Endothelin receptor antagonists in clinical research — Lessons learned from preclinical and clinical kidney studies

Life Sciences

Volumn 118, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 141-148

  Reichetzeder, Christoph ^a   Tsuprykov, Oleg ^a   Hocher, Berthold ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Clinical trials; Endothelin receptor antagonists; Kidney; Safety; Side effects; Water and salt retention

Indexed keywords

AMBRISENTAN; AMILORIDE; ATRASENTAN; AVOSENTAN; BENZAMIL; BOSENTAN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DARUSENTAN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN 2; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FUROSEMIDE; PLACEBO; SARAFOTOXIN S6C; SITAXSENTAN; SODIUM CHLORIDE; TEZOSENTAN; WATER; ZIBOTENTAN; ENDOTHELIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DIURETIC THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EXPERIMENTAL DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HEART FAILURE; HEPATORENAL SYNDROME; HUMAN; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; NEOPLASM; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION; RESISTANT HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RODENT MODEL; SODIUM RETENTION; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; WATER RETENTION; ANIMAL; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECTS; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ENDOTHELINS; HUMANS; KIDNEY;

EID: 84942612701     PISSN: 00243205     EISSN: 18790631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.025     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Ahn, D., Ge, Y., Stricklett, P.K., Gill, P., Taylor, D., Hughes, A.K., et al. Collecting duct-specific knockout of endothelin-1 causes hypertension and sodium retention. J Clin Invest 114:4 (2004), 504–511, 10.1172/JCI21064.
2. Akizawa, T., Pisoni, R.L., Akiba, T., Saito, A., Fukuhara, S., Asano, Y., et al. Japanese haemodialysis anaemia management practices and outcomes (1999–2006): results from the DOPPS. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:11 (2008), 3643–3653, 10.1093/ndt/gfn346.
3. Amiri, F., Virdis, A., Neves, M.F., Iglarz, M., Seidah, N.G., Touyz, R.M., et al. Endothelium-restricted overexpression of human endothelin-1 causes vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 110:15 (2004), 2233–2240, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000144462.08345.B9.
4. Andress, D.L., Coll, B., Pritchett, Y., Brennan, J., Molitch, M., Kohan, D.E., Clinical efficacy of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, atrasentan, in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Life Sci 91:13–14 (2012), 739–742, 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.01.011.
5. Antunes-Rodrigues, J., de Castro, M., Elias, L.L.K., Valença, M.M., McCann, S.M., Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism. Physiol Rev 84:1 (2004), 169–208, 10.1152/physrev.00017.2003.
6. Barton, M., Yanagisawa, M., Endothelin: 20 years from discovery to therapy. This article is one of a selection of papers published in the special issue (part 2 of 2) on Forefronts in Endothelin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 86:8 (2008), 485–498.
7. Barton, M., Vos, I., Shaw, S., Boer, P., D'Uscio, L.V., Gröne, H.J., et al. Dysfunctional renal nitric oxide synthase as a determinant of salt-sensitive hypertension: mechanisms of renal artery endothelial dysfunction and role of endothelin for vascular hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:5 (2000), 835–845.
8. Battistini, B., Berthiaume, N., Kelland, N.F., Webb, D.J., Kohan, D.E., Profile of past and current clinical trials involving endothelin receptor antagonists: the novel “-sentan” class of drug. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 231:6 (2006), 653–695.
9. Benigni, A., Corna, D., Maffi, R., Benedetti, G., Zoja, C., Remuzzi, G., Renoprotective effect of contemporary blocking of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 in rats with membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 54:2 (1998), 353–359, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00011.x.
10. Benigni, A., Perico, N., Remuzzi, G., The potential of endothelin antagonism as a therapeutic approach. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 13:11 (2004), 1419–1435, 10.1517/13543784.13.11.1419.
11. Braun, C., Conzelmann, T., Vetter, S., Schaub, M., Back, W.E., Yard, B., et al. Prevention of chronic renal allograft rejection in rats with an oral endothelin A receptor antagonist. Transplantation 68:6 (1999), 739–746.
12. Brochu, E., Lacasse, S., Moreau, C., Lebel, M., Kingma, I., Grose, J.H., et al. Endothelin ET(A) receptor blockade prevents the progression of renal failure and hypertension in uraemic rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:8 (1999), 1881–1888.
13. Brodsky, S., Abassi, Z., Wessale, J., Ramadan, R., Winaver, J., Hoffman, A., Effects of A-192621.1, a specific endothelin-B antagonist, on intrarenal hemodynamic responses to endothelin-1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36:5 Suppl. 1 (2000), S311–S313.
14. Brooks, D.P., DePalma, P.D., Blockade of radiocontrast-induced nephrotoxicity by the endothelin receptor antagonist, SB 209670. Nephron 72:4 (1996), 629–636.
15. Bugaj, V., Pochynyuk, O., Mironova, E., Vandewalle, A., Medina, J.L., Stockand, J.D., Regulation of the epithelial Na + channel by endothelin-1 in rat collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295:4 (2008), F1063–F1070, 10.1152/ajprenal.90321.2008.
16. Cantley, L.G., Spokes, K., Clark, B., McMahon, E.G., Carter, J., Epstein, F.H., Role of endothelin and prostaglandins in radiocontrast-induced renal artery constriction. Kidney Int 44:6 (1993), 1217–1223.
17. Chang, M.-Y., Ong, A.C.M., Endothelin in polycystic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol 172 (2011), 200–209, 10.1159/000328701.
18. Chang, M.-Y., Parker, E., El Nahas, M., Haylor, J.L., Ong, A.C.M., Endothelin B receptor blockade accelerates disease progression in a murine model of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2 (2007), 560–569, 10.1681/ASN.2006090994.
19. Clouthier, D.E., Hosoda, K., Richardson, J.A., Williams, S.C., Yanagisawa, H., Kuwaki, T., et al. Cranial and cardiac neural crest defects in endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Development 125:5 (1998), 813–824.
20. Clozel, M., Breu, V., Gray, G.A., Kalina, B., Löffler, B.M., Burri, K., et al. Pharmacological characterization of bosentan, a new potent orally active nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1 (1994), 228–235.
21. Davison, J.M., Edema in pregnancy. Kidney Int Suppl 59 (1997), S90–S96.
22. Dhaun, N., Goddard, J., Webb, D.J., The endothelin system and its antagonism in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:4 (2006), 943–955, 10.1681/ASN.2005121256.
23. Dhaun, N., Goddard, J., Webb, D.J., Endothelin antagonism in patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol 172 (2011), 243–254, 10.1159/000328704.
24. Dhein, S., Hochreuther, S., Aus Dem Spring, C., Bollig, K., Hufnagel, C., Raschack, M., Long-term effects of the endothelin(A) receptor antagonist LU 135252 and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on diabetic angiopathy and nephropathy in a chronic type I diabetes mellitus rat model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:2 (2000), 351–359.
25. Diekmann, F., Zart, R., Thöne-Reineke, C., Bauer, C., Neumayer, H.H., Hocher, B., Regulation of the renal endothelin system in the two-kidney, one clip renal hypertensive rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 36:5 Suppl. 1 (2000), S191–S194.
26. Ding, S.-S., Qiu, C., Hess, P., Xi, J.-F., Zheng, N., Clozel, M., Chronic endothelin receptor blockade prevents both early hyperfiltration and late overt diabetic nephropathy in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 42:1 (2003), 48–54.
27. Dingemanse, J., van Giersbergen, P.L.M., Clinical pharmacology of bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist. Clin Pharmacokinet 43:15 (2004), 1089–1115, 10.2165/00003088-200443150-00003.
28. Escalante, B.A., McGiff, J.C., Oyekan, A.O., Role of cytochrome P-450 arachidonate metabolites in endothelin signaling in rat proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 282:1 (2002), F144–F150, 10.1152/ajprenal.00064.2001.
29. Evans, R.G., Madden, A.C., Oliver, J.J., Lewis, T.V., Effects of ET(A)- and ET(B)-receptor antagonists on regional kidney blood flow, and responses to intravenous endothelin-1, in anaesthetized rabbits. J Hypertens 19:10 (2001), 1789–1799.
30. Föller, M., Mahmud, H., Qadri, S.M., Gu, S., Braun, M., Bobbala, D., et al. Endothelin B receptor stimulation inhibits suicidal erythrocyte death. FASEB J 24:9 (2010), 3351–3359, 10.1096/fj.10-159483.
31. Gagliardini, E., Corna, D., Zoja, C., Sangalli, F., Carrara, F., Rossi, M., et al. Unlike each drug alone, lisinopril if combined with avosentan promotes regression of renal lesions in experimental diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297:5 (2009), F1448–F1456, 10.1152/ajprenal.00340.2009.
32. Gallego, M.S., Ling, B.N., Regulation of amiloride-sensitive Na + channels by endothelin-1 in distal nephron cells. Am J Physiol 271:2 Pt 2 (1996), F451–F460.
33. Ge, Y., Ahn, D., Stricklett, P.K., Hughes, A.K., Yanagisawa, M., Verbalis, J.G., et al. Collecting duct-specific knockout of endothelin-1 alters vasopressin regulation of urine osmolality. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288:5 (2005), F912–F920, 10.1152/ajprenal.00432.2004.
34. Ge, Y., Stricklett, P.K., Hughes, A.K., Yanagisawa, M., Kohan, D.E., Collecting duct-specific knockout of the endothelin A receptor alters renal vasopressin responsiveness, but not sodium excretion or blood pressure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289:4 (2005), F692–F698, 10.1152/ajprenal.00100.2005.
35. Ge, Y., Bagnall, A., Stricklett, P.K., Strait, K., Webb, D.J., Kotelevtsev, Y., et al. Collecting duct-specific knockout of the endothelin B receptor causes hypertension and sodium retention. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291:6 (2006), F1274–F1280, 10.1152/ajprenal.00190.2006.
36. Ge, Y., Bagnall, A., Stricklett, P.K., Webb, D., Kotelevtsev, Y., Kohan, D.E., Combined knockout of collecting duct endothelin A and B receptors causes hypertension and sodium retention. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295:6 (2008), F1635–F1640, 10.1152/ajprenal.90279.2008.
37. George, E.M., Palei, A.C., Granger, J.P., Endothelin as a final common pathway in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia: therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 21:2 (2012), 157–162, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e328350094b.
38. Gilmore, E.S., Stutts, M.J., Milgram, S.L., SRC family kinases mediate epithelial Na + channel inhibition by endothelin. J Biol Chem 276:45 (2001), 42610–42617, 10.1074/jbc.M106919200.
39. Grass M. Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit, Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik des selektiven Endothelin-A-Rezeptor-Antagonisten SPP301 bei oraler Mehrfachadministration an gesunde, männliche Probanden, 2001.
40. Heyman, S.N., Brezis, M., Epstein, F.H., Spokes, K., Silva, P., Rosen, S., Early renal medullary hypoxic injury from radiocontrast and indomethacin. Kidney Int 40:4 (1991), 632–642.
41. Hocher, B., Rubens, C., Hensen, J., Gross, P., Bauer, C., Intracellular distribution of endothelin-1 receptors in rat liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 184:1 (1992), 498–503.
42. Hocher, B., Liefeldt, L., Thöne-Reineke, C., Orzechowski, H.D., Distler, A., Bauer, C., et al. Characterization of the renal phenotype of transgenic rats expressing the human endothelin-2 gene. Hypertension 28:2 (1996), 196–201.
43. Hocher, B., Zart, R., Diekmann, F., Rohmeiss, P., Distler, A., Neumayer, H.H., et al. Paracrine renal endothelin system in rats with liver cirrhosis. Br J Pharmacol 118:2 (1996), 220–227.
44. Hocher, B., Thöne-Reineke, C., Rohmeiss, P., Schmager, F., Slowinski, T., Burst, V., et al. Endothelin-1 transgenic mice develop glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and renal cysts but not hypertension. J Clin Invest 99:6 (1997), 1380–1389, 10.1172/JCI119297.
45. Hocher, B., Lun, A., Priem, F., Neumayer, H.H., Raschack, M., Renal endothelin system in diabetes: comparison of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and endothelin-A antagonism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:Suppl. 1 (1998), S492–S495.
46. Hocher, B., Zart, R., Schwarz, A., Vogt, V., Braun, C., Thöne-Reineke, C., et al. Renal endothelin system in polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:7 (1998), 1169–1177.
47. Hocher, B., George, I., Diekmann, F., Zart, R., Rebstock, J., Schwarz, A., et al. ETA receptor blockade induces fibrosis of the clipped kidney in two-kidney-one-clip renovascular hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 18:12 (2000), 1807–1814.
48. Hocher, B., Schwarz, A., Reinbacher, D., Jacobi, J., Lun, A., Priem, F., et al. Effects of endothelin receptor antagonists on the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 87:2 (2001), 161–169 [doi:45906].
49. Hocher, B., Kalk, P., Slowinski, T., Godes, M., Mach, A., Herzfeld, S., et al. ETA receptor blockade induces tubular cell proliferation and cyst growth in rats with polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2 (2003), 367–376.
50. Hocher, B., Schwarz, A., Slowinski, T., Bachmann, S., Pfeilschifter, J., Neumayer, H.H., et al. In-vivo interaction of nitric oxide and endothelin. J Hypertens 22:1 (2004), 111–119.
51. Honing, M.L., Hijmering, M.L., Ballard, D.E., Yang, Y.P., Padley, R.J., Morrison, P.J., et al. Selective ET(A) receptor antagonism with ABT-627 attenuates all renal effects of endothelin in humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:8 (2000), 1498–1504.
52. Hosoda, K., Hammer, R.E., Richardson, J.A., Baynash, A.G., Cheung, J.C., Giaid, A., et al. Targeted and natural (piebald-lethal) mutations of endothelin-B receptor gene produce megacolon associated with spotted coat color in mice. Cell 79:7 (1994), 1267–1276.
53. Jeanette Lynch, I., Welch, A.K., Kohan, D.E., Cain, B.D., Wingo, C.S., Endothelin-1 inhibits sodium reabsorption by ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in the mouse cortical collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 305:4 (2013), F568–F573, 10.1152/ajprenal.00613.2012.
54. Kalk, P., Sharkovska, Y., Kashina, E., von Websky, K., Relle, K., Pfab, T., et al. Endothelin-converting enzyme/neutral endopeptidase inhibitor SLV338 prevents hypertensive cardiac remodeling in a blood pressure-independent manner. Hypertension 57:4 (2011), 755–763, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163972.
55. Kingman, M., Ruggiero, R., Torres, F., Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor type A-selective endothelin receptor antagonist, for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10:11 (2009), 1847–1858, 10.1517/14656560903061275.
56. Knight, K., Wade, S., Balducci, L., Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med 116:Suppl. 7A (2004), 11S–26S, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.008.
57. Kohan, D.E., Biology of endothelin receptors in the collecting duct. Kidney Int 76:5 (2009), 481–486, 10.1038/ki.2009.203.
58. Kohan, D.E., Endothelin, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: new insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 19:2 (2010), 134–139, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e328335f91f.
59. Kohan, D.E., Endothelin and collecting duct sodium and water transport. Contrib Nephrol 172 (2011), 94–106, 10.1159/000328687.
60. Kohan, D.E., Pollock, D.M., Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 76:4 (2013), 573–579, 10.1111/bcp.12064.
61. Kohan, D.E., Pritchett, Y., Molitch, M., Wen, S., Garimella, T., Audhya, P., et al. Addition of atrasentan to renin–angiotensin system blockade reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:4 (2011), 763–772, 10.1681/ASN.2010080869.
62. Kohan, D.E., Cleland, J.G., Rubin, L.J., Theodorescu, D., Barton, M., Clinical trials with endothelin receptor antagonists: what went wrong and where can we improve?. Life Sci 91:13–14 (2012), 528–539, 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.07.034.
63. Krasuski, R.A., Hart, S.A., Smith, B., Wang, A., Harrison, J.K., Bashore, T.M., Association of anemia and long-term survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 150:3 (2011), 291–295, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.04.038.
64. Kurihara, Y., Kurihara, H., Suzuki, H., Kodama, T., Maemura, K., Nagai, R., et al. Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 368:6473 (1994), 703–710, 10.1038/368703a0.
65. Kurihara, Y., Kurihara, H., Oda, H., Maemura, K., Nagai, R., Ishikawa, T., et al. Aortic arch malformations and ventricular septal defect in mice deficient in endothelin-1. J Clin Invest 96:1 (1995), 293–300, 10.1172/JCI118033.
66. Kurihara, Y., Kurihara, H., Maemura, K., Kuwaki, T., Kumada, M., Yazaki, Y., Impaired development of the thyroid and thymus in endothelin-1 knockout mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26:Suppl. 3 (1995), S13–S16.
67. Larivière, R., D'Amours, M., Lebel, M., Kingma, I., Grose, J.H., Caron, L., Increased immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in blood vessels and glomeruli of rats with reduced renal mass. Kidney Blood Press Res 20:6 (1997), 372–380.
68. Li, M.W., Mian, M.O.R., Barhoumi, T., Rehman, A., Mann, K., Paradis, P., et al. Endothelin-1 overexpression exacerbates atherosclerosis and induces aortic aneurysms in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33:10 (2013), 2306–2315, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302028.
69. Liefeldt, L., Schönfelder, G., Böcker, W., Hocher, B., Talsness, C.E., Rettig, R., et al. Transgenic rats expressing the human ET-2 gene: a model for the study of endothelin actions in vivo. J Mol Med 77:7 (1999), 565–574.
70. Ma, J., Huang, S., Ma, L., Liu, Y., Li, H., You, C., Endothelin-receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care, 16(5), 2012, R198, 10.1186/cc11686.
71. Mann, J.F.E., Green, D., Jamerson, K., Ruilope, L.M., Kuranoff, S.J., Littke, T., et al. Avosentan for overt diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:3 (2010), 527–535, 10.1681/ASN.2009060593.
72. Margulies, K.B., Hildebrand, F.L., Heublein, D.M., Burnett, J.C. Jr., Radiocontrast increases plasma and urinary endothelin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2:5 (1991), 1041–1045.
73. Masaki, T., Vane, J.R., Vanhoutte, P.M., International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of endothelin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 46:2 (1994), 137–142.
74. McGrath, M.F., de Bold, M.L.K., de Bold, A.J., The endocrine function of the heart. Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:10 (2005), 469–477, 10.1016/j.tem.2005.10.007.
75. Murer, L., Zacchello, G., Basso, G., Scarpa, A., Montini, G., Chiozza, M.L., et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of endothelin in biopsies of pediatric nephrotic syndrome. Am J Nephrol 14:3 (1994), 157–161.
76. Neuhofer, W., Pittrow, D., Endothelin receptor selectivity in chronic kidney disease: rationale and review of recent evidence. Eur J Clin Invest 39:Suppl. 2 (2009), 50–67, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02121.x.
77. Olgun, N., Patel, H.J., Stephani, R., Wang, W., Yen, H., Reznik, S.E., Effect of the putative novel selective ETA-receptor antagonist HJP272, a 1,3,6-trisubstituted-2-carboxy-quinol-4-one, on infection-mediated premature delivery. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 86:8 (2008), 571–575, 10.1139/Y08-057.
78. Orisio, S., Benigni, A., Bruzzi, I., Corna, D., Perico, N., Zoja, C., et al. Renal endothelin gene expression is increased in remnant kidney and correlates with disease progression. Kidney Int 43:2 (1993), 354–358.
79. Orth, S.R., Odoni, G., Amann, K., Strzelczyk, P., Raschack, M., Ritz, E., The ET(A) receptor blocker LU 135252 prevents chronic transplant nephropathy in the “Fisher to Lewis” model. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2 (1999), 387–391.
80. Pavlov, T.S., Chahdi, A., Ilatovskaya, D.V., Levchenko, V., Vandewalle, A., Pochynyuk, O., et al. Endothelin-1 inhibits the epithelial Na + channel through betaPix/14-3-3/Nedd4-2. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:5 (2010), 833–843, 10.1681/ASN.2009080885.
81. Pulido, T., Adzerikho, I., Channick, R.N., Delcroix, M., Galiè, N., Ghofrani, H.-A., et al. Macitentan and morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 369:9 (2013), 809–818, 10.1056/NEJMoa1213917.
82. Quaschning, T., Increase in nitric oxide bioavailability improves endothelial function in endothelin-1 transgenic mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:3 (2003), 479–483, 10.1093/ndt/18.3.479.
83. Quaschning, T., Voss, F., Relle, K., Kalk, P., Vignon-Zellweger, N., Pfab, T., et al. Lack of endothelial nitric oxide synthase promotes endothelin-induced hypertension: lessons from endothelin-1 transgenic/endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:3 (2007), 730–740, 10.1681/ASN.2006050541.
84. Rabelink, T.J., Kohan, D.E., Endothelin receptor blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 172 (2011), 235–242, 10.1159/000328703.
85. Rafnsson, A., Böhm, F., Settergren, M., Gonon, A., Brismar, K., Pernow, J., The endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves peripheral endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: a randomised trial. Diabetologia 55:3 (2012), 600–607, 10.1007/s00125-011-2415-y.
86. Roccatello, D., Mosso, R., Ferro, M., Polloni, R., De Filippi, P.G., Quattrocchio, G., et al. Urinary endothelin in glomerulonephritis patients with normal renal function. Clin Nephrol 41:6 (1994), 323–330.
87. Saleh, M.A., Pollock, J.S., Pollock, D.M., Distinct actions of endothelin A-selective versus combined endothelin A/B receptor antagonists in early diabetic kidney disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 338:1 (2011), 263–270, 10.1124/jpet.111.178988.
88. Sasser, J.M., Sullivan, J.C., Hobbs, J.L., Yamamoto, T., Pollock, D.M., Carmines, P.K., et al. Endothelin A receptor blockade reduces diabetic renal injury via an anti-inflammatory mechanism. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:1 (2007), 143–154, 10.1681/ASN.2006030208.
89. Schneider, M.P., Ge, Y., Pollock, D.M., Pollock, J.S., Kohan, D.E., Collecting duct-derived endothelin regulates arterial pressure and Na excretion via nitric oxide. Hypertension 51:6 (2008), 1605–1610, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.108126.
90. Sharkovska, Y., Kalk, P., von Websky, K., Relle, K., Pfab, T., Alter, M., et al. Renoprotective effects of combined endothelin-converting enzyme/neutral endopeptidase inhibitor SLV338 in acute and chronic experimental renal damage. Clin Lab 57:7–8 (2011), 507–515.
91. Shin, M.K., Levorse, J.M., Ingram, R.S., Tilghman, S.M., The temporal requirement for endothelin receptor-B signalling during neural crest development. Nature 402:6761 (1999), 496–501, 10.1038/990040.
92. Slowinski, T., Kalk, P., Christian, M., Schmager, F., Relle, K., Godes, M., et al. Cell-type specific interaction of endothelin and the nitric oxide system: pattern of prepro-ET-1 expression in kidneys of L-NAME treated prepro-ET-1 promoter-lacZ-transgenic mice. J Physiol (Lond) 581:Pt 3 (2007), 1173–1181, 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.131201.
93. Taniguchi, T., Muramatsu, I., Pharmacological knockout of endothelin ET(A) receptors. Life Sci 74:2–3 (2003), 405–409.
94. Thaete, L.G., Neerhof, M.G., Silver, R.K., Differential effects of endothelin A and B receptor antagonism on fetal growth in normal and nitric oxide-deficient rats. J Soc Gynecol Investig 8:1 (2001), 18–23.
95. Tharaux, P.L., Chatziantoniou, C., Casellas, D., Fouassier, L., Ardaillou, R., Dussaule, J.C., Vascular endothelin-1 gene expression and synthesis and effect on renal type I collagen synthesis and nephroangiosclerosis during nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats. Circulation 99:16 (1999), 2185–2191.
96. Thöne-Reinke, C., Simon, K., Richter, C.-M., Godes, M., Neumayer, H.-H., Thormählen, D., et al. Inhibition of both neutral endopeptidase and endothelin-converting enzyme by SLV306 reduces proteinuria and urinary albumin excretion in diabetic rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44:Suppl. 1 (2004), S76–S79.
97. TRACLEER®, [bosentan] [Internet]. [cited 2013 Oct 30]; Available from: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=10355.
98. Vergouwen, M.D.I., Algra, A., Rinkel, G.J.E., Endothelin receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke 43:10 (2012), 2671–2676, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.666693.
99. Vignon-Zellweger, N., Relle, K., Kienlen, E., Alter, M., Seider, P., Sharkovska, J., et al. Endothelin-1 overexpression restores diastolic function in eNOS knockout mice. J Hypertens 29:5 (2011), 961–970, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283450770.
100. Vignon-Zellweger, N., Heiden, S., Miyauchi, T., Emoto, N., Endothelin and endothelin receptors in the renal and cardiovascular systems. Life Sci 91:13–14 (2012), 490–500, 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.026.
101. Von Websky, K., Heiden, S., Pfab, T., Hocher, B., Pathophysiology of the endothelin system — lessons from genetically manipulated animal models. Eur J Med Res 14:1 (2009), 1–6.
102. Wang, A., Holcslaw, T., Bashore, T.M., Freed, M.I., Miller, D., Rudnick, M.R., et al. Exacerbation of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism. Kidney Int 57:4 (2000), 1675–1680, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00012.x.
103. Watson, A.M.D., Li, J., Schumacher, C., de Gasparo, M., Feng, B., Thomas, M.C., et al. The endothelin receptor antagonist avosentan ameliorates nephropathy and atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Diabetologia 53:1 (2010), 192–203, 10.1007/s00125-009-1540-3.
104. Wengenmayer, C., Krikov, M., Mueller, S., Lucht, K., Villringer, A., Hocher, B., et al. Novel therapy approach in primary stroke prevention: simultaneous inhibition of endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase in spontaneously hypertensive, stroke-prone rats improves survival. Neurol Res 33:2 (2011), 201–207, 10.1179/016164111X12881719352534.
105. Wenzel, R.R., Littke, T., Kuranoff, S., Jürgens, C., Bruck, H., Ritz, E., et al. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:3 (2009), 655–664, 10.1681/ASN.2008050482.
106. Wong, F., Moore, K., Dingemanse, J., Jalan, R., Lack of renal improvement with nonselective endothelin antagonism with tezosentan in type 2 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 47:1 (2008), 160–168, 10.1002/hep.21940.
107. Zeidel, M.L., Brady, H.R., Kone, B.C., Gullans, S.R., Brenner, B.M., Endothelin, a peptide inhibitor of Na(+)–K(+)-ATPase in intact renaltubular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 257:6 Pt 1 (1989), C1101–C1107.
108. Zoja, C., Cattaneo, S., Fiordaliso, F., Lionetti, V., Zambelli, V., Salio, M., et al. Distinct cardiac and renal effects of ETA receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor in experimental type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 301:5 (2011), F1114–F1123, 10.1152/ajprenal.00122.2011.