Algal Oils

Gourmet and Health-Promoting Specialty Oils

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 491-513

  Astiasarán, Iciar ^a   Ansorena, Diana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84944383068     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-893997-97-4.50025-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Abril R., Barclay W. Production of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched poultry eggs and meat using an algae-based feed ingredient. World Rev. Nutr. Diet 1998, 83:77-88.
2. Abril J.R., Barclay W.R., Abril P.G. Safe use of microalgae (dha gold) in laying hen feed for the production of dha-enriched eggs. Egg Nutrition and Biotechnology 2000, 197-202. CAB International. J.S. Sim, S. Nakai, W. Guenter (Eds.).
3. Abril R., Garrett J., Zeller S.G., Sander W.J., Mast R.W. Safety assessment of dha-rich microalgae from schizochytriums sp.-part v: target animal safety/toxicity study in growing swine. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2003, 37(1):73-82.
4. Abuzaytoun R., Shahidi F. Oxidative stability of algal oils as affected by their minor components. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 18(54(21)):8253-8260.
5. Agostoni C., Giovannini M. Cognitive and visual development: influence of differences in breast and formula fed infants. nutr. health. 2001, 15:138-183.
6. Albert C.M., Hennekens C.H., O'Donnell C.J., Ajami U.A., Carey V.J., Willett W.C., Ruskin J.N., Manson J.E. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1998, 279:23-28.
7. Andrich G., Nesti U., Venturi F., Zinnai A., Fiorentini R. Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive lipids from the microalga nannochloropsis sp. europ. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2005, 107(6):381-386.
8. Andrich G., Zinnai A., Nesti U., Venturi;R F. Fiorentini. Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from microalga spirulina (arthrospira) platenses. Acta Alimentaria. 2006, 35(2):195-203.
9. Antalis C.J., Stevens L.J., Campbell M., Pazdro R., Ericson K., Burgess J.R. Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2006, 75(4-5):299-308.
10. Apt K.E., Behrens P.W. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. J. Phycol. 1999, 35(2):215-226.
11. Arterburn L.M., Boswell K.D., Henwood S.M., Kyle D.J. A development safety study in rats using DHA-and ARA-rich single-cell oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 38:763-771.
12. Arterburn L.M., Boswell K.D., Koskelo E., Kassner S.L., Kelly C., Kyle D.J. A Combined subchronic (90-day) toxicity and neurotoxicity study of a single-cell source of docosahexaenoic acid triglyceride (DHASCO© oil). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 38:35-49.
13. Arterburn L.M., Boswell K.D., Lawlor T., Cifone M.A., Murli H., Kyle D.J. In vitro genotoxicity testing of ARASCO® DHASCO® oils. Food Chem. Toxicol 2000, 38(11):971-976.
14. Arterburn L.M., Oken H.A., Hoffman J.P., Bailey-Hall E., Chung G., Rom D., Hamersley J., McCarthy D. Bioequivalence of docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids. 2007, 42:1011-1024.
15. Banerjee A., Sharma R., Chisti Y., Banerjee U.C. Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 2002, 22:245-279.
16. Belarbi E.H., Molina E., Chisti Y. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2000, 26(7):516-529.
17. Berry J.P., Gantar M., Gibbs P.D.L., Schmale M.C. The zebrafish (danio rerio) embryo as a model system for identification and characterization of developmental toxins from marine and freshwater microalgae. Comp. Biochem. Phy. C 2007, 145(1):61-72.
18. Blum R., Kiy T., Tanaka S., Wong A.W., Roberts A. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies of dha-rich oil in rats. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 49:271-284.
19. Boswell K., Koskelo E.K., Carl L., Glaza S., Hensen D.J., Williams K.D., Kyle D.J. Preclinical evaluation of single-cell oils that are highly enriched with arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1996, 34:585-593.
20. Bourre J.M. dietary omega-3 fatty acids for women. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2007, 61(2-3):105-112.
21. Burr M.L., Fehily A.M., Gilbert J.F., Rogers S., Holliday R.M., Sweetnam P.M., Elwood P.C., Deadman N.M. Effects of changes in fat fish and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (dart). Lancet 1989, 2(8666):757-761.
22. Burr M.L., Sweetnam P.M., Fehily A.M., Elwood P.C. Letters to the editor. Eur. Heart J. 1994, 15:1152-1154.
23. Chee C.P., Djordjevic D., Faraji H., Decker E.A., Hollender R., McClements D.J., Peterson D.G., Roberts R.F., Coupland J.N. sensory properties of vanilla and strawberry flavored ice cream supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Milchwiss.-Milk Sci. Int. 2007, 62(1):66-69.
24. Chee C.P., Gallaher J.J., Djordjevic D., Faraji H., McClements D.J., Decker E.A., Hollender R., Peterson D.G., Roberts R.F., Coupland J.N. Chemical and sensory analysis of strawberry flavoured yogurt supplemented with an algae oil emulsion. J. Dairy Res. 2005, 72:311-316.
25. Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Advances 2007, 25(3):294-306.
26. Clandinin M.T., Van Aerde J.E., Merkel K.L., Harris C.L., Springer M.A., Hansen J.W., Diersen-Schade D.A. Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. J. Pediatr. 2005, 146(4):461-468.
27. COMMISSION DECISION of 5 June 2003 authorizing the placing on the market of oil rich in DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) from the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. as a novel food ingredient under Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2003) 1790).
28. Conchillo A., Valencia I., Puente A., Ansorena D., Astiasarán I. Functional Components in Fish and Algae Oils. Nutrición Hospitalaria 2006, 21(3):369-373.
29. Conquer J.A., Tierney M.C., Zecevic J., Bettger W.J., Fisher R.H. Fatty acids analysis of blood plasma of patients with alzheimeŕs disease, other types of dementia and cognitive impairment. Lipids 2000, 35:1305-1312.
30. Djordjevic D., Kim H.J., McClements D.J., Decker E.A. Oxidative stability of whey protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions at ph 3: potential v-3 fatty acid delivery systems (part b). J. Food Sci. 2004, 69:C356-C362.
31. Engler M.M., Engler M.B., Malloy M.J., Paul S.M., Kulkarni K.R., Mietus-Snyder M.L. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). Am. J. Cardiol. 2005, 95(7):869-871.
32. Fedačko J., Pella D., Mechírová V., Horvath P., Rybár R., Varjassyová P., Vargová V. N-3 PUFAS-from dietary supplements to medicines. Pathophysiology 2007, 14(2):127-132.
33. Fidler N., Sauerwald T., Pohl A., Demmelmair H., Koletzko B. Docosahexaenoic acid transfer into human milk after dietary supplementation: a randomized clinical trial. J. Lipid Res. 2000, 41(9):1376-1383.
34. Florent-Béchard S., Malaplate-Armand C., Koziel V., Kriem B., Olivier J.L., Pillot T., Oster T. Towards a nutritional approach for prevention of alzheimer's disease: biochemical and cellular aspects. J. Neurol. Sci. 2007, 262(1-2):27-36.
35. Food Nutr. Board, Inst. Med. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, Parts 1 and 2 2002, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
36. Frankel E.N., Satue-Gracia T., Meyer A.S., German J.B. Oxidative stability of fish and algae oils containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in bulk and in oil-in-water emulsions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 27(50(7)):2094-2099.
37. Gallaher J.J., Hollender R., Peterson D.G., Roberts R.F., Coupland J.N. Effect of composition and antioxidants on the oxidative stability of fluid milk supplemented with an algae oil emulsion. Int. Dairy J.. 2005, 15(4):333-341.
38. Gavrilescu M., Chisti Y. Biotechnology-a sustainable alternative for chemical industry. Biotechnol. Adv. 2005, 23:471-499.
39. Geppert J., Kraft V., Demmelmair H., Koletzko B. Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2006, 95(4):779-786.
40. Goldberg R.J., Katz J. a meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain 2007, 129(1-2):210-223.
41. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin e after myocardial infarction: results of the gissiprevenzione trial. [erratum appears in Lancet 2001 Feb 24;357(9256):642]. Lancet 1999, 354:447-455.
42. Guil-Guerrero J.L., Belarbi E.H., Rebolloso-Fuentes M.M. Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids purification from the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum. Bioseparation 2000, 9(5):299-306.
43. Guil-Guerrero J.L., Gimenez-Gimenez A., Robles-Medina A., Rebolloso-Fuentes M.D., Belarbi E.H., Esteban-Cerdan L., Molina-Grima E. Hexane reduces peroxidation of fatty acids during storage. Europ. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2001, 103(5):271-278.
44. Hammond B.G., Mayhew D.A., Holson J.F., Nemec M.D., Mast R.W., Sander W.J. Safety assessment of dha-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp-ii. developmental toxicity evaluation in rats and rabbits. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2001, 33(2):205-217.
45. Hammond B.G., Mayhew D.A., Kier L.D., Mast R.W., Sander W.J. Safety assessment of dha-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp-iv. mutagenicity studies. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2002, 35(2):255-265.
46. Hammond B.G., Mayhew D.A., Naylor M.W., Ruecker F.A., Mast R.W., Sander W.J. Safety assessment of dha-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp.-i. subchronic rat feeding study. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm 2001, 33(2):192-204.
47. Hammond B.G., Mayhew D.A., Robinson K., Mast R.W., Sander W.J. Safety assessment of dha-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. iii. single-generation rat reproduction study. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2001, 33(3):356-362.
48. Harris W.S., Ginsberg H., Arunakul N., Shachter N.S., Windsor S.L., Adams M., Berglund L., Osmundsen K. Safety and efficacy of omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia. J. Cardiovasc. Risk 1997, 4(5-6):385-391.
49. Hempenius R.A., Lina B.A.R., Haggitt R.C. Evaluation of a subchronic (13-week) oral toxicity study, preceded by an in utero exposure phase, with arachidonic acid oil derived from Mortierella alpina in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 38:127-139.
50. Hempenius R.A., Van Delft J.M.H., Prinsen M., Lina B.A.R. Preliminary safety assessment of an arachidonic acid-enriched oil derived from Mortierella alpina: summary of toxicological data. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1997, 35:573-581.
51. Herrero M., Cifuentes A., Ibañez E. Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae-a review. Food Chem. 2006, 98(1):136-148.
52. http://www.americanheart.org/.
53. Hu M., McClements D.J., Decker E.A. Impact of whey protein emulsifiers on the oxidative stability of salmon oil-in-water emulsions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51:1435-1439.
54. Jensen C.L., Voigt R.G., Prager T.C., Zou Y.L., Fraley J.K., Rozelle J.C., Turcich M.R., Llorente A.M., Anderson R.E., Heird W.C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82(1):125-132.
55. Kroes R., Schaefer E.J., Squire R.A., Williams G.M. A review of the safety of DHA45-oil. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003, 41(11):1433-1446.
56. Lauritzen L., Hansen H.S., Jorgensen M.H., Mickaelsen K.F. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina. Prog. Lipid Res. 2001, 40:1-94.
57. Leaf A., Kang J.X., Xiao Y.F., Billman G.E. Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils. Circulation 2003, 107:2646-2652.
58. Lee S., Hernandez P., Djordjevic D., Faraji H., Hollender R., Faustman C., Decker E.A. Effect of antioxidants and cooking on stability of n-3 fatty acids in fortified meat products. J. Food Sci. 2006, 71(3):C233-C238.
59. Mendes R.L., Fernandes H.L., Coelho J.P., Reis E.C., Cabral J.M.S., Novais J.M., Palabra A.F. Supercritical co2 extraction of carotenoids and other lipids from Chlorella vulgaris. Food Chem. 1995, 53:99-103.
60. Mendes R.L., Nobre B.P., Cardoso M.T., Pereira A.P., Palabra A.F. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical importance from microalgae. Inorganica Chim. Acta 2003, 356:328-334.
61. Mirón A.S., Gómez A.C., Camacho F.G., Grima E.M., Chisti Y. Comparative evaluation of compact phobioreactors for large-scale monoculture of microalgae. J. Biotechnol. 1999, 70:249-270.
62. Molina Grima E., Sánchez Pérez J.A., García Camacho G., Robles Medina A., Giménez Giménez A.A., López Alonso D. The production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by microalgae: from strain selection to product purification. Process. Biochem. 1995, 30:711-719.
63. Neuringer M. Infant vision and retinal function in studies of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: methods, results, and implications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71:256S-267S.
64. Norton T.A., Melkonian M., Andersen R.A. Algal biodiversity. Phycologia 1996, 35:308-326.
65. Pulz O. Photobioreactors: production systems for phototropic microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 57:287-293.
66. Pulz O., Gross W. Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 65(6):635-648.
67. Rao P.V., Gupta N., Bhanskar A.S., Jayaraj R. Toxins and bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and their implications on human health. J. Environ. Biol. 2002, 23:215-224.
68. Ratledge C., Hopkins S. Lipids from microbiol sources. Modifying Lipids for Use in Food 2006, 81-113. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. F.D. Gunstone (Ed.).
69. Ratledge C., Hopkins S. Applications and safety of microbiol oils in food. Modifying Lipids for Use in Food 2006, 567-586. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. F.D. Gunstone (Ed.).
70. Rebolloso Fuentes M.M., Acién Fernández G.G., Sánchez Pérez J.A., Guil Guerrero J.L. Biomass nutrient profiles of the microalga Porphyridium cruentum. Food Chem. 2000, 70(3):345-353.
71. Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 1997 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients. Official J. L 043, 14/02/1997 P. 0001 - 0006.
72. Robles Medina A., Molina Grima E., Gimenez Gimenez A., Ibanez Gonzalez M.J. Downstream processing of algal polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol. Adv. 1998, 16(3):517-580.
73. Ruxton C.H.S., Reed S.C., Simpson M.J.A., Millington K.J. The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of the evidence. J. Hum. Nutr. 2007, 20(3):275-285.
74. Serna-Saldívar S.O., Zorrilla R., De la Parra C., Stagnitti G., Abril R. Effect of DHA containing oils and powders on baking performance and quality of white pan bread. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2006, 61(3):121-129.
75. Sheehan, J.; T. Dunahay; J. Benemann; P. Roessler. (1998) A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program-Biodiesel from Algae; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Golden, CO; Report NREL/TP-580-24190.
76. Shimizu Y. Microalgal metabolites. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2003, 6(3):236-243.
77. Siddiqui R.A., Harvey K.A., Zaloga G.P. Modulation of enzymatic activities by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to support cardiovascular health. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2008, 19(7):417-437.
78. Simopoulos A.P., Leaf A., Salem N. Workshop statement on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2000, 63:119-121.
79. Singh R.B., Niaz M.A., Sharma J.P., Kumar R., Rastiogi V., Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the indian experiment of infarct survival-4. Cardiovasc. Drug Ther. 1997, 11:485-491.
80. Siscovick D., Raghunathan T.E., King I., Weinmann S., Bovbjerg V.E., Kushi L., Cobb L.A., Copass M.K., Psaty B.M., Lemaitre R., Retzlaff B., Knopp R.H. Dietary intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71(1):208-212.
81. Spolaore P., Joannis-Cassan C., Duran E., Isambert A. Commercial applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2006, 101(2):87-96.
82. Tam P.S., Umeda-Sawada R., Yaguchi T., Akimoto K., Kiso Y., Igarashi O. The metabolism and distribution of docosapentaenoic acid (n-6) in rats and rat hepatocytes. Lipids. 2000, 35(1):71-75.
83. Theobald H.E., Goodall A.H., Sattar N., Talbot D.C., Chowienczyk P.J., Sanders T.A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J. Nutr. 2007, 137(4):973-978.
84. Valencia I., Ansorena D., Astiasarán I. Development of dry fermented sausages rich in docosahexaenoic acid with oil from the microalgae Schizochytrium sp.: influence on nutritional properties, sensorial quality and oxidation stability. Food Chem. 2007, 104(3):1087-1096.
85. Volkman J.K., Jeffrey S.W., Nichols P.D., Rogers G.I., Garland C.D. Fatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1989, 128:345-353.
86. Ward O.P., Singh A. omega-3/6 fatty acids: alternative sources of production. Proc. Biochem. 2005, 40(12):3627-3652.
87. Whelan J., Rust C. Innovative dietary sources of n-3 fatty acids. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2006, 26:75-103.
88. Wibert G.J., Burns R.A., Diersen-Schade D.A., Kelly C.M. Evaluation of single cell sources of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid: a 4-week oral safety study in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1997, 35:967-974.
89. Wijendran V., Hayes K.C. Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2004, 24:597-615.
90. Willumsen N., Hexeberg S., Skorve J., Lindquist M., Berge R.K. Docosahexaenoic acid shows no triglyceride-lowering effects but increases the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in liver of rats. J. Lipid Res. 1993, 34:13-22.
91. Xu H., Miao X., Wu Q. High quality biodiesel production from a microalga Chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters. J. Biotech. 2006, 126(4):499-507.
92. Yasumoto T., Murata M. Marine toxins. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93:1897-1900.
93. Zelle S., Barclay W., Abril R. Production of docosahexaenoic acid from microalgae. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Chemistry, Nutrition and Health Effects 2001, 108-124. American Chemical Society, Washington. F. Shahidi, J.W. Finley (Eds.).