Automation of the in vitro micronucleus and chromosome aberration assay for the assessment of the genotoxicity of the particulate and gas-vapor phase of cigarette smoke

Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 320-333

  Roemer, Ewald ^a   Zenzen, Volker ^b   Conroy, Lynda L ^b   Luedemann, Kathrin ^b   Dempsey, Ruth ^a   Schunck, Christian ^c   Sticken, Edgar Trelles ^b  

^a PHILIP MORRIS PRODUCTS S A   (Switzerland)

^b Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH   (Germany)

^c MetaSystems   (Germany)

Author keywords

Automation; chromosome aberration assay; cigarette smoke; cytokinesis block proliferation index; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity; micronucleus assay

Indexed keywords

CIGARETTE SMOKE; AIR POLLUTANT; GAS; MUTAGENIC AGENT; PARTICULATE MATTER; SMOKE;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; AUTOMATION; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINESIS; CYTOTOXICITY; DOSE RESPONSE; GAS; GAS VAPOR PHASE; GENOTOXICITY; IN VITRO STUDY; LUNG FIBROBLAST; METAPHASE; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; NONHUMAN; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TARGET CELL; TURNAROUND TIME; VAPOR; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AIR POLLUTANT; ANIMAL; CELL SURVIVAL; CRICETULUS; DEVICES; DRUG EFFECTS; ECONOMICS; FIBROBLAST; HAMSTER; MUTAGEN TESTING; PROCEDURES; SMOKE; TOBACCO; TOXICITY;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ANIMALS; AUTOMATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; CRICETINAE; CRICETULUS; CYTOKINESIS; FIBROBLASTS; GASES; METAPHASE; MICRONUCLEUS TESTS; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; MUTAGENS; PARTICULATE MATTER; SMOKE; TOBACCO;

EID: 84940477791     PISSN: 15376516     EISSN: 15376524     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1037413     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Adamson J, Azzopardi D, Errington G, et al. (2011). Assessment of an in vitro whole cigarette smoke exposure system: the Borgwaldt RM20S 8-syringe smoking machine. Chem Cent J 5:50-61.
2. Adamson J, Hughes S, Azzopardi D, et al. (2012). Real-time assessment of cigarette smoke particle deposition in vitro. Chem Cent J 6:98-109.
3. Adamson J, Thorne D, Dalrymple A, et al. (2013). Assessment of cigarette smoke particle deposition within the Vitrocell(R) exposure module using quartz crystal microbalances. Chem Cent J 7:50-60.
4. Adamson J, Thorne D, Errington G, et al. (2014). An inter-machine comparison of tobacco smoke particle deposition in vitro from six independent smoke exposure systems. Toxicol In Vitro 28:1320-8.
5. Baker RR, Massey ED, Smith G. (2004). An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 42:S53-83.
6. Bombick BR, Murli H, Avalos JT, et al. (1998). Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco Part 2 In vitro toxicology of mainstream smoke condensate. Food Chem Toxicol 36: 183-90.
7. Countryman PI, Heddle JA. (1976). The production of micronuclei from chromosome aberrations in irradiated cultures of human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 41:321-32.
8. Decordier I, Papine A, Plas G, et al. (2009). Automated image analysis of cytokinesis-blocked micronuclei: an adapted protocol and a validated scoring procedure for biomonitoring. Mutagenesis 24:85-93.
9. Decordier I, Papine A, Vande Loock K, et al. (2011). Automated image analysis of micronuclei by IMSTAR for biomonitoring. Mutagenesis 26:163-8.
10. Demarini DM, Gudi R, Szkudlinska A, et al. (2008). Genotoxicity of 10 cigarette smoke condensates in four test systems: comparisons between assays and condensates. Mutat Res 650:15-29.
11. Dempsey R, Coggins CR, Roemer E. (2011). Toxicological assessment of cigarette ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 61:119-28.
12. Dertinger SD, Silverstone AE, Gasiewicz TA. (1998). Influence of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor-mediated events on the genotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensate. Carcinogenesis 19:2037-42.
13. DIN. (2015). German Institute for Standardization, DIN SPEC 10133:2014-09 (E). Toxicological assessment of additives for tobacco products-a guidance (second revised version 2015). Berlin: Beuth Verlag. Available from: http://www.nhal.din.de/cmd?workflowname= InitCommittee&search-committee=nal&contextid=nal [last accessed 14 April 2015].
14. Doolittle DJ, Lee CK, Ivett JL, et al. (1990). Comparative studies on the genotoxic activity of mainstream smoke condensate from cigarettes which burn or only heat tobacco. Environ Mol Mutagen 15:93-105.
15. FDA. (2005). Template for genetic toxicity study: in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. Introduction to the template for genetic toxicity study: in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ingredientsadditivesgraspackaging/ucm094241.htm [last accessed 13 Apr 2015].
16. Fenech, M. (2000). The in vitro micronucleus technique. Mutat Res 455: 81-95.
17. Fisher RA, Yates F. (1963). Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. 6th ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
18. Fowler P, Smith K, Young J, et al. (2012). Reduction of misleading (''false'') positive results in mammalian cell genotoxicity assays. I. Choice of cell type. Mutat Res 742:11-25.
19. Fukano Y, Yoshimura H, Yoshida T. (2006). Heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) following exposure to whole cigarette smoke on a direct in vitro exposure system. Exp Toxicol Pathol 57:411-18.
20. Garcia-Canton C, Errington G, Anadon A, Meredith C. (2014). Characterisation of an aerosol exposure system to evaluate the genotoxicity of whole mainstream cigarette smoke using the in vitro gammaH2AX assay by high content screening. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 15:41.
21. Gaworski CL, Lemus-Olalde R, Carmines EL. (2008). Toxicological evaluation of potassium sorbate added to cigarette tobacco. Food Chem Toxicol 46:339-51.
22. Gu M. (1990). Genotoxic effect of cigarette smoke condensate on human diploid cell 2BS strain. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 12:101-3.
23. Health Canada. (1999). Official Method T-115. Determination of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields in mainstream smoke. Available from: http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/stat-reg/regs/health/oic-94.pdf [last accessed 14 April 2015].
24. ICH. (2012). International Conference on Harmonisation. Guidance on S2(R1) genotoxicity testing and data interpretation for pharmaceuticals intended for human use; availability. Notice. Fed Regist 77: 33748-9.
25. ISO. (1991). International Standard ISO 4387. Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using routine analytical smoking machine. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
26. ISO. (1994). International Standard ISO 10362. Cigarettes-determination of water in smoke condensates. Part 2: Karl Fischer method. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
27. ISO. (1999). International Standard ISO 3402. Tobacco and tobacco products-atmosphere for conditioning and testing. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
28. ISO. (2000). International Standard ISO 10315. Cigarettes-determination of nicotine in smoke condensate-gas chromatographic method. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
29. Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, et al. (2009). Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18: 3263-304.
30. Li X, Nie C, Shang P, et al. (2014). Evaluation method for the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke by in vitro whole smoke exposure. Exp Toxicol Pathol 66:27-33.
31. OECD. (1997). OECD guideline 473, in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test. Paris; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
32. OECD. (2010). OECD guideline 487, in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
33. Okuwa K, Tanaka M, Fukano Y, et al. (2010). In vitro micronucleus assay for cigarette smoke using a whole smoke exposure system: a comparison of smoking regimens. Exp Toxicol Pathol 62: 433-40.
34. Oldham MJ, Haussmann HJ, Gomm W, et al. (2012). Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 62:49-61.
35. Pryor WA. (1997). Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 105: 875-82.
36. Rodgman A, Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. (2000). The composition of cigarette smoke: a retrospective, with emphasis on polycyclic components. Hum Exp Toxicol 19:573-95.
37. Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Meisgen TJ, et al. (2002). Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:105-11.
38. Roemer E, Wittke S, Trelles Sticken E, et al. (2010). The addition of cocoa, glycerol, and saccharose to the tobacco of cigarettes: implications for smoke chemistry, in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, anf further endpoints. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 24:117-32.
39. Romm H, Ainsbury E, Barnard S, et al. (2013). Automatic scoring of dicentric chromosomes as a tool in large scale radiation accidents. Mutat Res 756:174-83.
40. Schramke H, Meisgen TJ, Tewes FJ, et al. (2006). The mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase assay for the assessment and comparison of the mutagenic activity of cigarette mainstream smoke particulate phase. Toxicology 227:193-210.
41. Schunck C, Johannes T, Varga D, et al. (2004). New developments in automated cytogenetic imaging: unattended scoring of dicentric chromosomes, micronuclei, single cell gel electrophoresis, and fluorescence signals. Cytogenet Genome Res 104:383-9.
42. Scian MJ, Oldham MJ, Kane DB, et al. (2009). Characterization of a whole smoke in vitro exposure system (Burghart Mimic Smoker-01). Inhal Toxicol 21:234-43.
43. Scott K, Saul J, Crooks I, et al. (2013). The resolving power of in vitro genotoxicity assays for cigarette smoke particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro 27:1312-19.
44. Thorne D, Kilford J, Payne R, et al. (2013). Characterisation of a Vitrocell(R) VC 10 in vitro smoke exposure system using dose tools and biological analysis. Chem Cent J 7:146-56.
45. Trosko JE, Upham BL. (2005). The emperor wears no clothes in the field of carcinogen risk assessment: ignored concepts in cancer risk assessment. Mutagenesis 20:81-92.
46. Trosko JE, Upham BL. (2010). A paradigm shift is required for the risk assessment of potential human health after exposure to low level chemical exposures: a response to the toxicity testing in the 21st century report. Int J Toxicol 29:344-57.
47. Vaurijoux A, Gregoire E, Roch-Lefevre S, et al. (2012). Detection of partial-body exposure to ionizing radiation by the automatic detection of dicentrics. Radiat Res 178:357-64.
48. Vaurijoux A, Gruel G, Pouzoulet F, et al. (2009). Strategy for population triage based on dicentric analysis. Radiat Res 171:541-8.
49. Weber S, Hebestreit M, Wilms T, et al. (2013). Comet assay and airliquid interface exposure system: a new combination to evaluate genotoxic effects of cigarette whole smoke in human lung cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 27:1987-91.
50. Willems P, August L, Slabbert J, et al. (2010). Automated micronucleus (MN) scoring for population triage in case of large scale radiation events. Int J Radiat Biol 86:2-11.
51. Witschi H. (2005). Carcinogenic activity of cigarette smoke gas phase and its modulation by beta-carotene and N-acetylcysteine. Toxicol Sci 84:81-7.
52. Yao J, Gao Q, Mi Q, et al. (2013). In vitro micronucleus assay for the analysis of total particulate matter in cigarette smoke: comparison of flow cytometry and laser scanning cytometry with microscopy. Mutat Res 755:120-5.