
    • 0028109337 scopus 로고
    • An overview of respiratory muscle function
    • Epstein SK. An overview of respiratory muscle function. Clin Chest Med 1994;15:619-39.
    • (1994) Clin Chest Med , vol.15 , pp. 619-639
    • Epstein, S.K.1
  • 21
    • 33644851454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Orozco-Levi M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Villar J, et al. Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2006;27:542-6.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.27 , pp. 542-546
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Garcia-Aymerich, J.2    Villar, J.3
  • 22
    • 84901625166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The systemic nature of chronic lung disease
    • Evans RA, Morgan MD. The systemic nature of chronic lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2014;35:283-93.
    • (2014) Clin Chest Med , vol.35 , pp. 283-293
    • Evans, R.A.1    Morgan, M.D.2
  • 23
    • 84875863341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with COPD at their first hospital admission
    • Freixa X, Portillo K, Paré C, et al. Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with COPD at their first hospital admission. Eur Respir J 2013;41:784-91.
    • (2013) Eur Respir J , vol.41 , pp. 784-791
    • Freixa, X.1    Portillo, K.2    Paré, C.3
  • 24
    • 84899872379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Maltais F, Decramer M, Casaburi R, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:e15-62.
    • (2014) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.189 , pp. e15-e62
    • Maltais, F.1    Decramer, M.2    Casaburi, R.3
  • 25
    • 84893771777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barnes PJ. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 2014;35:71-86.
    • (2014) Clin Chest Med , vol.35 , pp. 71-86
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 26
    • 84887674011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Romme EA, Smeenk FW, Rutten EP, et al. Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013;7:397-410.
    • (2013) Expert Rev Respir Med , vol.7 , pp. 397-410
    • Romme, E.A.1    Smeenk, F.W.2    Rutten, E.P.3
  • 27
    • 84875262757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inflammatory response in sepsis
    • Bosmann M, Ward PA. The inflammatory response in sepsis. Trends Immunol 2013;34:129-36.
    • (2013) Trends Immunol , vol.34 , pp. 129-136
    • Bosmann, M.1    Ward, P.A.2
  • 30
    • 77949341704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD: from obstructive lung disease to chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome?
    • Wouters E. COPD: from obstructive lung disease to chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome? Pneumologie 2009;63 Suppl 2:S107-12.
    • (2009) Pneumologie , vol.63 , pp. S107-S112
    • Wouters, E.1
  • 31
    • 65649114433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adiponectin as a biomarker of systemic inflammatory response in smoker patients with stable and exacerbation phases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Kirdar S, Serter M, Ceylan E, et al. Adiponectin as a biomarker of systemic inflammatory response in smoker patients with stable and exacerbation phases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009;69:219-24.
    • (2009) Scand J Clin Lab Invest , vol.69 , pp. 219-224
    • Kirdar, S.1    Serter, M.2    Ceylan, E.3
  • 32
    • 84939436999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory and Limb Muscle Dysfunction in COPD
    • Barreiro E, Gea J. Respiratory and Limb Muscle Dysfunction in COPD. COPD 2015;12:413-26.
    • (2015) COPD , vol.12 , pp. 413-426
    • Barreiro, E.1    Gea, J.2
  • 33
    • 0018395082 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Rochester DF, Braun NM, Arora NS. Respiratory muscle strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:151-4.
    • (1979) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.119 , pp. 151-154
    • Rochester, D.F.1    Braun, N.M.2    Arora, N.S.3
  • 34
    • 0026008893 scopus 로고
    • Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation
    • Similowski T, Yan S, Gauthier AP, et al. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation. N Engl J Med 1991;325:917-23.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 917-923
    • Similowski, T.1    Yan, S.2    Gauthier, A.P.3
  • 36
    • 0345687644 scopus 로고
    • Fatigue of striated muscles: Metabolic aspects
    • Chapter 6. In: Roussos C, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc
    • Westerbald H, Lännergren J, Allen DG. Fatigue of striated muscles: Metabolic aspects. Chapter 6. In: Roussos C, editor. The Thorax. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1995:219-34.
    • (1995) The Thorax , pp. 219-234
    • Westerbald, H.1    Lännergren, J.2    Allen, D.G.3
  • 37
    • 0027996304 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Di Francia M, Barbier D, Mege JL, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1453-5.
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 1453-1455
    • Di Francia, M.1    Barbier, D.2    Mege, J.L.3
  • 38
    • 0029911460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers
    • Rahman I, Morrison D, Donaldson K, et al. Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1055-60.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 1055-1060
    • Rahman, I.1    Morrison, D.2    Donaldson, K.3
  • 39
    • 84862100999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotype
    • Agustí A, Edwards LD, Rennard SI, et al. Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotype. PLoS One 2012;7:e37483
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Agustí, A.1    Edwards, L.D.2    Rennard, S.I.3
  • 40
    • 0033817706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Schols AM. Nutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6:110-5.
    • (2000) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.6 , pp. 110-115
    • Schols, A.M.1
  • 41
    • 84878622287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanisms of cachexia underlying muscle dysfunction in COPD
    • Remels AH, Gosker HR, Langen RC, et al. The mechanisms of cachexia underlying muscle dysfunction in COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013;114:1253-62.
    • (2013) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.114 , pp. 1253-1262
    • Remels, A.H.1    Gosker, H.R.2    Langen, R.C.3
  • 42
    • 84878563618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction in COPD
    • Gea J, Agustí A, Roca J. Pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction in COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013;114:1222-34.
    • (2013) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.114 , pp. 1222-1234
    • Gea, J.1    Agustí, A.2    Roca, J.3
  • 43
    • 18644386695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barreiro E, de la Puente B, Minguella J, et al. Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:1116-24.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 1116-1124
    • Barreiro, E.1    de la Puente, B.2    Minguella, J.3
  • 44
    • 38449106162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intercostal muscles of COPD patients
    • Casadevall C, Coronell C, Ramírez-Sarmiento AL, et al. Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intercostal muscles of COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2007;30:701-7.
    • (2007) Eur Respir J , vol.30 , pp. 701-707
    • Casadevall, C.1    Coronell, C.2    Ramírez-Sarmiento, A.L.3
  • 45
    • 84932176850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic mechanisms in respiratory muscle dysfunction of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Puig-Vilanova E, Aguiló R, Rodríguez-Fuster A, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms in respiratory muscle dysfunction of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2014;9:e111514.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9
    • Puig-Vilanova, E.1    Aguiló, R.2    Rodríguez-Fuster, A.3
  • 46
    • 0020615799 scopus 로고
    • Force reserve of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bellemare F, Grassino A. Force reserve of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1983;55:8-15.
    • (1983) J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol , vol.55 , pp. 8-15
    • Bellemare, F.1    Grassino, A.2
  • 47
    • 84938288144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Muscle Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    • Barreiro E, Bustamante V, Cejudo P, et al. Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Muscle Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Arch Bronconeumol 2015;51:384-95.
    • (2015) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.51 , pp. 384-395
    • Barreiro, E.1    Bustamante, V.2    Cejudo, P.3
  • 48
    • 0031467474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Levine S, Kaiser L, Leferovich J, et al. Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1799-806.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , pp. 1799-1806
    • Levine, S.1    Kaiser, L.2    Leferovich, J.3
  • 49
    • 0030665629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myosin gene expression in the respiratory muscles
    • Gea JG. Myosin gene expression in the respiratory muscles. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2404-10.
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 2404-2410
    • Gea, J.G.1
  • 50
    • 67650047747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory muscle fiber remodeling in chronic hyperinflation: dysfunction or adaptation?
    • Clanton TL, Levine S. Respiratory muscle fiber remodeling in chronic hyperinflation: dysfunction or adaptation? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009;107:324-35
    • (2009) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.107 , pp. 324-335
    • Clanton, T.L.1    Levine, S.2
  • 51
    • 0032978894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcellular adaptation of the human diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, Lloreta JL, et al. Subcellular adaptation of the human diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999;13:371-8.
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 371-378
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Gea, J.2    Lloreta, J.L.3
  • 52
    • 0019131414 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in intercostal muscle morphology and biochemistry in patients with obstructive lung disease
    • Campbell JA, Hughes RL, Sahgal V, et al. Alterations in intercostal muscle morphology and biochemistry in patients with obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122:679-86.
    • (1980) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.122 , pp. 679-686
    • Campbell, J.A.1    Hughes, R.L.2    Sahgal, V.3
  • 53
    • 67650090288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative assessment of the quadriceps and the diaphragm in patients with COPD
    • Caron MA, Debigaré R, Dekhuijzen PN, et al. Comparative assessment of the quadriceps and the diaphragm in patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009;107:952-61.
    • (2009) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.107 , pp. 952-961
    • Caron, M.A.1    Debigaré, R.2    Dekhuijzen, P.N.3
  • 54
    • 0020426971 scopus 로고
    • Typology of the respiratory muscles in normal men and in patients with moderate chronic respiratory diseases
    • Sanchez J, Derenne JP, Debesse B, et al. Typology of the respiratory muscles in normal men and in patients with moderate chronic respiratory diseases. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1982;18:901-14.
    • (1982) Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir , vol.18 , pp. 901-914
    • Sanchez, J.1    Derenne, J.P.2    Debesse, B.3
  • 55
    • 0025283351 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory muscle fiber morphometry. Correlation with pulmonary function and nutrition
    • Hards JM, Reid WD, Pardy RL, et al. Respiratory muscle fiber morphometry. Correlation with pulmonary function and nutrition. Chest 1990;97:1037-44.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 1037-1044
    • Hards, J.M.1    Reid, W.D.2    Pardy, R.L.3
  • 56
    • 33751176491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasternal intercostal muscle remodeling in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Levine S, Nguyen T, Friscia M, et al. Parasternal intercostal muscle remodeling in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006;101:1297-302.
    • (2006) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.101 , pp. 1297-1302
    • Levine, S.1    Nguyen, T.2    Friscia, M.3
  • 57
    • 0034057272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of myosin heavy-chain isoforms in the respiratory muscles following inspiratory resistive breathing
    • Gea J, Hamid Q, Czaika G, et al. Expression of myosin heavy-chain isoforms in the respiratory muscles following inspiratory resistive breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1274-8.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.161 , pp. 1274-1278
    • Gea, J.1    Hamid, Q.2    Czaika, G.3
  • 58
    • 0030945193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diaphragm muscle fiber injury after inspiratory resistive breathing
    • Zhu E, Petrof BJ, Gea J, et al. Diaphragm muscle fiber injury after inspiratory resistive breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1110-6.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 1110-1116
    • Zhu, E.1    Petrof, B.J.2    Gea, J.3
  • 59
    • 0035508471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury of the human diaphragm associated with exertion and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Orozco-Levi M, Lloreta J, Minguella J, et al. Injury of the human diaphragm associated with exertion and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1734-9.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 1734-1739
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Lloreta, J.2    Minguella, J.3
  • 60
    • 0030032344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective diaphragmatic mitochondrial abnormalities in a patient with marked air flow obstruction
    • Lloreta J, Orozco M, Gea J, et al. Selective diaphragmatic mitochondrial abnormalities in a patient with marked air flow obstruction. Ultrastruct Pathol 1996;20:67-71.
    • (1996) Ultrastruct Pathol , vol.20 , pp. 67-71
    • Lloreta, J.1    Orozco, M.2    Gea, J.3
  • 61
    • 0141729458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human diaphragm remodeling associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical implications
    • Levine S, Nguyen T, Kaiser LR, et al. Human diaphragm remodeling associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:706-13.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.168 , pp. 706-713
    • Levine, S.1    Nguyen, T.2    Kaiser, L.R.3
  • 62
    • 0021368195 scopus 로고
    • Chest wall mechanics during exercise in patients with severe chronic air-flow obstruction
    • Dodd DS, Brancatisano T, Engel LA. Chest wall mechanics during exercise in patients with severe chronic air-flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:33-8.
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.129 , pp. 33-38
    • Dodd, D.S.1    Brancatisano, T.2    Engel, L.A.3
  • 63
    • 0026774972 scopus 로고
    • Abdominal muscle use during breathing in patients with chronic airflow obstruction
    • Ninane V, Rypens F, Yernault JC, et al. Abdominal muscle use during breathing in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:16-21.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.146 , pp. 16-21
    • Ninane, V.1    Rypens, F.2    Yernault, J.C.3
  • 64
    • 0027440953 scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic PEEP in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Role of expiratory muscles
    • Ninane V, Yernault JC, de Troyer A. Intrinsic PEEP in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Role of expiratory muscles. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1037-42.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , pp. 1037-1042
    • Ninane, V.1    Yernault, J.C.2    de Troyer, A.3
  • 65
    • 0023579245 scopus 로고
    • Expiratory resistive loading in patients with severe chronic air-flow limitation. An evaluation of ventilatory mechanics and compensatory responses
    • O'Donnell DE, Sanii R, Anthonisen NR, et al. Expiratory resistive loading in patients with severe chronic air-flow limitation. An evaluation of ventilatory mechanics and compensatory responses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:102-7.
    • (1987) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.136 , pp. 102-107
    • O'Donnell, D.E.1    Sanii, R.2    Anthonisen, N.R.3
  • 66
    • 0030962910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdominal muscle recruitment and PEEPi during bronchoconstriction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gorini M, Misuri G, Duranti R, et al. Abdominal muscle recruitment and PEEPi during bronchoconstriction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1997;52:355-61.
    • (1997) Thorax , vol.52 , pp. 355-361
    • Gorini, M.1    Misuri, G.2    Duranti, R.3
  • 67
    • 70349427025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between expiratory muscle dysfunction and dynamic hyperinflation in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Mota S, Güell R, Barreiro E, et al. Relationship between expiratory muscle dysfunction and dynamic hyperinflation in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Bronconeumol 2009;45:487-95.
    • (2009) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.45 , pp. 487-495
    • Mota, S.1    Güell, R.2    Barreiro, E.3
  • 68
    • 0036159175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expiratory muscle endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ramírez-Sarmiento A, Orozco-Levi M, Barreiro E, et al. Expiratory muscle endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002;57:132-6.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 132-136
    • Ramírez-Sarmiento, A.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Barreiro, E.3
  • 69
    • 0033639257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of muscle weakness in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gosselink R, Troosters T, Decramer M. Distribution of muscle weakness in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000;20:353-60.
    • (2000) J Cardiopulm Rehabil , vol.20 , pp. 353-360
    • Gosselink, R.1    Troosters, T.2    Decramer, M.3
  • 70
    • 0023260584 scopus 로고
    • Length-tension relationship of abdominal expiratory muscles: effect of emphysema
    • Arnold JS, Thomas AJ, Kelsen SG. Length-tension relationship of abdominal expiratory muscles: effect of emphysema. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987;62:739-45.
    • (1987) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.62 , pp. 739-745
    • Arnold, J.S.1    Thomas, A.J.2    Kelsen, S.G.3
  • 71
    • 0034201132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical and metabolic reproducibility of resistance test of expiratory muscles with incremental threshold loading
    • Ferrer A, Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, et al. Mechanical and metabolic reproducibility of resistance test of expiratory muscles with incremental threshold loading. Arch Bronconeumol 2000;36:303-12.
    • (2000) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.36 , pp. 303-312
    • Ferrer, A.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Gea, J.3
  • 72
    • 0028892391 scopus 로고
    • Muscle strength, symptom intensity, and exercise capacity in patients with cardiorespiratory disorders
    • Hamilton AL, Killian KJ, Summers E, et al. Muscle strength, symptom intensity, and exercise capacity in patients with cardiorespiratory disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:2021-31.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Hamilton, A.L.1    Killian, K.J.2    Summers, E.3
  • 73
    • 3543070619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of assessing quadriceps endurance in patients with COPD
    • Coronell C, Orozco-Levi M, Méndez R, et al. Relevance of assessing quadriceps endurance in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2004;24:129-36.
    • (2004) Eur Respir J , vol.24 , pp. 129-136
    • Coronell, C.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Méndez, R.3
  • 74
    • 33846822915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is impairment similar between arm and leg cranking exercise in COPD patients?
    • Castagna O, Boussuges A, Vallier JM, et al. Is impairment similar between arm and leg cranking exercise in COPD patients? Respir Med 2007;101:547-53.
    • (2007) Respir Med , vol.101 , pp. 547-553
    • Castagna, O.1    Boussuges, A.2    Vallier, J.M.3
  • 75
    • 0026782969 scopus 로고
    • Exercise capacity and ventilatory, circulatory, and symptom limitation in patients with chronic airflow limitation
    • Killian KJ, Leblanc P, Martin DH, et al. Exercise capacity and ventilatory, circulatory, and symptom limitation in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:935-40.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.146 , pp. 935-940
    • Killian, K.J.1    Leblanc, P.2    Martin, D.H.3
  • 76
    • 0026877237 scopus 로고
    • Dyspnea and leg effort during incremental cycle ergometry
    • Killian KJ, Summers E, Jones NL, et al. Dyspnea and leg effort during incremental cycle ergometry. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1339-45.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 1339-1345
    • Killian, K.J.1    Summers, E.2    Jones, N.L.3
  • 77
    • 84923170901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarcopenia in COPD: prevalence, clinical correlates and response to pulmonary rehabilitation
    • Jones SE, Maddocks M, Kon SS, et al. Sarcopenia in COPD: prevalence, clinical correlates and response to pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax 2015;70:213-8.
    • (2015) Thorax , vol.70 , pp. 213-218
    • Jones, S.E.1    Maddocks, M.2    Kon, S.S.3
  • 78
    • 0033060006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle bioenergetics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sala E, Roca J, Marrades RM, et al. Effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle bioenergetics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1726-34.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 1726-1734
    • Sala, E.1    Roca, J.2    Marrades, R.M.3
  • 79
    • 84924873124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is quadriceps endurance reduced in COPD?: a systematic review
    • Evans RA, Kaplovitch E, Beauchamp MK, et al. Is quadriceps endurance reduced in COPD?: a systematic review. Chest 2015;147:673-84.
    • (2015) Chest , vol.147 , pp. 673-684
    • Evans, R.A.1    Kaplovitch, E.2    Beauchamp, M.K.3
  • 80
    • 77956692758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the muscle-to-capillary interface in patients with different degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Eliason G, Abdel-Halim SM, Piehl-Aulin K, et al. Alterations in the muscle-to-capillary interface in patients with different degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2010;11:97.
    • (2010) Respir Res , vol.11 , pp. 97
    • Eliason, G.1    Abdel-Halim, S.M.2    Piehl-Aulin, K.3
  • 81
    • 0026099446 scopus 로고
    • Does chronic hypoxaemia induce transformations of fibre types?
    • Hildebrand IL, Sylvén C, Esbjörnsson M, et al. Does chronic hypoxaemia induce transformations of fibre types? Acta Physiol Scand 1991;141:435-9.
    • (1991) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.141 , pp. 435-439
    • Hildebrand, I.L.1    Sylvén, C.2    Esbjörnsson, M.3
  • 82
    • 0025120269 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle metabolites and fibre types in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with and without chronic respiratory failure
    • Jakobsson P, Jorfeldt L, Brundin A. Skeletal muscle metabolites and fibre types in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with and without chronic respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 1990;3:192-6.
    • (1990) Eur Respir J , vol.3 , pp. 192-196
    • Jakobsson, P.1    Jorfeldt, L.2    Brundin, A.3
  • 83
    • 0028878473 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic enzyme activity in the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Jakobsson P, Jorfeldt L, Henriksson J. Metabolic enzyme activity in the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:374-7.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 374-377
    • Jakobsson, P.1    Jorfeldt, L.2    Henriksson, J.3
  • 84
    • 0002843125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial and capillarity changes in vastus lateralis muscle of COPD patients: electron microscopy study
    • Simard C, Maltais F, Leblanc P, et al. Mitochondrial and capillarity changes in vastus lateralis muscle of COPD patients: electron microscopy study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:S95.
    • (1996) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.28 , pp. S95
    • Simard, C.1    Maltais, F.2    Leblanc, P.3
  • 85
    • 0031463750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibre types in skeletal muscles of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients related to respiratory function and exercise tolerance
    • Satta A, Migliori GB, Spanevello A, et al. Fibre types in skeletal muscles of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients related to respiratory function and exercise tolerance. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2853-60.
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 2853-2860
    • Satta, A.1    Migliori, G.B.2    Spanevello, A.3
  • 86
    • 0031685110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Whittom F, Jobin J, Simard PM, et al. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1467-74.
    • (1998) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.30 , pp. 1467-1474
    • Whittom, F.1    Jobin, J.2    Simard, P.M.3
  • 87
    • 0030042996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with COPD
    • Maltais F, Simard AA, Simard C, et al. Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:288-93.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 288-293
    • Maltais, F.1    Simard, A.A.2    Simard, C.3
  • 88
    • 0026531682 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and aerobic capacity of skeletal muscle in chronic respiratory failure related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Wuyam B, Payen JF, Levy P, et al. Metabolism and aerobic capacity of skeletal muscle in chronic respiratory failure related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1992;5:157-62.
    • (1992) Eur Respir J , vol.5 , pp. 157-162
    • Wuyam, B.1    Payen, J.F.2    Levy, P.3
  • 89
    • 84876411015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways associated with reduced quadriceps oxidative fibres and endurance in COPD
    • Natanek SA, Gosker HR, Slot IG, et al. Pathways associated with reduced quadriceps oxidative fibres and endurance in COPD. Eur Respir J 2013;41:1275-83.
    • (2013) Eur Respir J , vol.41 , pp. 1275-1283
    • Natanek, S.A.1    Gosker, H.R.2    Slot, I.G.3
  • 90
    • 0031967167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower limb metabolic and hemodynamic responses during exercise in normal subjects and in COPD
    • Maltais F, Jobin J, Sullivan MJ, et al. Lower limb metabolic and hemodynamic responses during exercise in normal subjects and in COPD. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1573-80.
    • (1998) J Appl Physiol , vol.84 , pp. 1573-1580
    • Maltais, F.1    Jobin, J.2    Sullivan, M.J.3
  • 91
    • 0033695043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced lactate increase in relation to muscle substrates in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Engelen MP, Schols AM, Does JD, et al. Exercise-induced lactate increase in relation to muscle substrates in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1697-704.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 1697-1704
    • Engelen, M.P.1    Schols, A.M.2    Does, J.D.3
  • 92
    • 0025964922 scopus 로고
    • Reductions in exercise lactic acidosis and ventilation as a result of exercise training in patients with obstructive lung disease
    • Casaburi R, Patessio A, Ioli F, et al. Reductions in exercise lactic acidosis and ventilation as a result of exercise training in patients with obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:9-18.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.143 , pp. 9-18
    • Casaburi, R.1    Patessio, A.2    Ioli, F.3
  • 93
    • 17744408598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual morphometrical changes of the deltoid muscle in patients with COPD
    • Hernández N, Orozco-Levi M, Belalcázar V, et al. Dual morphometrical changes of the deltoid muscle in patients with COPD. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003;134:219-29.
    • (2003) Respir Physiol Neurobiol , vol.134 , pp. 219-229
    • Hernández, N.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Belalcázar, V.3
  • 94
    • 0034948652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic characteristics of the deltoid muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gea JG, Pasto M, Carmona MA, et al. Metabolic characteristics of the deltoid muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2001;17:939-45.
    • (2001) Eur Respir J , vol.17 , pp. 939-945
    • Gea, J.G.1    Pasto, M.2    Carmona, M.A.3
  • 95
    • 0031040706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphologic and histochemical evaluation of muscle in patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema manifesting generalized emaciation
    • Sato Y, Asoh T, Honda Y, et al. Morphologic and histochemical evaluation of muscle in patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema manifesting generalized emaciation. Eur Neurol 1997;37:116-21.
    • (1997) Eur Neurol , vol.37 , pp. 116-121
    • Sato, Y.1    Asoh, T.2    Honda, Y.3
  • 96
    • 84920874600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioenergetics and intermuscular fat in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-associated quadriceps weakness
    • Shields GS, Coissi GS, Jimenez-Royo P, et al. Bioenergetics and intermuscular fat in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-associated quadriceps weakness. Muscle Nerve 2015;51:214-21.
    • (2015) Muscle Nerve , vol.51 , pp. 214-221
    • Shields, G.S.1    Coissi, G.S.2    Jimenez-Royo, P.3
  • 97
    • 0034789997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional changes in the skeletal muscles of COPD patients: the "compartments" theory
    • Gea J, Orozco-Levi M, Barreiro E, et al. Structural and functional changes in the skeletal muscles of COPD patients: the "compartments" theory. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2001;56:214-24.
    • (2001) Monaldi Arch Chest Dis , vol.56 , pp. 214-224
    • Gea, J.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Barreiro, E.3
  • 98
    • 39049125244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine profile in quadriceps muscles of patients with severe COPD
    • Barreiro E, Schols AM, Polkey MI, et al. Cytokine profile in quadriceps muscles of patients with severe COPD. Thorax 2008;63:100-7.
    • (2008) Thorax , vol.63 , pp. 100-107
    • Barreiro, E.1    Schols, A.M.2    Polkey, M.I.3
  • 99
    • 3142517968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis
    • Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004;59:574-80.
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , pp. 574-580
    • Gan, W.Q.1    Man, S.F.2    Senthilselvan, A.3
  • 100
    • 24644437308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle inflammation and nitric oxide in patients with COPD
    • Montes de Oca M, Torres SH, De Sanctis J, et al. Skeletal muscle inflammation and nitric oxide in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2005;26:390-7.
    • (2005) Eur Respir J , vol.26 , pp. 390-397
    • Montes de Oca, M.1    Torres, S.H.2    De Sanctis, J.3
  • 101
    • 0029787450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Schols AM, Buurman WA, Staal van den Brekel AJ, et al. Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996;51:819-24.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 819-824
    • Schols, A.M.1    Buurman, W.A.2    Staal van den Brekel, A.J.3
  • 102
    • 0036790414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Side-stream cigarette smoke induces dose-response in systemic inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress
    • Zhang J, Liu Y, Shi J, et al. Side-stream cigarette smoke induces dose-response in systemic inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002;227:823-9.
    • (2002) Exp Biol Med (Maywood) , vol.227 , pp. 823-829
    • Zhang, J.1    Liu, Y.2    Shi, J.3
  • 103
    • 0032985046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers
    • Salvi S, Blomberg A, Rudell B, et al. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:702-9.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 702-709
    • Salvi, S.1    Blomberg, A.2    Rudell, B.3
  • 104
    • 0035448130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM(10))
    • van Eeden SF, Tan WC, Suwa T, et al. Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM(10)). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:826-30.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 826-830
    • van Eeden, S.F.1    Tan, W.C.2    Suwa, T.3
  • 105
    • 22144480051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetic analysis of cytokine response to cigarette smoke condensate by human endothelial and monocytic cells
    • Nordskog BK, Fields WR, Hellmann GM. Kinetic analysis of cytokine response to cigarette smoke condensate by human endothelial and monocytic cells. Toxicology 2005;212:87-97.
    • (2005) Toxicology , vol.212 , pp. 87-97
    • Nordskog, B.K.1    Fields, W.R.2    Hellmann, G.M.3
  • 106
    • 77957052806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress: A role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease skeletal muscle dysfunction
    • Barreiro E, Peinado VI, Galdiz JB, et al. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress: A role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease skeletal muscle dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:477-88.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.182 , pp. 477-488
    • Barreiro, E.1    Peinado, V.I.2    Galdiz, J.B.3
  • 107
    • 77955224519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic inflammation and comorbidity in COPD: a result of 'overspill' of inflammatory mediators from the lungs? Review of the evidence
    • Sinden NJ, Stockley RA. Systemic inflammation and comorbidity in COPD: a result of 'overspill' of inflammatory mediators from the lungs? Review of the evidence. Thorax 2010;65:930-6.
    • (2010) Thorax , vol.65 , pp. 930-936
    • Sinden, N.J.1    Stockley, R.A.2
  • 108
    • 0033956851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The activity of cytochrome oxidase is increased in circulating lymphocytes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and chronic arthritis
    • Sauleda J, García-Palmer FJ, González G, et al. The activity of cytochrome oxidase is increased in circulating lymphocytes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and chronic arthritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:32-5.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.161 , pp. 32-35
    • Sauleda, J.1    García-Palmer, F.J.2    González, G.3
  • 109
    • 0041525699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myopathological features in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gosker HR, Kubat B, Schaart G, et al. Myopathological features in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003;22:280-5.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.22 , pp. 280-285
    • Gosker, H.R.1    Kubat, B.2    Schaart, G.3
  • 110
    • 0038732701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased tumour necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels during moderate-intensity exercise in COPD patients
    • Rabinovich RA, Figueras M, Ardite E, et al. Increased tumour necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels during moderate-intensity exercise in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2003;21:789-94.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 789-794
    • Rabinovich, R.A.1    Figueras, M.2    Ardite, E.3
  • 111
    • 0024547167 scopus 로고
    • Infusion of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin promotes muscle catabolism in the ra. A synergistic effect with interleukin 1
    • Flores EA, Bistrian BR, Pomposelli JJ, et al. Infusion of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin promotes muscle catabolism in the rat. A synergistic effect with interleukin 1. J Clin Invest 1989;83:1614-22.
    • (1989) J Clin Invest , vol.83 , pp. 1614-1622
    • Flores, E.A.1    Bistrian, B.R.2    Pomposelli, J.J.3
  • 112
    • 0024989574 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between corticosterone and tumor necrosis factor stimulated protein breakdown in rat skeletal muscle, similar to sepsis
    • Hall-Angerås M, Angerås U, Zamir O, et al. Interaction between corticosterone and tumor necrosis factor stimulated protein breakdown in rat skeletal muscle, similar to sepsis. Surgery 1990;108:460-6.
    • (1990) Surgery , vol.108 , pp. 460-466
    • Hall-Angerås, M.1    Angerås, U.2    Zamir, O.3
  • 113
    • 0033835782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between airway bacterial load and markers of airway inflammation in patients with stable chronic bronchitis
    • Hill AT, Campbell EJ, Hill SL, et al. Association between airway bacterial load and markers of airway inflammation in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. Am J Med 2000;109:288-95.
    • (2000) Am J Med , vol.109 , pp. 288-295
    • Hill, A.T.1    Campbell, E.J.2    Hill, S.L.3
  • 114
    • 0037260438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2003;58:73-80.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 73-80
    • White, A.J.1    Gompertz, S.2    Stockley, R.A.3
  • 115
    • 0026438910 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle. I. Intracellular oxidant kinetics and fatigue in vitro
    • Reid MB, Haack KE, Franchek KM, et al. Reactive oxygen in skeletal muscle. I. Intracellular oxidant kinetics and fatigue in vitro. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992;73:1797-804.
    • (1992) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.73 , pp. 1797-1804
    • Reid, M.B.1    Haack, K.E.2    Franchek, K.M.3
  • 116
    • 0028046502 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle
    • Kobzik L, Reid MB, Bredt DS, et al. Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Nature 1994;372:546-8.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.372 , pp. 546-548
    • Kobzik, L.1    Reid, M.B.2    Bredt, D.S.3
  • 117
    • 0035139227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle
    • Stamler JS, Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev 2001;81:209-237.
    • (2001) Physiol Rev , vol.81 , pp. 209-237
    • Stamler, J.S.1    Meissner, G.2
  • 118
    • 0029805172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly
    • Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol 1996;271:C1424-37.
    • (1996) Am J Physiol , vol.271 , pp. C1424-C1437
    • Beckman, J.S.1    Koppenol, W.H.2
  • 120
    • 0032992466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microtubule dysfunction by posttranslational nitrotyrosination of alpha-tubulin: a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism of cellular injury
    • Eiserich JP, Estévez AG, Bamberg TV, et al. Microtubule dysfunction by posttranslational nitrotyrosination of alpha-tubulin: a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism of cellular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:6365-70.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.96 , pp. 6365-6370
    • Eiserich, J.P.1    Estévez, A.G.2    Bamberg, T.V.3
  • 121
    • 0031933313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free radical induced respiratory muscle dysfunction
    • Supinski G. Free radical induced respiratory muscle dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem 1998;179:99-110.
    • (1998) Mol Cell Biochem , vol.179 , pp. 99-110
    • Supinski, G.1
  • 122
    • 0020806140 scopus 로고
    • Ischemia-induced vascular changes: role of xanthine oxidase and hydroxyl radicals
    • Parks DA, Granger DN. Ischemia-induced vascular changes: role of xanthine oxidase and hydroxyl radicals. Am J Physiol 1983;245:G285-9.
    • (1983) Am J Physiol , vol.245 , pp. G285-G289
    • Parks, D.A.1    Granger, D.N.2
  • 123
    • 0347990339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide synthases and protein oxidation in the quadriceps femoris of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barreiro E, Gea J, Corominas JM, et al. Nitric oxide synthases and protein oxidation in the quadriceps femoris of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003;29:771-8.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.29 , pp. 771-778
    • Barreiro, E.1    Gea, J.2    Corominas, J.M.3
  • 124
    • 10944228093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered antioxidant status in peripheral skeletal muscle of patients with COPD
    • Gosker HR, Bast A, Haenen GR, et al. Altered antioxidant status in peripheral skeletal muscle of patients with COPD. Respir Med 2005;99:118-25.
    • (2005) Respir Med , vol.99 , pp. 118-125
    • Gosker, H.R.1    Bast, A.2    Haenen, G.R.3
  • 125
    • 33845331122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential oxidative stress and nitrosative stress profiles in respiratory and peripheral muscles of COPD patients
    • Gea J, Barreiro E, Hussain SNA. Differential oxidative stress and nitrosative stress profiles in respiratory and peripheral muscles of COPD patients. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A26.
    • (2006) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.3 , pp. A26
    • Gea, J.1    Barreiro, E.2    Hussain, S.N.A.3
  • 126
    • 2142702297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does oxidative stress alter quadriceps endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
    • Koechlin C, Couillard A, Simar D, et al. Does oxidative stress alter quadriceps endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:1022-7.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.169 , pp. 1022-1027
    • Koechlin, C.1    Couillard, A.2    Simar, D.3
  • 127
    • 28644451208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression and carbonylation of creatine kinase in the quadriceps femoris muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barreiro E, Gea J, Matar G, et al. Expression and carbonylation of creatine kinase in the quadriceps femoris muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005;33:636-42.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.33 , pp. 636-642
    • Barreiro, E.1    Gea, J.2    Matar, G.3
  • 128
    • 0026666872 scopus 로고
    • Trace element movement and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophied by immobilization
    • Kondo H, Miura M, Nakagaki I, et al. Trace element movement and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophied by immobilization. Am J Physiol 1992;262:E583-90.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.262 , pp. E583-E590
    • Kondo, H.1    Miura, M.2    Nakagaki, I.3
  • 129
    • 33646363092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory loading intensity and diaphragm oxidative stress: N-acetyl-cysteine effects
    • Barreiro E, Gáldiz JB, Mariñán M, et al. Respiratory loading intensity and diaphragm oxidative stress: N-acetyl-cysteine effects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006;100:555-63.
    • (2006) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.100 , pp. 555-563
    • Barreiro, E.1    Gáldiz, J.B.2    Mariñán, M.3
  • 130
    • 0031048659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest
    • Bloomfield SA. Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:197-206.
    • (1997) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.29 , pp. 197-206
    • Bloomfield, S.A.1
  • 131
    • 9444290721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Simard C, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:442-7.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 442-447
    • Maltais, F.1    LeBlanc, P.2    Simard, C.3
  • 132
    • 33846938481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivity and inflammation in the critically ill patient
    • Winkelman C. Inactivity and inflammation in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin 2007;23:21-34.
    • (2007) Crit Care Clin , vol.23 , pp. 21-34
    • Winkelman, C.1
  • 133
    • 0028306884 scopus 로고
    • Effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic contractile properties in rats
    • Le Bourdelles G, Viires N, Boczkowski J, et al. Effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic contractile properties in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1539-44.
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.149 , pp. 1539-1544
    • Le Bourdelles, G.1    Viires, N.2    Boczkowski, J.3
  • 134
    • 84895074327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory muscle dysfunction: a multicausal entity in the critically ill patient undergoing mechanical ventilation
    • Díaz MC, Ospina-Tascón GA, Salazar C BC. Respiratory muscle dysfunction: a multicausal entity in the critically ill patient undergoing mechanical ventilation. Arch Bronconeumol 2014;50:73-7.
    • (2014) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.50 , pp. 73-77
    • Díaz, M.C.1    Ospina-Tascón, G.A.2    Salazar, C.B.C.3
  • 135
    • 0032078713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical illness myopathy unrelated to corticosteroids or neuromuscular blocking agents
    • Deconinck N, Van Parijs V, Beckers-Bleukx G, et al. Critical illness myopathy unrelated to corticosteroids or neuromuscular blocking agents. Neuromuscul Disord 1998;8:186-92.
    • (1998) Neuromuscul Disord , vol.8 , pp. 186-192
    • Deconinck, N.1    Van Parijs, V.2    Beckers-Bleukx, G.3
  • 136
    • 0035092105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical aspects of respiratory muscle dysfunction in the critically ill
    • Polkey MI, Moxham J. Clinical aspects of respiratory muscle dysfunction in the critically ill. Chest 2001;119:926-39.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 926-939
    • Polkey, M.I.1    Moxham, J.2
  • 137
    • 84916234213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement
    • Schols AM, Ferreira IM, Franssen FM, et al. Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement. Eur Respir J 2014;44:1504-20.
    • (2014) Eur Respir J , vol.44 , pp. 1504-1520
    • Schols, A.M.1    Ferreira, I.M.2    Franssen, F.M.3
  • 138
    • 0031862418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Schols AM, Slangen J, Volovics L, et al. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1791-7.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 1791-1797
    • Schols, A.M.1    Slangen, J.2    Volovics, L.3
  • 139
    • 23444436897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Schols AM, Broekhuizen R, Weling-Scheepers CA, et al. Body composition and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:53-9.
    • (2005) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.82 , pp. 53-59
    • Schols, A.M.1    Broekhuizen, R.2    Weling-Scheepers, C.A.3
  • 140
    • 84919644370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress, redox signaling pathways, and autophagy in cachectic muscles of male patients with advanced COPD and lung cancer
    • Puig-Vilanova E, Rodriguez DA, Lloreta J, et al. Oxidative stress, redox signaling pathways, and autophagy in cachectic muscles of male patients with advanced COPD and lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2015;79:91-108.
    • (2015) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.79 , pp. 91-108
    • Puig-Vilanova, E.1    Rodriguez, D.A.2    Lloreta, J.3
  • 141
    • 0032852782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma leptin is related to proinflammatory status and dietary intake in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Schols AM, Creutzberg EC, Buurman WA, et al. Plasma leptin is related to proinflammatory status and dietary intake in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:1220-6.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 1220-1226
    • Schols, A.M.1    Creutzberg, E.C.2    Buurman, W.A.3
  • 142
    • 84920459750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease grade 1 COPD
    • Guenette JA, Chin RC, Cheng S, et al. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease grade 1 COPD. Eur Respir J 2014;44:1177-87.
    • (2014) Eur Respir J , vol.44 , pp. 1177-1187
    • Guenette, J.A.1    Chin, R.C.2    Cheng, S.3
  • 143
    • 79954994400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and prospective validation of clinically relevant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subtypes
    • Garcia-Aymerich J, Gómez FP, Benet M, et al. Identification and prospective validation of clinically relevant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subtypes. Thorax 2011;66:430-7.
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , pp. 430-437
    • Garcia-Aymerich, J.1    Gómez, F.P.2    Benet, M.3
  • 144
    • 0036796780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD and body weight in a Mediterranean population
    • author reply 437-8
    • Coronell C, Orozco-Levi M, Gea J. COPD and body weight in a Mediterranean population. Clin Nutr 2002;21:437; author reply 437-8.
    • (2002) Clin Nutr , vol.21 , pp. 437
    • Coronell, C.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Gea, J.3
  • 145
    • 84903531510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gea J, Martínez-Llorens J, Barreiro E. Nutritional abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Clin (Barc) 2014;143:78-84.
    • (2014) Med Clin (Barc) , vol.143 , pp. 78-84
    • Gea, J.1    Martínez-Llorens, J.2    Barreiro, E.3
  • 146
    • 18244366368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory muscle strength may explain hypoxia-induced decrease in vital capacity
    • Deboeck G, Moraine JJ, Naeije R. Respiratory muscle strength may explain hypoxia-induced decrease in vital capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:754-8.
    • (2005) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.37 , pp. 754-758
    • Deboeck, G.1    Moraine, J.J.2    Naeije, R.3
  • 147
    • 33846139996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of acute severe hypoxia on peripheral fatigue and endurance capacity in healthy humans
    • Romer LM, Haverkamp HC, Amann M, et al. Effect of acute severe hypoxia on peripheral fatigue and endurance capacity in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007;292:R598-606.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , vol.292 , pp. R598-R606
    • Romer, L.M.1    Haverkamp, H.C.2    Amann, M.3
  • 148
    • 0028912051 scopus 로고
    • Modifications by chronic intermittent hypoxia and drug treatment on skeletal muscle metabolism
    • Pastoris O, Dossena M, Foppa P, et al. Modifications by chronic intermittent hypoxia and drug treatment on skeletal muscle metabolism. Neurochem Res 1995;20:143-50.
    • (1995) Neurochem Res , vol.20 , pp. 143-150
    • Pastoris, O.1    Dossena, M.2    Foppa, P.3
  • 149
    • 0036889475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen deprivation induced cell death: an update
    • Brunelle JK, Chandel NS. Oxygen deprivation induced cell death: an update. Apoptosis 2002;7:475-82.
    • (2002) Apoptosis , vol.7 , pp. 475-482
    • Brunelle, J.K.1    Chandel, N.S.2
  • 150
    • 77949887906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alveolar hypoxia-induced systemic inflammation: what low PO(2) does and does not do
    • Gonzalez NC, Wood JG. Alveolar hypoxia-induced systemic inflammation: what low PO(2) does and does not do. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;662:27-32.
    • (2010) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.662 , pp. 27-32
    • Gonzalez, N.C.1    Wood, J.G.2
  • 151
    • 16244406228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive myogenesis under hypoxia
    • Yun Z, Lin Q, Giaccia AJ. Adaptive myogenesis under hypoxia. Mol Cell Biol 2005;25:3040-55.
    • (2005) Mol Cell Biol , vol.25 , pp. 3040-3055
    • Yun, Z.1    Lin, Q.2    Giaccia, A.J.3
  • 152
    • 3142543519 scopus 로고
    • Modificaciones de la actividad mecánica del diafragma inducidas por la inhalación de CO2 en pacientes con EPOC
    • Aguar MC, Gea J, Aran X, et al. Modificaciones de la actividad mecánica del diafragma inducidas por la inhalación de CO2 en pacientes con EPOC. Arch Bronconeumol 1993;29:226-8.
    • (1993) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.29 , pp. 226-228
    • Aguar, M.C.1    Gea, J.2    Aran, X.3
  • 153
    • 0032742791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of hypercapnia on maximal voluntary ventilation and diaphragm fatigue in normal humans
    • Rafferty GF, Lou Harris M, Polkey MI, et al. Effect of hypercapnia on maximal voluntary ventilation and diaphragm fatigue in normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:1567-71.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 1567-1571
    • Rafferty, G.F.1    Lou Harris, M.2    Polkey, M.I.3
  • 154
    • 0026099550 scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities in protein synthesis and degradation induced by extracellular pH in BC3H1 myocytes
    • England BK, Chastain JL, Mitch WE. Abnormalities in protein synthesis and degradation induced by extracellular pH in BC3H1 myocytes. Am J Physiol 1991;260:C277-82.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.260 , pp. C277-C282
    • England, B.K.1    Chastain, J.L.2    Mitch, W.E.3
  • 155
    • 0036526923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of fatigue in healthy young adults: moderating effects of cigarette smoking and gender
    • Corwin EJ, Klein LC, Rickelman K. Predictors of fatigue in healthy young adults: moderating effects of cigarette smoking and gender. Biol Res Nurs 2002;3:222-33.
    • (2002) Biol Res Nurs , vol.3 , pp. 222-233
    • Corwin, E.J.1    Klein, L.C.2    Rickelman, K.3
  • 156
    • 34548581044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle fatigue resistance during stimulated contractions is reduced in young male smokers
    • Morse CI, Wüst RC, Jones DA, et al. Muscle fatigue resistance during stimulated contractions is reduced in young male smokers. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007;191:123-9.
    • (2007) Acta Physiol (Oxf) , vol.191 , pp. 123-129
    • Morse, C.I.1    Wüst, R.C.2    Jones, D.A.3
  • 157
    • 46749153740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle properties and fatigue resistance in relation to smoking history
    • Wüst RC, Morse CI, de Haan A, et al. Skeletal muscle properties and fatigue resistance in relation to smoking history. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;104:103-10.
    • (2008) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.104 , pp. 103-110
    • Wüst, R.C.1    Morse, C.I.2    de Haan, A.3
  • 158
    • 84863507518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarcopenia and smoking: a possible cellular model of cigarette smoke effects on muscle protein breakdown
    • Rom O, Kaisari S, Aizenbud D, et al. Sarcopenia and smoking: a possible cellular model of cigarette smoke effects on muscle protein breakdown. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1259:47-53.
    • (2012) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1259 , pp. 47-53
    • Rom, O.1    Kaisari, S.2    Aizenbud, D.3
  • 159
    • 34548452916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking impairs muscle protein synthesis and increases the expression of myostatin and MAFbx in muscle
    • Petersen AM, Magkos F, Atherton P, et al. Smoking impairs muscle protein synthesis and increases the expression of myostatin and MAFbx in muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007;293:E843-8.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.293 , pp. E843-E848
    • Petersen, A.M.1    Magkos, F.2    Atherton, P.3
  • 160
    • 0014471858 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between cortisone and muscle work in determining muscle size
    • Goldberg AL, Goodman HM. Relationship between cortisone and muscle work in determining muscle size. J Physiol 1969;200:667-75.
    • (1969) J Physiol , vol.200 , pp. 667-675
    • Goldberg, A.L.1    Goodman, H.M.2
  • 161
    • 0029924786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and histologic picture of steroid-induced myopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Decramer M, de Bock V, Dom R. Functional and histologic picture of steroid-induced myopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1958-64.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 1958-1964
    • Decramer, M.1    de Bock, V.2    Dom, R.3
  • 162
    • 0029819286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study
    • Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3469-75.
    • (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.81 , pp. 3469-3475
    • Brodsky, I.G.1    Balagopal, P.2    Nair, K.S.3
  • 163
    • 58449093987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex hormone alterations and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Karadag F, Ozcan H, Karul AB, et al. Sex hormone alterations and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:275-81.
    • (2009) Int J Clin Pract , vol.63 , pp. 275-281
    • Karadag, F.1    Ozcan, H.2    Karul, A.B.3
  • 164
    • 14944348629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory and skeletal muscles in hypogonadal men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Laghi F, Langbein WE, Antonescu-Turcu A, et al. Respiratory and skeletal muscles in hypogonadal men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:598-605.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 598-605
    • Laghi, F.1    Langbein, W.E.2    Antonescu-Turcu, A.3
  • 165
    • 1542494099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocrinological disturbances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Creutzberg EC, Casaburi R. Endocrinological disturbances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003;46:76s-80s.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J Suppl , vol.46 , pp. 76s-80s
    • Creutzberg, E.C.1    Casaburi, R.2
  • 166
    • 0030497932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma hormone levels and haemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease
    • Scalvini S, Volterrani M, Vitacca M, et al. Plasma hormone levels and haemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1996;51:380-6.
    • (1996) Monaldi Arch Chest Dis , vol.51 , pp. 380-386
    • Scalvini, S.1    Volterrani, M.2    Vitacca, M.3
  • 167
    • 79959334213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased postabsorptive and exercise-induced whole-body glucose production in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Franssen FM, Sauerwein HP, Ackermans MT, et al. Increased postabsorptive and exercise-induced whole-body glucose production in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Metabolism 2011;60:957-64.
    • (2011) Metabolism , vol.60 , pp. 957-964
    • Franssen, F.M.1    Sauerwein, H.P.2    Ackermans, M.T.3
  • 168
    • 0036849778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of local exercise-induced systemic oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
    • Couillard A, Koechlin C, Cristol JP, et al. Evidence of local exercise-induced systemic oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 2002;20:1123-9.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.20 , pp. 1123-1129
    • Couillard, A.1    Koechlin, C.2    Cristol, J.P.3
  • 169
    • 0038206796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced quadriceps oxidative stress and peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Couillard A, Maltais F, Saey D, et al. Exercise-induced quadriceps oxidative stress and peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1664-9.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 1664-1669
    • Couillard, A.1    Maltais, F.2    Saey, D.3
  • 170
    • 79551614544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased exercise-induced expression of nuclear factor-?B-regulated genes in muscle of patients with COPD
    • Mercken EM, Hageman GJ, Langen RC, et al. Decreased exercise-induced expression of nuclear factor-?B-regulated genes in muscle of patients with COPD. Chest 2011;139:337-46.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.139 , pp. 337-346
    • Mercken, E.M.1    Hageman, G.J.2    Langen, R.C.3
  • 171
    • 33748565650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise-induced systemic effects in muscle-wasted patients with COPD
    • Van Helvoort HA, Heijdra YF, Thijs HM, et al. Exercise-induced systemic effects in muscle-wasted patients with COPD. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:1543-52.
    • (2006) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.38 , pp. 1543-1552
    • Van Helvoort, H.A.1    Heijdra, Y.F.2    Thijs, H.M.3
  • 172
    • 84859599968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of higher ATP cost of contraction on the metabolic response to graded exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Layec G, Haseler LJ, Richardson RS, et al. The effect of higher ATP cost of contraction on the metabolic response to graded exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012;112:1041-8.
    • (2012) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.112 , pp. 1041-1048
    • Layec, G.1    Haseler, L.J.2    Richardson, R.S.3
  • 173
    • 1242343556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced mechanical efficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but normal peak VO2 with small muscle mass exercise
    • Richardson RS, Leek BT, Gavin TP, et al. Reduced mechanical efficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but normal peak VO2 with small muscle mass exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:89-96.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.169 , pp. 89-96
    • Richardson, R.S.1    Leek, B.T.2    Gavin, T.P.3
  • 174
    • 80053440986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systems biology approach identifies molecular networks defining skeletal muscle abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Turan N, Kalko S, Stincone A, et al. A systems biology approach identifies molecular networks defining skeletal muscle abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2011;7:e1002129.
    • (2011) PLoS Comput Biol , vol.7
    • Turan, N.1    Kalko, S.2    Stincone, A.3
  • 175
    • 58349091041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic endurance exercise induces quadriceps nitrosative stress in patients with severe COPD
    • Barreiro E, Rabinovich R, Marin-Corral J, et al. Chronic endurance exercise induces quadriceps nitrosative stress in patients with severe COPD. Thorax 2009;64:13-9.
    • (2009) Thorax , vol.64 , pp. 13-19
    • Barreiro, E.1    Rabinovich, R.2    Marin-Corral, J.3
  • 176
    • 84655167541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle and blood redox status after exercise training in severe COPD patients
    • Rodriguez DA, Kalko S, Puig-Vilanova E, et al. Muscle and blood redox status after exercise training in severe COPD patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:88-94.
    • (2012) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.52 , pp. 88-94
    • Rodriguez, D.A.1    Kalko, S.2    Puig-Vilanova, E.3
  • 177
    • 80053056079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle effects of electrostimulation after COPD exacerbation: a pilot study
    • Abdellaoui A, Préfaut C, Gouzi F, et al. Skeletal muscle effects of electrostimulation after COPD exacerbation: a pilot study. Eur Respir J 2011;38:781-8.
    • (2011) Eur Respir J , vol.38 , pp. 781-788
    • Abdellaoui, A.1    Préfaut, C.2    Gouzi, F.3
  • 178
    • 0030670101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an acute exacerbation on nutritional and metabolic profile of patients with COPD
    • Vermeeren MA, Schols AM, Wouters EF. Effects of an acute exacerbation on nutritional and metabolic profile of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2264-9.
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 2264-2269
    • Vermeeren, M.A.1    Schols, A.M.2    Wouters, E.F.3
  • 179
    • 33645128463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD
    • Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2006;129:536-44.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , pp. 536-544
    • Pitta, F.1    Troosters, T.2    Probst, V.S.3
  • 180
    • 84863779109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle weakness, health status and frequency of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ansari K, Keaney N, Taylor I, et al. Muscle weakness, health status and frequency of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Postgrad Med J 2012;88:372-6.
    • (2012) Postgrad Med J , vol.88 , pp. 372-376
    • Ansari, K.1    Keaney, N.2    Taylor, I.3
  • 181
    • 78449249653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global muscle dysfunction as a risk factor of readmission to hospital due to COPD exacerbations
    • Vilaró J, Ramirez-Sarmiento A, Martínez-Llorens JM, et al. Global muscle dysfunction as a risk factor of readmission to hospital due to COPD exacerbations. Respir Med 2010;104:1896-902.
    • (2010) Respir Med , vol.104 , pp. 1896-1902
    • Vilaró, J.1    Ramirez-Sarmiento, A.2    Martínez-Llorens, J.M.3
  • 182
    • 84862564658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure patients: a disease-specific myopathy or a result of deconditioning?
    • Rehn TA, Munkvik M, Lunde PK, et al. Intrinsic skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure patients: a disease-specific myopathy or a result of deconditioning? Heart Fail Rev 2012;17:421-36.
    • (2012) Heart Fail Rev , vol.17 , pp. 421-436
    • Rehn, T.A.1    Munkvik, M.2    Lunde, P.K.3
  • 183
    • 84858246427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarcopenia in the elderly
    • Morley JE. Sarcopenia in the elderly. Fam Pract 2012;29 Suppl 1:i44-i48.
    • (2012) Fam Pract , vol.29 , pp. i44-i48
    • Morley, J.E.1
  • 185
    • 84929379630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetic efficiency and aging
    • Crescenzo R, Bianco F, Mazzoli A, et al. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetic efficiency and aging. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:10674-85.
    • (2015) Int J Mol Sci , vol.16 , pp. 10674-10685
    • Crescenzo, R.1    Bianco, F.2    Mazzoli, A.3
  • 186
    • 84929392265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and optimal management of sarcopenia: a review of combined exercise and nutrition interventions to improve muscle outcomes in older people
    • Denison HJ, Cooper C, Sayer AA, et al. Prevention and optimal management of sarcopenia: a review of combined exercise and nutrition interventions to improve muscle outcomes in older people. Clin Interv Aging 2015;10:859-69.
    • (2015) Clin Interv Aging , vol.10 , pp. 859-869
    • Denison, H.J.1    Cooper, C.2    Sayer, A.A.3
  • 187
    • 84868615760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory and satellite cells in the quadriceps of patients with COPD and response to resistance training
    • Menon MK, Houchen L, Singh SJ, et al. Inflammatory and satellite cells in the quadriceps of patients with COPD and response to resistance training. Chest 2012;142:1134-42.
    • (2012) Chest , vol.142 , pp. 1134-1142
    • Menon, M.K.1    Houchen, L.2    Singh, S.J.3
  • 188
    • 80053039183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory cells and apoptosis in respiratory and limb muscles of patients with COPD
    • Barreiro E, Ferrer D, Sanchez F, et al. Inflammatory cells and apoptosis in respiratory and limb muscles of patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011;111:808-17.
    • (2011) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.111 , pp. 808-817
    • Barreiro, E.1    Ferrer, D.2    Sanchez, F.3
  • 189
    • 35649015452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markers of inflammation and disuse in vastus lateralis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
    • Crul T, Spruit MA, Gayan-Ramirez G, et al. Markers of inflammation and disuse in vastus lateralis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2007;37:897-904.
    • (2007) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.37 , pp. 897-904
    • Crul, T.1    Spruit, M.A.2    Gayan-Ramirez, G.3
  • 190
    • 84864859152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does oxidative stress modulate limb muscle atrophy in severe COPD patients?
    • Fermoselle C, Rabinovich R, Ausín P, et al. Does oxidative stress modulate limb muscle atrophy in severe COPD patients? Eur Respir J 2012;40:851-62.
    • (2012) Eur Respir J , vol.40 , pp. 851-862
    • Fermoselle, C.1    Rabinovich, R.2    Ausín, P.3
  • 191
    • 84897916912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein carbonylation and muscle function in COPD and other conditions
    • Barreiro E. Protein carbonylation and muscle function in COPD and other conditions. Mass Spectrom Rev 2014;33:219-36.
    • (2014) Mass Spectrom Rev , vol.33 , pp. 219-236
    • Barreiro, E.1
  • 192
    • 84891274935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fiber atrophy, oxidative stress, and oxidative fiber reduction are the attributes of different phenotypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
    • Gouzi F, Abdellaoui A, Molinari N, et al. Fiber atrophy, oxidative stress, and oxidative fiber reduction are the attributes of different phenotypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013;115:1796-805.
    • (2013) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.115 , pp. 1796-1805
    • Gouzi, F.1    Abdellaoui, A.2    Molinari, N.3
  • 193
    • 67650078213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidised proteins and superoxide anion production in the diaphragm of severe COPD patients
    • Marin-Corral J, Minguella J, Ramírez-Sarmiento AL, et al. Oxidised proteins and superoxide anion production in the diaphragm of severe COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2009;33:1309-19.
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.33 , pp. 1309-1319
    • Marin-Corral, J.1    Minguella, J.2    Ramírez-Sarmiento, A.L.3
  • 194
    • 33751303324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training depletes muscle glutathione in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and low body mass index
    • Rabinovich RA, Ardite E, Mayer AM, et al. Training depletes muscle glutathione in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and low body mass index. Respiration 2006;73:757-61.
    • (2006) Respiration , vol.73 , pp. 757-761
    • Rabinovich, R.A.1    Ardite, E.2    Mayer, A.M.3
  • 196
    • 33646064418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic capacity of the diaphragm in patients with COPD
    • Wijnhoven JH, Janssen AJ, van Kuppevelt TH, et al. Metabolic capacity of the diaphragm in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2006;100:1064-71.
    • (2006) Respir Med , vol.100 , pp. 1064-1071
    • Wijnhoven, J.H.1    Janssen, A.J.2    van Kuppevelt, T.H.3
  • 197
    • 84864541916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury of peripheral muscles in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Orozco-Levi M, Coronell C, Ramírez-Sarmiento A, et al. Injury of peripheral muscles in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012;36:228-38.
    • (2012) Ultrastruct Pathol , vol.36 , pp. 228-238
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Coronell, C.2    Ramírez-Sarmiento, A.3
  • 198
    • 84930341703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
    • Camillo CA, Burtin C, Hornikx M, et al. Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Chron Respir Dis 2015;12:155-64.
    • (2015) Chron Respir Dis , vol.12 , pp. 155-164
    • Camillo, C.A.1    Burtin, C.2    Hornikx, M.3
  • 199
    • 45549088558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of satellite cells in the intercostal muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Martínez-Llorens J, Casadevall C, Lloreta J, et al. Activation of satellite cells in the intercostal muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Bronconeumol 2008;44:239-44.
    • (2008) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.44 , pp. 239-244
    • Martínez-Llorens, J.1    Casadevall, C.2    Lloreta, J.3
  • 200
    • 84899151472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regenerative defect in vastus lateralis muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Thériault ME, Paré MÈ, Lemire BB, et al. Regenerative defect in vastus lateralis muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2014;15:35.
    • (2014) Respir Res , vol.15 , pp. 35
    • Thériault, M.E.1    Paré, M.È.2    Lemire, B.B.3
  • 201
    • 84921520926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced myotube diameter, atrophic signalling and elevated oxidative stress in cultured satellite cells from COPD patients
    • Pomiès P, Rodriguez J, Blaquière M, et al. Reduced myotube diameter, atrophic signalling and elevated oxidative stress in cultured satellite cells from COPD patients. J Cell Mol Med 2015;19:175-86.
    • (2015) J Cell Mol Med , vol.19 , pp. 175-186
    • Pomiès, P.1    Rodriguez, J.2    Blaquière, M.3
  • 202
    • 84862195345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite cells senescence in limb muscle of severe patients with COPD
    • Thériault ME, Paré MÈ, Maltais F, et al. Satellite cells senescence in limb muscle of severe patients with COPD. PLoS One 2012;7:e39124.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Thériault, M.E.1    Paré, M.È.2    Maltais, F.3
  • 203
    • 0037102380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Agustí AG, Sauleda J, Miralles C, et al. Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:485-9.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 485-489
    • Agustí, A.G.1    Sauleda, J.2    Miralles, C.3
  • 204
    • 84890098431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autophagy in locomotor muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Guo Y, Gosker HR, Schols AM, et al. Autophagy in locomotor muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:1313-20.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.188 , pp. 1313-1320
    • Guo, Y.1    Gosker, H.R.2    Schols, A.M.3
  • 205
    • 84904251083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do epigenetic events take place in the vastus lateralis of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
    • Puig-Vilanova E, Ausin P, Martinez-Llorens J, et al. Do epigenetic events take place in the vastus lateralis of patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? PLoS One 2014;9:e102296.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9
    • Puig-Vilanova, E.1    Ausin, P.2    Martinez-Llorens, J.3
  • 206
    • 84929941350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quadriceps muscle weakness and atrophy are associated with a differential epigenetic profile in advanced COPD
    • Puig-Vilanova E, Martínez-Llorens J, Ausin P, et al. Quadriceps muscle weakness and atrophy are associated with a differential epigenetic profile in advanced COPD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015;128:905-21.
    • (2015) Clin Sci (Lond) , vol.128 , pp. 905-921
    • Puig-Vilanova, E.1    Martínez-Llorens, J.2    Ausin, P.3
  • 207
    • 58349102711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau protein in skeletal muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Jatta K, Eliason G, Portela-Gomes GM, et al. Overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau protein in skeletal muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:70-6.
    • (2009) J Clin Pathol , vol.62 , pp. 70-76
    • Jatta, K.1    Eliason, G.2    Portela-Gomes, G.M.3
  • 208
    • 0032414118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: capillarity and fiber-type characteristics of skeletal muscle
    • Jobin J, Maltais F, Doyon JF, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: capillarity and fiber-type characteristics of skeletal muscle. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1998;18:432-7.
    • (1998) J Cardiopulm Rehabil , vol.18 , pp. 432-437
    • Jobin, J.1    Maltais, F.2    Doyon, J.F.3
  • 209
    • 18644381375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contractile fatigue, muscle morphometry, and blood lactate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Saey D, Michaud A, Couillard A, et al. Contractile fatigue, muscle morphometry, and blood lactate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:1109-15.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 1109-1115
    • Saey, D.1    Michaud, A.2    Couillard, A.3
  • 210
    • 80052690503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on peripheral muscle fiber remodeling in patients with COPD in GOLD stages II to IV
    • Vogiatzis I, Terzis G, Stratakos G, et al. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on peripheral muscle fiber remodeling in patients with COPD in GOLD stages II to IV. Chest 2011;140:744-52.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.140 , pp. 744-752
    • Vogiatzis, I.1    Terzis, G.2    Stratakos, G.3
  • 211
    • 67749130733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle fiber type characteristics in females with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A preliminary study
    • Green HJ, Burnett ME, D'Arsigny C, et al. Muscle fiber type characteristics in females with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A preliminary study. J Mol Histol 2009;40:41-51.
    • (2009) J Mol Histol , vol.40 , pp. 41-51
    • Green, H.J.1    Burnett, M.E.2    D'Arsigny, C.3
  • 212
    • 0033218163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capillary density and respiratory function in the external intercostal muscle
    • Jiménez-Fuentes MA, Gea J, Aguar MC, et al. Capillary density and respiratory function in the external intercostal muscle. Arch Bronconeumol 1999;35:471-6.
    • (1999) Arch Bronconeumol , vol.35 , pp. 471-476
    • Jiménez-Fuentes, M.A.1    Gea, J.2    Aguar, M.C.3
  • 213
    • 0003228250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the capillary content in the diaphragm of COPD patients: a sort of muscle remodelling?
    • Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, Aguar MC, et al. Changes in the capillary content in the diaphragm of COPD patients: a sort of muscle remodelling? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:A298.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. A298
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Gea, J.2    Aguar, M.C.3
  • 214
    • 29144508525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular-specific growth factor mRNA levels in the human diaphragm
    • Alexopoulou C, Mitrouska I, Arvanitis D, et al. Vascular-specific growth factor mRNA levels in the human diaphragm. Respiration 2005;72:636-41.
    • (2005) Respiration , vol.72 , pp. 636-641
    • Alexopoulou, C.1    Mitrouska, I.2    Arvanitis, D.3
  • 215
    • 0031054907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pulmonary emphysema on diaphragm capillary geometry
    • Poole DC, Mathieu-Costello O. Effect of pulmonary emphysema on diaphragm capillary geometry. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997;82:599-606.
    • (1997) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.82 , pp. 599-606
    • Poole, D.C.1    Mathieu-Costello, O.2
  • 216
    • 84921417650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential sensitivity of oxidative and glycolytic muscles to hypoxia-induced muscle atrophy
    • de Theije CC, Langen RC, Lamers WH, et al. Differential sensitivity of oxidative and glycolytic muscles to hypoxia-induced muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015;118:200-11.
    • (2015) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.118 , pp. 200-211
    • de Theije, C.C.1    Langen, R.C.2    Lamers, W.H.3
  • 217
    • 34447547592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced mitochondrial density in the vastus lateralis muscle of patients with COPD
    • Gosker HR, Hesselink MK, Duimel H, et al. Reduced mitochondrial density in the vastus lateralis muscle of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2007;30:73-9.
    • (2007) Eur Respir J , vol.30 , pp. 73-79
    • Gosker, H.R.1    Hesselink, M.K.2    Duimel, H.3
  • 218
    • 84878150850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: central actor and therapeutic target
    • Meyer A, Zoll J, Charles AL, et al. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: central actor and therapeutic target. Exp Physiol 2013;98:1063-78.
    • (2013) Exp Physiol , vol.98 , pp. 1063-1078
    • Meyer, A.1    Zoll, J.2    Charles, A.L.3
  • 219
    • 0036092932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioenergetic adaptation of individual human diaphragmatic myofibers to severe COPD
    • Levine S, Gregory C, Nguyen T, et al. Bioenergetic adaptation of individual human diaphragmatic myofibers to severe COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002;92:1205-13.
    • (2002) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.92 , pp. 1205-1213
    • Levine, S.1    Gregory, C.2    Nguyen, T.3
  • 220
    • 0037445290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial electron transport chain function is enhanced in inspiratory muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ribera F, N'Guessan B, Zoll J, et al. Mitochondrial electron transport chain function is enhanced in inspiratory muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:873-9.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 873-879
    • Ribera, F.1    N'Guessan, B.2    Zoll, J.3
  • 221
    • 0023893634 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic enzymatic activities in the intercostal and serratus muscles and in the latissimus dorsi of middle-aged normal men and patients with moderate obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sanchez J, Brunet A, Medrano G, et al. Metabolic enzymatic activities in the intercostal and serratus muscles and in the latissimus dorsi of middle-aged normal men and patients with moderate obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1988;1:376-83.
    • (1988) Eur Respir J , vol.1 , pp. 376-383
    • Sanchez, J.1    Brunet, A.2    Medrano, G.3
  • 222
    • 0021678989 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic enzymatic activities in the diaphragm of normal men and patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sánchez J, Bastien C, Medrano G, et al. Metabolic enzymatic activities in the diaphragm of normal men and patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1984;20:535-40.
    • (1984) Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir , vol.20 , pp. 535-540
    • Sánchez, J.1    Bastien, C.2    Medrano, G.3
  • 223
    • 0033802131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative enzyme activities of the vastus lateralis muscle and the functional status in patients with COPD
    • Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Whittom F, et al. Oxidative enzyme activities of the vastus lateralis muscle and the functional status in patients with COPD. Thorax 2000;55:848-53.
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.55 , pp. 848-853
    • Maltais, F.1    LeBlanc, P.2    Whittom, F.3
  • 224
    • 79251508705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quadriceps metabolism during constant workrate cycling exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Saey D, Lemire BB, Gagnon P, et al. Quadriceps metabolism during constant workrate cycling exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011;110:116-24.
    • (2011) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.110 , pp. 116-124
    • Saey, D.1    Lemire, B.B.2    Gagnon, P.3
  • 225
    • 17744400902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial gene expression in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sauleda J, García-Palmer F, Wiesner RJ, et al. Cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial gene expression in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1413-7.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 1413-1417
    • Sauleda, J.1    García-Palmer, F.2    Wiesner, R.J.3
  • 226
    • 77950014393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression profiling in vastus lateralis muscle during an acute exacerbation of COPD
    • Crul T, Testelmans D, Spruit MA, et al. Gene expression profiling in vastus lateralis muscle during an acute exacerbation of COPD. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010;25:491-500.
    • (2010) Cell Physiol Biochem , vol.25 , pp. 491-500
    • Crul, T.1    Testelmans, D.2    Spruit, M.A.3
  • 227
    • 34748831476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle fibre type shifting in the vastus lateralis of patients with COPD is associated with disease severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Gosker HR, Zeegers MP, Wouters EF, et al. Muscle fibre type shifting in the vastus lateralis of patients with COPD is associated with disease severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2007;62:944-9.
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , pp. 944-949
    • Gosker, H.R.1    Zeegers, M.P.2    Wouters, E.F.3
  • 228
    • 10444268135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of the diaphragm and the vastus lateralis in mild-to-moderate COPD
    • Doucet M, Debigaré R, Joanisse DR, et al. Adaptation of the diaphragm and the vastus lateralis in mild-to-moderate COPD. Eur Respir J 2004;24:971-9.
    • (2004) Eur Respir J , vol.24 , pp. 971-979
    • Doucet, M.1    Debigaré, R.2    Joanisse, D.R.3
  • 229
    • 0032938065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered expression of myosin heavy chain in the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with COPD
    • Maltais F, Sullivan MJ, LeBlanc P, et al. Altered expression of myosin heavy chain in the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 1999;13:850-4.
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 850-854
    • Maltais, F.1    Sullivan, M.J.2    LeBlanc, P.3
  • 230
    • 84907291502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vastus lateralis fiber shift is an independent predictor of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Patel MS, Natanek SA, Stratakos G, et al. Vastus lateralis fiber shift is an independent predictor of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;190:350-2.
    • (2014) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.190 , pp. 350-352
    • Patel, M.S.1    Natanek, S.A.2    Stratakos, G.3
  • 231
    • 0036295268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle fiber type IIX atrophy is involved in the loss of fat-free mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Gosker HR, Engelen MP, van Mameren H, et al. Muscle fiber type IIX atrophy is involved in the loss of fat-free mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:113-9.
    • (2002) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.76 , pp. 113-119
    • Gosker, H.R.1    Engelen, M.P.2    van Mameren, H.3
  • 232
    • 0028933484 scopus 로고
    • Structure of the latissimus dorsi muscle and respiratory function
    • Orozco-Levi M, Gea J, Sauleda J, et al. Structure of the latissimus dorsi muscle and respiratory function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995;78:1132-9.
    • (1995) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.78 , pp. 1132-1139
    • Orozco-Levi, M.1    Gea, J.2    Sauleda, J.3
  • 233
    • 77951155472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atrophy and hypertrophy signalling in the diaphragm of patients with COPD
    • Testelmans D, Crul T, Maes K, et al. Atrophy and hypertrophy signalling in the diaphragm of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2010;35:549-56.
    • (2010) Eur Respir J , vol.35 , pp. 549-556
    • Testelmans, D.1    Crul, T.2    Maes, K.3
  • 234
    • 43749102285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological properties of human diaphragm muscle fibres and the effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Stubbings AK, Moore AJ, Dusmet M, et al. Physiological properties of human diaphragm muscle fibres and the effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Physiol 2008;586:2637-50.
    • (2008) J Physiol , vol.586 , pp. 2637-2650
    • Stubbings, A.K.1    Moore, A.J.2    Dusmet, M.3
  • 235
    • 1842533282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione and glutamate levels in the diaphragm of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Engelen MP, Orozco-Levi M, Deutz NE, et al. Glutathione and glutamate levels in the diaphragm of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004;23:545-51.
    • (2004) Eur Respir J , vol.23 , pp. 545-551
    • Engelen, M.P.1    Orozco-Levi, M.2    Deutz, N.E.3
  • 236
    • 84947431562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contractile properties of single muscle fibres from human intercostal muscles
    • Brocca L, Pellegrino MA, Lameri E, et al. Contractile properties of single muscle fibres from human intercostal muscles. J Mus Res Cell Motil 2003;24:335.
    • (2003) J Mus Res Cell Motil , vol.24 , pp. 335
    • Brocca, L.1    Pellegrino, M.A.2    Lameri, E.3
  • 237
  • 238
    • 12244259101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo contractile properties of the vastus lateralis muscle in males with COPD
    • Debigaré R, Côte CH, Hould FS, et al. In vitro and in vivo contractile properties of the vastus lateralis muscle in males with COPD. Eur Respir J 2003;21:273-8.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 273-278
    • Debigaré, R.1    Côte, C.H.2    Hould, F.S.3
  • 240
    • 0033773931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced levels of whole-body protein turnover in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Engelen MP, Deutz NE, Wouters EF, et al. Enhanced levels of whole-body protein turnover in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1488-92.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 1488-1492
    • Engelen, M.P.1    Deutz, N.E.2    Wouters, E.F.3
  • 241
    • 0031720815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma and muscle amino acid levels in relation to resting energy expenditure and inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pouw EM, Schols AM, Deutz NE, et al. Plasma and muscle amino acid levels in relation to resting energy expenditure and inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:797-801.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.158 , pp. 797-801
    • Pouw, E.M.1    Schols, A.M.2    Deutz, N.E.3
  • 242
    • 0035117139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma levels of amino acids and hypermetabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Yoneda T, Yoshikawa M, Fu A, et al. Plasma levels of amino acids and hypermetabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nutrition 2001;17:95-9.
    • (2001) Nutrition , vol.17 , pp. 95-99
    • Yoneda, T.1    Yoshikawa, M.2    Fu, A.3
  • 243
    • 0033646442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors contributing to alterations in skeletal muscle and plasma amino acid profiles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Engelen MP, Wouters EF, Deutz NE, et al. Factors contributing to alterations in skeletal muscle and plasma amino acid profiles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1480-7.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.72 , pp. 1480-1487
    • Engelen, M.P.1    Wouters, E.F.2    Deutz, N.E.3
  • 244
    • 1542598812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle wasting and changes in muscle protein metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Jagoe RT, Engelen MP. Muscle wasting and changes in muscle protein metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003;46:52s-63s.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J Suppl , vol.46 , pp. 52s-63s
    • Jagoe, R.T.1    Engelen, M.P.2
  • 245
    • 84928316101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired exercise training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy and Akt/mTOR pathway activation in hypoxemic patients with COPD
    • Costes F, Gosker H, Feasson L, et al. Impaired exercise training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy and Akt/mTOR pathway activation in hypoxemic patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015;118:1040-9.
    • (2015) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.118 , pp. 1040-1049
    • Costes, F.1    Gosker, H.2    Feasson, L.3
  • 246
    • 0035509049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral muscle wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical relevance and mechanisms
    • Debigaré R, Côté CH, Maltais F. Peripheral muscle wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical relevance and mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1712-7.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 1712-1717
    • Debigaré, R.1    Côté, C.H.2    Maltais, F.3
  • 247
    • 11144356337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy
    • Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A, et al. Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell 2004;117:399-412.
    • (2004) Cell , vol.117 , pp. 399-412
    • Sandri, M.1    Sandri, C.2    Gilbert, A.3
  • 248
    • 5444262078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IKKbeta/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice
    • Cai D, Frantz JD, Tawa NE Jr, et al. IKKbeta/NF-kappaB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice. Cell 2004;119:285-98.
    • (2004) Cell , vol.119 , pp. 285-298
    • Cai, D.1    Frantz, J.D.2    Tawa, N.E.3
  • 249
    • 34547601994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Doucet M, Russell AP, Léger B, et al. Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy signaling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176:261-9.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , pp. 261-269
    • Doucet, M.1    Russell, A.P.2    Léger, B.3
  • 250
    • 77950463918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular markers of muscle atrophy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Plant PJ, Brooks D, Faughnan M, et al. Cellular markers of muscle atrophy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010;42:461-71.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.42 , pp. 461-471
    • Plant, P.J.1    Brooks, D.2    Faughnan, M.3
  • 251
    • 33750600130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ottenheijm CA, Heunks LM, Li YP, et al. Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:997-1002.
    • (2006) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.174 , pp. 997-1002
    • Ottenheijm, C.A.1    Heunks, L.M.2    Li, Y.P.3
  • 252
    • 0032145866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delivery of proteins and organelles to the vacuole from the cytoplasm
    • Scott SV, Klionsky DJ. Delivery of proteins and organelles to the vacuole from the cytoplasm. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998;10:523-9.
    • (1998) Curr Opin Cell Biol , vol.10 , pp. 523-529
    • Scott, S.V.1    Klionsky, D.J.2
  • 253
    • 33744926902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caspase activation contributes to endotoxin-induced diaphragm weakness
    • Supinski GS, Callahan LA. Caspase activation contributes to endotoxin-induced diaphragm weakness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006;100:1770-7.
    • (2006) J Appl Physiol (1985) , vol.100 , pp. 1770-1777
    • Supinski, G.S.1    Callahan, L.A.2
  • 254
    • 33750081753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: deconditioning, or myopathy?
    • Wagner PD. Skeletal muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: deconditioning, or myopathy? Respirology 2006;11:681-6.
    • (2006) Respirology , vol.11 , pp. 681-686
    • Wagner, P.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.