Catalyst-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene via thermal annealing graphite oxide with melamine and its excellent electrocatalysis

ACS Nano

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 4350-4358

  Sheng, Zhen Huan ^a   Shao, Lin ^a   Chen, Jing Jing ^a   Bao, Wen Jing ^a   Wang, Feng Bin ^a   Xia, Xing Hua ^a  

^a NANJING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

catalyst free approach; electrocatalysis; melamine; nitrogen doped grapheme; oxygen reduction reaction; thermal annealing

Indexed keywords

ALKALINE ELECTROLYTES; ATOMIC PERCENTAGE; CATALYST-FREE; CATALYST-FREE SYNTHESIS; CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE; CATHODIC MATERIALS; CHEMICAL DOPING; ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY; ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS; ELECTRONIC DEVICE; FOREIGN ATOMS; FUNCTIONAL MOIETIES; GAS PHASIS; GENERAL APPROACH; GRAPHITE OXIDE; HIGH DOPING LEVEL; HIGH RESOLUTION; INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS; LARGE SCALE SYNTHESIS; NITROGEN ATOM; NITROGEN SOURCES; NITROGEN-DOPED; NITROGEN-DOPED GRAPHEME; NITROGEN-DOPING; OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION; THERMAL-ANNEALING; TRANSITION METAL CATALYSTS; TRANSITIONAL METALS; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA;

ALKALINITY; ANNEALING; ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY; ATOMS; BIOSENSORS; CATALYSIS; CATALYST ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; ELECTROCATALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION; FUEL CELLS; GRAPHENE; MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESINS; METAL ANALYSIS; OXYGEN; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); TRANSITION METALS; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

NITROGEN;

CARBON; ELECTROLYTE; GRAPHITE; MELAMINE; NITROGEN; OXIDE; OXYGEN; TRIAZINE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; GENETIC PROCEDURES; HEAT; METHODOLOGY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; CARBON; CATALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTROLYTES; GRAPHITE; HOT TEMPERATURE; MICROSCOPY, ATOMIC FORCE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; NITROGEN; OXIDES; OXYGEN; TRIAZINES; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 79959793041     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn103584t     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Allen, M. J.; Tung, V. C.; Kaner, R. B. Honeycomb Carbon: A Review of Graphene Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 132-145
2. Rao, C. N. R.; Sood, A. K.; Subrahmanyam, K. S.; Govindaraj, A. Graphene: The New Two Dimensional Nanomaterial Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7752-7777
3. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The Rise of Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191 (Pubitemid 46353764)
4. Lee, C. G.; Wei, X. D.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene Science 2008, 321, 385-388 (Pubitemid 352029970)
5. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Dubonos, S. V.; Firsov, A. A. Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene Nature 2005, 438, 197-200 (Pubitemid 41599867)
6. Pang, S. P.; Tsao, H. N.; Feng, X. L.; Müllen, K. Patterned Graphene Electrodes from Solution-Processed Graphite Oxide Films for Organic Field-Effect Transistors Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 3488-3491
7. Wang, S.; Ang, P. K.; Wang, Z. Q.; Tang, A. L. L.; Thong, J. T. L.; Loh, K. P. High Mobility, Printable, and Solution-Processed Graphene Electronics Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 92-98
8. Wang, X.; Zhi, L. J.; Müllen, K. Transparent, Conductive Graphene Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 323-327 (Pubitemid 351177822)
9. Stoller, M. D.; Park, S. J.; Zhu, Y. W.; An, J. H.; Ruoff, R. S. Graphene-Based Ultracapacitors Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3498-3502
10. Elias, D. C.; Nair, R. R.; Mohiuddin, T. M. G.; Morozov, S. V.; Blake, P.; Halsall, M. P.; Ferrari, A. C.; Boukhvalov, D. W.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Geim, A. K. et al. Control of Graphenes Properties by Reversible Hydrogenation: Evidence for Graphane Science 2009, 323, 610-613
11. Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D. A.; Dommett, G. H. B.; Kohlhaas, K. M.; Zimney, E. J.; Stach, E. A.; Piner, R. D.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. Graphene-Based Composite Materials Nature 2006, 442, 282-286 (Pubitemid 44114900)
12. Ramanathan, T.; Abdala, A. A.; Stankovich, S.; Dikin, D. A.; Herrera-Alonso, M.; Piner, R. D.; Adamson, D. H.; Schniepp, H. C.; Chen, X.; Ruoff, R. S. et al. Functionalized Graphene Sheets for Polymer Nanocomposites Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 327-331 (Pubitemid 351809622)
13. Robinson, J. T.; Perkins, F. K.; Snow, E. S.; Wei, Z. Q.; Sheehan, P. E. Reduced Graphene Oxide Molecular Sensors Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3137-3140
14. Guo, S. J.; Wen, D.; Zhai, Y. M.; Dong, S. J.; Wang, E. K. Platinum Nanoparticle Ensemble-on-Graphene Hybrid Nanosheet: One-Pot, Rapid Synthesis, and Used as New Electrode Material for Electrochemical Sensing ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3959-3968
15. Lu, C. H.; Yang, H. H.; Zhu, C. L.; Chen, X.; Chen, G. N. A Graphene Platform for Sensing Biomolecules Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4785-4787
16. Kim, K. S.; Zhao, Y.; Jang, H.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Kim, K. S.; Ahn, J. H.; Kim, P.; Choi, J. Y.; Hong, B. H. Large-Scale Pattern Growth of Graphene Films for Stretchable Transparent Electrodes Nature 2009, 457, 706-710
17. Reina, A.; Jia, X. T.; Ho, J.; Nezich, D.; Son, H. B.; Bulovic, V.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Kong, J. Large Area, Few-Layer Graphene Films on Arbitrary Substrates by Chemical Vapor Deposition Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 30-35
18. Li, X. L.; Zhang, G. Y.; Bai, X. D.; Sun, X. M.; Wang, X. R.; Wang, E. G.; Dai, H. J. Highly Conducting Graphene Sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett Films Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 538-542
19. Park, S.; An, J.; Jung, I.; Piner, R. D.; An, S. J.; Li, X.; Velamakanni, A.; Ruoff, R. S. Colloidal Suspensions of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide in a Wide Variety of Organic Solvents Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1593-1597
20. Li, X. L.; Wang, X. R.; Zhang, L.; Lee, S.; Dai, H. J. Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors Science 2008, 319, 1229-1232 (Pubitemid 351323015)
21. Wei, D. C.; Liu, Y. Q.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H. L.; Huang, L. P.; Yu, G. Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Electrical Properties Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1752-1758
22. Wang, X. R.; Li, X. L.; Zhang, L.; Yoon, Y. K.; Weber, P. K.; Wang, H. L.; Guo, J.; Dai, H. J. N-Doping of Graphene through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia Science 2009, 324, 768-771
23. Gong, K. P.; Du, F.; Xia, Z. H.; Durstock, M.; Dai, L. M. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Science 2009, 323, 760-764
24. Panchakarla, L. S.; Govindaraj, A.; Rao, C. N. R. Nitrogen- and Boron-Doped Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes ACS Nano 2007, 1, 494-500
25. Zhang, J.; Liu, X.; Blume, R.; Zhang, A.; Schlögl, R.; Su, D. Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotubes Catalyze Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n -Butane Science 2008, 322, 73-77
26. Wang, Y.; Shao, Y. Y.; Matson, D. W.; Li, J. H.; Lin, Y. H. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Its Application in Electrochemical Biosensing ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1790-1798
27. Shao, Y. Y.; Zhang, S.; Engelhard, M. H.; Li, G. S.; Shao, G. C.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Aksay, I. A.; Lin, Y. H. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Its Electrochemical Applications J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 7491-7496
28. Qu, L. T.; Liu, Y.; Baek, J. B.; Dai, L. M. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1321-1326
29. Panchakarla, L. S.; Subrahmanyam, K. S.; Saha, S. K.; Govindaraj, A.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Waghmare, U. V.; Rao, C. N. R. Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Boron and Nitrogen Doped Graphene Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 4726-4730
30. Li, X. L.; Wang, H. L.; Robinson, J. T.; Sanchez, H.; Diankov, G.; Dai, H. J. Simultaneous Nitrogen Doping and Reduction of Graphene Oxide J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 31, 15939-15944
31. Pumera, M. Carbon Nanotubes Contain Residual Metal Catalyst Nanoparticles Even after Washing with Nitric Acid at Elevated Temperature Because These Metal Nanoparticles Are Sheathed by Several Graphene Sheets Langmuir 2007, 23, 6453-6458 (Pubitemid 46868726)
32. Hiura, H.; Ebbesen, T.; Tanigaki, K. Opening and Purification of Carbon Nanotubes in High Yields Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 275-276
33. Ebbesen, T.; Ajayan, P.; Tanigaki, K. Purification of Nanotubes Nature 1994, 367, 519-519
34. Pumera, M.; Iwai, H. Multicomponent Metallic Impurities and Their Influence upon the Electrochemistry of Carbon Nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 4401-4405
35. Hummers, W. S.; Offeman, R. E. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 1339-1339
36. Guo, H. L.; Wang, X. F.; Qian, Q. Y.; Wang, F. B.; Xia, X. H. A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets ACS Nano 2009, 3, 2653-2659
37. Groenewolt, M.; Antonietti, M. Synthesis of g-C3N4 Nanoparticles in Mesoporous Silica Host Matrices Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1789-1792 (Pubitemid 41048786)
38. Meyer, J. C.; Geim, A. K.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S.; Booth, T. J.; Roth, S. The Structure of Suspended Graphene Sheets Nature 2007, 446, 60-63 (Pubitemid 46348040)
39. Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F. M.; Sun, Z.; De, S.; Mcgovern, I. T.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.; Gunko, Y. K. et al. High-Yield Production of Graphene by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphite Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 563-568
40. Jeong, H. K.; Lee, Y. P.; Lahaye, R. J.; Park, M. H.; An, K. H.; Kim, I. J.; Yang, C. W.; Park, C. Y.; Ruoff, R. S.; Lee, Y. H. Evidence of Graphitic AB Stacking Order of Graphite Oxides J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1362-1366 (Pubitemid 351171016)
41. Das, A.; Pisana, S.; Chakraborty, B.; Piscanec, S.; Saha, S. K.; Waghmare, U. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Krishnamurthy, H. R.; Geim, A. K.; Ferrari, A. C. et al. Monitoring Dopants by Raman Scattering in an Electrochemically Top-Gated Graphene Transistor Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 210-215 (Pubitemid 351499403)
42. Kudin, K. N.; Ozbas, B.; Schniepp, H. C.; Prudhomme, R. K.; Aksay, I. A.; Car, R. Raman Spectra of Graphite Oxide and Functionalized Graphene Sheets Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 36-41 (Pubitemid 351177772)
43. Lui, C. H.; Liu, L.; Mak, K. F.; Flynn, G. W.; Heinz, T. F. Ultraflat Graphene Nature 2009, 462, 339-341
44. Stephan, O.; Ajayan, P. M.; Colliex, C.; Redlich, Ph.; Lambert, J. M.; Bernier, P.; Lefin, P. Doping Graphitic and Carbon Nanotube Structures with Boron and Nitrogen Science 1994, 266, 1683-1685
45. Ci, L.; Song, L.; Jin, C.; Jariwala, D.; Wu, D.; Li, Y.; Srivastava, A.; Wang, Z. F.; Storr, K.; Balicas, L. et al. Atomic Layers of Hybridized Boron Nitride and Graphene Domains Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 430-435
46. Song, L.; Ci, L.; Lu, H.; Sorokin, P. B.; Jin, C.; Ni, J.; Kvashnin, A. G.; Kvashnin, D. G.; Lou, J.; Yakobson, B. I. Large Scale Growth and Characterization of Atomic Hexagonal Boron Nitride Layers Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3209-3215
47. Ayala, P.; Grüneis, A.; Gemming, T.; Büchner, B.; Rümmeli, M. H.; Grimm, D. Influence of the Catalyst Hydrogen Pretreatment on the Growth of Vertically Aligned Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 6131-6137
48. + Ion Implantation Carbon 2008, 46, 1489-1496
49. Steele, B. C. H.; Heinzel, A. Materials for Fuel-Cell Technologies Nature 2001, 414, 345-352 (Pubitemid 33097817)
50. Liu, R. L.; Wu, D. Q.; Feng, X. L.; Müllen, K. Nitrogen-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Graphitic Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2565-2569
51. Tang, Y. F.; Allen, B. L.; Kauffman, D. R.; Star, A. Electrocatalytic Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Cups J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 13200-13201
52. 2 Reduction Langmuir 2004, 20, 8781-8785
53. Chetty, R.; Kundu, S.; Xia, W.; Bron, M.; Schuhmann, W.; Chirila, V.; Brandl, W.; Reinecke, T.; Muhler, M. PtRu Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen-Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Catalyst for Metnanol Electrooxidation Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 4208-4215