Doped Graphene: Theory, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Graphene Chemistry: Theoretical Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 183-207

  López Urías, Florentino ^a,b   Lv, Ruitao ^a   Terrones, Humberto ^a,c   Terronesa, Mauricio ^a,d  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO POTOSINO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TECNOLÓGICA   (Mexico)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ   (Brazil)

^d SHINSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Carbon; Defects; DFT; Doping; Graphene; Heterodoping; Nanoribbon

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; DEFECTS; DOPING (ADDITIVES); ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; ENERGY GAP; GRAIN BOUNDARIES; SURFACE DEFECTS;

ELECTRONIC BAND GAPS; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE; HETERODOPING; HIGH ELECTRON MOBILITY; HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY; NANORIBBON; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; SURFACE CHEMICAL REACTIVITY;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84941658968     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118691281.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (81)

1. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Science, 306(5696), 666-669(2004).
2. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene, Nature, 438(7065), 197-200(2005).
3. K. S. Novoselov, E. McCann, S. V. Morozov, V. I. Fal'ko, M. I. Katsnelson, U. Zeitler, et al. Unconventional quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase of 2 pi in bilayer graphene, Nature Physics, 2(3), 177-180(2006).
4. K. S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Morozov, H. L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, et al. Room-temperature quantum hall effect in graphene, Science, 315(5817), 1379-1379(2007).
5. A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov and A. K. Geim. The electronic properties of graphene, Reviews of Modern Physics, 81(1), 109-162(2009).
6. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov. The rise of graphene, Nature Materials, 6(3), 183-191(2007).
7. M. I. Katsnelson, K. S. Novoselov and A. K. Geim. Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene, Nature Physics, 2(9), 620-625(2006).
8. L. A. Ponomarenko, F. Schedin, M. I. Katsnelson, R.Yang, E.W. Hill, K. S. Novoselov and A. K. Geim. Chaotic dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots, Science, 320(5874), 356-358(2008).
9. L. M. Xie, X. Ling, Y. Fang, J. Zhang and Z. F. Liu. Graphene as a substrate to suppress fluorescence in resonance Raman spectroscopy, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(29), 9890-9891(2009).
10. D. C. Wei, Y. Q. Liu, Y. Wang, H. L. Zhang, L. P. Huang and G. Yu. Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties, Nano Letters, 9(5), 1752-1758(2009).
11. Z. Z. Sun, Z. Yan, J. Yao, E. Beitler, Y. Zhu and J. M. Tour. Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources, Nature, 468(7323), 549-552(2010).
12. A. L. M. Reddy, A. Srivastava, S. R. Gowda, H. Gullapalli, M. Dubey and P. M. Ajayan. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene films for lithium battery application, ACS Nano, 4(11), 6337-6342(2010).
13. L. T. Qu,Y. Liu, J. B. Baek and L. M. Dai. Nitrogen-doped graphene as efficient metalfree electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in fuel cells, ACS Nano, 4(3), 1321-1326(2010).
14. Y. C. Lin, C. Y. Lin and P. W. Chiu. Controllable graphene N-doping with ammonia plasma, Applied Physics Letters, 96(13), 133110(2010).
15. L. Y. Zhao, R. He, K. T. Rim, T. Schiros, K. S. Kim, H. Zhou, et al. Visualizing individual nitrogen dopants in monolayer graphene, Science, 333(6045), 999-1003(2011).
16. J. C. Meyer, S. Kurasch, H. J. Park, V. Skakalova, D. Kunzel, A. Gross, et al. Experimental analysis of charge redistribution due to chemical bonding by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Nature Materials, 10(3), 209-215(2011).
17. Z. Jin, J. Yao, C. Kittrell and J. M. Tour. Large-scale growth and characterizations of nitrogen-doped monolayer graphene sheets, ACS Nano, 5(5), 4112v4117(2011).
18. G. Imamura and K. Saiki. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on pt(111) by chemical vapor deposition, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115(20), 10000-10005(2011).
19. Z. Q. Luo, S. H. Lim, Z. Q. Tian, J. Z. Shang, L. F. Lai, B. MacDonald, et al. Pyridinic N doped graphene: synthesis, electronic structure, and electrocatalytic property, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(22), 8038-8044(2011).
20. L. Guan, L. Cui, K. Lin, Y. Y. Wang, X. T. Wang, F. M. Jin, et al. Preparation of few-layer nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets by DC arc discharge under nitrogen atmosphere of high temperature, Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, 102(2), 289-294(2011).
21. H. M. Jeong, J.W. Lee, W. H. Shin, Y. J. Choi, H. J. Shin, J. K. Kang and J.W. Choi. Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes, Nano Letters, 11(6), 2472-2477(2011).
22. T. Kato, L. Y. Jiao, X. R. Wang, H. L. Wang, X. L. Li, L. Zhang, R. Hatakeyama and H. J. Dai. Room-temperature edge functionalization and doping of graphene by mild plasma, Small, 7(5), 574-577(2011).
23. K. Brenner and R. Murali. In situ doping of graphene by exfoliation in a nitrogen ambient, Applied Physics Letters, 98(11), 113115(2011).
24. H. Wang, T. Maiyalagan and X. Wang. Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications, ACS Catalysis, 2(5), 781-794(2012).
25. R. Czerw, M. Terrones, J. C. Charlier, X. Blase, B. Foley, R. Kamalakaran, et al. Identification of electron donor states in N-doped carbon nanotubes, Nano Letters, 1(9), 457-460(2001).
26. L. S. Panchokarla, K. S. Subrahmanyam, S. K. Saha, A. Govindaraj, H. R. Krishnamurthy, U. V. Waghmare and C. N. R. Rao. Synthesis, structure, and properties of boron- and nitrogen-doped graphene, Advanced Materials, 21(46), 4726-4730(2009).
27. E. Cruz-Silva, F. Lopez-Urias, E. Munoz-Sandoval, B. G. Sumpter, H. Terrones, J. C. Charlier, et al. Electronic transport and mechanical properties of phosphorus- and phosphorus-nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano, 3(7), 1913-1921(2009).
28. P. A. Thrower. The study of defects in graphite by transmission electron microscopy, Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, 5 217-319 (1969).
29. 60 and some related species, Chemical Physics Letters, 128(5-6), 501-503(1986).
30. P. Hohenberg andW.Kohn. Inhomogeneous electron gas, Physical ReviewB, 136(3B), B864(1964).
31. W.Kohn and L. J. Sham. Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects, Physical Review, 140(4), A1133(1965).
32. D. M. Ceperley and B. J. Alder. Ground-state of the electron-gas by a stochastic method, Physical Review Letters, 45(7), 566-569(1980).
33. J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Ordejon and D. Sanchez-Portal. The SIESTA method for ab initio order-N materials simulation, Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 14(11), 2745-2779(2002).
34. J. Junquera, O. Paz, D. Sanchez-Portal and E. Artacho. Numerical atomic orbitals for linear-scaling calculations, Physical Review B, 64(23), 235111(2001).
35. N. Troullier and J. L. Martins. Efficient pseudopotentials for plane-wave calculations, Physical Review B, 43(3), 1993-2006(1991).
36. L. Kleinman and D. M. Bylander. Efficaious form for model pseudopotentials, Physical Review Letters, 48(20), 1425-1428(1982).
37. R. Lv, Q. Li, A. R. Botello-Méndez, T. Hayashi, B. Wang, A. Berkdemir, et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene: beyond single substitution and enhanced molecular sensing, Scientific Reports, 2, 586 (2012).
38. E. Cruz-Silva, F. Lopez-Urias, E. Munoz-Sandoval, B. G. Sumpter, H. Terrones, J. C. Charlier, et al. Phosphorus and phosphorus-nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes for ultrasensitive and selective molecular detection, Nanoscale, 3(3), 1008-1013(2011).
39. G. Giovannetti, P. A. Khomyakov, G. Brocks, V. M. Karpan, J. van den Brink and P. J. Kelly. Doping graphene with metal contacts, Physical Review Letters, 101(2), 026803(2008).
40. W. Chen, S. Chen, D. C. Qi, X. Y. Gao and A. T. S. Wee. Surface transfer p-type doping of epitaxial graphene, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(34), 10418-10422(2007).
41. X. R. Wang, X. L. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Yoon, P. K. Weber, H. L. Wang, J. Guo and H. J. Dai. N-doping of graphene through electrothermal reactions with ammonia, Science, 324(5928), 768-771(2009).
42. F. Schedin, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, E. W. Hill, P. Blake, M. I. Katsnelson and K. S. Novoselov. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene, Nature Materials, 6(9), 652-655(2007).
43. T. O. Wehling, K. S. Novoselov, S. V. Morozov, E. E. Vdovin, M. I. Katsnelson, A. K. Geim and A. I. Lichtenstein. Molecular doping of graphene, Nano Letters, 8(1), 173-177(2008).
44. X. L. Li, H. L. Wang, J. T. Robinson, H. Sanchez, G. Diankov and H. J. Dai. Simultaneous nitrogen doping and reduction of graphene oxide, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(43), 15939-15944(2009).
45. R. A. Nistor, D. M. Newns and G. J. Martyna. The role of chemistry in graphene doping for carbon-based electronics, ACS Nano, 5(4), 3096-3103(2011).
46. A. C. Ferrari. Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electronphonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects, Solid State Communications, 143(1-2), 47-57(2007).
47. D. H. Deng, X. L. Pan, L. A. Yu, Y. Cui, Y. P. Jiang, J. Qi, et al. Toward NDoped graphene via solvothermal synthesis, Chemistry of Materials, 23(5), 1188-1193(2011).
48. T. O. Wehling, M. I. Katsnelson and A. I. Lichtenstein. Adsorbates on graphene:Impurity states and electron scattering, Chemical Physics Letters, 476(4-6), 125-134(2009).
49. A. Lherbier, X. Blase, Y. M. Niquet, F. Triozon and S. Roche. Charge transport in chemically doped 2D graphene, Physical Review Letters, 101(3), 036808(2008).
50. X. H. Deng, Y. Q. Wu, J. Y. Dai, D. D. Kang and D. Y. Zhang. Electronic structure tuning and band gap opening of graphene by hole/electron codoping, Physics Letters A, 375(44), 3890-3894(2011).
51. J. Lahiri,Y. Lin, P. Bozkurt, Oleynik, II and M. Batzill. An extended defect in graphene as a metallic wire, Nature Nanotechnology, 5(5), 326-329(2010).
52. A. R. Botello-Mendez, X. Declerck, M. Terrones, H. Terrones and J. C. Charlier. One-dimensional extended lines of divacancy defects in graphene, Nanoscale, 3(7), 2868-2872(2011).
53. M. Kan, J. Zhou, Q. Sun, Q.Wang,Y. Kawazoe and P. Jena. Tuning magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons with topological line defects: From antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, Physical Review B, 85(15), 155450(2012).
54. S. J. Clark, M. D. Segall, C. J. Pickard, P. J. Hasnip, M. J. Probert, K. Refson and M. C. Payne. First principles methods using CASTEP, Zeitschrift Fur Kristallographie, 220(5-6), 567-570(2005).
55. D. S. Geng, Y. Chen, Y. G. Chen, Y. L. Li, R. Y. Li, X. L. Sun, et al. High oxygenreduction activity and durability of nitrogen-doped graphene, Energy&Environmental Science, 4(3), 760-764(2011).
56. Z. H. Sheng, L. Shao, J. J. Chen, W. J. Bao, F. B. Wang and X. H. Xia. Catalyst-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene via thermal annealing graphite oxide with melamine and its excellent electrocatalysis, ACS Nano, 5(6), 4350-4358(2011).
57. H. B.Wang, C. J. Zhang, Z. H. Liu, L.Wang, P. X. Han, H. X. Xu, et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets with excellent lithium storage properties, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(14), 5430-5434(2011).
58. A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, et al. Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor, Nature Nanotechnology, 3(4), 210-215(2008).
59. M. Bruna and S. Borini. Raman signature of electron-electron correlation in chemically doped few-layer graphene, Physical Review B, 83(24), 241401(2011).
60. B. D. Guo, Q. A. Liu, E. D. Chen, H.W. Zhu, L. A. Fang and J. R. Gong. Controllable N-doping of graphene, Nano Letters, 10(12), 4975-4980(2010).
61. P. T. Araujo, M. Terrones and M. S. Dresselhaus. Defects and impurities in graphenelike materials, Materials Today, 15(3), 98-109(2012).
62. I. O. Maciel, N. Anderson, M. A. Pimenta, A. Hartschuh, H. H. Qian, M. Terrones, et al. Electron and phonon renormalization near charged defects in carbon nanotubes, Nature Materials, 7(11), 878-883(2008).
63. A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, et al. Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers, Physical Review Letters, 97(18), 187401(2006).
64. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and M. Hofmann. Raman spectroscopy as a probe of graphene and carbon nanotubes, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A - Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 366(1863), 231-236(2008).
65. J. Robinson, X. J.Weng, K. Trumbull, R. Cavalero, M.Wetherington, E. Frantz, et al. Nucleation of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001), ACS Nano, 4(1), 153-158(2010).
66. H. Medina, Y. C. Lin, D. Obergfell and P. W. Chiu. Tuning of charge densities in graphene by molecule doping, Advanced Functional Materials, 21(14), 2687-2692(2011).
67. W. Qian, X. Cui, R. Hao, Y. L. Hou and Z. Y. Zhang. Facile preparation of nitrogendoped few-layer graphene via supercritical reaction, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3(7), 2259-2264(2011).
68. B. N. Szafranek, D. Schall, M. Otto, D. Neumaier and H. Kurz. High on/off ratios in bilayer graphene field effect transistors realized by surface dopants, Nano Letters, 11(7), 2640-2643(2011).
69. R. T. Lv, T. X. Cui, M. S. Jun, Q. Zhang, A. Y. Cao, D. S. Su, et al. Open-ended, Ndoped carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid nanostructures as high-performance catalyst support, Advanced Functional Materials, 21(5), 999-1006(2011).
70. T. X. Cui, R. T. Lv, Z. H. Huang, H. W. Zhu, J. Zhang, Z. Li, et al. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon thin films and their applications in solar cells, Carbon, 49(15), 5022-5028(2011).
71. Y. C. Qiu, X. F. Zhang and S. H. Yang. High performance supercapacitors based on highly conductive nitrogen-doped graphene sheets, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13(27), 12554-12558(2011).
72. T. Q. Lin, F. Q. Huang, J. Liang and Y. X. Wang. A facile preparation route for boron-doped graphene, and its CdTe solar cell application, Energy & Environmental Science, 4(3), 862-865(2011).
73. Y. Wang, Y. Y. Shao, D.W. Matson, J. H. Li and Y. H. Lin. Nitrogen-doped graphene and its application in electrochemical biosensing, ACS Nano, 4(4), 1790-1798(2010).
74. L. Jia, D. H. Wang, Y. X. Huang, A. W. Xu and H. Q. Yu. Highly durable N-doped graphene/CdS nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water under visible light irradiation, Journal of Physical ChemistryC, 115(23), 11466-11473(2011).
75. J. C. Carrero-Sanchez, A. L. Elias, R. Mancilla, G. Arrellin, H. Terrones, J. P. Laclette and M. Terrones. Biocompatibility and toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes doped with nitrogen, Nano Letters, 6(8), 1609-1616(2006).
76. S. Y. Deng, G. Q. Jian, J. P. Lei, Z. Hu and H. X. Ju. A glucose biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase immobilized on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 25(2), 373-377(2009).
77. B. Uchoa and A. H. C. Neto. Superconducting states of pure and doped graphene, Physical Review Letters, 98(14), 146801(2007).
78. H. J. Shin, W. M. Choi, D. Choi, G. H. Han, S. M. Yoon, H. K. Park, et al. Control of electronic structure of graphene by various dopants and their effects on a nanogenerator, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(44), 15603-15609(2010).
79. X. F. Li, D. S. Geng, Y. Zhang, X. B. Meng, R. Y. Li and X. L. Sun. Superior cycle stability of nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets as anodes for lithium ion batteries, Electrochemistry Communications, 13(8), 822-825(2011).
80. M. Popinciuc, C. Jozsa, P. J. Zomer, N. Tombros, A. Veligura, H. T. Jonkman and B. J. vanWees. Electronic spin transport in graphene field-effect transistors, Physical Review B, 80(21), 214427(2009).
81. B. G. Sumpter, J. S. Huang, V. Meunier, J. M. Romo-Herrera, E. Cruz-Silva, H. Terrones and M. Terrones. A theoretical and experimental study on manipulating the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes using substitutional dopants, International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 109(1), 97-118(2009).