Boosting vaccine efficacy the natural (killer) way

Trends in Immunology

Volumn 36, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 536-546

  Rydyznski, Carolyn E ^a   Waggoner, Stephen N ^a  

^a CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Immune regulation; Natural killer cells; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL INTERACTION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MEMORY CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; VACCINATION; ANIMAL; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL MOTION; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; METABOLISM; SECONDARY IMMUNIZATION; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; B-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL MOVEMENT; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; IMMUNIZATION, SECONDARY; IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; KILLER CELLS, NATURAL; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; VACCINATION; VACCINES;

EID: 84940611449     PISSN: 14714906     EISSN: 14714981     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.004     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Plotkin S.A. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2010, 17:1055-1065.
2. Burton D.R., et al. A blueprint for HIV vaccine discovery. Cell Host Microbe 2012, 12:396-407.
3. Alter G., Moody M.A. The humoral response to HIV-1: new insights, renewed focus. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202(Suppl. 2):S315-S322.
4. Fouts T.R., et al. Balance of cellular and humoral immunity determines the level of protection by HIV vaccines in rhesus macaque models of HIV infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2015, 112:E992-E999.
5. Levy O., Netea M.G. Innate immune memory: implications for development of pediatric immunomodulatory agents and adjuvanted vaccines. Pediatr. Res. 2014, 75:184-188.
6. Vivier E., et al. Functions of natural killer cells. Nat. Immunol. 2008, 9:503-510.
7. Paust S., von Andrian U.H. Natural killer cell memory. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12:500-508.
8. Sun J.C., Lanier L.L. NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8 T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2011, 11:645-657.
9. Paust S., et al. Critical role for the chemokine receptor CXCR6 in NK cell-mediated antigen-specific memory of haptens and viruses. Nat. Immunol. 2010, 11:1127-1135.
10. Sun J.C., et al. Adaptive immune features of natural killer cells. Nature 2009, 457:557-561.
11. Welsh R.M., Waggoner S.N. NK cells controlling virus-specific T cells: rheostats for acute vs. persistent infections. Virology 2013, 435:37-45.
12. Crome S.Q., et al. Natural killer cells regulate diverse T cell responses. Trends Immunol. 2013, 34:342-349.
13. + T cell priming in the absence of NK cells leads to enhanced memory responses. J. Immunol. 2011, 186:3304-3308.
14. Rydyznski C., et al. Generation of cellular immune memory and B-cell immunity is impaired by natural killer cells. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6:6375.
15. Krebs P., et al. NK-cell-mediated killing of target cells triggers robust antigen-specific T-cell-mediated and humoral responses. Blood 2009, 113:6593-6602.
16. Kelly J.M., et al. Induction of tumor-specific T cell memory by NK cell-mediated tumor rejection. Nat. Immunol. 2002, 3:83-90.
17. Lanier L.L. Up on the tightrope: natural killer cell activation and inhibition. Nat. Immunol. 2008, 9:495-502.
18. Long E.O., et al. Controlling natural killer cell responses: integration of signals for activation and inhibition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2013, 31:227-258.
19. Karre K., et al. Low natural in vivo resistance to syngeneic leukaemias in natural killer-deficient mice. Nature 1980, 284:624-626.
20. Raulet D.H. Roles of the NKG2D immunoreceptor and its ligands. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3:781-790.
21. Slavuljica I., et al. Recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus expressing a ligand for the NKG2D receptor is attenuated and has improved vaccine properties. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:4532-4545.
22. + T cell pathway. J. Immunol. 2004, 172:757-761.
23. Arase H., et al. Direct recognition of cytomegalovirus by activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors. Science 2002, 296:1323-1326.
24. Brown M.G., et al. Vital involvement of a natural killer cell activation receptor in resistance to viral infection. Science 2001, 292:934-937.
25. Daniels K.A., et al. Murine cytomegalovirus is regulated by a discrete subset of natural killer cells reactive with monoclonal antibody to Ly49H. J. Exp. Med. 2001, 194:29-44.
26. Biron C.A., et al. Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: function and regulation by innate cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1999, 17:189-220.
27. Adib-Conquy M., et al. TLR-mediated activation of NK cells and their role in bacterial/viral immune responses in mammals. Immunol. Cell Biol. 2014, 92:256-262.
28. Multhoff G. Activation of natural killer cells by heat shock protein 70. 2002. Int. J. Hyperthermia 2009, 25:169-175.
29. Hogenesch H. Mechanism of immunopotentiation and safety of aluminum adjuvants. Front. Immunol. 2012, 3:406.
30. Alter G., Sekaly R.P. Beyond adjuvants: ANTAGONIZING inflammation to enhance vaccine immunity. Vaccine 2015, 33(Suppl. 2):B55-B59.
31. + T-cell immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:1210-1215.
32. Madera S., Sun J.C. Cutting edge: stage-specific requirement of IL-18 for antiviral NK cell expansion. J. Immunol. 2015, 194:1408-1412.
33. Sun J.C., et al. Proinflammatory cytokine signaling required for the generation of natural killer cell memory. J. Exp. Med. 2012, 209:947-954.
34. Martinez J., et al. Direct TLR2 signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in response to vaccinia viral infection. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000811.
35. Yokoyama W.M., et al. The dynamic life of natural killer cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 22:405-429.
36. + T regulatory cell phenotype and T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire. Immunology 2003, 110:304-312.
37. Gregoire C., et al. Intrasplenic trafficking of natural killer cells is redirected by chemokines upon inflammation. Eur. J. Immunol. 2008, 38:2076-2084.
38. Salazar-Mather T.P., et al. NK cell trafficking and cytokine expression in splenic compartments after IFN induction and viral infection. J. Immunol. 1996, 157:3054-3064.
39. Wald O., et al. IFN-gamma acts on T cells to induce NK cell mobilization and accumulation in target organs. J. Immunol. 2006, 176:4716-4729.
40. Bajenoff M., et al. Stromal cell networks regulate lymphocyte entry, migration, and territoriality in lymph nodes. Immunity 2006, 25:989-1001.
41. Ferlazzo G., et al. Distinct roles of IL-12 and IL-15 in human natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells from secondary lymphoid organs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:16606-16611.
42. Bajenoff M., et al. Natural killer cell behavior in lymph nodes revealed by static and real-time imaging. J. Exp. Med. 2006, 203:619-631.
43. Cooper M.A., et al. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol. 2001, 22:633-640.
44. Sojka D.K., et al. Tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells are cell lineages distinct from thymic and conventional splenic NK cells. Elife 2014, 3:e01659.
45. Moffett A., Colucci F. Uterine NK cells: active regulators at the maternal-fetal interface. J. Clin. Invest. 2014, 124:1872-1879.
46. Peng H., Tian Z. Re-examining the origin and function of liver-resident NK cells. Trends Immunol. 2015, 36:293-299.
47. Diefenbach A., et al. Development, differentiation, and diversity of innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 2014, 41:354-365.
48. Spits H., Cupedo T. Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2012, 30:647-675.
49. Cella M., et al. A human natural killer cell subset provides an innate source of IL-22 for mucosal immunity. Nature 2009, 457:722-725.
50. Zenewicz L.A., et al. Innate and adaptive interleukin-22 protects mice from inflammatory bowel disease. Immunity 2008, 29:947-957.
51. + cells and IL-22 regulate vaccine-induced protective immunity against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 2012, 189:897-905.
52. + immature human natural killer cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Immunity 2010, 32:803-814.
53. Male V., et al. Immature NK cells, capable of producing IL-22, are present in human uterine mucosa. J. Immunol. 2010, 185:3913-3918.
54. Zhang T., et al. Cutting edge: antibody-dependent memory-like NK cells distinguished by FcRgamma deficiency. J. Immunol. 2013, 190:1402-1406.
55. Horowitz A., et al. Genetic and environmental determinants of human NK cell diversity revealed by mass cytometry. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5:208ra145.
56. Su H.C., et al. NK cell functions restrain T cell responses during viral infections. Eur. J. Immunol. 2001, 31:3048-3055.
57. Andrews D.M., et al. Innate immunity defines the capacity of antiviral T cells to limit persistent infection. J. Exp. Med. 2010, 207:1333-1343.
58. Narni-Mancinelli E., et al. Tuning of natural killer cell reactivity by NKp46 and Helios calibrates T cell responses. Science 2012, 335:344-348.
59. Bukowski J.F., et al. Pathogenesis of murine cytomegalovirus infection in natural killer cell-depleted mice. J. Virol. 1984, 52:119-128.
60. Robbins S.H., et al. Natural killer cells promote early CD8 T cell responses against cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3:e123.
61. Piccioli D., et al. Contact-dependent stimulation and inhibition of dendritic cells by natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 195:335-341.
62. Ferlazzo G., et al. Human dendritic cells activate resting natural killer (NK) cells and are recognized via the NKp30 receptor by activated NK cells. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 195:343-351.
63. Wilson J.L., et al. Targeting of human dendritic cells by autologous NK cells. J. Immunol. 1999, 163:6365-6370.
64. Pende D., et al. Expression of the DNAM-1 ligands, Nectin-2 (CD112) and poliovirus receptor (CD155), on dendritic cells: relevance for natural killer-dendritic cell interaction. Blood 2006, 107:2030-2036.
65. Della Chiesa M., et al. The natural killer cell-mediated killing of autologous dendritic cells is confined to a cell subset expressing CD94/NKG2A, but lacking inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors. Eur. J. Immunol. 2003, 33:1657-1666.
66. Mavilio D., et al. Characterization of the defective interaction between a subset of natural killer cells and dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection. J. Exp. Med. 2006, 203:2339-2350.
67. Alter G., et al. IL-10 induces aberrant deletion of dendritic cells by natural killer cells in the context of HIV infection. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:1905-1913.
68. + T cells, IL-2, and NK cell-derived TGF-beta: contrasting effects of anti-CD2 and anti-CD3. J. Immunol. 1998, 160:2248-2254.
69. Mehrotra P.T., et al. Production of IL-10 by human natural killer cells stimulated with IL-2 and/or IL-12. J. Immunol. 1998, 160:2637-2644.
70. Lee S.H., et al. Activating receptors promote NK cell expansion for maintenance, IL-10 production, and CD8 T cell regulation during viral infection. J. Exp. Med. 2009, 206:2235-2251.
71. Perona-Wright G., et al. Systemic but not local infections elicit immunosuppressive IL-10 production by natural killer cells. Cell Host Microbe 2009, 6:503-512.
72. Deniz G., et al. Regulatory NK cells suppress antigen-specific T cell responses. J. Immunol. 2008, 180:850-857.
73. De Maria A., et al. Increased natural cytotoxicity receptor expression and relevant IL-10 production in NK cells from chronically infected viremic HCV patients. Eur. J. Immunol. 2007, 37:445-455.
74. + T cell priming and dendritic cell migration during influenza A infection by IFN-gamma and perforin-dependent mechanisms. J. Immunol. 2012, 189:2099-2109.
75. Watt S.V., et al. IFN-gamma-dependent recruitment of mature CD27(high) NK cells to lymph nodes primed by dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 2008, 181:5323-5330.
76. Martin-Fontecha A., et al. Induced recruitment of NK cells to lymph nodes provides IFN-gamma for T(H)1 priming. Nat. Immunol. 2004, 5:1260-1265.
77. Borg C., et al. NK cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) requires the formation of a synapse leading to IL-12 polarization in DCs. Blood 2004, 104:3267-3275.
78. Della Chiesa M., et al. Multidirectional interactions are bridging human NK cells with plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells during innate immune responses. Blood 2006, 108:3851-3858.
79. Gerosa F., et al. Reciprocal activating interaction between natural killer cells and dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 195:327-333.
80. Vitale M., et al. NK-dependent DC maturation is mediated by TNFalpha and IFNgamma released upon engagement of the NKp30 triggering receptor. Blood 2005, 106:566-571.
81. Andrews D.M., et al. Functional interactions between dendritic cells and NK cells during viral infection. Nat. Immunol. 2003, 4:175-181.
82. Lucas M., et al. Dendritic cells prime natural killer cells by trans-presenting interleukin 15. Immunity 2007, 26:503-517.
83. Semino C., et al. NK/iDC interaction results in IL-18 secretion by DCs at the synaptic cleft followed by NK cell activation and release of the DC maturation factor HMGB1. Blood 2005, 106:609-616.
84. Mandaric S., et al. IL-10 suppression of NK/DC crosstalk leads to poor priming of MCMV-specific CD4 T cells and prolonged MCMV persistence. PLoS Pathog. 2012, 8:e1002846.
85. Andoniou C.E., et al. Interaction between conventional dendritic cells and natural killer cells is integral to the activation of effective antiviral immunity. Nat. Immunol. 2005, 6:1011-1019.
86. Cooper M.A., et al. NK cell and DC interactions. Trends Immunol. 2004, 25:47-52.
87. Gerosa F., et al. The reciprocal interaction of NK cells with plasmacytoid or myeloid dendritic cells profoundly affects innate resistance functions. J. Immunol. 2005, 174:727-734.
88. Waggoner S.N., et al. Natural killer cells act as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells. Nature 2012, 481:394-398.
89. Abruzzo L.V., Rowley D.A. Homeostasis of the antibody response: immunoregulation by NK cells. Science 1983, 222:581-585.
90. Peppa D., et al. Up-regulation of a death receptor renders antiviral T cells susceptible to NK cell-mediated deletion. J. Exp. Med. 2013, 210:99-114.
91. + T cells is mediated through NKG2D, LFA-1 and TRAIL and dampened via CD94/NKG2A. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e31959.
92. Cook K.D., Whitmire J.K. The depletion of NK cells prevents T cell exhaustion to efficiently control disseminating virus infection. J. Immunol. 2013, 190:641-649.
93. Xu H.C., et al. Type I interferon protects antiviral CD8(+) T cells from NK cell cytotoxicity. Immunity 2014, 40:949-960.
94. Crouse J., et al. Type I interferons protect T cells against NK cell attack mediated by the activating receptor NCR1. Immunity 2014, 40:961-973.
95. Rabinovich B.A., et al. Activated, but not resting, T cells can be recognized and killed by syngeneic NK cells. J. Immunol. 2003, 170:3572-3576.
96. + T cells by NK cells via the Qa-1-NKG2A inhibitory pathway. Immunity 2007, 26:593-604.
97. Bielekova B., et al. Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:5941-5946.
98. Cerboni C., et al. Antigen-activated human T lymphocytes express cell-surface NKG2D ligands via an ATM/ATR-dependent mechanism and become susceptible to autologous NK- cell lysis. Blood 2007, 110:606-615.
99. Morandi B., et al. NK cells of human secondary lymphoid tissues enhance T cell polarization via IFN-gamma secretion. Eur. J. Immunol. 2006, 36:2394-2400.
100. Kelly J.M., et al. A role for IFN-gamma in primary and secondary immunity generated by NK cell-sensitive tumor-expressing CD80 in vivo. J. Immunol. 2002, 168:4472-4479.
101. Mocikat R., et al. Natural killer cells activated by MHC class I(low) targets prime dendritic cells to induce protective CD8 T cell responses. Immunity 2003, 19:561-569.
102. + T-cell-independent pathway for antitumor CTL induction. Blood 2005, 106:338-344.
103. Ardolino M., et al. DNAM-1 ligand expression on Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes is mediated by ROS-dependent activation of DNA-damage response: relevance for NK-T cell interaction. Blood 2011, 117:4778-4786.
104. Joshi N.S., et al. Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8(+) T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor. Immunity 2007, 27:281-295.
105. Schenkel J.M., Masopust D. Tissue-resident memory T cells. Immunity 2014, 41:886-897.
106. Roy S., et al. NK cells lyse T regulatory cells that expand in response to an intracellular pathogen. J. Immunol. 2008, 180:1729-1736.
107. Vacca P., et al. Crosstalk between decidual NK and CD14+ myelomonocytic cells results in induction of Tregs and immunosuppression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:11918-11923.
108. Magri G., et al. Innate lymphoid cells integrate stromal and immunological signals to enhance antibody production by splenic marginal zone B cells. Nat. Immunol. 2014, 15:354-364.
109. + T-cell responses to intestinal commensal bacteria. Nature 2013, 498:113-117.
110. Qiu J., et al. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells inhibit T-cell-mediated intestinal inflammation through aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and regulation of microflora. Immunity 2013, 39:386-399.
111. Leavenworth J.W., et al. Analysis of the cellular mechanism underlying inhibition of EAE after treatment with anti-NKG2A F(ab')2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:2562-2567.
112. + T cells, leading to prolonged viral persistence and altered pathogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120:1925-1938.
113. Hansson M., et al. Effect of interferon and interferon inducers on the NK sensitivity of normal mouse thymocytes. J. Immunol. 1980, 125:2225-2231.
114. Bukowski J.F., et al. Natural killer cell depletion enhances virus synthesis and virus-induced hepatitis in vivo. J. Immunol. 1983, 131:1531-1538.
115. Shi F.D., Van Kaer L. Reciprocal regulation between natural killer cells and autoreactive T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 6:751-760.
116. + T cell responses during chronic viral infection to limit autoimmunity. Immunity 2014, 41:646-656.
117. Waggoner S.N., et al. Therapeutic depletion of natural killer cells controls persistent infection. J. Virol. 2014, 88:1953-1960.
118. Scott-Algara D., et al. Changes to the natural killer cell repertoire after therapeutic hepatitis B DNA vaccination. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e8761.
119. Jost S., Altfeld M. Control of human viral infections by natural killer cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2013, 31:163-194.
120. Orange J.S. Natural killer cell deficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2013, 132:515-525. quiz 526.
121. Victora G.D., Nussenzweig M.C. Germinal centers. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2012, 30:429-457.
122. Michael A., et al. Regulation of B lymphocytes by natural killer cells. Role of IFN-gamma. J. Immunol. 1989, 142:1095-1101.
123. Gao N., et al. Requirements for the natural killer cell-mediated induction of IgG1 and IgG2a expression in B lymphocytes. Int. Immunol. 2008, 20:645-657.
124. Gao N., et al. IFN-gamma-dependent and -independent initiation of switch recombination by NK cells. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:2011-2018.
125. Snapper C.M., et al. An in vitro model for T cell-independent induction of humoral immunity. A requirement for NK cells. J. Immunol. 1994, 152:4884-4892.
126. Becker J.C., et al. Human natural killer clones enhance in vitro antibody production by tumour necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon. Scand. J. Immunol. 1990, 32:153-162.
127. + B cells. J. Immunol. 2001, 167:6132-6139.
128. Gao N., et al. Regulatory role of natural killer (NK) cells on antibody responses to Brucella abortus. Innate Immun. 2011, 17:152-163.
129. Satoskar A.R., et al. NK cell-deficient mice develop a Th1-like response but fail to mount an efficient antigen-specific IgG2a antibody response. J. Immunol. 1999, 163:5298-5302.
130. Arai S., et al. Suppressive effect of human natural killer cells on pokeweed mitogen-induced B cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 1983, 131:651-657.
131. Brieva J.A., et al. NK and T cell subsets regulate antibody production by human in vivo antigen-induced lymphoblastoid B cells. J. Immunol. 1984, 132:611-615.
132. Katz P., et al. Suppression of B cell responses by natural killer cells is mediated through direct effects on T cells. Cell Immunol. 1989, 119:130-142.
133. + cells. Immunology 1988, 65:113-118.
134. Kuwano K., et al. Suppressive effect of human natural killer cells on Epstein-Barr virus-induced immunoglobulin synthesis. J. Immunol. 1986, 137:1462-1468.
135. + T follicular helper cells during a chronic virus infection. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2015, Published May 18, 2015. 10.1189/jlb.4HI1214-594R.
136. Targan S., et al. Is the NK lytic process involved in the mechanism of NK suppression of antibody-producing cells?. J. Immunol. 1985, 134:666-669.
137. Storkus W.J., Dawson J.R. B cell sensitivity to natural killing: correlation with target cell stage of differentiation and state of activation. J. Immunol. 1986, 136:1542-1547.
138. Nabel G., et al. A cloned cell line mediating natural killer cell function inhibits immunoglobulin secretion. J. Exp. Med. 1982, 156:658-663.
139. Yuan D., et al. The role of adjuvant on the regulatory effects of NK cells on B cell responses as revealed by a new model of NK cell deficiency. Int. Immunol. 2004, 16:707-716.
140. Wilder J.A., et al. The role of NK cells during in vivo antigen-specific antibody responses. J. Immunol. 1996, 156:146-152.
141. Peng H., et al. Liver-resident NK cells confer adaptive immunity in skin-contact inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 2013, 123:1444-1456.
142. Schlums H., et al. Cytomegalovirus infection drives adaptive epigenetic diversification of NK cells with altered signaling and effector function. Immunity 2015, 42:443-456.
143. Lee J., et al. Epigenetic modification and antibody-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells in human cytomegalovirus-infected individuals. Immunity 2015, 42:431-442.
144. O'Leary J.G., et al. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells. Nat. Immunol. 2006, 7:507-516.
145. Cooper M.A., et al. Cytokine-induced memory-like natural killer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:1915-1919.
146. Dou Y., et al. Influenza vaccine induces intracellular immune memory of human NK cells. PLoS ONE 2015, 10:e0121258.
147. + NK [corrected] cells from vaccinia virus-primed mice confer protection against vaccinia virus challenge in the absence of adaptive lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7:e1002141.
148. Bjorkstrom N.K., et al. Rapid expansion and long-term persistence of elevated NK cell numbers in humans infected with hantavirus. J. Exp. Med. 2011, 208:13-21.
149. Lopez-Verges S., et al. Expansion of a unique CD57(+)NKG2Chi natural killer cell subset during acute human cytomegalovirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:14725-14732.
150. + natural killer cells with potent function. Blood 2012, 119:2665-2674.
151. Guma M., et al. Imprint of human cytomegalovirus infection on the NK cell receptor repertoire. Blood 2004, 104:3664-3671.
152. + T cell-dependent activation of NK cells following vaccination. J. Immunol. 2010, 185:2808-2818.
153. Evans J.H., et al. A distinct subset of human NK cells expressing HLA-DR expand in response to IL-2 and can aid immune responses to BCG. Eur. J. Immunol. 2011, 41:1924-1933.
154. Horowitz A., et al. Antigen-specific IL-2 secretion correlates with NK cell responses after immunization of Tanzanian children with the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine. J. Immunol. 2012, 188:5054-5062.