Intraindividual models of employee well-being: What have we learned and where do we go from here?

European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 827-838

  Ilies, Remus ^a   Aw, Sherry S Y ^a   Pluut, Helen ^b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Employee well being; Intraindividual perspectives; Work stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942819514     PISSN: 1359432X     EISSN: 14640643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1359432X.2015.1071422     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. B.P.Allen,, & C.R.Potkay, (1981). On the arbitrary distinction between states and traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 916–928. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.5.916
2. T.D.Allen,, D.E.L.Herst,, C.S.Bruck,, & M.Sutton, (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278–308. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.278
3. A.B.Bakker,, & E.Demerouti, (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
4. A.B.Bakker,, E.Demerouti,, & M.F.Dollard, (2008). How job demands affect partners’ experience of exhaustion: Integrating work-family conflict and crossover theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 901–911. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.901
5. A.B.Bakker,, & W.G.M.Oerlemans, (2011). Subjective well-being in organizations. In K.Cameron & G.Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 178–189). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
6. A.B.Bakker,, & A.I.Sanz-Vergel, (2013). Weekly work engagement and flourishing: The role of hindrance and challenge job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83, 397–409. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.008
7. A.B.Bakker,, W.B.Schaufeli,, M.P.Leiter,, & T.W.Taris, (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 22, 187–200. doi:10.1080/02678370802393649
8. A.Bandura, (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 75–78. doi:10.1111/cdir.2000.9.issue-3
9. K.J.Bartholomew,, N.Ntoumanis,, R.Cuevas,, & C.Lonsdale, (2014). Job pressure and ill-health in physical education teachers: The mediating role of psychological need thwarting. Teaching and Teacher Education, 37, 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2013.10.006
10. D.J.Beal,, & H.M.Weiss, (2003). Methods of ecological momentary assessment in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 440–464. doi:10.1177/1094428103257361
11. C.Binnewies,, S.Sonnentag,, & E.J.Mojza, (2010). Recovery during the weekend and fluctuations in weekly job performance: A week-level study examining intra-individual relationships. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 419–441. doi:10.1348/096317909X418049
12. N.Bolger,, A.Davis,, & E.Rafaeli, (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579–616. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145030
13. J.E.Bono,, T.M.Glomb,, W.Shen,, E.Kim,, & A.J.Koch, (2013). Building positive resources: Effects of positive events and positive reflection on work stress and health. Academy of Management Journal, 56, 1601–1627. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0272
14. B.H.Bradley,, B.E.Postlethwaite,, A.C.Klotz,, M.R.Hamdani,, & K.G.Brown, (2012). Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: The critical role of team psychological safety climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 151–158. doi:10.1037/a0024200
15. A.P.Brief,, & H.M.Weiss, (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279–307. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156
16. A.B.Butler,, Z.Song,, & R.Ilies, (2013). Experience sampling methods for work-family research. A review and research agenda. In J.Grzywacz & E.Demerouti (Eds.), New frontiers in work and family research (pp. 133–149). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
17. D.Carlson,, K.M.Kacmar,, S.Zivnuska,, M.Ferguson,, & D.Whitten, (2011). Work-family enrichment and job performance: A constructive replication of affective events theory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 297–312. doi:10.1037/a0022880
18. Z.Chen,, & G.N.Powell, (2012). No pain, no gain? A resource-based model of work-to-family enrichment and conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 89–98. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.05.003
19. Z.Chen,, G.N.Powell,, & W.T.Cui, (2014). Dynamics of the relationships among work and family resource gain and loss, enrichment, and conflict over time. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 293–302. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.02.006
20. M.A.Clark,, J.S.Michel,, G.W.Stevens,, J.W.Howell,, & R.S.Scruggs, (2014). Workaholism, work engagement and work-home outcomes: Exploring the mediating role of positive and negative emotions. Stress & Health, 30, 287–300. doi:10.1002/smi.v30.4
21. M.Daly,, L.Delaney,, P.P.Doran,, C.Harmon,, & M.MacLachlan, (2010). Naturalistic monitoring of the affect-heart rate relationship: A day reconstruction study. Health Psychology, 29, 186–195. doi:10.1037/a0017626
22. K.Danna,, & R.W.Griffin, (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25, 357–384. doi:10.1177/014920639902500305
23. J.De Jonge,, H.Bosma,, R.Peter,, & J.Siegrist, (2000). Job strain, effort-reward imbalance and employee well-being: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Social Science & Medicine, 50, 1317–1327. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00388-3
24. E.Demerouti,, A.B.Bakker,, & A.J.Bulters, (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work-home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 131–149. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00030-7
25. E.Demerouti,, A.B.Bakker,, F.Nachreiner,, & W.B.Schaufeli, (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
26. E.Demerouti,, A.B.Bakker,, S.Sonnentag,, & C.J.Fullagar, (2012). Work-related flow and energy at work and at home: A study on the role of daily recovery. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 276–295. doi:10.1002/job.760
27. D.Derks,, H.Van Mierlo,, & E.B.Schmitz, (2014). A diary study on work-related smartphone use, psychological detachment, and exhaustion: Examining the role of the perceived segmentation norm. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 74–84. doi:10.1037/a0035076
28. E.Diener,, S.Oishi,, & R.E.Lucas, (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403–425. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
29. E.Diener,, E.M.Suh,, R.E.Lucas,, & H.L.Smith, (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
30. N.Dimotakis,, R.Ilies,, & T.A.Judge, (2013). Experience sampling methodology. In J.M.Cortina & R.S.Landis (Eds.), Modern research methods for the study of behavior in organizations (pp. 319–348). New York, NY: Routledge.
31. N.Dimotakis,, B.A.Scott,, & J.Koopman, (2011). An experience sampling investigation of workplace interactions, affective states, and employee well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 572–588. doi:10.1002/job.v32.4
32. J.L.Farh,, C.Lee,, & C.I.Farh, (2010). Task conflict and team creativity: A question of how much and when. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1173–1180. doi:10.1037/a0020015
33. C.D.Fisher, (2002). Antecedents and consequences of real-time affective reactions at work. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 3–30. doi:10.1023/A:1015190007468
34. C.D.Fisher, (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 384–412. doi:10.1111/ijmr.2010.12.issue-4
35. C.Fritz,, & S.Sonnentag, (2005). Recovery, health, and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 187–199. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.187
36. M.R.Frone,, M.Russell,, & G.M.Barnes, (1996). Work-family conflict, gender, and health-related outcomes: A study of employed parents in two community samples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 57–69. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.1.1.57
37. D.C.Ganster,, & C.C.Rosen, (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 39, 1085–1122. doi:10.1177/0149206313475815
38. S.A.E.Geurts,, & S.Sonnentag, (2006). Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32, 482–492. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1053
39. A.A.Grandey,, & R.Cropanzano, (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work-family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 350–370. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1666
40. A.A.Grandey,, A.P.Tam,, & A.L.Brauburger, (2002). Affective states and traits in the workplace: Diary and survey data from young workers. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 31–55. doi:10.1023/A:1015142124306
41. J.H.Greenhaus,, & N.J.Beutell, (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.
42. A.Grube,, J.Schroer,, C.Hentzschel,, & G.Hertel, (2008). The event reconstruction method: An efficient measure of experience-based job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 669–689. doi:10.1348/096317907X251578
43. V.C.Hahn,, C.Binnewies,, & S.Haun, (2012). The role of partners for employees’ recovery during the weekend. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 288–298. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.12.004
44. J.J.Hakanen,, A.B.Bakker,, & W.B.Schaufeli, (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495–513. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
45. D.A.Harrison,, D.A.Newman,, & P.L.Roth, (2006). How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 305–325. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786077
46. D.Heller,, & D.Watson, (2005). The dynamic spillover of satisfaction between work and marriage: The role of time and mood. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1273–1279. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1273
47. O.Herrbach, (2006). A matter of feeling? The affective tone of organizational commitment and identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 629–643. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
48. G.Hertel,, & C.Stamov-Roßnagel, (2013). Reconstruction methods: Using episodic memory traces to capture experiences at work efficiently. In A.B.Bakker & K.Daniels (Eds.), A day in the life of a happy worker (pp. 100–113). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
49. S.E.Hobfoll, (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
50. U.R.Hülsheger,, H.J.E.M.Alberts,, A.Feinholdt,, & J.W.B.Lang, (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 310–325. doi:10.1037/a0031313
51. R.Ilies,, N.Dimotakis,, & I.E.De Pater, (2010). Psychological and physiological reactions to high workloads: Implications for well-being. Personnel Psychology, 63, 407–436. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1744-6570
52. R.Ilies,, I.S.Fulmer,, M.Spitzmuller,, & M.D.Johnson, (2009). Personality and citizenship behavior: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 945–959. doi:10.1037/a0013329
53. R.Ilies,, M.Huth,, A.M.Ryan,, & N.Dimotakis, (2015). Explaining the links between workload, distress, and work–family conflict among school employees: Physical, cognitive, and emotional fatigue. Journal of Educational Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/edu0000029
54. R.Ilies,, M.Johnson,, T.A.Judge,, & J.Keeney, (2011). A within-individual study of interpersonal conflict as a work stressor: Dispositional and situational moderators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 44–64. doi:10.1002/job.677
55. R.Ilies,, & T.A.Judge, (2002). Understanding the dynamic relationships among personality, mood, and job satisfaction: A field experience sampling study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 1119–1139. doi:10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00018-3
56. R.Ilies,, & T.A.Judge, (2004). An experience-sampling measure of job satisfaction and its relationships with affectivity, mood at work, job beliefs, and general job satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 367–389. doi:10.1080/13594320444000137
57. R.Ilies,, J.Keeney,, & B.A.Scott, (2011). Work-family interpersonal capitalization: Sharing positive work events at home. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 114, 115–126. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.10.008
58. R.Ilies,, K.M.Schwind,, & D.Heller, (2007). Employee well-being: A multi-level model linking work and non-work domains. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 326–341. doi:10.1080/13594320701363712
59. R.Ilies,, K.M.Schwind,, D.T.Wagner,, M.Johnson,, D.S.DeRue,, & D.R.Ilgen, (2007). When can employees have a family life? The effects of daily workload and affect on work-family conflict and social behaviors at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1368–1379. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1368
60. R.Ilies,, B.A.Scott,, & T.A.Judge, (2006). The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intraindividual patterns of citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 561–575. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2006.21794672
61. R.Ilies,, K.S.Wilson,, & D.T.Wagner, (2009). The spillover of daily job satisfaction onto employees’ family lives: The facilitating role of work-family integration. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 87–102. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.36461938
62. N.Jacobs,, Myin-Germeys, I., Derom, C., Delespaul, P., Van Os, J., & Nicolson, N. A. (2007). A momentary assessment study of the relationship between affective and adrenocortical stress responses in daily life. Biological Psychology, 74, 60–66.
63. T.A.Judge,, D.Heller,, & M.K.Mount, (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
64. T.A.Judge,, & R.Ilies, (2004). Affect and job satisfaction: A study of their relationship at work and at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 661–673. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.661
65. T.A.Judge,, C.J.Thoresen,, J.E.Bono,, & G.K.Patton, (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376–407. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
66. D.Kahneman,, A.B.Krueger,, D.A.Schkade,, N.Schwarz,, & A.A.Stone, (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306, 1776–1780. doi:10.1126/science.1103572
67. R.A.Karasek, (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308. doi:10.2307/2392498
68. R.Lazarus, (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234–247. doi:10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002
69. F.Luthans,, J.B.Avey,, B.J.Avolio,, & S.J.Peterson, (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21, 41–67. doi:10.1002/hrdq.v21:1
70. S.Lyubomirsky,, L.King,, & E.Diener, (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
71. C.Maslach,, W.B.Schaufeli,, & M.P.Leiter, (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
72. B.S.McEwen, (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87, 873–904. doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006
73. B.S.McEwen,, & E.Stellar, (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093–2101. doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004
74. T.F.Meijman,, & G.Mulder, (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P.J.D.Drenth & H.Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Vol 2. work psychology (pp. 5–33). Hove: Psychology Press.
75. P.Moen,, E.L.Kelly,, & J.Lam, (2013). Healthy work revisited: Do changes in time strain predict well-being? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 157–172. doi:10.1037/a0031804
76. D.B.Newman,, L.Tay,, & E.Diener, (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 555–578. doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x
77. Y.Park,, & C.Fritz, (2015). Spousal recovery support, recovery experiences, and life satisfaction crossover among dual earner couples. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 557–566. doi:10.1037/a0037894
78. J.H.Pleck, (1977). The work-family role system. Social Problems, 24, 417–427. doi:10.2307/800135
79. R.Rau, (2006). Learning opportunities at work as predictor for recovery and health. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15, 158–180. doi:10.1080/13594320500513905
80. N.P.Rothbard,, & S.L.Wilk, (2011). Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: Start-of-workday mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 959–980. doi:10.5465/amj.2007.0056
81. B.A.Scott,, & T.A.Judge, (2006). Insomnia, emotions, and job satisfaction: A multilevel study. Journal of Management, 32, 622–645. doi:10.1177/0149206306289762
82. M.Siltaloppi,, U.Kinnunen,, & T.Feldt, (2009). Recovery experiences as moderators between psychosocial work characteristics and occupational well-being. Work & Stress, 23, 330–348. doi:10.1080/02678370903415572
83. M.J.Sirgy,, D.Efraty,, P.Siegel,, & D.-J.Lee, (2001). A new measure of quality of work life (QWL) based on need satisfaction and spillover theories. Social Indicators Research, 55, 241–302. doi:10.1023/A:1010986923468
84. S.Sonnentag, (2010). Recovery from fatigue: The role of psychological detachment. In P.L.Ackerman (Ed.), Cognitive fatigue: The current status and future for research and application (pp. 253–272). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
85. S.Sonnentag,, H.Arbeus,, C.Mahn,, & C.Fritz, (2014). Exhaustion and lack of psychological detachment from work during off-job time: Moderator effects of time pressure and leisure experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 206–216. doi:10.1037/a0035760
86. S.Sonnentag,, C.Binnewies,, & E.J.Mojza, (2010). Staying well and engaged when demands are high: The role of psychological detachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 965–976. doi:10.1037/a0020032
87. S.Sonnentag,, C.Dormann,, & E.Demerouti, (2010). Not all days are created equal: The concept of work engagement. In A.B.Bakker & M.P.Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 25–38). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
88. S.Sonnentag,, & C.Fritz, (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 204–221. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
89. S.Sonnentag,, & C.Fritz, (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, S72–S103. doi:10.1002/job.v36.S1
90. P.Steel,, J.Schmidt,, & J.Shultz, (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138–161. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
91. T.W.Taris,, D.G.J.Beckers,, L.C.Verhoeven,, S.A.E.Geurts,, M.A.J.Kompier,, & D.Van Der Linden, (2006). Recovery opportunities, work-home interference, and well-being among managers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15, 139–157. doi:10.1080/13594320500513889
92. T.W.Taris,, & P.J.G.Schreurs, (2009). Well-being and organizational performance: An organizational-level test of the happy-productive worker hypothesis. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 23, 120–136. doi:10.1080/02678370903072555
93. L.L.Ten Brummelhuis,, & A.B.Bakker, (2012). A resource perspective on the work-home interface: The work-home resources model. American Psychologist, 67, 545–556. doi:10.1037/a0027974
94. M.Van Der Doef,, & S.Maes, (1999). The job demand-control (-support) model and psychological well-being: A reviewof 20 years of empirical research. Work & Stress, 13, 87–114. doi:10.1080/026783799296084
95. P.Warr, (1990). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 193–210. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
96. H.M.Weiss,, & R.Cropanzano, (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B.M.Staw & L.L.Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 18 (pp. 1–74). Greenwich, CT: JAL.
97. H.M.Weiss,, J.P.Nicholas,, & C.S.Daus, (1999). An examination of the joint effects of affective experiences and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experiences over time. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 1–24. doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2824
98. R.E.Wickham,, & C.R.Knee, (2013). Examining temporal processes in diary studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1184–1198. doi:10.1177/0146167213490962
99. M.G.Wilson,, D.M.DeJoy,, R.J.Vandenbergh,, H.A.Richardson,, & A.L.McGrath, (2004). Work characteristics and employee health and well-being: Test of a model of healthy work organization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 565–588. doi:10.1348/0963179042596522
100. T.A.Wright,, & D.G.Bonett, (2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33, 141–160. doi:10.1177/0149206306297582
101. T.A.Wright,, & R.Cropanzano, (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 84–94. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.84
102. S.Zedeck,, & K.L.Mosier, (1990). Work in the family and employing organization. American Psychologist, 45, 240–251. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.240