One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus

One Health

Volumn 1, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-13

  Short, Kirsty R ^a,b   Richard, Mathilde ^a   Verhagen, Josanne H ^a   van Riel, Debby ^a   Schrauwen, Eefje J A ^a   van den Brand, Judith M A ^a   Mänz, Benjamin ^a   Bodewes, Rogier ^a   Herfst, Sander ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939779779     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23527714     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (233)

1. Tong S., Zhu X., Li Y., Shi M., Zhang J., Bourgeois M., et al. New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9(10):e1003657.
2. Tong S., Li Y., Rivailler P., Conrardy C., Castillo D.A.A., Chen L.-M., et al. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109(11):4269-4274.
3. Mehle A. Unusual influenza A viruses in bats. Viruses 2014, 6(9):3438-3449.
4. Health WOfA Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Animals (TYPE H5 and H7) [cited; Available from:. http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2015/.
5. Cullinane A., Newton J. Equine influenza-a global perspective. Vet. Microbiol. 2013, 167(1):205-214.
6. Molinari N.A., Ortega-Sanchez I.R., Messonnier M.L., Thompson W.W., Wortley P.M., Weintraub E., et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine 2007, 25(27):5086-5096.
7. Webster R.G., Bean W.J., Gorman O.T., Chambers T.M., Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol. Rev. 1992, 56(1):152-179.
8. Daoust P.Y., Kibenge F.S., Fouchier R.A., van de Bildt M.W., van Riel D., Kuiken T. Replication of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in naturally infected Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) causes no morphologic lesions. J. Wildl. Dis. 2011, 47(2):401-409.
9. Hofle U., Van de Bildt M.W., Leijten L.M., Van Amerongen G., Verhagen J.H., Fouchier R.A., et al. Tissue tropism and pathology of natural influenza virus infection in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Avian Pathol. 2012, 41(6):547-553.
10. França M.S., Brown J.D. Influenza pathobiology and pathogenesis in avian species. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2014, 385:221-242.
11. Pantin-Jackwood M., Swayne D. Pathogenesis and pathobiology of avian influenza virus infection in birds. Rev. Sci. Tech. 2009, 28(1):113-136. (International Office of Epizootics).
12. Kuiken T. Is low pathogenic avian influenza virus virulent for wild waterbirds?. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2013, 280(1763):20130990.
13. van Dijk J.G., Hoye B.J., Verhagen J.H., Nolet B.A., Fouchier R.A., Klaassen M. Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian influenza virus. J. Anim. Ecol. 2014, 83(1):266-275.
14. Zohari S., Neimanis A., Harkonen T., Moraeus C., Valarcher J.F. Avian influenza A(H10N7) virus involvement in mass mortality of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Sweden. Euro Surveill. 2014, 19(46). (March through October 2014).
15. Krog J.S., Hansen M.S., Holm E., Hjulsager C.K., Chriél M., Pedersen K., et al. Influenza A(H10N7) virus in dead harbor seals, Denmark. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015, 21(4). (April 2015) 684-687.
16. Bodewes R., Bestebroer T.M., van der Vries E., Verhagen J.H., Herfst S., Koopmans M., et al. Avian influenza A(H10N7) virus-associated mass deaths among Harbor Seals. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015, 21(4). (April 2015) 720-722.
17. Anthony S.J., St Leger J.A., Pugliares K., Ip H.S., Chan J.M., Carpenter Z.W., et al. Emergence of fatal avian influenza in New England harbor seals. MBio 2012, 3(4). (e00166-12).
18. Fereidouni S., Munoz O., Von Dobschuetz S., De Nardi M. Influenza Virus Infection of Marine Mammals. Ecohealth 2014, 10.1007/s10393-014-0968-1.
19. Webster R.G., Hinshaw V.S., Bean W.J., Van Wyke K.L., Geraci J.R., St Aubin D.J., et al. Characterization of an influenza A virus from seals. Virology 1981, 113(2):712-724.
20. Callan R.J., Early G., Kida H., Hinshaw V.S. The appearance of H3 influenza viruses in seals. J. Gen. Virol. 1995, 76(Pt 1):199-203.
21. Hinshaw V.S., Bean W.J., Geraci J., Fiorelli P., Early G., Webster R.G. Characterization of two influenza A viruses from a pilot whale. J. Virol. 1986, 58(2):655-656.
22. Lvov D.K., Zdanov V.M., Sazonov A.A., Braude N.A., Vladimirtceva E.A., Agafonova L.V., et al. Comparison of influenza viruses isolated from man and from whales. Bull. World Health Organ. 1978, 56(6):923-930.
23. Janke B.H. Influenza A, virus infections in swine: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet. Pathol. 2014, 51(2):410-426.
24. Rogers G.N., Paulson J.C. Receptor determinants of human and animal influenza virus isolates: differences in receptor specificity of the H3 hemagglutinin based on species of origin. Virology 1983, 127(2):361-373.
25. Trebbien R., Larsen L.E., Viuff B.M. Distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza A virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs. Virol. J. 2011, 8:434.
26. Gray G.C., Trampel D.W., Roth J.A. Pandemic influenza planning: shouldn't swine and poultry workers be included?. Vaccine 2007, 25(22):4376-4381.
27. Parrish C.R., Murcia P.R., Holmes E.C. Influenza A virus reservoirs and intermediate hosts: dogs, horses, and new possibilities for human infections. J. Virol. 2014, 89(6):2990-2994.
28. Paillot R., Hannant D., Kydd J.H., Daly J.M. Vaccination against equine influenza: quid novi?. Vaccine 2006, 24(19):4047-4061.
29. Vijaykrishna D., Smith G.J., Pybus O.G., Zhu H., Bhatt S., Poon L.L., et al. Long-term evolution and transmission dynamics of swine influenza A virus. Nature 2011, 473(7348):519-522.
30. Parrish C.R., Murcia P.R., Holmes E.C. Influenza virus reservoirs and intermediate hosts: dogs, horses, and new possibilities for influenza virus exposure of humans. J. Virol. 2015, 89(6):2990-2994.
31. Anderson T.C., Bromfield C.R., Crawford P.C., Dodds W.J., Gibbs E.P., Hernandez J.A. Serological evidence of H3N8 canine influenza-like virus circulation in USA dogs prior to 2004. Vet. J. 2012, 191(3):312-316.
32. Crawford P.C., Dubovi E.J., Castleman W.L., Stephenson I., Gibbs E.P., Chen L., et al. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs. Science 2005, 310(5747):482-485.
33. Waddell G.H., Teigland M.B., Sigel M.M. A new influenza virus associated with equine respiratory disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1963, 143:587-590.
34. Song D., Kang B., Lee C., Jung K., Ha G., Kang D., et al. Transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14(5):741-746.
35. Payungporn S., Crawford P.C., Kouo T.S., Chen L.M., Pompey J., Castleman W.L., et al. Influenza A virus (H3N8) in dogs with respiratory disease, Florida. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14(6):902-908.
36. Gibbs E.P., Anderson T.C. Equine and canine influenza: a review of current events. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2010, 11(1):43-51.
37. Yondon M., Zayat B., Nelson M.I., Heil G.L., Anderson B.D., Lin X., et al. Equine influenza A(H3N8) virus isolated from Bactrian camel, Mongolia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20(12):2144-2147.
38. Huang K., Zhu H., Fan X., Wang J., Cheung C.L., Duan L., et al. Establishment and lineage replacement of H6 influenza viruses in domestic ducks in southern China. J. Virol. 2012, 86(11):6075-6083.
39. Chu Y.C., Cheung C.L., Hung Leung C.Y., Man Poon L.L., Chen H., Peiris J.S., et al. Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses endemic in poultry in southern China. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 2011, 5(Suppl. 1):68-71.
40. Swayne D.E., Slemons R.D. Comparative pathology of a chicken-origin and two duck-origin influenza virus isolates in chickens: the effect of route of inoculation. Vet. Pathol. 1994, 31(2):237-245.
41. Mo I.P., Brugh M., Fletcher O.J., Rowland G.N., Swayne D.E. Comparative pathology of chickens experimentally inoculated with avian influenza viruses of low and high pathogenicity. Avian Dis. 1997, 41(1):125-136.
42. Hooper P., Selleck P. Pathology of low and high virulent influenza virus infections. Avian Dis. 2003, 134-141.
43. Reperant L.A., Kuiken T., Osterhaus A. Influenza viruses: from birds to humans. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2012, 8(1):7-16.
44. Short K.R., Veldhuis Kroeze E.J., Reperant L.A., Richard M., Kuiken T. Influenza virus and endothelial cells: a species specific relationship. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5:653.
45. Globig A., Staubach C., Beer M., Köppen U., Fiedler W., Nieburg M., et al. Epidemiological and ornithological aspects of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 of Asian lineage in wild birds in Germany, 2006 and 2007. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2009, 56(3):57-72.
46. Chen H., Li Y., Li Z., Shi J., Shinya K., Deng G., et al. Properties and dissemination of H5N1 viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak in migratory waterfowl in western China. J. Virol. 2006, 80(12):5976-5983.
47. Fouchier R.A., Munster V.J., Keawcharoen J., Osterhaus A., Kuiken T. Virology of avian influenza in relation to wild birds. J. Wildl. Dis. 2007, 43(3):S7.
48. van den Brand J., Krone O., Wolf P., van de Bildt M., van Amerongen G., Osterhaus A., et al. Host-specific exposure and fatal neurologic disease in wild raptors from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 during the 2006 outbreak in Germany. Vet. Res. 2015, 46(24). 10.1186/s13567-015-0148-5.
49. Keawcharoen J., Van Riel D., van Amerongen G., Bestebroer T., Beyer W.E., Van Lavieren R., et al. Wild ducks as long-distance vectors of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14(4):600.
50. Jeong J., Kang H.M., Lee E.K., Song B.M., Kwon Y.K., Kim H.R., et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) in domestic poultry and its relationship with migratory birds in South Korea during 2014. Vet. Microbiol. 2014, 173(3-4):249-257.
51. Reperant L.A., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Kuiken T. Avian influenza viruses in mammals. Rev. Sci. Tech. 2009, 28(1):137-159.
52. Klopfleisch R., Wolf P.U., Wolf C., Harder T., Starick E., Niebuhr M., et al. Encephalitis in a stone marten (Martes foina) after natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. J. Comp. Pathol. 2007, 137(2-3):155-159.
53. Kiss I., Gyarmati P., Zohari S., Ramsay K.W., Metreveli G., Weiss E., et al. Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Sweden in 2006. Virol. J. 2008, 5:113.
54. Thanawongnuwech R., Amonsin A., Tantilertcharoen R., Damrongwatanapokin S., Theamboonlers A., Payungporn S., et al. Probable tiger-to-tiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11(5).
55. Davis L.M., Spackman E. Do crocodilians get the flu? Looking for influenza A in captive crocodilians. J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol. 2008, 309(10):571-580.
56. Mancini D., Mendonca R., Cianciarullo A., Kobashi L., Trindade H., Fernandes W., et al. Influenza in heterothermic animals. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2003, 37(3):204-209.
57. Mancini D., Mendonça R., Kawamoto A., Giorgetti M., Trindade H., Fernandes W., et al. Identification and characterization of influenza virus isolated from Brazilian snakes. Commun. Curr. Res. Educ. Top. Trends Appl. Microbiol. Badajoz: Formatex Microbiol. Ser. 2007, 1:868-874.
58. Temple B.L., Finger J.W., Jones C.A., Gabbard J.D., Jelesijevic T., Uhl E.W., et al. In ovo and in vitro susceptibility of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) to avian influenza virus infection. J. Wildl. Dis. 2015, 51(1):187-198.
59. Taubenberger J.K., Kash J.C. Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation. Cell Host Microbe 2010, 7(6):440-451.
60. Fiers W., De Filette M., Birkett A., Neirynck S., Min Jou W. A "universal" human influenza A vaccine. Virus Res. 2004, 103(1-2):173-176.
61. Subbarao K., Katz J. Avian influenza viruses infecting humans. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2000, 57(12):1770-1784.
62. de Jong J.C., Claas E.C., Osterhaus A.D., Webster R.G., Lim W.L. A pandemic warning?. Nature 1997, 389(6651):554.
63. Li K.S., Guan Y., Wang J., Smith G.J., Xu K.M., Duan L., et al. Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 2004, 430(6996):209-213.
64. Liu J., Xiao H., Lei F., Zhu Q., Qin K., Zhang X.W., et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 2005, 309(5738):1206.
65. Chakrabarti A.K., Pawar S.D., Cherian S.S., Koratkar S.S., Jadhav S.M., Pal B., et al. Characterization of the influenza A H5N1 viruses of the 2008-09 outbreaks in India reveals a third introduction and possible endemicity. PLoS One 2009, 4(11):e7846.
66. Artois M., Bicout D., Doctrinal D., Fouchier R., Gavier-Widen D., Globig A., et al. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe: the risks associated with wild birds. Rev. Sci. Tech. 2009, 28(1):69-92.
67. Ducatez M.F., Olinger C.M., Owoade A.A., Tarnagda Z., Tahita M.C., Sow A., et al. Molecular and antigenic evolution and geographical spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in western Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 2007, 88(Pt 8):2297-2306.
68. FAO H5N1 HPAI. Global overview 2012 [cited; Available from:. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an388e/an388e.pdf.
69. Guan Y., Smith G.J. The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Res. 2013, 178(1):35-43.
70. WHO Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2015 [cited; Available from:. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20150106CumulativeNumberH5N1cases_corrected.pdf?ua=1.
71. Kandun I.N., Wibisono H., Sedyaningsih E.R., Yusharmen, Hadisoedarsuno W., Purba W., et al. Three Indonesian clusters of H5N1 virus infection in 2005. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355(21):2186-2194.
72. Webster R.G. Wet markets-a continuing source of severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza?. Lancet 2004, 363(9404):234-236.
73. Abdelwhab E., Selim A., Arafa A., Galal S., Kilany W., Hassan M., et al. Circulation of avian influenza H5N1 in live bird markets in Egypt. Avian Dis. 2010, 54(2):911-914.
74. El-Zoghby E.F., Aly M.M., Nasef S.A., Hassan M.K., Arafa A.-S., Selim A.A., et al. Surveillance on A/H5N1 virus in domestic poultry and wild birds in Egypt. Virol. J. 2013, 10:203.
75. Tweed S.A., Skowronski D.M., David S.T., Larder A., Petric M., Lees W., et al. Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10(12):2196-2199.
76. Centers for Disease C, Prevention Notes from the field: highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N3) virus infection in two poultry workers-Jalisco, Mexico, July 2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2012, 61(36):726-727.
77. Ostrowsky B., Huang A., Terry W., Anton D., Brunagel B., Traynor L., et al. Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, New York, USA, 2003. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18(7):1128-1131.
78. Kurtz J., Manvell R.J., Banks J. Avian influenza virus isolated from a woman with conjunctivitis. Lancet 1996, 348(9031):901-902.
79. Nguyen-Van-Tam J.S., Nair P., Acheson P., Baker A., Barker M., Bracebridge S., et al. Outbreak of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza in UK, including associated case of human conjunctivitis. Euro Surveill. 2006, 11(5). (E060504 2).
80. Avian influenza A/(H7N2) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Euro Surveill. 2007, 12(5). (E070531 2).
81. Promed Avian influenza A (H1N7), humans, avians - Egypt: correction (2004) [cited; Available from:. http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20040524.1393.
82. Promed Avian influenza, human (44): Egypt (ASWAN) H9N2, first case [cited; Available from:. http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20150215.3168314.
83. Fouchier R.A., Schneeberger P.M., Rozendaal F.W., Broekman J.M., Kemink S.A., Munster V., et al. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101(5):1356-1361.
84. Puzelli S., Di Trani L., Fabiani C., Campitelli L., De Marco M.A., Capua I., et al. Serological analysis of serum samples from humans exposed to avian H7 influenza viruses in Italy between 1999 and 2003. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192(8):1318-1322.
85. Promed Low pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2), human - Bangladesh: (DHAKA), request for information [cited; Available from:. http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20110330.0991.
86. Guo Y., Li J., Cheng X. Discovery of men infected by avian influenza A (H9N2) virus. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 1999, 13(2):105-108.
87. Gou Y., Xie J., Wang M. A strain of influenza A H9N2 virus repeatedly isolated from human population in China. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2000, 14(3):209-212.
88. Peiris M., Yuen K.Y., Leung C.W., Chan K.H., Ip P.L., Lai R.W., et al. Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 1999, 354(9182):916-917.
89. Butt K.M., Smith G.J., Chen H., Zhang L.J., Leung Y.H., Xu K.M., et al. Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43(11):5760-5767.
90. (CDC) CfDCaP Avian influenza A virus infections of humans [cited; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/avian-flu-humans.htm.
91. Cheng V.C., Chan J.F., Wen X., Wu W.L., Que T.L., Chen H., et al. Infection of immunocompromised patients by avian H9N2 influenza A virus. J. Infect. 2011, 62(5):394-399.
92. WHO Influenza at the human-animal interface. Summary and assessment as of 26 January 2015 [cited; Available from:. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface:26January2015.pdf.pdf.
93. Control ECfDPa Epidemiological update: Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China 2015 [cited; Available from:. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&ID=1167.
94. Promed Avian influenza, human (73): China (JIANXI) H10N8, fatal [cited; Available from:. http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20140214.2277024.
95. Promed Avian influenza, human (164): China (HONG KONG) H9N2 2013, ([cited; Available from: Avian influenza, human (164): China (HONG KONG) H9N2).
96. Promed Avian influenza, human (02): China (HONG KONG), H9N2 ex (HUNAN) 2014, ([cited; Available from: Avian influenza, human (02): China (HONG KONG), H9N2 ex (HUNAN)).
97. Promed Avian influenza, human (41): China (YUNNAN) H5N6 [cited; Available from:. http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20150212.3158362.
98. (CDC) CfDC Laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H6N1) virus in Taiwan recovered; Taiwan CDC urges public to take precautions to stay healthy [cited; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/english%5Cinfo.aspx?treeid=bc2d4e89b154059b&nowtreeid=ee0a2987cfba3222&tid=E36A5E9AB3D3A216.
99. Arzey G.G., Kirkland P.D., Arzey K.E., Frost M., Maywood P., Conaty S., et al. Influenza virus A (H10N7) in chickens and poultry abattoir workers, Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18(5):814-816.
100. Gao R., Cao B., Hu Y., Feng Z., Wang D., Hu W., et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368(20):1888-1897.
101. Yu H., Wu J.T., Cowling B.J., Liao Q., Fang V.J., Zhou S., et al. Effect of closure of live poultry markets on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an ecological study. Lancet 2014, 383(9916):541-548.
102. Liu Y., Paquette S.G., Zhang L., Leon A.J., Liu W., Xiuming W., et al. The Third Wave: H7N9 Endemic Reassortant Viruses and Patient Clusters. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2015, 9(2):122-127.
103. Gao H.N., Lu H.Z., Cao B., Du B., Shang H., Gan J.H., et al. Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368(24):2277-2285.
104. Guarner J., Paddock C.D., Shieh W.J., Packard M.M., Patel M., Montague J.L., et al. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of fatal influenza virus infection in children during the 2003-2004 season. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 43(2):132-140.
105. Taubenberger J.K., Morens D.M. The pathology of influenza virus infections. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2008, 3:499-522.
106. van den Brand J.M., Haagmans B.L., van Riel D., Osterhaus A.D., Kuiken T. The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza in animal models. J. Comp. Pathol. 2014, 151(1):83-112.
107. Short K.R., Kroeze E.J., Fouchier R.A., Kuiken T. Pathogenesis of influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014, 14(1):57-69.
108. Cheung C.Y., Poon L.L., Lau A.S., Luk W., Lau Y.L., Shortridge K.F., et al. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?. Lancet 2002, 360(9348):1831-1837.
109. Chan M.C., Chan R.W., Chan L.L., Mok C.K., Hui K.P., Fong J.H., et al. Tropism and innate host responses of a novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an analysis of ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract. Lancet Respir. Med. 2013, 1(7):534-542.
110. Nicholls J., Chan M., Chan W., Wong H., Cheung C., Kwong D., et al. Tropism of avian influenza A (H5N1) in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Nat. Med. 2007, 13(2):147-149.
111. Shinya K., Ebina M., Yamada S., Ono M., Kasai N., Kawaoka Y. Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 2006, 440(7083):435-436.
112. Shinya K., Ebina M., Yamada S., Ono M., Kasai N., Kawaoka Y. Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 2006, 440(7083):435-436.
113. van Riel D., den Bakker M.A., Leijten L.M., Chutinimitkul S., Munster V.J., de Wit E., et al. Seasonal and pandemic human influenza viruses attach better to human upper respiratory tract epithelium than avian influenza viruses. Am. J. Pathol. 2010, 176(4):1614-1618.
114. van Riel D., Munster V.J., de Wit E., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Fouchier R.A., Osterhaus A.D., et al. H5N1 virus attachment to lower respiratory tract. Science 2006, 312(5772):399.
115. Nicholls J.M., Bourne A.J., Chen H., Guan Y., Peiris J.S. Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses. Respir. Res. 2007, 8:73.
116. van Riel D., Leijten L.M., de Graaf M., Siegers J.Y., Short K.R., Spronken M.I., et al. Novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus attaches to epithelium in both upper and lower respiratory tract of humans. Am. J. Pathol. 2013, 183(4):1137-1143.
117. Hu J., Zhu Y., Zhao B., Li J., Liu L., Gu K., et al. Limited human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, Shanghai, China, March to April 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014, 19(25).
118. Herfst S., Fouchier R. Epidemiological and genetic investigations of human-to-human transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses. Euro Surveill. 2014, 19(25).
119. Richard M., Schrauwen E.J., de Graaf M., Bestebroer T.M., Spronken M.I., van Boheemen S., et al. Limited airborne transmission of H7N9 influenza A virus between ferrets. Nature 2013, 501(7468):560-563.
120. Chutinimitkul S., Herfst S., Steel J., Lowen A.C., Ye J., van Riel D., et al. Virulence-associated substitution D222G in the hemagglutinin of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus affects receptor binding. J. Virol. 2010, 84(22):11802-11813.
121. Herfst S., Schrauwen E.J., Linster M., Chutinimitkul S., de Wit E., Munster V.J., et al. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 2012, 336(6088):1534-1541.
122. Imai M., Watanabe T., Hatta M., Das S.C., Ozawa M., Shinya K., et al. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 2012, 486(7403):420-428.
123. Linster M., van Boheemen S., de Graaf M., Schrauwen E.J., Lexmond P., Manz B., et al. Identification, characterization, and natural selection of mutations driving airborne transmission of A/H5N1 virus. Cell 2014, 157(2):329-339.
124. Byrd-Leotis L., Galloway S.E., Agbogu E., Steinhauer D.A. Influenza HA stem region mutations that stabilize or destabilize the structure of multiple HA subtypes. J. Virol. 2015, 89(8):4504-4516.
125. Galloway S.E., Reed M.L., Russell C.J., Steinhauer D.A. Influenza HA subtypes demonstrate divergent phenotypes for cleavage activation and pH of fusion: implications for host range and adaptation. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9(2):e1003151.
126. Mair C.M., Ludwig K., Herrmann A., Sieben C. Receptor binding and pH stability - how influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1838(4):1153-1168.
127. Shelton H., Roberts K.L., Molesti E., Temperton N., Barclay W.S. Mutations in haemagglutinin that affect receptor binding and pH stability increase replication of a PR8 influenza virus with H5 HA in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets and may contribute to transmissibility. J. Gen. Virol. 2013, 94(Pt 6):1220-1229.
128. Zaraket H., Bridges O.A., Duan S., Baranovich T., Yoon S.W., Reed M.L., et al. Increased acid stability of the hemagglutinin protein enhances H5N1 influenza virus growth in the upper respiratory tract but is insufficient for transmission in ferrets. J. Virol. 2013, 87(17):9911-9922.
129. Richard M., Schrauwen E.J., de Graaf M., Bestebroer T.M., Spronken M.I., van Boheemen S., et al. Limited airborne transmission of H7N9 influenza A virus between ferrets. Nature 2013, 501(7468):560-563.
130. Washington N., Steele R.J., Jackson S.J., Bush D., Mason J., Gill D.A., et al. Determination of baseline human nasal pH and the effect of intranasally administered buffers. Int. J. Pharm. 2000, 198(2):139-146.
131. Wagner R., Matrosovich M., Klenk H.D. Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections. Rev. Med. Virol. 2002, 12(3):159-166.
132. Baigent S.J., McCauley J.W. Glycosylation of haemagglutinin and stalk-length of neuraminidase combine to regulate the growth of avian influenza viruses in tissue culture. Virus Res. 2001, 79(1):177-185.
133. Cauldwell A.V., Long J.S., Moncorge O., Barclay W.S. Viral determinants of influenza A virus host range. J. Gen. Virol. 2014, 95:1193-1210.
134. Almond J.W. Single gene determines host range of influenza-virus. Nature 1977, 270(5638):617-618.
135. Hatta M., Hatta Y., Kim J.H., Watanabe S., Shinya K., Lien T.N.P.S., et al. Growth of H5N1 influenza a viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3(10):1374-1379.
136. Steel J., Lowen A.C., Mubareka S., Palese P. Transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by PB2 amino acids 627K or 627E/701N. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5(1):e1000252.
137. Labadie K., Afonso E.D., Rameix-Welti M.A., van der Werf S., Naffakh N. Host-range determinants on the PB2 protein of influenza A viruses control the interaction between the viral polymerase and nucleoprotein in human cells. Virology 2007, 362(2):271-282.
138. Weber M., Sediri H., Felgenhauer U., Binzen I., Banfer S., Jacob R., et al. Influenza virus adaptation PB2-627K modulates nucleocapsid inhibition by the pathogen sensor RIG-I. Cell Host Microbe 2015, 17(3):309-319.
139. Manz B., Schwemmle M., Brunotte L. Adaptation of avian influenza A virus polymerase in mammals to overcome the host species barrier. J. Virol. 2013, 87(13):7200-7209.
140. Song W., Wang P., Mok B.W., Lau S.Y., Huang X., Wu W.L., et al. The K526R substitution in viral protein PB2 enhances the effects of E627K on influenza virus replication. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:5509.
141. Gabriel G., Herwig A., Klenk H.D. Interaction of polymerase subunit PB2 and NP with importin alpha1 is a determinant of host range of influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4(2):e11.
142. Zhou B., Li Y., Halpin R., Hine E., Spiro D.J., Wentworth D.E. PB2 residue 158 is a pathogenic determinant of pandemic H1N1 and H5 influenza a viruses in mice. J. Virol. 2011, 85(1):357-365.
143. Kim J.H., Hatta M., Watanabe S., Neumann G., Watanabe T., Kawaoka Y. Role of host-specific amino acids in the pathogenicity of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 2010, 91(Pt 5):1284-1289.
144. Mok C.K., Yen H.L., Yu M.Y., Yuen K.M., Sia S.F., Chan M.C., et al. Amino acid residues 253 and 591 of the PB2 protein of avian influenza virus A H9N2 contribute to mammalian pathogenesis. J. Virol. 2011, 85(18):9641-9645.
145. Manzoor R., Sakoda Y., Nomura N., Tsuda Y., Ozaki H., Okamatsu M., et al. PB2 protein of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004 (H5N1) determines its replication potential in pigs. J. Virol. 2009, 83(4):1572-1578.
146. Bussey K.A., Bousse T.L., Desmet E.A., Kim B., Takimoto T. PB2 residue 271 plays a key role in enhanced polymerase activity of influenza A viruses in mammalian host cells. J. Virol. 2010, 84(9):4395-4406.
147. Cauldwell A.V., Moncorge O., Barclay W.S. Unstable polymerase-nucleoprotein interaction is not responsible for avian influenza virus polymerase restriction in human cells. J. Virol. 2013, 87(2):1278-1284.
148. Foeglein A., Loucaides E.M., Mura M., Wise H.M., Barclay W.S., Digard P. Influence of PB2 host-range determinants on the intranuclear mobility of the influenza A virus polymerase. J. Gen. Virol. 2011, 92(Pt 7):1650-1661.
149. Gabriel G., Dauber B., Wolff T., Planz O., Klenk H.D., Stech J. The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102(51):18590-18595.
150. Yamaji R., Yamada S., Le M.Q., Li C., Chen H., Qurnianingsih E., et al. Identification of PB2 mutations responsible for the efficient replication of H5N1 influenza viruses in human lung epithelial cells. J. Virol. 2015, 89(7):3947-3956.
151. Seyer R., Hrincius E.R., Ritzel D., Abt M., Mellmann A., Marjuki H., et al. Synergistic adaptive mutations in the hemagglutinin and polymerase acidic protein lead to increased virulence of pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 2012, 205(2):262-271.
152. Bussey K.A., Desmet E.A., Mattiacio J.L., Hamilton A., Bradel-Tretheway B., Bussey H.E., et al. PA residues in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus enhance avian influenza virus polymerase activity in mammalian cells. J. Virol. 2011, 85(14):7020-7028.
153. Song M.S., Pascua P.N., Lee J.H., Baek Y.H., Lee O.J., Kim C.J., et al. The polymerase acidic protein gene of influenza a virus contributes to pathogenicity in a mouse model. J. Virol. 2009, 83(23):12325-12335.
154. Manz B., Brunotte L., Reuther P., Schwemmle M. Adaptive mutations in NEP compensate for defective H5N1 RNA replication in cultured human cells. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3:802.
155. Mehle A., Dugan V.G., Taubenberger J.K., Doudna J.A. Reassortment and mutation of the avian influenza virus polymerase PA subunit overcome species barriers. J. Virol. 2012, 86(3):1750-1757.
156. Yamaji R., Yamada S., Le M.Q., Ito M., Sakai-Tagawa Y., Kawaoka Y. Mammalian adaptive mutations of the PA protein of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. J. Virol. 2015, 89(8):4117-4125.
157. Xu C., Hu W.B., Xu K., He Y.X., Wang T.Y., Chen Z., et al. Amino acids 473V and 598P of PB1 from an avian-origin influenza A virus contribute to polymerase activity, especially in mammalian cells. J. Gen. Virol. 2012, 93(Pt 3):531-540.
158. Mehle A., Doudna J.A. Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106(50):21312-21316.
159. Dittmann J., Stertz S., Grimm D., Steel J., Garcia-Sastre A., Haller O., et al. Influenza A virus strains differ in sensitivity to the antiviral action of Mx-GTPase. J. Virol. 2008, 82(7):3624-3631.
160. Zimmermann P., Manz B., Haller O., Schwemmle M., Kochs G. The viral nucleoprotein determines Mx sensitivity of influenza A viruses. J. Virol. 2011, 85(16):8133-8140.
161. Manz B., Dornfeld D., Gotz V., Zell R., Zimmermann P., Haller O., et al. Pandemic influenza A viruses escape from restriction by human MxA through adaptive mutations in the nucleoprotein. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9(3).
162. Riegger D., Hai R., Dornfeld D., Manz B., Leyva-Grado V., Sanchez-Aparicio M.T., et al. The nucleoprotein of newly emerged H7N9 influenza A virus harbors a unique motif conferring resistance to antiviral human MxA. J. Virol. 2015, 89(4):2241-2252.
163. Pflug A., Guilligay D., Reich S., Cusack S. Structure of influenza A polymerase bound to the viral RNA promoter. Nature 2014, 516(7531):355-360.
164. Sutton T.C., Finch C., Shao H., Angel M., Chen H., Capua I., et al. Airborne transmission of highly pathogenic H7N1 influenza virus in ferrets. J. Virol. 2014, 88(12):6623-6635.
165. Vincent A., Awada L., Brown I., Chen H., Claes F., Dauphin G., et al. Review of influenza A virus in swine worldwide: a call for increased surveillance and research. Zoonoses Public Health 2014, 61(1):4-17.
166. Garten R.J., Davis C.T., Russell C.A., Shu B., Lindstrom S., Balish A., et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009, 325(5937):197-201.
167. Fraser C., Donnelly C.A., Cauchemez S., Hanage W.P., Van Kerkhove M.D., Hollingsworth T.D., et al. Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings. Science 2009, 324(5934):1557-1561.
168. Cheng V.C., To K.K., Tse H., Hung I.F., Yuen K.-Y. Two years after pandemic influenza A/2009/H1N1: what have we learned?. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2012, 25(2):223-263.
169. Childs R.A., Palma A.S., Wharton S., Matrosovich T., Liu Y., Chai W., et al. Receptor-binding specificity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus determined by carbohydrate microarray. Nat. Biotechnol. 2009, 27(9):797-799.
170. Ma W., Liu Q., Bawa B., Qiao C., Qi W., Shen H., et al. The neuraminidase and matrix genes of the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus cooperate functionally to facilitate efficient replication and transmissibility in pigs. J. Gen. Virol. 2012, 93(Pt 6):1261-1268.
171. Chou Y.Y., Albrecht R.A., Pica N., Lowen A.C., Richt J.A., Garcia-Sastre A., et al. The M segment of the 2009 new pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is critical for its high transmission efficiency in the guinea pig model. J. Virol. 2011, 85(21):11235-11241.
172. Lakdawala S.S., Lamirande E.W., Suguitan A.L., Wang W., Santos C.P., Vogel L., et al. Eurasian-origin gene segments contribute to the transmissibility, aerosol release, and morphology of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7(12):e1002443.
173. Campbell P.J., Danzy S., Kyriakis C.S., Deymier M.J., Lowen A.C., Steel J. The M segment of the 2009 pandemic influenza virus confers increased neuraminidase activity, filamentous morphology, and efficient contact transmissibility to A/Puerto Rico/8/1934-based reassortant viruses. J. Virol. 2014, 88(7):3802-3814.
174. Herfst S., Chutinimitkul S., Ye J., de Wit E., Munster V.J., Schrauwen E.J., et al. Introduction of virulence markers in PB2 of pandemic swine-origin influenza virus does not result in enhanced virulence or transmission. J. Virol. 2010, 84(8):3752-3758.
175. Dawood F.S., Iuliano A.D., Reed C., Meltzer M.I., Shay D.K., Cheng P.Y., et al. Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2012, 12(9):687-695.
176. To K.K., Hung I.F., Li I.W., Lee K.L., Koo C.K., Yan W.W., et al. Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50(6):850-859.
177. Patel M., Dennis A., Flutter C., Khan Z. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. Br. J. Anaesth. 2010, 104(2):128-142.
178. Glaser C.A., Winter K., DuBray K., Harriman K., Uyeki T.M., Sejvar J., et al. A population-based study of neurologic manifestations of severe influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in California. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012, 55(4):514-520.
179. Mukherjee A., Peterson J.E.G., Sandberg G., Takei H., Adesina A., Goodman J., et al. Central nervous system pathology in fatal swine-origin influenza A H1N1 virus infection in patients with and without neurological symptoms: an autopsy study of 15 cases. Acta Neuropathol. 2011, 122(3):371-373.
180. Rykkvin R., Kilander A., Dudman S.G., Hungnes O. Within-patient emergence of the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 HA1 222G variant and clear association with severe disease, Norway. Euro Surveill. 2013, 18(3).
181. Chutinimitkul S., Herfst S., Steel J., Lowen A.C., Ye J., van Riel D., et al. Virulence-associated substitution D222G in the hemagglutinin of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus affects receptor binding. J. Virol. 2010, 84(22):11802-11813.
182. To K.K.W., Hung I.F.N., Li I.W.S., Lee K.L., Koo C.K., Yan W.W., et al. Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50(6):850-859.
183. Mauad T., Hajjar L.A., Callegari G.D., da Silva L.F.F., Schout D., Galas F.R.B.G., et al. Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A (H1N1) infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 181(1):72-79.
184. Shieh W.J., Blau D.M., Denison A.M., Deleon-Carnes M., Adem P., Bhatnagar J., et al. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. Am. J. Pathol. 2010, 177(1):166-175.
185. Monsalvo A.C., Batalle J.P., Lopez M.F., Krause J.C., Klemenc J., Hernandez J.Z., et al. Severe pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza disease due to pathogenic immune complexes. Nat. Med. 2011, 17(2):195-199.
186. McKinney W.P., Volkert P., Kaufman J. Fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy. Arch. Intern. Med. 1990, 150(1):213-215.
187. Wentworth D.E., Thompson B.L., Xu X., Regnery H.L., Cooley A.J., McGregor M.W., et al. An influenza A (H1N1) virus, closely related to swine influenza virus, responsible for a fatal case of human influenza. J. Virol. 1994, 68(4):2051-2058.
188. Claas E.C., Kawaoka Y., de Jong J.C., Masurel N., Webster R.G. Infection of children with avian-human reassortant influenza virus from pigs in Europe. Virology 1994, 204(1):453-457.
189. Rimmelzwaan G.F., de Jong J.C., Bestebroer T.M., van Loon A.M., Claas E.C., Fouchier R.A., et al. Antigenic and genetic characterization of swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses isolated from pneumonia patients in The Netherlands. Virology 2001, 282(2):301-306.
190. Wentworth D.E., McGregor M.W., Macklin M.D., Neumann V., Hinshaw V.S. Transmission of swine influenza virus to humans after exposure to experimentally infected pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 1997, 175(1):7-15.
191. Kimura K., Adlakha A., Simon P.M. Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1998, 73(3):243-245.
192. Gregory V., Lim W., Cameron K., Bennett M., Marozin S., Klimov A., et al. Infection of a child in Hong Kong by an influenza A H3N2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in European pigs. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82(Pt 6):1397-1406.
193. Gregory V., Bennett M., Thomas Y., Kaiser L., Wunderli W., Matter H., et al. Human infection by a swine influenza A (H1N1) virus in Switzerland. Arch. Virol. 2003, 148(4):793-802.
194. Komadina N., Roque V., Thawatsupha P., Rimando-Magalong J., Waicharoen S., Bomasang E., et al. Genetic analysis of two influenza A (H1) swine viruses isolated from humans in Thailand and the Philippines. Virus Genes 2007, 35(2):161-165.
195. Dawood F.S., Dong L., Liu F., Blau D.M., Peebles P.J., Lu X., et al. A pre-pandemic outbreak of triple-reassortant swine influenza virus infection among university students, South Dakota, 2008. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204(8):1165-1171.
196. Adiego Sancho B., Omenaca Teres M., Martinez Cuenca S., Rodrigo Val P., Sanchez Villanueva P., Casas I., et al. Human case of swine influenza A (H1N1), Aragon, Spain, November 2008. Euro Surveill. 2009, 14(7).
197. Cox C.M., Neises D., Garten R.J., Bryant B., Hesse R.A., Anderson G.A., et al. Swine influenza virus A (H3N2) infection in human, Kansas, USA, 2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17(6):1143-1144.
198. Bastien N., Antonishyn N.A., Brandt K., Wong C.E., Chokani K., Vegh N., et al. Human infection with a triple-reassortant swine influenza A(H1N1) virus containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of seasonal influenza virus. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 201(8):1178-1182.
199. (ECDC) ECfDPaC Update-Swine-origin Triple Reassortant Influenza A(H3N2) Variant Viruses in North America 2012, 2012 [cited; Available from:, ECDC, Stockholm, ([cited; Available from: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/1208-ter-rapid-risk-assessment-influenza-ah3n2-us.pdf).
200. Gray G.C., McCarthy T., Capuano A.W., Setterquist S.F., Olsen C.W., Alavanja M.C. Swine workers and swine influenza virus infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13(12):1871-1878.
201. Newman A.P., Reisdorf E., Beinemann J., Uyeki T.M., Balish A., Shu B., et al. Human case of swine influenza A (H1N1) triple reassortant virus infection, Wisconsin. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14(9):1470-1472.
202. Olsen C.W., Karasin A.I., Carman S., Li Y., Bastien N., Ojkic D., et al. Triple reassortant H3N2 influenza A viruses, Canada, 2005. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12(7):1132-1135.
203. Robinson J.L., Lee B.E., Patel J., Bastien N., Grimsrud K., Seal R.F., et al. Swine influenza (H3N2) infection in a child and possible community transmission, Canada. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13(12):1865-1870.
204. Bastien N., Bowness D., Burton L., Bontovics E., Winter A.L., Tipples G., et al. Parotitis in a child infected with triple-reassortant influenza A virus in Canada in 2007. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009, 47(6):1896-1898.
205. Yassine H.M., Khatri M., Zhang Y.J., Lee C.W., Byrum B.A., O'Quin J., et al. Characterization of triple reassortant H1N1 influenza A viruses from swine in Ohio. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 139(1-2):132-139.
206. Shinde V., Bridges C.B., Uyeki T.M., Shu B., Balish A., Xu X., et al. Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) in humans in the United States, 2005-2009. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360(25):2616-2625.
207. Prevention CfDCa H1N2 variant virus detected in Minnesota [cited; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/h1n2v-cases-mn.htm.
208. Smith T.F., Burgert E.O., Dowdle W.R., Noble G.R., Campbell R.J., Van Scoy R.E. Isolation of swine influenza virus from autopsy lung tissue of man. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976, 294(13):708-710.
209. Gaydos J.C., Hodder R.A., Top F.H., Soden V.J., Allen R.G., Bartley J.D., et al. Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January-February 1976). I. Case finding and clinical study of cases. J. Infect. Dis. 1977, 136:S356-S362. (Suppl.).
210. Prevention CfDCa Case count: detected U.S. human infections with H3N2v by State since August 2011 [cited; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-case-count.htm.
211. Dacso C.C., Couch R.B., Six H.R., Young J.F., Quarles J.M., Kasel J.A. Sporadic occurrence of zoonotic swine influenza virus infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984, 20(4):833-835.
212. Patriarca P.A., Kendal A.P., Zakowski P.C., Cox N.J., Trautman M.S., Cherry J.D., et al. Lack of significant person-to-person spread of swine influenza-like virus following fatal infection in an immunocompromised child. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1984, 119(2):152-158.
213. Chuvakova Z.K., Rovnova Z.I., Isaeva E.I., Kim E.V., Ignat'eva T.V. [3 cases of isolating the influenza A virus with human hemagglutinin Hsw1 in 1983 in Alma-Ata] Tri sluchaia izoliatsii virusa grippa A s gemaggliutininom Hswl ot liudei v 1985g. v Alma-Ate. Vopr. Virusol. 1985, 30(5):530-536.
214. de Jong J.C., Paccaud M.F., de Ronde-Verloop F.M., Huffels N.H., Verwei C., Weijers T.F., et al. Isolation of swine-like influenza A(H1N1) viruses from man in Switzerland and The Netherlands. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Virol. 1988, 139(4):429-437.
215. Thompson R.L., Sande M.A., Wenzel R.P., Hoke C.H., Gwaltney J.M. Swine-influenza infection in civilians. Report of two cases. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976, 295(13):714-715.
216. O'Brien R.J., Noble G.R., Easterday B.C., Kendal A.P., Shasby D.M., Nelson D.B., et al. Swine-like influenza virus infection in a Wisconsin farm family. J. Infect. Dis. 1977, 136:S390-S396. (Suppl.).
217. Dowdle W.R., Hattwick M.A. Swine influenza virus infections in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 1977, 136:S386-S389. (Suppl.).
218. Prevention CfDCa Influenza-Missouri. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 1976, 25:376.
219. Prevention CfDCa Influenza-Wisconsin and Washington, DC. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 1976, 25:392.
220. Webster R.G., Geraci J., Petursson G., Skirnisson K. Conjunctivitis in human beings caused by influenza A virus of seals. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981, 304(15):911.
221. CfDCa Prevention Limited human-to-human transmission of novel influenza A (H3N2) virus - Iowa, November 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2011, ([cited; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6047a3.htm).
222. Prevention CfDCa CDC reports more cases, hospitalizations and nation's first H3N2v-associated death [cited; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/h3n2v-more-cases.htm.
223. Reperant L.A., Kuiken T., Osterhaus A.D. Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. Vaccine 2012, 30(30):4419-4434.
224. Epperson S., Jhung M., Richards S., Quinlisk P., Ball L., Moll M., et al. Human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus in the United States, 2011-2012. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013, 57(Suppl. 1):S4-S11.
225. Pearce M.B., Jayaraman A., Pappas C., Belser J.A., Zeng H., Gustin K.M., et al. Pathogenesis and transmission of swine origin A(H3N2)v influenza viruses in ferrets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109(10):3944-3949.
226. Cotter C.R., Jin H., Chen Z. A single amino acid in the stalk region of the H1N1pdm influenza virus HA protein affects viral fusion, stability and infectivity. PLoS Pathog. 2014, 10(1):e1003831.
227. Schrauwen E.J., Herfst S., Chutinimitkul S., Bestebroer T.M., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Osterhaus A.D., et al. Possible increased pathogenicity of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus upon reassortment. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17(2):200-208.
228. Virelizier J.L. Host defenses against influenza virus: the role of anti-hemagglutinin antibody. J. Immunol. 1975, 115(2):434-439.
229. Koel B.F., Burke D.F., Bestebroer T.M., van der Vliet S., Zondag G.C., Vervaet G., et al. Substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution. Science 2013, 342(6161):976-979.
230. Koel B.F., van der Vliet S., Burke D.F., Bestebroer T.M., Bharoto E.E., Yasa I.W., et al. Antigenic variation of clade 2.1 H5N1 virus is determined by a few amino acid substitutions immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site. MBio 2014, 5(3). (e01070-14).
231. Reperant L.A., Cornaglia G., Osterhaus A.D. The importance of understanding the human-animal interface: from early hominins to global citizens. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013, 365:49-81.
232. Peiris J.S., de Jong M.D., Guan Y. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007, 20(2):243-267.
233. Coker R., Rushton J., Mounier-Jack S., Karimuribo E., Lutumba P., Kambarage D., et al. Towards a conceptual framework to support one-health research for policy on emerging zoonoses. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2011, 11(4):326-331.