Role of nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms in uterine pathophysiology

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 155-173

  Patel, Bansari ^a   Elguero, Sonia ^a   Thakore, Suruchi ^a   Dahoud, Wissam ^a   Bedaiwy, Mohamed ^b   Mesiano, Sam ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Progesterone; Progesterone receptors; Uterine pathophysiology

Indexed keywords

PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR A; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR B; ISOPROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CORPUS LUTEUM; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM FUNCTION; FOLLICULAR PHASE; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; LUTEAL PHASE; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; UTERINE CERVIX; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE FUNCTION; UTERUS CANCER; UTERUS DISEASE; UTERUS MYOMA; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; ENDOMETRIUM TUMOR; FEMALE; LEIOMYOMA; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; METABOLISM; NIDATION; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RECURRENT ABORTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UTERINE CERVIX TUMOR; UTERUS;

ABORTION, HABITUAL; EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS; ENDOMETRIOSIS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEIOMYOMA; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PROGESTERONE; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; RECEPTORS, PROGESTERONE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; UTERINE DISEASES; UTERUS;

EID: 84934281788     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu056     Document Type: Article

References (279)

1. Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Control of progesterone receptor transcriptional synergy by SUMOylation and deSUMOylation. BMC Mol Biol 2012;13:10.
2. Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Post-translational modifications of the progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014;140:80-89.
3. Aghajanova L, Velarde MC, Giudice LC. The progesterone receptor coactivator Hic-5 is involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3863-7.
4. Amazit L, Roseau A, Khan JA, Chauchereau A, Tyagi RK, Loosfelt H, Leclerc P, Lombes M, Guiochon-Mantel A. Ligand-dependent degradation of SRC-1 is pivotal for progesterone receptor transcriptional activity. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:394-7.
5. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2013. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2013.
6. Arici A, Sozen I. Transforming growth factor-beta3 is expressed at high levels in leiomyoma where it stimulates fibronectin expression and cell proliferation. Fertil Steril 2000;73:1006-1011.
7. Attia GR, Zeitoun K, Edwards D, Johns A, Carr BR, Bulun SE. Progesterone receptor isoform A but not B is expressed in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:2897-7.
8. AvrechOM, Golan A, Weinraub Z, Bukovsky I, Caspi E. Mifepristone (RU486) alone or in combination with a prostaglandin analogue for termination of early pregnancy: a review. Fertil Steril 1991;56:385-393.
9. Baek KH, Lee EJ, Kim YS. Recurrent pregnancy loss: the key potential mechanisms. Trends Mol Med 2007;13:310-317.
10. Ballester M, Canlorbe G, Cortez A, Gonin J, Laas E, Bendifallah S, Graesslin O, Darai E. Histological and immunohistochemical profiles predict lymph node status in women with low-intermediate risk endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013;130:457-462.
11. Bamberger AM, Bamberger CM, Gellersen B, Schulte HM. Modulation of AP-1 activity by the human progesterone receptor in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:6169-6174.
12. Banno K, Kisu I, Yanokura M, Tsuji K, Masuda K, Ueki A, Kobayashi Y, YamagamiW, Nomura H, Susumu N et al. Progestin therapy for endometrial cancer: the potential of fourth-generation progestin (review). Int J Oncol 2012;40:1755-1762.
13. Barakonyi A, Polgar B, Szekeres-Bartho J. The role of gamma/delta T-cell receptor-positive cells in pregnancy: part II. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999;42:83-87.
14. Barbarisi A, Petillo O, Di Lieto A, Melone MA, Margarucci S, Cannas M, Peluso G. 17-beta estradiol elicits an autocrine leiomyoma cell proliferation: evidence for a stimulation of protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Cell Physiol 2001;186:414-424.
15. Barry JA, Azizia MM, Hardiman PJ. Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:748-758.
16. Bathgate R, Hsueh A, Sherwood D. Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, 3rd edn). St. Louis: Academic Press, 2006.
17. Behera MA, Dai Q, Garde R, Saner C, Jungheim E, Price TM. Progesterone stimulates mitochondrial activity with subsequent inhibition of apoptosis in MCF-10A benign breast epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009;297:E1089-E1096.
18. BeralV, Bull D, Reeves G; MillionWomenStudy Collaborators. Endometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2005; 365:1543-7.
19. Bergeron C, Ferenczy A, Toft DO, Schneider W, Shyamala G. Immunocytochemical study of progesterone receptors in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Lab Invest 1988;59:862-869.
20. Bergqvist A, Ferno M. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriotic tissue and endometrium: comparison according to localization and recurrence. Fertil Steril 1993a; 60:63-7.
21. Bergqvist A, Ferno M. Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriotic tissue and endometrium: comparison of different cycle phases and ages. Hum Reprod 1993b; 8:2211-7.
22. Bergqvist A, Ljungberg O, Skoog L. Immunohistochemical analysis of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriotic tissue and endometrium. Hum Reprod 1993;8:1915-1922.
23. Biglia N, Carinelli S, Maiorana A, D'Alonzo M, Lo Monte G, Marci R. Ulipristal acetate: a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014;8:285-292.
24. Bodner K, Laubichler P, Kimberger O, Czerwenka K, Zeillinger R, Bodner-Adler B. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix and correlation with various clinicopathological parameters. Anticancer Res 2010;30:1341-1345.
25. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Edwards DP. Receptor mechanisms mediating non-genomic actions of sex steroids. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:139-153.
26. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Scott MP, Ribon V, Sherman L, Anderson SM, Maller JL, Miller WT, Edwards DP. Progesterone receptor contains a proline-rich motif that directly interacts with SH3 domains and activates c-Src family tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell 2001;8:269-280.
27. Brandon DD, Bethea CL, Strawn EY, Novy MJ, Burry KA, Harrington MS, Erickson TE, Warner C, Keenan EJ, Clinton GM. Progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein are overexpressed in human uterine leiomyomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:78-85.
28. Brierley J, Clark DA. Characterization of hormone-dependent suppressor cells in the uterus of mated and pseudopregnant mice. J Reprod Immunol 1987;10:201-217.
29. Bulun SE, Economos K, Miller D, Simpson ER. CYP19 (aromatase cytochrome P450) gene expression in human malignant endometrial tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1831-1834.
30. Bulun SE, Cheng YH, Yin P, Imir G, Utsunomiya H, Attar E, Innes J, Julie Kim J. Progesterone resistance in endometriosis: link to failure to metabolize estradiol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006;248:94-103.
31. Burney RO, Talbi S, Hamilton AE, Vo KC, Nyegaard M, Nezhat CR, Lessey BA, Giudice LC. Gene expression analysis of endometrium reveals progesterone resistance and candidate susceptibility genes in women with endometriosis. Endocrinology 2007;148:3814-3826.
32. Bygdeman M, Swahn ML, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Svalander P. Mode of action of RU 486. Ann Med 1993;25:61-64.
33. Carlson MJ, Thiel KW, Leslie KK. Past, present, and future of hormonal therapy in recurrent endometrial cancer. Int J Womens Health 2014;6:429-435.
34. Carney SA, TaharaH, Swartz CD, Risinger JI, HeH, Moore AB, Haseman JK, Barrett JC, Dixon D. Immortalization of human uterine leiomyoma and myometrial cell lines after induction of telomerase activity: molecular and phenotypic characteristics. Lab Invest 2002;82:719-728.
35. Carranza-Lira S, Blanquet J, Tserotas K, Calzada L. Endometrial progesterone and estradiol receptors in patients with recurrent early pregnancy loss of unknown etiology-preliminary report. Med Sci Monit 2000;6:759-762.
36. Carrino DA, Mesiano S, Barker NM, HurdWW, Caplan AI. Proteoglycans of uterine fibroids and keloid scars: similarity in their proteoglycan composition. Biochem J 2012;443:361-368.
37. Cermik D, Arici A, Taylor HS. Coordinated regulation of HOX gene expression in myometrium and uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2002;78:979-984.
38. Chabbert-Buffet N, Meduri G, Bouchard P, Spitz IM. Selective progesterone receptor modulators and progesterone antagonists: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:293-307.
39. Chai SY, Smith R, Fitter JT, Mitchell C, Pan X, Ilicic M, Maiti K, Zakar T, Madsen G. Increased progesterone receptor A expression in labouring human myometrium is associated with decreased promoter occupancy by the histone demethylase JARID1A. Mol Hum Reprod 2014;20:442-453.
40. Chalubinski K, Deutinger J, Bernaschek G. Vaginosonography for recording of cycle-related myometrial contractions. Fertil Steril 1993;59:225-228.
41. Chegini N, Ma C, Tang XM, Williams RS. Effects ofGnRH analogues, 'add-back' steroid therapy, antiestrogen and antiprogestins on leiomyoma and myometrial smooth muscle cell growth and transforming growth factor-beta expression. Mol Hum Reprod 2002;8:1071-1078.
42. Chen YH, Huang LH, Chen TM. Differential effects of progestins and estrogens on long control regions of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;224:651-659.
43. Chen H, Lin RJ, Schiltz RL, Chakravarti D, Nash A, Nagy L, Privalsky ML, Nakatani Y, Evans RM. Nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is a novel histone acetyltransferase and forms a multimeric activation complex with P/CAF and CBP/p300. Cell 1997;90:569-580.
44. Chen W, Ohara N, Wang J, Xu Q, Liu J, Morikawa A, Sasaki H, Yoshida S, Demanno DA, Chwalisz K et al. A novel selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil (J867) inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells in the absence of comparable effects on myometrial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:1296-1304.
45. Choi BC, Polgar K, Xiao L, Hill JA. Progesterone inhibits in-vitro embryotoxic Th1 cytokine production to trophoblast in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod 2000;15(Suppl 1):46-59.
46. Chwalisz K. The use of progesterone antagonists for cervical ripening and as an adjunct to labour and delivery. Hum Reprod 1994;9(Suppl 1):131-161.
47. Chwalisz K, Stockemann K, Fritzemeier KH, Fuhrmann U. Modulation of oestrogenic effects by progesterone antagonists in the rat uterus. Hum Reprod Update 1998; 4:570-7.
48. Chwalisz K, Brenner RM, Fuhrmann UU, Hess-Stumpp H, Elger W. Antiproliferative effects of progesterone antagonists and progesterone receptor modulators on the endometrium. Steroids 2000;65:741-751.
49. Chwalisz K, Larsen L, Mattia-Goldberg C, Edmonds A, Elger W, Winkel CA. A randomized, controlled trial of asoprisnil, a novel selective progesterone receptor modulator, in women with uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1399-1412.
50. Condon JC, Jeyasuria P, Faust JM, Wilson JW, Mendelson CR. A decline in the levels of progesterone receptor coactivators in the pregnant uterus at term may antagonize progesterone receptor function and contribute to the initiation of parturition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:9518-9523.
51. Condon JC, Hardy DB, Kovaric K, Mendelson CR. Up-regulation of the progesterone receptor (PR)-C isoform in laboring myometrium by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB may contribute to the onset of labor through inhibition of PR function. Mol Endocrinol 2006;20:764-775.
52. Cork DMW, Lennard TWJ, Tyson-Capper AL. Alternative splicing and the progesterone receptor in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008;10:207-215.
53. Cowan S, Calder AA, Kelly RW. Decidualisation of cervical stromal cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;114:189-196.
54. CramerDW, Hornstein MD, McShane P, Powers RD, Lescault PJ, Vitonis AF, De Vivo I. Human progesterone receptor polymorphisms and implantation failure during in vitro fertilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1085-1092.
55. Dai D, Kumar NS, Wolf DM, Leslie KK. Molecular tools to reestablish progestin control of endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:790-7.
56. Das A, Mantena SR, Kannan A, Evans DB, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC. De novo synthesis of estrogen in pregnant uterus is critical for stromal decidualization and angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:12542-12547.
57. Decruze SB, Green JA. Hormone therapy in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007;17:964-978.
58. DeManno D, Elger W, Garg R, Lee R, Schneider B, Hess-Stumpp H, Schubert G, Chwalisz K. Asoprisnil (J867): a selective progesterone receptor modulator for gynecological therapy. Steroids 2003;68:1019-1032.
59. Di Nezza LA, JoblingT, Salamonsen LA. Progestin suppresses matrix metalloproteinase production in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2003;89:325-333.
60. Donnez J, Tatarchuk TF, Bouchard P, Puscasiu L, ZakharenkoNF, IvanovaT, Ugocsai G, Mara M, Jilla MP, Bestel E et al. Ulipristal acetate versus placebo for fibroid treatment before surgery. N Engl J Med 2012a; 366:409-7.
61. Donnez J, Tomaszewski J, Vazquez F, Bouchard P, Lemieszczuk B, Baro F, Nouri K, Selvaggi L, Sodowski K, Bestel E et al. Ulipristal acetate versus leuprolide acetate for uterine fibroids. N Engl J Med 2012b; 366:421-7.
62. Donnez J, Vazquez F, Tomaszewski J, Nouri K, Bouchard P, Fauser BC, Barlow DH, Palacios S, Donnez O, Bestel E et al. Long-term treatment of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1565-1573. e1561-1518.
63. Eisinger SH, Meldrum S, Fiscella K, le RouxHD, Guzick DS. Low-dose mifepristone for uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:243-250.
64. Eisinger SH, Bonfiglio T, Fiscella K, Meldrum S, Guzick DS. Twelve-month safety and efficacy of low-dose mifepristone for uterine myomas. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:227-233.
65. Escriva H, Bertrand S, Laudet V. The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Essays Biochem 2004;40:11-26.
66. Eskenazi B, Warner ML. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997;24:235-258.
67. Evans RM. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 1988; 240:889-7.
68. Faivre EJ, Daniel AR, Hillard CJ, Lange CA. Progesterone receptor rapid signaling mediates serine 345 phosphorylation and tethering to specificity protein 1 transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 2008;22:823-837.
69. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, RebarRW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina E, Chang J, Yildiz BO, Laven JS et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS ConsensusWorkshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012;97:28-38 e25.
70. Ferenczy A, Bertrand G, Gelfand MM. Proliferation kinetics of human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;133:859-867.
71. Fernandez-Valdivia R, Jeong J, Mukherjee A, Soyal SM, Li J, Ying Y, Demayo FJ, Lydon JP. A mouse model to dissect progesterone signaling in the female reproductive tract and mammary gland. Genesis 2010;48:106-113.
72. Fiorica JV, Brunetto VL, Hanjani P, Lentz SS, Mannel R, Andersen W. Gynecologic Oncology Groups. Phase II trial of alternating courses of megestrol acetate and tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:10-14.
73. Fiscella K, Eisinger SH, Meldrum S, Feng C, Fisher SG, Guzick DS. Effect of mifepristone for symptomatic leiomyomata on quality of life and uterine size: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1381-1387.
74. Fleisch MC, Chou YC, CardiffRD, Asaithambi A, Shyamala G. Overexpression of progesterone receptor A isoform in mice leads to endometrial hyperproliferation, hyperplasia and atypia. Mol Hum Reprod 2009;15:241-249.
75. Flynn M, Jamison M, Datta S, Myers E. Health care resource use for uterine fibroid tumors in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:955-964.
76. Franceschi S. The IARC commitment to cancer prevention: the example of papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2005;166:277-297.
77. Friedman AJ, Daly M, Juneau-Norcross M, Rein MS, Fine C, Gleason R, LeboffM. A prospective, randomized trial of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus estrogen-progestin or progestin 'add-back' regimens for women with leiomyomata uteri. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:1439-1445.
78. Fujimoto J, Hirose R, Ichigo S, Sakaguchi H, Li Y, Tamaya T. Expression of progesterone receptor formAand BmRNAs in uterine leiomyoma. Tumour Biol 1998;19:126-131.
79. Fung HY, Wong YL, Wong FW, Rogers MS. Study of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in normal human endometrium during the menstrual cycle by immunocytochemical analysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994;38:186-190.
80. Gellersen B, Brosens J. Cyclic AMP and progesterone receptor cross-talk in human endometrium: a decidualizing affair. J Endocrinol 2003;178:357-372.
81. Gellersen B, Briese J, Oberndörfer M, Redlin K, Samalecos A, Richter DU, Löning T, Schulte HM, Bamberger AM. Expression of the metastasis suppressor KAI1 in decidual cells at the human maternal-fetal interface: regulation and functional implications. Am J Pathol 2007;170:126-139.
82. Gemzell-Danielsson K, Marions L. Mechanisms of action of mifepristone and levonorgestrel when used for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod Update 2004;10:341-348.
83. Gemzell-Danielsson K, Swahn ML, Svalander P, Bygdeman M. Early luteal phase treatment with mifepristone (RU 486) for fertility regulation. Hum Reprod 1993; 8:870-7.
84. Gerdes D, Wehling M, Leube B, Falkenstein E. Cloning and tissue expression of two putative steroid membrane receptors. Biol Chem 1998;379:907-911.
85. Giangrande PH, Pollio G, McDonnell DP. Mapping and characterization of the functional domains responsible for the differential activity of the A and B isoforms of the human progesterone receptor. J Biol Chem 1997;272: 32889-7.
86. Giangrande PH, Kimbrel EA, EdwardsDP, McDonnellDP. The opposing transcriptional activities of the two isoforms of the human progesterone receptor are due to differential cofactor binding. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:3102-3115.
87. Gielen SC, Hanekamp EE, Hanifi-MoghaddamP, Sijbers AM, van Gool AJ, BurgerCW, Blok LJ, Huikeshoven FJ. Growth regulation and transcriptional activities of estrogen and progesterone in human endometrial cancer cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:110-7.
88. Giudice LC. Clinical practice. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2389-2398.
89. Giudice LC, Kao LC. Endometriosis. Lancet 2004;364:1789-1799.
90. Goto T, Takano M, Albergaria A, Briese J, Pomeranz KM, Cloke B, Fusi L, Feroze-Zaidi F, Maywald N, Sajin M et al. Mechanism and functional consequences of loss of FOXO1 expression in endometrioid endometrial cancer cells. Oncogene 2008;27:9-19.
91. Graham JD, Yager ML, Hill HD, Byth K, O'Neill GM, Clarke CL. Altered progesterone receptor isoform expression remodels progestin responsiveness of breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2005;19:2713-2735.
92. Gunderson CC, Dutta S, Fader AN, Maniar KP, Nasseri-Nik N, Bristow RE, Diaz-Montes TP, Palermo R, Kurman RJ. Pathologic features associated with resolution of complex atypical hyperplasia and grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma after progestin therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2014;132:33-37.
93. Haas DM, Ramsey PS. Progestogen for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10:CD003511.
94. Hagan CR, Regan TM, Dressing GE, Lange CA. ck2-dependent phosphorylation of progesterone receptors (PR) on Ser81 regulates PR-B isoform-specific target gene expression in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011;31:2439-2452.
95. Halme J, Toma SK, Talbert LM. A case of severe ovarian hyperstimulation in a healthy oocyte donor. Fertil Steril 1995;64:857-859.
96. Haluska GJ, West NB, Novy MJ, BrennerRM. Uterine estrogen receptors are increased by RU486 in late pregnant rhesus macaques but not after spontaneous labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:181-186.
97. Hansen KA, Opsahl MS, Nieman LK, Baker JR Jr, Klein TA. Natural killer cell activity from pregnant subjects is modulated by RU 486. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:87-7.
98. Hardy DB, Janowski BA, Corey DR, Mendelson CR. Progesterone receptor plays a major antiinflammatory role in human myometrial cells by antagonism of nuclear factor-kappaB activation of cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:2724-7.
99. Harper JR, Spiro RC, Gaarde WA, Tamura RN, Pierschbacher MD, Noble NA, Stecker KK, Border WA. Role of transforming growth factor beta and decorin in controlling fibrosis. Methods Enzymol 1994;245:241-254.
100. Harris TG, Miller L, Kulasingam SL, Feng Q, Kiviat NB, Schwartz SM, Koutsky LA. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and combined oral contraceptive use and cervical neoplasia among women with oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:489 e481-488.
101. Harrison-Woolrych ML, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith SK. Quantification of messenger ribonucleic acid for epidermal growth factor in human myometrium and leiomyomata using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1179-1184.
102. Heikinheimo O. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mifepristone. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 33:7-7.
103. Heikinheimo O, Ranta S, Grunberg S, Spitz IM. Alterations in sex steroids and gonadotropins in post-menopausal women subsequent to long-term mifepristone administration. Steroids 2000;65:831-836.
104. Hickman TN, Shih LM, Zacur HA, Kurman RJ, Diener-West M, Gearhart JD. Decreased progesterone receptor expression in the intermediate trophoblastic cells of spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 2002;77:1001-1005.
105. Hirata S, Shoda T, Kato J, Hoshi K. Isoform/variant mRNAs for sex steroid hormone receptors in humans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003;14:124-129.
106. Hoekstra AV, Sefton EC, Berry E, Lu Z, Hardt J, Marsh E, Yin P, Clardy J, Chakravarti D, Bulun S et al. Progestins activate the AKT pathway in leiomyoma cells and promote survival. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1768-1774.
107. Igarashi TM, Bruner-Tran KL, Yeaman GR, Lessey BA, Edwards DP, Eisenberg E, Osteen KG. Reduced expression of progesterone receptor-B in the endometrium of women with endometriosis and in cocultures of endometrial cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fertil Steril 2005;84:67-74.
108. Ingamells S, Campbell IG, Anthony FW, Thomas EJ. Endometrial progesterone receptor expression during the human menstrual cycle. J Reprod Fertil 1996; 106:33-7.
109. Ioffe OB, Zaino RJ, Mutter GL. Endometrial changes from short-term therapy with CDB-4124, a selective progesterone receptor modulator. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:450-7.
110. Jabbour HN, Kelly RW, Fraser HM, Critchley HO. Endocrine regulation of menstruation. Endocr Rev 2006;27:17-46.
111. Jacobsen BM, Schittone SA, Richer JK, Horwitz KB. Progesterone-independent effects of human progesterone receptors (PRs) in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: PR isoform-specific gene regulation and tumor biology. J Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:574-7.
112. Jaffe RC, Ferguson-Gottschall SD, GaoW, Beam C, FazleabasAT. Histone deacetylase inhibition and progesterone act synergistically to stimulate baboon glycodelin gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2007;38:401-407.
113. Janne O, Kontula K, LuukkainenT, Vihko R. Oestrogen-induced progesterone receptor in human uterus. J Steroid Biochem 1975;6:501-509.
114. Jiang J, Wu RF, Wang ZH, Sun HC, Xu Z, Xiu HM. Effect of mifepristone on estrogen and progesterone receptors in human endometrial and endometriotic cells in vitro. Fertil Steril 2002;77:995-1000.
115. Joseph DS, Malik M, Nurudeen S, Catherino WH. Myometrial cells undergo fibrotic transformation under the influence of transforming growth factor beta-3. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1500-1508.
116. Kalkhoven E, Wissink S, van der Saag PT, van der Burg B. Negative interaction between the RelA(p65) subunit of NF-kappaB and the progesterone receptor. J Biol Chem 1996;271:6217-6224.
117. Kao LC, Germeyer A, Tulac S, Lobo S, Yang JP, Taylor RN, Osteen K, Lessey BA, Giudice LC. Expression profiling of endometrium from women with endometriosis reveals candidate genes for disease-based implantation failure and infertility. Endocrinology 2003;144:2870-2881.
118. Kastner P, Krust A, Turcotte B, Stropp U, Tora L, Gronemeyer H, Chambon P. Two distinct estrogen-regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding the two functionally different human progesterone receptor forms A and B. EMBO J 1990; 9:1603-7.
119. Katzenellenbogen BS, LanNC, Rutledge SK. Estrogen receptors of humanendometrium: characterization of nuclear and cytoplasmic forms and comparisons with rat uterine receptors. J Steroid Biochem 1980;13:113-122.
120. Kaunitz AM. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and the risk of breast and gynecologic cancer. J Reprod Med 1996;41:419-427.
121. Kaunitz AM. Injectable depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate contraception: an update for U.S. clinicians. Int J FertilWomens Med 1998;43:73-83.
122. Kawaguchi K, Fujii S, Konishi I, Nanbu Y, Nonogaki H, Mori T. Mitotic activity in uterine leiomyomas during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:637-641.
123. Kawaguchi K, Fujii S, Konishi I, Iwai T, Nanbu Y, Nonogaki H, Ishikawa Y, Mori T. Immunohistochemical analysis of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and Ki-67 in leiomyoma and myometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1991;419:309-315.
124. Khan JA, Bellance C, Guiochon-Mantel A, Lombès M, Loosfelt H. Differential regulation of breast cancer-associated genes by progesterone receptor isoforms PRA and PRB in a new bi-inducible breast cancer cell line. PLoS One 2012;7:e45993.
125. Kim JJ, Kurita T, Bulun SE. Progesterone action in endometrial cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Endocr Rev 2013;34:130-162.
126. Knutson TP, Daniel AR, Fan D, Silverstein KA, Covington KR, Fuqua SA, Lange CA. Phosphorylated and sumoylation-deficient progesterone receptors drive proliferative gene signatures during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 2012;14:R95.
127. Kreitmann B, Bugat R, Bayard F. Estrogen and progestin regulation of the progesterone receptor concentration in human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; 49:926-7.
128. Krietsch T, Fernandes MS, Kero J, Losel R, Heyens M, Huhtaniemi I, Brosens JJ, Gellersen B. Human homologs of the putative G protein-coupled membrane progestin receptors (mPRα, β, and γ) localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and are not activated by progesterone. Mol Endocrinol 2006;20:3146-3164.
129. Kunz G, Beil D, Deininger H, Wildt L, Leyendecker G. The dynamics of rapid sperm transport through the female genital tract: evidence from vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis and hysterosalpingoscintigraphy. Hum Reprod 1996;11:627-632.
130. Kurman RJ, Henson DE, Herbst AL, Noller KL, Schiffman MH. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. The 1992 National Cancer Institute Workshop. JAMA 1994;271:1866-1869.
131. Kwasniewska A, Postawski K, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A, Kwasniewski W, Grywalska E, Zdunek M, Korobowicz E. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical carcinomas. Oncol Rep 2011;26:153-160.
132. Kyo S, Sakaguchi J, Kiyono T, Shimizu Y, Maida Y, Mizumoto Y, Mori N, Nakamura M, TakakuraM, MiyakeKet al. Forkhead transcription factorFOXO1is a direct target of progestin to inhibit endometrial epithelial cell growth. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:525-7.
133. Lakha F, Ho PC, Van der Spuy ZM, Dada K, Elton R, Glasier AF, Critchley HO, Williams AR, Baird DT. A novel estrogen-free oral contraceptive pill for women: multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of mifepristone and progestogen-only pill (levonorgestrel). Hum Reprod 2007;22:2428-2436.
134. Lamberts SW, Koper JW, de Jong FH. The endocrine effects of long-term treatment with mifepristone (RU 486). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:187-191.
135. Lamminen S, Rantala I, Helin H, Rorarius M, Tuimala R. Proliferative activity of human uterine leiomyoma cells as measured by automatic image analysis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;34:111-114.
136. Lange CA, Shen T, Horwitz KB. Phosphorylation of human progesterone receptors at serine-294 by mitogen-activated protein kinase signals their degradation by the 26S proteasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:1032-1037.
137. Lee KL, Dai Q, Hansen EL, Saner CN, Price TM. Modulation of ATP-induced calcium signaling by progesterone in T47D-Y breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 319:109-7.
138. Lentz SS, Brady MF, Major FJ, Reid GC, Soper JT. High-dose megestrol acetate in advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:357-361.
139. Leo JC, Wang SM, Guo CH, Aw SE, Zhao Y, Li JM, Hui KM, Lin VC. Gene regulation profile reveals consistent anticancer properties of progesterone in hormoneindependent breast cancer cells transfected with progesterone receptor. Int J Cancer 2005;117:561-568.
140. Leonhardt SA, Boonyaratanakornkit V, Edwards DP. Progesterone receptor transcription and non-transcription signalingmechanisms. Steroids 2003;68:761-770.
141. Lessey BA, Killam AP, Metzger DA, Haney AF, Greene GL, McCarty KS Jr. Immunohistochemical analysis of human uterine estrogen and progesterone receptors throughout the menstrual cycle. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1988;67:334-340.
142. Levens ED, Potlog-Nahari C, Armstrong AY, Wesley R, Premkumar A, Blithe DL, Blocker W, Nieman LK. CDB-2914 for uterine leiomyomata treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:1129-1136.
143. Lockwood CJ, Stocco C, Murk W, Kayisli UA, Funai EF, Schatz F. Human labor is associated with reduced decidual cell expression of progesterone, but not glucocorticoid, receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2271-2275.
144. Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Funk CR, Mani SK, Hughes AR, Montgomery CA Jr, Shyamala G, Conneely OM, O'Malley BW. Mice lacking progesterone receptor exhibit pleiotropic reproductive abnormalities. Genes Dev 1995;9:2266-2278.
145. Lyndrup J, Thorpe S, Glenthoj A, Obel E, Sele V. Altered progesterone/estrogen receptor ratios in endometriosis. A comparative study of steroid receptors and morphology in endometriosis and endometrium. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987; 66:625-7.
146. Mahendroo MS, Porter A, Russell DW, Word RA. The parturition defect in steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 knockout mice is due to impaired cervical ripening. Mol Endocrinol 1999;13:981-992.
147. Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schutz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P et al. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell 1995;83:835-839.
148. Mannel DN, Falk W, Yron I. Inhibition of murine cytotoxic T cell responses by progesterone. Immunol Lett 1990;26:89-94.
149. Mansour I, Reznikoff-Etievant MF, Netter A. No evidence for the expression of the progesterone receptor on peripheral blood lymphocytes during pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1994;9:1546-1549.
150. Maruo T. Progesterone and progesterone receptor modulator in uterine leiomyoma growth. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:186-187.
151. Maruo T, Matsuo H, Samoto T, Shimomura Y, Kurachi O, Gao Z, Wang Y, Spitz IM, Johansson E. Effects of progesterone on uterine leiomyoma growth and apoptosis. Steroids 2000;65:585-592.
152. Matsuo H, Kurachi O, Shimomura Y, Samoto T, Maruo T. Molecular bases for the actions of ovarian sex steroids in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of human uterine leiomyoma. Oncology (Williston Park) 1999;57(Suppl 2):49-58.
153. McEwan IJ. Nuclear receptors: one big family. Methods Mol Biol 2009;505:3-18.
154. McFarlane-Anderson N, Bazuaye PE, Jackson MD, Smikle M, Fletcher HM. Cervical dysplasia and cancer and the use of hormonal contraceptives in Jamaican women. BMC Womens Health 2008;8:9.
155. McKenna NJ, Lanz RB, O'Malley BW. Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology. Endocr Rev 1999;20:321-344.
156. Mellon S. Neurosteroid regulation of CNS development. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:107-7.
157. Merlino AA, Welsh TN, Tan H, Yi LJ, Cannon V, Mercer BM, Mesiano S. Nuclear progesterone receptors in the human pregnancy myometrium: evidence that parturition involves functional progesterone withdrawal mediated by increased expression of progesterone receptor-A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1927-7.
158. Mesiano S. Myometrial progesterone responsiveness. Semin Reprod Med 2007; 25:5-7.
159. Mesiano S, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Kwek K, Yeo G, Smith R. Progesterone withdrawal and estrogen activation in human parturition are coordinated by progesterone receptor A expression in the myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:2924-7.
160. Mesiano S, Wang Y, Norwitz ER. Progesterone receptors in the human pregnancy uterus: do they hold the key to birth timing? Reprod Sci 2011;18:6-19.
161. Michelin D, Gissmann L, Street D, Potkul RK, Fisher S, Kaufmann AM, Qiao L, Schreckenberger C. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 18 in vivo: effects of estrogen and progesterone in transgenic mice. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 66:202-7.
162. Misao R, Iwagaki S, Fujimoto J, SunW, TamayaT. Dominant expression of progesterone receptor form B mRNA in ovarian endometriosis. Horm Res 1999;52:30-34.
163. Moe BG, Vereide AB, Orbo A, Sager G. High concentrations of progesterone and mifepristone mutually reinforce cell cycle retardation and induction of apoptosis. Anticancer Res 2009;29:1053-1058.
164. Monsonego J, Magdelenat H, Catalan F, Coscas Y, Zerat L, Sastre X. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in cervical human papillomavirus related lesions. Int J Cancer 1991;48:533-539.
165. Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV, Walboomers JM, Herrero R, Franceschi S; International Agency for Research on Cancer. Multicentric Cervical Cancer Study Group. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002;359:1085-1092.
166. Morikawa A, Ohara N, Xu Q, Nakabayashi K, DeManno DA, Chwalisz K, Yoshida S, Maruo T. Selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil down-regulates collagen synthesis in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells through up-regulating extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:944-7.
167. Mote PA, Balleine RL, McGowan EM, Clarke CL. Colocalization of progesterone receptors A and B by dual immunofluorescent histochemistry in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:2963-7.
168. Mote PA, Balleine RL, McGowan EM, Clarke CL. Heterogeneity of progesterone receptors A and B expression in human endometrial glands and stroma. Hum Reprod 2000;15(Suppl 3):48-56.
169. Moutsatsou P, Sekeris CE. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;816:99-115.
170. Mulac-Jericevic B, Mullinax RA, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Conneely OM. Subgroup of reproductive functions of progesterone mediated by progesterone receptor-B isoform. Science 2000;289:1751-1754.
171. Mulac-Jericevic B, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Conneely OM. Defective mammary gland morphogenesis in mice lacking the progesterone receptor B isoform. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:9744-9749.
172. Murphy LL, Mahesh VB. Selective release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3 alpha, 5 alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone in pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-primed immature rats exposed to constant light. Biol Reprod 1985;32:795-803.
173. Murphy AA, Kettel LM, Morales AJ, Roberts VJ, Yen SS. Regression of uterine leiomyomata in response to the antiprogesterone RU 486. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:513-517.
174. Murphy AA, Morales AJ, Kettel LM, Yen SS. Regression of uterine leiomyomata to the antiprogesterone RU486: dose-response effect. Fertil Steril 1995; 64:187-7.
175. Mutter GL, Bergeron C, Deligdisch L, Ferenczy A, Glant M, Merino M, Williams AR, Blithe DL. The spectrum of endometrial pathology induced by progesterone receptor modulators. Mod Pathol 2008;21:591-598.
176. Nakamura M, Takakura M, Fujii R, Maida Y, Bono Y, Mizumoto Y, Zhang X, Kiyono T, Kyo S. The PRB-dependent FOXO1/IGFBP-1 axis is essential for progestin to inhibit endometrial epithelial growth. Cancer Lett 2013;336:68-75.
177. Neubauer NL, Ward EC, Patel P, Lu Z, Lee I, Blok LJ, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Schink J, Kim JJ. Progesterone receptor-B induction of BIRC3 protects endometrial cancer cells from AP1-59-mediated apoptosis. Horm Cancer 2011;2:170-181.
178. Nieman LK, Blocker W, Nansel T, Mahoney S, Reynolds J, Blithe D, Wesley R, Armstrong A. Efficacy and tolerability of CDB-2914 treatment for symptomatic uterine fibroids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIb study. Fertil Steril 2011;95:767-772 e761-762.
179. Nisolle M, Casanas-Roux F, Wyns C, de Menten Y, Mathieu PE, Donnez J. Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrium and peritoneal endometriosis: a new quantitative method. Fertil Steril 1994;62:751-759.
180. Nisolle M, Gillerot S, Casanas-Roux F, Squifflet J, Berliere M, Donnez J. Immunohistochemical study of the proliferation index, oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors A and B in leiomyomata and normal myometrium during the menstrual cycle and under gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2844-2850.
181. Norwitz ER, Schust DJ, Fisher SJ. Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy. NEngl J Med 2001;345:1400-1408.
182. Oates-Whitehead RM, Haas DM, Carrier JA. Progestogen for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD003511.
183. O'Brien SN, Welter BH, Mantzke KA, Price TM. Identification of progesterone receptor in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:509-7.
184. Okulicz WC, Savasta AM, Hoberg LM, Longcope C. Immunofluorescent analysis of estrogen induction of progesterone receptor in the rhesus uterus. Endocrinology 1989;125:930-934.
185. Olive DL, Lindheim SR, Pritts EA. Newmedical treatments for endometriosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004;18:319-328.
186. Orbo A, Moe BT, Gronaas H, Paulssen RH. Early effects of high concentrations of progesterone and mifepristone A gene expression study of endometrial cancer cells (Ishikawa). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009;113:139-149.
187. Osteen KG, Bruner-Tran KL, Eisenberg E. Reduced progesterone action during endometrial maturation: a potential risk factor for the development of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2005;83:529-537.
188. Owings RA, Quick CM. Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Arch Pathol LabMed2014; 138:484-491.
189. Palomba S, Sena T, Noia R, Di Carlo C, Zullo F, Mastrantonio P. Transdermal hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women with uterine leiomyomas. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:1053-1058.
190. Palomba S, Sena T, Morelli M, Noia R, Zullo F, Mastrantonio P. Effect of different doses of progestin on uterine leiomyomas in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;102:199-201.
191. Park SH, Ramachandran S, Kwon SH, Cha SD, Seo EW, Bae I, Cho C, Song DK. Upregulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels for estrogen-mediated cell proliferation in human uterine leiomyoma cells. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008;24:250-256.
192. Parker WH. Etiology, symptomatology, and diagnosis of uterine myomas. Fertil Steril 2007;87:725-736.
193. Pater A, Bayatpour M, Pater MM. Oncogenic transformation by human papillomavirus type 16 deoxyribonucleic acid in the presence of progesterone or progestins from oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:1099-1103.
194. Paulssen RH, Moe B, Gronaas H, Orbo A. Gene expression in endometrial cancer cells (Ishikawa) after short time high dose exposure to progesterone. Steroids 2008; 73:116-7.
195. Piccinni MP, Giudizi MG, Biagiotti R, Beloni L, Giannarini L, Sampognaro S, Parronchi P, Manetti R, Annunziato F, LiviCet al. Progesterone favors the development of human Thelper cells producing Th2-type cytokines and promotes both IL-4 production and membrane CD30 expression in established Th1 cell clones. J Immunol 1995; 155:128-7.
196. Pieber D, Allport VC, Hills F, Johnson M, Bennett PR. Interactions between progesterone receptor isoforms in myometrial cells in human labour. Mol Hum Reprod 2001;7:875-879.
197. Prentice A, Randall BJ, Weddell A, McGill A, Henry L, Horne CH, Thomas EJ. Ovarian steroid receptor expression in endometriosis and in two potential parent epithelia: endometrium and peritoneal mesothelium. Hum Reprod 1992; 7:1318-7.
198. Press MF, Udove JA, Greene GL. Progesterone receptor distribution in the human endometrium. Analysis using monoclonal antibodies to the human progesterone receptor. Am J Pathol 1988;131:112-124.
199. Price TM, Hansen EL, Oliver TN. Immunofluorescent localization of a novel progesterone receptor(s) in a T47D-Y breast cancer cell line lacking genomic progesterone receptor expression. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2005;12:610-616.
200. Richer JK, Jacobsen BM, Manning NG, Abel MG, Wolf DM, Horwitz KB. Differential gene regulation by the two progesterone receptor isoforms in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:5209-5218.
201. Rieck G, Fiander A. The effect of lifestyle factors on gynaecological cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006;20:227-251.
202. RomanoA, Lindsey PJ, Fischer DC, Delvoux B, PaulussenAD, Janssen RG, KiebackDG. Twofunctionally relevant polymorphisms in the human progesterone receptor gene (+331 G/A and progins) and the predisposition for breast and/or ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006;101:287-295.
203. Samalecos A, Gellersen B. Systematic expression analysis and antibody screening do not support the existence of naturally occurring PR-C, PR-M or other truncated progesterone receptor isoforms. Endocrinology 2008;149:5872-5887.
204. Sampson JA. Metastatic or Embolic Endometriosis, due to the Menstrual Dissemination of Endometrial Tissue into the Venous Circulation. Am J Pathol 1927;3:93-110 143.
205. Saner KJ, Welter BH, Zhang F, Hansen E, Dupont B, Wei Y, Price TM. Cloning and expression of a novel, truncated, progesterone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 200:155-7.
206. Sartorius CA, Melville MY, Hovland AR, Tung L, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB. A third transactivation function (AF3) of human progesterone receptors located in the unique N-terminal segment of the B-isoform. Mol Endocrinol 1994;8:1347-1360.
207. Sasaki H, Ohara N, Xu Q, Wang JY, DeManno DA, Chwalisz K, Yoshida S, Maruo T. A novel selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil activatestumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated signaling pathway in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells in the absence of comparable effects on myometrial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:616-623.
208. Savouret JF, Misrahi M, Milgrom E. Molecular action of progesterone. Int J Biochem 1990; 22:579-7.
209. Schust DJ, Anderson DJ, Hill JA. Progesterone-induced immunosuppression is not mediated through the progesterone receptor. Hum Reprod 1996;11:980-985.
210. Sener AB, Seckin NC, Ozmen S, Gokmen O, Dogu N, Ekici E. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on uterine fibroids in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1996;65:354-357.
211. Shaw KA, Topp NJ, Shaw JG, Blumenthal PD. Mifepristone-misoprostol dosing interval and effect on induction abortion times: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121:1335-7.
212. Shen T, Horwitz KB, Lange CA. Transcriptional hyperactivity of human progesterone receptors is coupled to their ligand-dependent down-regulation by mitogenactivated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation of serine 294. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21:6122-6131.
213. Shimomura Y, Matsuo H, Samoto T, Maruo T. Up-regulation by progesterone of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and epidermal growth factor expression in human uterine leiomyoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2192-2198.
214. Shiozawa T, Nikaido T, Nakayama K, Lu X, Fujii S. Involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 in growth inhibition of endometrium in the secretory phase and of hyperplastic endometrium treated with progesterone. Mol Hum Reprod 1998;4:899-905.
215. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:212-236.
216. Singh M, Zaino RJ, Filiaci VJ, Leslie KK. Relationship of estrogen and progesterone receptors to clinical outcome in metastatic endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 2007;106:325-333.
217. Smid-Koopman E, Blok LJ, Kuhne LC, Burger CW, Helmerhorst TJ, Brinkmann AO, Huikeshoven FJ. Distinct functional differences of human progesterone receptors A and B on gene expression and growth regulation in two endometrial carcinoma cell lines. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2003;10:49-57.
218. Spencer TE, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW. Progesterone and placental hormone actions on the uterus: insights from domestic animals. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:2-7.
219. Spitz IM. Clinical utility of progesterone receptor modulators and their effect on the endometrium. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009;21:318-324.
220. Spitz IM, Chwalisz K. Progesterone receptor modulators and progesterone antagonists in women's health. Steroids 2000;65:807-815.
221. Spitz IM, Croxatto HB, Lahteenmaki P, Heikinheimo O, Bardin CW. Effect of mifepristone on inhibition of ovulation and induction of luteolysis. Hum Reprod 1994;9(Suppl 1):69-76.
222. Steinauer J, Pritts EA, Jackson R, Jacoby AF. Systematic review of mifepristone for the treatment of uterine leiomyomata. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:1331-1336.
223. Stewart EA, Friedman AJ, Peck K, Nowak RA. Relative overexpression of collagen type I and collagen type III messenger ribonucleic acids by uterine leiomyomas during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:900-906.
224. Su MT, Lee IW, Chen YC, Kuo PL. Association of progesterone receptor polymorphism with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss in Taiwanese Han population. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011;28:239-243.
225. Sumitani H, Shozu M, Segawa T, Murakami K, Yang HJ, Shimada K, Inoue M. In situ estrogen synthesized by aromatase P450 in uterine leiomyoma cells promotes cell growth probably via an autocrine/intracrine mechanism. Endocrinology 2000; 141:3852-7.
226. Szekeres-Bartho J, Hadnagy J, Pacsa AS. The suppressive effect of progesterone on lymphocyte cytotoxicity: unique progesterone sensitivity of pregnancy lymphocytes. J Reprod Immunol 1985;7:121-128.
227. Szekeres-Bartho J, Szekeres G, Debre P, Autran B, Chaouat G. Reactivity of lymphocytes to a progesterone receptor-specific monoclonal antibody. Cell Immunol 1990;125:273-283.
228. Szekeres-Bartho J, Barakonyi A, Par G, Polgar B, Palkovics T, Szereday L. Progesterone as an immunomodulatory molecule. Int Immunopharmacol 2001;1:1037-1048.
229. Takeuchi H, Kobori H, Kikuchi I, Sato Y, Mitsuhashi N. Aprospective randomized study comparing endocrinological and clinical effects of two types of GnRH agonists in cases of uterine leiomyomas or endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2000; 26:325-331.
230. Talaulikar VS, Manyonda IT. Ulipristal acetate: a novel option for the medical management of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Adv Ther 2012;29:655-663.
231. Tan J, Paria BC, Dey SK, Das SK. Differential uterine expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors correlates with uterine preparation for implantation and decidualization in the mouse. Endocrinology 1999;140:5310-5321.
232. Tan H, Yi L, Rote NS, Hurd WW, Mesiano S. Progesterone receptor-A and -B have opposite effects on proinflammatory gene expression in human myometrial cells: implications for progesterone actions in human pregnancy and parturition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E719-E730.
233. Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Alvarez RD, Adelson MD, Homesley HD, Manetta A, Soper JT, Given FT. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a dose-response study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1736-1744.
234. Thomas EJ. Add-back therapy for long-term use in dysfunctional uterine bleeding and uterine fibroids. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103(Suppl 14):18-21.
235. ThomasDB, Ray RM. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and riskof invasive adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the uterine cervix. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Contraception 1995; 52:307-7.
236. Thomas DB, Noonan L, Whitehead A, Roseman D. Invasive cervical cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. BullWorld Health Organ 1985;63:505-511.
237. Thomas DB, Ye Z, Ray RM. Cervical carcinoma in situ and use of depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Contraception 1995;51:25-31.
238. Thomson AJ, Telfer JF, Young A, Campbell S, Stewart CJ, Cameron IT, Greer IA, Norman JE. Leukocytes infiltrate the myometrium during human parturition: further evidence that labour is an inflammatory process. Hum Reprod 1999; 14:229-7.
239. Tiltman AJ. The effect of progestins on themitotic activity of uterine fibromyomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1985;4:89-96.
240. Trovik J, Wik E, Werner HM, Krakstad C, Helland H, Vandenput I, Njolstad TS, Stefansson IM, Marcickiewicz J, Tingulstad S et al. Hormone receptor loss in endometrial carcinoma curettage predicts lymph node metastasis and poor outcome in prospective multicentre trial. Eur J Cancer 2013;49:3431-3441.
241. Tsai M-J, Clark JH, Schrader WT, O'Malley BW. Mechanisms of action of hormones that act as transcription-regulatory factors. In: Wilson J, Foster D, Kronenberg H, Larsen P (eds). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1998, 55-94.
242. Tung L, Mohamed MK, Hoeffler JP, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB. Antagonist-occupied human progesterone B-receptors activate transcription without binding to progesterone response elements and are dominantly inhibited by A-receptors. Mol Endocrinol 1993;7:1256-1265.
243. Uchida H, Maruyama T, Nagashima T, Asada H, Yoshimura Y. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce differentiation of human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells through up-regulation of glycodelin. Endocrinology 2005;146:5365-5373.
244. Uchida H, Maruyama T, Ono M, Ohta K, Kajitani T, Masuda H, Nagashima T, Arase T, Asada H, Yoshimura Y. Histone deacetylase inhibitors stimulate cell migration in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells through up-regulation of glycodelin. Endocrinology 2007;148:896-902.
245. Utsunomiya H, Suzuki T, Kaneko C, Takeyama J, Nakamura J, Kimura K, Yoshihama M, Harada N, Ito K, Konno R et al. The analyses of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes in human endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3436-3443.
246. Vallejo G, La Greca AD, Tarifa-Reischle IC, Mestre-Citrinovitz AC, Ballare C, Beato M, Saragueta P. CDC2 mediates progestin initiated endometrial stromal cell proliferation: a PR signaling to gene expression independently of its binding to chromatin. PLoS One 2014;9:e97311.
247. Van Ranst M, Tachezy R, Burk RD. Human papillomaviruses: a neverending story? In: Lacey C (ed). Papillomavirus Reviews: Current Research on Papillomaviruses. Leeds: Leeds University Press, 1996, 1-19.
248. Van Voorhis BJ, Anderson DJ, Hill JA. The effects of RU 486 on immune function and steroid-induced immunosuppression in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 69:1195-7.
249. Viville B, Charnock-Jones DS, Sharkey AM, Wetzka B, Smith SK. Distribution of the A and B forms of the progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in uterine leiomyomata and adjacent myometrium. Hum Reprod 1997; 12:815-7.
250. Wang J, Ohara N, Wang Z, ChenW, MorikawaA, Sasaki H, DeManno DA, Chwalisz K, Maruo T. A novel selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil (J867) down-regulates the expression of EGF, IGF-I, TGFbeta3 and their receptors in cultured uterine leiomyoma cells. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1869-1877.
251. Ward EC, Hoekstra AV, Blok LJ, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Lurain JR, Singh DK, Buttin BM, Schink JC, Kim JJ. The regulation and function of the forkhead transcription factor, Forkhead box O1, is dependent on the progesterone receptor in endometrial carcinoma. Endocrinology 2008;149:1942-1950.
252. Webster K, Taylor A, Gaston K. Oestrogen and progesterone increase the levels of apoptosis induced by the human papillomavirus type 16 E2 and E7 proteins. J Gen Virol 2001;82:201-213.
253. Welter BH, Hansen EL, Saner KJ, Wei Y, Price TM. Membrane-bound progesterone receptor expression in human aortic endothelial cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:1049-7.
254. Wen DX, Xu YF, Mais DE, Goldman ME, McDonnell DP. The A and B isoforms of the human progesterone receptor operate through distinct signaling pathways within target cells. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:8356-8364.
255. Wheeler DT, BristowRE, Kurman RJ. Histologic alterations in endometrial hyperplasia and well-differentiated carcinoma treated with progestins. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:988-7.
256. Whitney CW, Brunetto VL, Zaino RJ, Lentz SS, Sorosky J, Armstrong DK, Lee RB; Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Phase II study of medroxyprogesterone acetate plus tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:4-9.
257. Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N. Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD005216.
258. Wilkens J, Chwalisz K, Han C, Walker J, Cameron IT, Ingamells S, Lawrence AC, Lumsden MA, Hapangama D, Williams AR et al. Effects of the selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil on uterine artery blood flow, ovarian activity, and clinical symptoms in patients with uterine leiomyomata scheduled for hysterectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4664-4671.
259. Williams AJ, Powell WL, Collins T, Morton CC. HMGI(Y) expression in human uterine leiomyomata. Involvement of another high-mobility group architectural factor in a benign neoplasm. Am J Pathol 1997;150:911-918.
260. Williams AR, Critchley HO, Osei J, Ingamells S, Cameron IT, Han C, Chwalisz K. The effects of the selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil on the morphology of uterine tissues after 3 months treatment in patients with symptomatic uterine leiomyomata. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1696-1704.
261. Wu Y, Strawn E, Basir Z, Halverson G, Guo SW. Promoter hypermethylation of progesterone receptor isoform B (PR-B) in endometriosis. Epigenetics 2006; 1:106-7.
262. XuJ, Li Q. Reviewof the in vivo functions of the p160 steroid receptor coactivator family. Mol Endocrinol 2003;17:1681-1692.
263. Xu Q, Ohara N, ChenW, Liu J, Sasaki H, Morikawa A, Sitruk-Ware R, Johansson ED, Maruo T. Progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor, adrenomedullin and their receptors and modulates progesterone receptor content in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2408-2416.
264. Xu Q, Ohara N, Liu J, Amano M, Sitruk-Ware R, Yoshida S, Maruo T. Progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 induces extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:181-7.
265. YangCH, Lee JN, Hsu SC, Kuo CH, Tsai EM. Effect of hormone replacement therapyon uterine fibroids in postmenopausal women-a 3-year study. Maturitas 2002; 43:35-7.
266. Yang S, Xiao X, Jia Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Winters CJ, Devor EJ, Meng X, Thiel KW et al. Epigenetic modification restores functional PR expression in endometrial cancer cells. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:1874-1880.
267. Yie SM, Li LH, Li GM, Xiao R, Librach CL. Progesterone enhances HLA-G gene expression in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells and human cytotrophoblasts in vitro. Hum Reprod 2006a; 21:46-7.
268. Yie SM, Xiao R, Librach CL. Progesterone regulates HLA-G gene expression through a novel progesterone response element. Hum Reprod 2006b; 21:2538-7.
269. Yin P, Lin Z, Cheng YH, Marsh EE, Utsunomiya H, Ishikawa H, Xue Q, Reierstad S, Innes J, Thung S et al. Progesterone receptor regulates Bcl-2 gene expression through direct binding to its promoter region in uterine leiomyoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4459-4466.
270. Yin X, Pavone ME, Lu Z, Wei J, Kim JJ. Increased activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway compromises decidualization of stromal cells from endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E35-E43.
271. Yoo YA, Son J, Mehta FF, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Chung SH. Progesterone signaling inhibits cervical carcinogenesis in mice. Am J Pathol 2013;183:1679-1687.
272. Yoshida S, Ohara N, Xu Q, ChenW, Wang J, Nakabayashi K, Sasaki H, Morikawa A, Maruo T. Cell-type specific actions of progesterone receptor modulators in the regulation of uterine leiomyoma growth. Semin Reprod Med 2010; 28:260-7.
273. Younglai EV, Wu Y, Foster WG, Lobb DK, Price TM. Binding of progesterone to cell surfaces of human granulosa-lutein cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006;101:61-67.
274. Yuan F, Auborn K, James C. Altered growth and viral gene expression in human papillomavirus type 16-containing cancer cell lines treated with progesterone. Cancer Invest 1999;17:19-29.
275. Yudt MR, Berrodin TJ, Jelinsky SA, Hanna LA, Brown EL, Chippari S, Bhat RA, Winneker RC, Zhang Z. Selective and opposing actions of progesterone receptor isoforms in human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 247:116-7.
276. Zhang GY, Wu LY, Li B, Huang MN, Zhang R, Li XG. Retrospective analysis of prognostic variables and clinical outcomes in surgically staged intermediate risk endometrial carcinoma. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;169:309-316.
277. Zhu Y, Bond J, Thomas P. Identification, classification, and partial characterization of genes in humans and other vertebrates homologous to a fish membrane progestin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003a; 100:2237-7.
278. Zhu Y, Rice CD, Pang Y, Pace M, Thomas P. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a membrane progestin receptor and evidence it is an intermediary in meiotic maturation of fish oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003b; 100:2231-7.
279. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:342-350.