Maintenance logistics organization for offshore wind energy: Current progress and future perspectives

Renewable Energy

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 182-193

  Shafiee, Mahmood ^a  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cost of energy (COE); Maintenance logistics; Offshore wind energy; Operation and maintenance (O and M); Reliability; Supply chain management

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; ELECTRIC UTILITIES; INVENTORY CONTROL; MAINTENANCE; RELIABILITY; REPAIR; SCHEDULING; SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT; WIND POWER;

COST OF ENERGIES; DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY; LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT; MAINTENANCE PERFORMANCE; OFF-SHORE WIND ENERGY; OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE; OPERATIONAL DECISION MAKING; SPARE PARTS INVENTORIES;

OFFSHORE WIND FARMS;

DECISION MAKING; DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT; FUTURE PROSPECT; LOGISTICS; MAINTENANCE; OFFSHORE APPLICATION; PROFITABILITY; WIND FARM; WIND POWER;

EID: 84932199464     PISSN: 09601481     EISSN: 18790682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.045     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. European Wind Energy Association Wind in power, 2013 European statistics February 2014, Available from:. http://www.ewea.org/statistics/.
2. The Crown State. [accessed 10.12.14]. http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/.
3. Shafiee M. A fuzzy analytic network process model to mitigate the risks associated with offshore wind farms. Expert Syst Appl 2015, 42(4):2143-2152.
4. Perveen R., Kishor N., Mohanty S.R. Off-shore wind farm development: present status and challenges. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014, 29:780-792.
5. Ortegon K., Nies L.F., Sutherland J.W. Preparing for end of service life of wind turbines. JClean Prod 2013, 39:191-199.
6. U.S. Energy Information Administration Levelized cost of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2013, Available from:, [accessed 10.12.14]. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/electricity_generation.cfm.
7. Arvesen A., Birkeland C., Hertwich E.G. The importance of ships and spare parts in LCAs of offshore wind power. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47(6):2948-2956.
8. Shafiee M. An optimal group maintenance policy for multi-unit offshore wind turbines located in remote areas. 13th international conference on probabilistic methods applied to power systems, Durham, UK July 7-10 2014.
9. Wee H.-M., Yang W.-H., Chou C.-W., Padilan M.V. Renewable energy supply chains, performance, application barriers, and strategies for further development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16(8):5451-5465.
10. Cucchiella F., D'Adamo I. Issue on supply chain of renewable energy. Energy Convers Manage 2013, 76:774-780.
11. Associates B.V.G. UK offshore wind supply chain: capabilities and opportunities 2014, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, Available from:. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-offshore-wind-supply-chain-capabilities-and-opportunities.
12. Marmidis G., Lazarou S., Pyrgioti E. Optimal placement of wind turbines in a wind park using Monte Carlo simulation. Renew Energy 2008, 33(7):1455-1460.
13. Afanasyeva S., Saari J., Kukkonen S., Partanen J., Pyrhönen O. Optimization of wind farm design taking into account uncertainty in input parameters. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Association Annual Conference, February 4-7, Vienna, Austria 2013.
14. Pookpunt S., Ongsakul W. Optimal placement of wind turbines within wind farm using binary particle swarm optimization with time-varying acceleration coefficients. Renew Energy 2013, 55:266-276.
15. Samorani M. The wind farm layout optimization problem. Handbook of wind power systems 2013, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. P. Pardalos, S. Rebennack, M.V.F. Pereira, N.A. Iliadis, V. Pappu (Eds.).
16. Chen L., MacDonald E. Asystem-level cost-of-energy wind farm layout optimization with landowner modeling. Energy Convers Manage 2014, 77:484-494.
17. Lumbreras S., Ramos A. Offshore wind farm electrical design: a review. Wind Energy 2013, 16(3):459-473.
18. Serrano González J., Burgos Payán M., Santos J.M.R., González-Longatt F. Areview and recent developments in the optimal wind-turbine micro-siting problem. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014, 30:133-144.
19. De Regt D.N. Economic feasibility of offshore service locations for maintenance of offshore wind farms on the Dutch part of the North Sea 2012, MSc thesis, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft, The Netherlands.
20. Besnard F., Fischer K., Bertling L. Amodel for the optimization of the maintenance support organization for offshore wind farms. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2013, 4(2):443-450.
21. Alsyouf I., EI-Thalji I. Maintenance practices in wind power systems: a review and analysis. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition (EWEC), March 31-April 3, Brussels, Belgium 2008.
22. El-Thalji I., Liyanage J.P. Integrated asset management practices for offshore wind power industry: a critical review and a road map to the future. Proceedings of the 20th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), June 20-25, Beijing, China 2010.
23. Eren N., El-Thalji I., Liyanage J.P. Maintenance optimization practices within wind power systems: state-of-the-art. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM) 2011, 1103-1108. May 30-June 1, Stavanger, Norway.
24. El-Thalji I., Liyanage J.P. On the operation and maintenance practices of wind power asset: a status review and observations. JQual Maint Eng 2012, 18(3):232-266.
25. Williams R., Crabtree C., Hogg S. Offshore wind farm asset management: past experiences and future challenges. Proceedings of the ASME Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition 2013, vol. 8. article no. GT2013-94434, June 3-7, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. 10.1115/GT2013-94434.
26. Xie Y. Offshore wind turbines operation and maintenance in China: a case study of Donghai bridge offshore wind farm. Appl Mech Mater 2014, 448-453:1871-1874.
27. Van Bussel G.J.W., Schöntag Chr Operation and maintenance aspects of large offshore wind farms. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC) 1997, 272-279. October 6-9, Dublin, Ireland.
28. Van Bussel G.J.W., Henderson A.R., Morgan C.A., Smith B., Barthelmie R., Argyriadis K., et al. State of the art and technology trends for offshore wind energy: operation and maintenance issues. Proceedings of the offshore wind energy special topic conference 2001, 1-4. December 10-12, Brussels, Belgium.
29. Musial W., Butterfield S. Energy from offshore wind. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, May 1-4 2006, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Houston, Texas, U.S.
30. Orosa J.A., Oliveira A.C., Costa A.M. New procedure for wind farm maintenance. Ind Manage Data Syst 2010, 110(6):861-882.
31. Andrawus J.A. Maintenance optimization for wind turbines 2008, PhD thesis, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
32. Karyotakis A. On the optimization of operation and maintenance strategies for offshore wind farms 2011, PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
33. Besnard F. On maintenance optimization for offshore wind farms 2013, PhD thesis, Department of Energy and Environment Division of Electric Power Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
34. Flory J.A Optimal replacement strategies for wind energy systems 2013, PhD thesis. School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, U.S.
35. Rademakers L.W.M.M., Braam H., Zaaijer M.B., Van Bussel G.J.W. Assessment and optimisation of operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC), June 16-19, Madrid, Spain 2003.
36. Kooijman H.J.T., Noord M.de., Uyterlinde M.A., Wals A.F., Herman S.A., Beurskens H.J.M. Large scale offshore wind energy in the North Sea - a technology and policy perspective. Wind Eng J 2004, 28(2):143-156.
37. Andrawus J.A., Watson J., Kishk M., Adam A. The selection of suitable maintenance strategy for wind turbines. Wind Eng 2009, 30(6):471-486.
38. Utne I.B. Maintenance strategies for deep sea offshore wind turbines. JQual Maint Eng 2010, 16(4):367-381.
39. Hameed Z., Vatn J. Reliability of offshore wind turbines by grouping suitable inspection regimes. Proceedings of the EWEA Conference, March 14-17, Brussels, Belgium 2011.
40. Hameed Z., Vatn J. Role of condition monitoring in the realization of dynamic grouping and its optimization using genetic algorithm for offshore wind turbines. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM) 2011, 1016-1025. May 30-June 1, Stavanger, Norway.
41. Hameed Z., Vatn J. Role of grouping in the development of an overall maintenance optimization framework for offshore wind turbines. Proc IMechE Part O J Risk Reliab 2012, 226(6):584-601.
42. Hameed Z., Wang K. Development of optimal maintenance strategies for offshore wind turbine by using artificial neural network. Wind Eng 2012, 36(3):353-364.
43. Hameed Z., Vatn J. Development of the optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore wind turbine. Proceedings of the 40th ESReDA Seminar on Risk Analysis and Management Across Industries, May 25-26, Bordaux, France 2011.
44. Hameed Z., Vatn J. Development of an overall maintenance optimization framework for offshore wind turbine. Proceedings of the 11th International Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (PSAM) & The Annual European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL), June 25-29, Helsinki, Finland 2012.
45. Tian Z., Jin T., Wu B., Ding F. Condition based maintenance optimization for wind power generation systems under continuous monitoring. Renew Energy 2011, 36:1502-1509.
46. Ding F., Tian Z. Opportunistic maintenance optimization for wind turbine systems considering imperfect maintenance actions. Int J Reliab Qual Saf Eng 2011, 18(5):463-482.
47. Ding F., Tian Z. Opportunistic maintenance for wind farms considering multi-level imperfect maintenance thresholds. Renew Energy 2012, 45:175-182.
48. Ramírez J.G.R., Sørensen J.D. Risk-based inspection planning optimisation of offshore wind turbines. Int J Struct Infrastruct Eng 2012, 8(5):473-481.
49. Griffith D.T., Yoder N., Resor B., White J., Paquette J., Ogilvie A., et al. Prognostic control to enhance offshore wind turbine operations and maintenance strategies. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition (EWEC) 2012, vol. 1:479-491. April 16-19, Copenhagen, Denmark.
50. Shafiee M., Patriksson M., Strömberg A.-B. An optimal number-dependent preventive maintenance strategy for offshore wind turbine blades considering logistics. Adv Oper Res 2013, ID 205847, p. 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/205847.
51. Shafiee M., Patriksson M., Strömberg A.-B., Bertling L. Aredundancy optimization model applied to offshore wind turbine power converters. Proceedings of the IEEE PowerTech Conference, June 16-20, Grenoble, France 2013, 10.1109/PTC.2013.6652427.
52. Sinha Y., Steel J.A., Andrawus J.A., Gibson K. ASMART software package for maintenance optimisation of offshore wind turbines. Wind Eng 2013, 37(6):569-577.
53. Shafiee M., Finkelstein M. An optimal age-based group maintenance policy for multi-unit degrading systems with application. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 2015, 134:230-238.
54. Jin T., Tian Y., Zhang C.W., Coit D.W. Multicriteria planning for distributed wind generation under strategic maintenance. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2013, 28(1):357-367.
55. Shafiee M., Chukova S. Maintenance models in warranty: a literature review. Eur J Oper Res 2013, 229(3):561-572.
56. Andrawus J.A., Watson J., Kishk M. Wind turbine maintenance optimisation: principles of quantitative maintenance optimisation. Wind Eng 2007, 31(2):101-110.
57. Poore R., Walford C. Development of an operations and maintenance cost model to identify cost of energy savings for low wind speed turbines 2008, Technical Report NREL/SR-500-40581, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
58. Jin T., Ding Y., Guo H., Nalajala N. Managing wind turbine reliability and maintenance via performance-based contract. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, July 22-26, San Diego, California, USA 2012.
59. Sánchez A.I., Martorell S., Villamizar M., Martón I., Carlos S. Multiobjective optimization of preventive maintenance applied to onshore wind turbines. Proceedings of the European Safety, Reliability and Risk Management (ESREL) 2013, 775-781. 30 September-2 October, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
60. Shafiee M., Dinmohammadi F. An FMEA-based risk assessment approach for wind turbine systems: a comparative study of onshore and offshore. Energies 2014, 7(2):619-642.
61. Van Horenbeek A., Buré J., Cattrysse D., Pintelon L., Vansteenwegen P. Joint maintenance and inventory optimization systems: a review. Int J Prod Econ 2013, 143:499-508.
62. Nnadili C.D. Floating offshore wind farms: demand planning & logistical challenges of electricity generation 2009, MS thesis, Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
63. Lindqvist M., Lundin J. Spare part logistics and optimization for wind turbines: methods for cost-effective supply and storage 2010, MS thesis, Department of Information Technology, Division of Systems and Control, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
64. Gallo G., Ponta L., Cincotti S. Profit-based O&M strategies for wind power plants. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), article no. 6254699, May 10-12, Florence, Italy 2012.
65. Jin T., Tian Z., Huerta M., Piechota J. Coordinating maintenance with spares logistics to minimize levelized cost of wind energy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (ICQR2MSE) 2012, 1022-1027. June 15-18, Chengdu, China.
66. Lütjen M., Karimi H.R. Approach of a port inventory control system for the offshore installation of wind turbines. Proceedings of the 22nd International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE) 2012, 502-508. June 17-22, Rhodes, Greece.
67. Tracht K., Westerholt J., Schuh P. Spare parts planning for offshore wind turbines subject to restrictive maintenance conditions. Procedia CIRP 2013, 7:563-568.
68. Rauer R., Münsterberg T., Jahn C. Quantity and type forecasting tool for offshore wind power plant spare parts. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering (MARINE) 2013, 652-659. May 29-31, Hamburg, Germany.
69. Dewan A. Logistic & service optimization for O&M of offshore wind farms: model development & output analysis 2013, Master thesis, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
70. Tavner P. Maintenance for offshore wind turbines. Renewable energy series 2012, vol. 13:141-168. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, UK.
71. Van Bussel G.J.W., Bierbooms W.A.A.M. The DOWEC offshore reference windfarm: analysis of transportation for operation and maintenance. Wind Eng 2003, 27(5):381-392.
72. Van Bussel G.J.W., Bierbooms W.A.A.M. Analysis of different means of transport in the operation and maintenance strategy for the reference DOWEC offshore wind farm 2003, Technical report, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
73. How A. Design of a maintenance vessel for offshore wind farms to operate in the greater wash 2007, Master thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.
74. Massachusetts Clean Energy Center Port and infrastructure analysis for offshore wind energy development 2010, Available from:, [accessed 26.08.14]. http://www.masscec.com/content/port-and-infrastructure-analysis-offshore-wind-energy-development.
75. Dickinson S., Cook J., Welstead J., Thompson G., Yuille A. Maximising employment and skills in the offshore wind supply chain. Main report and supply chain case studies 2011, vols. 1&2. UK Commission for Employment and Skills, Available online:. http://www.ukces.org.uk/publications/er34-maximising-employment-skills-offshore-wind.
76. Hill D. Helping to make maintenance safer, more efficient and more comfortable. Marit Holl 2014, 63(2):64-66.
77. Van de Pieterman R.P., Braam H., Obdam T.S., Rademakers L.W.M.M., Van der Zee T.J.J. Optimisation of maintenance strategies for offshore wind farms: a case study performed with the OMCE-calculator. Proceedings of the EWEA Offshore Conference, November 29-December 1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2011.
78. Gundegjerde C., Halvorsen I.B. Vessel fleet size and mix for maintenance of offshore wind farms: a stochastic approach 2012, MSc thesis, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
79. Halvorsen-Weare E.E., Gundegjerde C., Halvorsen I.B., Hvattum L.M., Nonås L.M. Vessel fleet analysis for maintenance operations at offshore wind farms. Energy Procedia 2013, 35:167-176.
80. Lange K., Rinne A., Haasis H.-D. Planning maritime logistics concepts for offshore wind farms: a newly developed decision support system. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Logistics (ICCL) 2012, vol. 7555:142-158. September 24-26, Shanghai, China.
81. Wallnerström C.J., Hilber P. Vulnerability analysis of power distribution systems for cost-effective resource allocation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2012, 27(1):224-232.
82. Dalgic Y., Lazakis I., Turan O. Vessel charter rate estimation for offshore wind O&M activities. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the International Maritime Association of the Mediterranean (IMAM) 2013, vol. 2:899-907. October 14-17, A Coruña, Spain.
83. Damiani R., Song H. Ajacket sizing tool for offshore wind turbines within the systems engineering initiative. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference 2013, vol. 3:2304-2330. May 6-9, Houston, Texas, U.S.
84. Lange K., Haasis H.-D., Schuett H. Analysis of logistics concepts for a cost-efficient installation of offshore wind farms. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of the International Maritime Association of the Mediterranean (IMAM) 2013, vol. 2:927-932. October 14-17, A Coruña, Spain.
85. Maples B., Saur G., Hand M., van de Pietermen R., Obdam T. Installation, operation, and maintenance strategies to reduce the cost of offshore wind energy 2013, Technical Report: NREL/TP-5000-57403, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
86. Dinwoodie I.A., McMillan D. Operational strategies for offshore wind turbines to mitigate failure rate uncertainty on operational costs and revenue. IET Renew Power Gener 2014, 8(4):359-366.
87. McMillan D., José Antonio Domíngu J.A., Dinwoodie I. Statistical forecasting for offshore wind helicopter operations. 13th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, July 7-10, Durham, UK 2014.
88. Zhang P., Dai L., Liu Y. Modelling operation of service vessels in offshore wind farms using stochastic activity networks. Ship Technol Res 2014, 61(1):48-58.
89. Kregting A. Workboats, a thriving and dynamic industry. Marit Holl 2014, 63(3):62-64.
90. Dinwoodie I., McMillan D. Heavy lift vessel strategy analysis for offshore wind. Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Association Annual Conference, February 4-7, Vienna, Austria 2013.
91. Kovács A., Erdos G., Viharos Z.J., Monostori L. Asystem for the detailed scheduling of wind farm maintenance. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 2011, 60(1):497-501.
92. Pérez E., Ntaimo L., Byon E., Ding Y. Astochastic DEVS wind turbine component model for wind farm simulation. Proceeding of the Spring Simulation Multiconference (SpringSim), April 11-15, Orlanda, Florida, USA 2010.
93. Amayri A. Condition based maintenance of wind turbine systems considering different turbine types and lead times 2011, Master thesis, Concordia Institute for Information System Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
94. Amayri A., Tian Z., Jin T. Condition based maintenance of wind turbine systems considering different turbine types. Proceedings of the International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (ICQR2MSE) 2011, 596-600. June 17-19, Xi'an, China.
95. Besnard F., Patriksson M., Strömberg A.-B., Wojciechowski A., Fischer K., Bertling L. Astochastic model for opportunistic service maintenance planning of offshore wind farms. Proceedings of the IEEE Powertech Conference, June 19-23, Trondheim, Norway 2011.
96. Byon E., Pérez E., Ding Y., Ntaimo L. Simulation of wind farm operations and maintenance using discrete event system specification. Simulation 2011, 87(12):1093-1117.
97. Parikh N.D. Optimizing maintenance cost of wind farms by scheduling preventive maintenance and replacement of critical components using mathematical approach 2012, Master thesis, Texas A&M University, U.S.
98. Van Horenbeek A., Van Ostaeyen J., Duflou J., Pintelon L. Prognostic maintenance scheduling for offshore wind turbine farms. Proceedings of the 4th Production & Operations Management World Conference, July 1-5, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2012.
99. Wang K., Zhang B., Wu X., Zhai J., Shao W., Duan Y. Multi-time scales coordination scheduling of wind power integrated system. Proceedings of the IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT)-Asia, article no. 6303174, May 21-24, Tianjin, China 2012.
100. Wu Y., Bing H., Lou S. Aunit maintenance scheduling model considering peak regulation pressure balance for power system containing wind farms. Power Syst Technol 2012, 36(11):94-100.
101. Zhang J., Chowdhury S., Zhang J. Optimal preventive maintenance time windows for offshore wind farms subject to wake losses. Proceedings of the 14th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, September 17-19, Indianapolis, Indiana 2012.
102. Zhang H., Yin Y., Shen H., He J., Zhao S. Generator maintenance scheduling of large-scale wind power integration considering peak shaving. Autom Electr Power Syst 2012, 36(16):25-30.
103. Benmessaoud T., Mohammedi K., Smaili Y. Influence of maintenance on the performance of a wind farm. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 2013, 89(03a):174-178.
104. Dos Santos F.P., Teixeira Â.P., Soares C.G. Maintenance planning of an offshore wind turbine using stochastic petri nets with predicates. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE) 2013, vol. 2B. article no. V02BT02A059.
105. Ge X., Zhang L., Shu J. Along-term optimal scheduling method for wind-hydro-thermal power systems. Proc Chin Soc Electr Eng 2013, 33(34):136-144.
106. Pan K., You D.H., Wang K. Long-term multi-objective optimization dispatch and its evaluation in wind integrated power systems. Adv Mater Res 2013, 732-733:1033-1037.
107. Pattison D., Xie W., Quail F. The WINDY domain- a challenging real-world application of integrated planning and scheduling. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS) 2013, 462-466. June 10-14, Rome, Italy.
108. Perez-Canton S., Rubio-Romero J.C. Amodel for the preventive maintenance scheduling of power plants including wind farms. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 2013, 119:67-75.
109. Pérez E., Ntaimo L., Ding Y. Simulation of wind farm operations and maintenance. Proceedings of the ASME Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition 2013, vol. 8. article no. GT2013-94300, June 3-7, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
110. Dai L., Ehlers S., Rausand M., Utne I.B. Risk of collision between service vessels and offshore wind turbines. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 2013, 109:18-31.
111. Ait-Alla A., Qandt M., Lütjen M. Simulation-based aggregate installation planning of offshore wind farms. Int J Energy 2013, 7(2):23-30.
112. Krokoszinski H.J. Efficiency and effectiveness of wind farms keys to cost optimized operation and maintenance. Renew Energy 2003, 28(14):2165-2178.
113. El-Thalji I., Jantunen E. Evaluation of measurements in a wind farm: an approach to assess life cycle system effectiveness. Proceedings of the Maintenance, Performance, Measurement & Management Conference (MPMM), September 12-13, Sunderland, UK 2012.
114. Feng Y.H., Jiang Y., Qiu Y.N., Su D.W., Li H.F., Huang Z., et al. Performance analysis of coastal wind farms in Jiangsu, China. Appl Mech Mater 2014, 448-453:1858-1864.
115. Hameed Z., Vatn J., Heggset J. Challenges in the reliability and maintainability data collection for offshore wind turbines. Renew Energy 2011, 36(8):2154-2165.
116. Coolen F.P.A., Spinato F., Venkat D. On modelling of grouped reliability data for wind turbines. IMA J Manage Math 2008, 21(4):363-372.
117. Guo H., Watson S., Tavner P., Xiang J. Reliability analysis for wind turbines with incomplete failure data collected from after the date of initial installation. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 2009, 94(6):1057-1063.
118. Sainz E., Llombart A., Guerrero J.J. Robust filtering for the characterization of wind turbines: improving its operation and maintenance. Energy Convers Manage 2009, 50(9):2136-2147.
119. Nguyen T.H., Prinz A., Friisø T., Nossum R., Tyapin I. Aframework for data integration of offshore wind farms. Renew Energy 2013, 60:150-161.
120. Bharadwaj U.R. Risk based life management of offshore structures and equipment 2010, PhD thesis, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
121. Haddad G., Sandborn P., Pecht M. Areal options optimization model to meet availability requirements for offshore wind turbines. Proceedings of the Applied Systems Health Management Conference, May 10-12, Virginia, U.S. 2011.
122. Hofmann M. Areview of decision support models for offshore wind farms with an emphasis on operation and maintenance strategies. Wind Eng 2011, 35(1):1-16.
123. Brennan F. Risk based maintenance for offshore wind structures. Procedia CIRP 2013, 11:296-300.
124. Santos F.P., Teixeira A.P., Guedes Soares C. Influence of logistic strategies on the availability and maintenance costs of an offshore wind turbine. Proceedings of the European Safety, Reliability and Risk Management (ESREL) 2013, 791-799. 30 September-2 October, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
125. Byon E., Ntaimo L., Ding Y. Optimal maintenance strategies for wind turbine systems under stochastic weather conditions. IEEE Trans Reliab 2010, 59(2):393-404.
126. Byon E., Ding Y. Season-dependent condition-based maintenance for a wind turbine using a partially observed Markov decision process. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2010, 25(4):1823-1834.
127. Douard F., Domecq C., Lair W. Aprobabilistic approach to introduce risk measurement indicators to an offshore wind project evaluation- improvement to an existing tool. Proceedings of the 11th International Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM) and the Annual European Safety and Reliability (ESREL) Conference 2012, vol. 1:358-364. June 25-29, Helsinki, Finland.
128. Scheu M., Matha D., Hofmann M., Muskulus M. Maintenance strategies for large offshore wind farms. Energy Procedia 2012, 24:281-288.
129. Byon E. Wind turbine operations and maintenance: a tractable approximation of dynamic decision making. IIE Trans 2013, 45(11):1188-1201.
130. Costa Á.M., Roshan G., Orosa J.A., Rodríguez-Fernández Á. Case study of weather maintenance in wind power generation. Arab J Sci Eng 2014, 39(7):5615-5624.
131. Dinwoodie I., McMillan D., Revie M., Dalgic Y., Lazakisd I. Development of a combined operational and strategic decision support model for offshore wind. Energy Procedia 2013, 35:157-166.
132. Dinwoodie I., Catterson V.M., McMillan D. Wave height forecasting to improve off-shore access and maintenance scheduling. Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, July 21-25, Vancouver, BC, Canada 2013.
133. Dowell J., Zitrou A., Walls L., Bedford T., Infield D. Analysis of wind and wave data to assess maintenance access to offshore wind farms. Proceedings of the European Safety, Reliability and Risk Management (ESREL) 2013, 743-750. 30 September-2 October, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
134. Feuchtwang J., Infield D. Offshore wind turbine maintenance access: a closed-form probabilistic method for calculating delays caused by sea-state. Wind Energy 2013, 16(7):1049-1066.
135. Huang L., Fu Y., Hu R., Liu L. Availability evaluation of offshore wind turbine considering operation and maintenance. Autom Electr Power Syst 2013, 37(16):13-17.
136. Wilson G., McMillan D. Modeling the relationship between wind turbine failure modes and the environment. Proceedings of the European Safety, Reliability and Risk Management (ESREL) 2013, 801-809. 30 September-2 October, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
137. Wilson G., McMillan D. Assessing wind farm reliability using weather dependent failure rates. JPhys Conf Ser 2014, 524(1). Article number 012181.
138. Arvesen A., Hertwich E.G. Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power: a review of present knowledge and research needs. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16(8):5994-6006.
139. Arvesen A., Nes R.N., Huertas-Hernando D., Hertwich E.G. Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea. Int J Life Cycle Assess 2014, 19:826-837.
140. Dong J.H., Zhu W.G., Gao C.K. Life cycle assessment on environmental impact of wind power turbines. Appl Mech Mater 2014, 448-453:1897-1903.
141. Raadal H.L., Vold B.I., Myhr A., Nygaard T.A. GHG emissions and energy performance of offshore wind power. Renew Energy 2014, 66:314-324.