메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2948-2956

The importance of ships and spare parts in LCAs of offshore wind power

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY; MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY; OFF-SHORE WIND POWER; OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS; OFFSHORE OPERATIONS; PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE;

EID: 84875315764     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es304509r     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (65)
  • 2
    • 84875336835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renewable energy projections as published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European member states; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands and the European Environment Agency: (accessed 10 January 2012).
    • Beurskens, L. W. M., Hekkenberg, M., and Vethman, P. Renewable energy projections as published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European member states; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands and the European Environment Agency: 2011. http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2010/ e10069.pdf (accessed 10 January 2012).
    • (2011)
    • Beurskens, L.W.M.1    Hekkenberg, M.2    Vethman, P.3
  • 3
    • 84867281919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy technology perspectives 2010. International Energy Agency: Paris.
    • Energy technology perspectives 2010. Scenarios & Strategies to 2050; International Energy Agency: Paris, 2010.
    • (2010) Scenarios & Strategies to 2050
  • 4
    • 83655170426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Energy Agency: Paris.
    • World Energy Outlook: 2011; International Energy Agency: Paris, 2011.
    • (2011) World Energy Outlook: 2011
  • 5
    • 84875361743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vestas. Life cycle assessment of offshore and onshore sited wind power plants based on Vestas V90-3.0 MW turbines; 2006. (accessed 2 September).
    • Vestas. Life cycle assessment of offshore and onshore sited wind power plants based on Vestas V90-3.0 MW turbines; 2006. http://www.vestas.com (accessed 2 September 2008).
    • (2008)
  • 6
    • 84875343243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories (Ecoinvent): Dübendorf, CH.
    • Burger, B. and Bauer, C. Windkraft, Data v2.0 (2007) [Wind power, Data v2.0 (2007)]; Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories (Ecoinvent): Dübendorf, CH, 2007.
    • (2007) Windkraft, Data v2.0 (2007) [Wind Power, Data v2.0 (2007)]
    • Burger, B.1    Bauer, C.2
  • 7
    • 54149111707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle assessment of a floating offshore wind turbine
    • Weinzettel, J.; Reenaas, M.; Solli, C.; Hertwich, E. G. Life cycle assessment of a floating offshore wind turbine Renew. Energy 2009, 34 (3) 742-747
    • (2009) Renew. Energy , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 742-747
    • Weinzettel, J.1    Reenaas, M.2    Solli, C.3    Hertwich, E.G.4
  • 8
    • 79955650301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle assessment of the offshore wind farm alpha ventus
    • Wagner, H.-J.; Baack, C.; Eickelkamp, T.; Epe, A.; Lohmann, J.; Troy, S. Life cycle assessment of the offshore wind farm alpha ventus Energy 2011, 36 (5) 2459-2464
    • (2011) Energy , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 2459-2464
    • Wagner, H.-J.1    Baack, C.2    Eickelkamp, T.3    Epe, A.4    Lohmann, J.5    Troy, S.6
  • 9
    • 79959912673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of Hybrid Life Cycle Approaches to Emerging Energy Technologies - The Case of Wind Power in the UK
    • Wiedmann, T. O.; Suh, S.; Feng, K.; Lenzen, M.; Acquaye, A.; Scott, K.; Barrett, J. R. Application of Hybrid Life Cycle Approaches to Emerging Energy Technologies-The Case of Wind Power in the UK Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (13) 5900-5907
    • (2011) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.45 , Issue.13 , pp. 5900-5907
    • Wiedmann, T.O.1    Suh, S.2    Feng, K.3    Lenzen, M.4    Acquaye, A.5    Scott, K.6    Barrett, J.R.7
  • 10
    • 84906283745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental implications of large-scale adoption of wind power: A scenario-based life cycle assessment
    • Arvesen, A.; Hertwich, E. G. Environmental implications of large-scale adoption of wind power: A scenario-based life cycle assessment Environ. Res. Lett. 2011, 6 (4) 045102
    • (2011) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 045102
    • Arvesen, A.1    Hertwich, E.G.2
  • 11
    • 40849099790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequential environmental system analysis of expected offshore wind electricity production in Germany
    • Pehnt, M.; Oeser, M.; Swider, D. J. Consequential environmental system analysis of expected offshore wind electricity production in Germany Energy 2008, 33 (5) 747-759
    • (2008) Energy , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 747-759
    • Pehnt, M.1    Oeser, M.2    Swider, D.J.3
  • 12
    • 84856532773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 emissions from wind power plants: Methodology and case studies
    • 2 emissions from wind power plants: Methodology and case studies Renewable Energy 2012, 43, 30-36
    • (2012) Renewable Energy , vol.43 , pp. 30-36
    • Wang, Y.1    Sun, T.2
  • 13
    • 84864794390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power: A review of present knowledge and research needs
    • Arvesen, A.; Hertwich, E. G. Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power: A review of present knowledge and research needs Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2012, 16 (8) 5994-6006
    • (2012) Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 5994-6006
    • Arvesen, A.1    Hertwich, E.G.2
  • 14
    • 64249151817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economics of wind energy
    • Blanco, M. I. The economics of wind energy Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2009, 13 (6-7) 1372-1382
    • (2009) Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. , vol.13 , Issue.67 , pp. 1372-1382
    • Blanco, M.I.1
  • 15
    • 84875291922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Wind Energy Association. The eonomics of wind energy;2009. (accessed 5 September).
    • European Wind Energy Association. The eonomics of wind energy;2009. http://www.ewea.org (accessed 5 September 2011).
    • (2011)
  • 16
    • 27144495513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years
    • Eyring, V.; Köhler, H. W.; van Aardenne, J.; Lauer, A. Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110 (D17) D17305
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110 , Issue.D17 , pp. 17305
    • Eyring, V.1    Köhler, H.W.2    Van Aardenne, J.3    Lauer, A.4
  • 17
    • 84875316776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second IMO GHGstudy 2009; 2009. (accessed 4 February).
    • International Maritime Organization (IMO). Second IMO GHGstudy 2009; 2009. http://www.imo.org (accessed 4 February 2012).
    • (2012)
  • 18
    • 79955057260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind turbine downtime and its importance for offshore deployment
    • Faulstich, S.; Hahn, B.; Tavner, P. J. Wind turbine downtime and its importance for offshore deployment Wind Energy 2011, 14 (3) 327-337
    • (2011) Wind Energy , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-337
    • Faulstich, S.1    Hahn, B.2    Tavner, P.J.3
  • 20
    • 82355163550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of process- and input-output-based life cycle inventory data with regard to truncation and aggregation issues
    • Majeau-Bettez, G.; Strømman, A. H.; Hertwich, E. G. Evaluation of process- and input-output-based life cycle inventory data with regard to truncation and aggregation issues Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (23) 10170-10177
    • (2011) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.45 , Issue.23 , pp. 10170-10177
    • Majeau-Bettez, G.1    Strømman, A.H.2    Hertwich, E.G.3
  • 21
    • 0034931578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories
    • Lenzen, M. Errors in conventional and input-output-based life-cycle inventories J. Ind. Ecol. 2000, 4 (4) 127-148
    • (2000) J. Ind. Ecol. , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 127-148
    • Lenzen, M.1
  • 22
    • 68749107142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind turbines and the effect of size on energy yield
    • Crawford, R. H. Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind turbines and the effect of size on energy yield Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2009, 13 (9) 2653-2660
    • (2009) Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 2653-2660
    • Crawford, R.H.1
  • 24
    • 84876751745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DOWEC 10080 rev 2, Technical report for the DOWEC project. ECN project number 7.41218.11.10; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN).
    • Rademakers, L. W. M. M.; Braam, H. O&M Aspects of the 500 MW Offshore Wind Farm at NL7. Baseline configuration, DOWEC 10080 rev 2, Technical report for the DOWEC project. ECN project number 7.41218.11.10; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), 2002.
    • (2002) O&M Aspects of the 500 MW Offshore Wind Farm at NL7. Baseline Configuration
    • Rademakers, L.W.M.M.1    Braam, H.2
  • 26
    • 84875316485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed 6 February
    • Vestavind Offshore Website. http://vestavindoffshore.no/havsul/ (accessed 6 February 2012).
    • (2012)
  • 27
    • 84875353721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE). Anleggskonsesjon. Meddelt:Havsul I AS [Licence application. Approval: Havsul I]; Document numberNVE 200704080-37: (.
    • Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE). Anleggskonsesjon. Meddelt:Havsul I AS [Licence application. Approval: Havsul I]; Document numberNVE 200704080-37: (2008.
    • (2008)
  • 28
    • 84896143542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ReCiPe - Implementation. Assignment of Characterisation Factors to the Swiss LCI database ecoinvent (version v.2.2). Midpoint method, hierarchist version
    • Hegger, S.; Hischier, R. ReCiPe-Implementation. Assignment of Characterisation Factors to the Swiss LCI database ecoinvent (version v.2.2). Midpoint method, hierarchist version. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, 2010
    • (2010) Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories
    • Hegger, S.1    Hischier, R.2
  • 30
    • 84875300541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EXIOPOL. A new environmental accounting frameworkusingexternality data and input-output tools for policy analysis. (accessed 5 January, 2012).
    • EXIOPOL. A new environmental accounting frameworkusingexternality data and input-output tools for policy analysis. http://www.feem-project.net/exiopol/ (accessed 5 January, 2012).
  • 31
    • 46149127537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying Leontief's price model to estimate missing elements in hybrid life cycle inventories
    • Strømman, A. H.; Solli, C. Applying Leontief's price model to estimate missing elements in hybrid life cycle inventories J. Ind. Ecol. 2008, 12 (1) 26-33
    • (2008) J. Ind. Ecol. , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 26-33
    • Strømman, A.H.1    Solli, C.2
  • 32
    • 84875301092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offshore Design Engineering (ODE). Study of the costs of offshore wind generation. Areport to the Renewables Advisory Board & DTI; URN Number 07/779, (.
    • Offshore Design Engineering (ODE). Study of the costs of offshore wind generation. Areport to the Renewables Advisory Board & DTI; URN Number 07/779, (2007.
    • (2007)
  • 34
    • 84875327395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vestas. Sustainability report 2010; 2011. (accessed 9 July).
    • Vestas. Sustainability report 2010; 2011. http://www.vestas.com (accessed 9 July 2011).
    • (2011)
  • 35
    • 84875353217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vici Ventus Technology (): Personal communication with Landbø T.
    • Vici Ventus Technology (http://viciventus.no/): 2010; Personal communication with Landbø, T.
    • (2010)
  • 36
    • 84875290136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABB. XLPE submarine cable systems. Attachment to XLPE land cable systems. User's guide. (accessed 26 April).
    • ABB. XLPE submarine cable systems. Attachment to XLPE land cable systems. User's guide. http://www.abb.com (accessed 26 April 2011).
    • (2011)
  • 37
    • 84875309194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nexans. 60-500 kV High voltage underground cables. XLPE insulated cables. (accessed 26 April).
    • Nexans. 60-500 kV High voltage underground cables. XLPE insulated cables. http://www.nexans.com (accessed 26 April 2011).
    • (2011)
  • 38
    • 84855288809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle assessment of electricity transmission and distribution - Part 1: Power lines and cables
    • Jorge, R.; Hawkins, T.; Hertwich, E. Life cycle assessment of electricity transmission and distribution-Part 1: Power lines and cables Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2012, 17 (1) 9-15
    • (2012) Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-15
    • Jorge, R.1    Hawkins, T.2    Hertwich, E.3
  • 39
    • 84875293345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABB. Miljörapport för aÌŠr: 2007 [Environmental report 2007]; ABB High voltage cables, Sweden: 2008.
    • ABB. Miljörapport för aÌŠr: 2007 [Environmental report 2007]; ABB High voltage cables, Sweden: 2008.
  • 40
    • 84875331256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABB. Environmental product declaration. Power transformer 250 MVA. Registration nr. S-P-00054: (accessed 12 November 2010).
    • ABB. Environmental product declaration. Power transformer 250 MVA. Registration nr. S-P-00054: 2003. http://www.abb.com (accessed 12 November 2010).
    • (2003)
  • 42
    • 84875348044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilfinger Berger Ingenieurbau. Project information. Offshore windfarm Alpha Ventus. Transformer station. (accessed 12 January).
    • Bilfinger Berger Ingenieurbau. Project information. Offshore windfarm Alpha Ventus. Transformer station. http://www.fz-bau.de (accessed 12 January 2012).
    • (2012)
  • 43
    • 84875317680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ramboll. Anholt offshore wind farm. Background memo. Air emissions; Rambøll Olie & Gas, on behalf of Energinet.dk (Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy): (accessed 1 December 2011).
    • Ramboll. Anholt offshore wind farm. Background memo. Air emissions; Rambøll Olie & Gas, on behalf of Energinet.dk (Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy): 2009. http://www.ens.dk/da-DK/UndergrundOgForsyning/ VedvarendeEnergi/Vindkraft/Havvindmoeller/Aktuelle-havmoelleprojekter/ Udbudaf400MWmellemDjurslandogAnholt/VVM-Anholt/Documents/0550-02-2-3-001-03- Air%20Emissions.pdf (accessed 1 December 2011).
    • (2009)
  • 44
    • 0004080539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Office of Transportation and Air Quality, (accessed 15 February 2012).
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessels Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data; EPA; Office of Transportation and Air Quality, 2000; http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/nonrdmdl/c-marine/r00002.pdf (accessed 15 February 2012).
    • (2000) Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessels Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data; EPA
  • 45
    • 84875284778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tugboat fuel consumption in the Seattle area
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Atlanta, GA, 2002; (accessed 12 January 2012).
    • Agyei, K., 1999, tugboat fuel consumption in the Seattle area. In 11th International Emission Inventory Conference-"Emission Inventories- Partnering for the Future"; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Atlanta, GA, 2002; http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei11/ (accessed 12 January 2012).
    • (1999) 11th International Emission Inventory Conference - "emission Inventories - Partnering for the Future"
    • Agyei, K.1
  • 47
    • 17844382907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2. Emission factors for 2004 reporting; Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data (SMED). On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: 2004. (accessed 1 December).
    • Cooper, D.; Gustafsson, T. Methodology for calculating emissions from ships: 2. Emission factors for 2004 reporting; Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data (SMED). On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: 2004. http://www.smed.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/SMED-Report-2004-5. pdf (accessed 1 December 2011).
    • (2011) Methodology for Calculating Emissions from Ships
    • Cooper, D.1    Gustafsson, T.2
  • 48
    • 84875291540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directive 2005/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 amending Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the sulphur content of marine fuels. (accessed 4 February, 2012).
    • Directive 2005/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 amending Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the sulphur content of marine fuels. 2005. www.europa.eu (accessed 4 February, 2012).
    • (2005)
  • 49
    • 79959341119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels
    • Bengtsson, S.; Andersson, K.; Fridell, E. A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels. J. Eng. Marit. Environ. 2011, 225 (2) 97-110
    • (2011) J. Eng. Marit. Environ. , vol.225 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-110
    • Bengtsson, S.1    Andersson, K.2    Fridell, E.3
  • 50
    • 84999135260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised MARPOL annex VI. International Maritime Organization (IMO): London.
    • x Technical Code 2008; International Maritime Organization (IMO): London, 2009.
    • (2009) X Technical Code 2008
  • 51
    • 33947670511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey of failures in wind power systems with focus on swedish wind power plants during 1997-2005
    • Ribrant, J.; Bertling, L. M. Survey of failures in wind power systems with focus on swedish wind power plants during 1997-2005 IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2007, 22 (1) 167-173
    • (2007) IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 167-173
    • Ribrant, J.1    Bertling, L.M.2
  • 52
    • 79960352673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the generation of wind and hydro power
    • Raadal, H. L.; Gagnon, L.; Modahl, I. S.; Hanssen, O. J. Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the generation of wind and hydro power. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev 2011, 15 (7) 3417-3422
    • (2011) Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev , vol.15 , Issue.7 , pp. 3417-3422
    • Raadal, H.L.1    Gagnon, L.2    Modahl, I.S.3    Hanssen, O.J.4
  • 53
    • 84875281412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statoil research center at Rotvoll, Norway: 2012; Personal communication with Steeneveldt, R
    • Statoil research center at Rotvoll, Norway: 2012; Personal communication with Steeneveldt, R.
  • 55
    • 13844253380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing Environmental Impacts in a Life-Cycle Perspective. Environ
    • Hauschild, M. Z. Assessing Environmental Impacts in a Life-Cycle Perspective. Environ Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (4) 81A-88A
    • (2005) Sci. Technol. , vol.39 , Issue.4
    • Hauschild, M.Z.1
  • 57
    • 51749113550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of atmospheric dispersion models and ecosystem sensitivity in the determination of characterisation factors for acidifying and eutrophying emissions in LCIA
    • Posch, M.; Sepp, Jyri; Hettelingh, J.-P.; Johansson, M.; Margni, M.; Jolliet, O. The role of atmospheric dispersion models and ecosystem sensitivity in the determination of characterisation factors for acidifying and eutrophying emissions in LCIA Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2008, 13, 477-486
    • (2008) Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. , vol.13 , pp. 477-486
    • Posch, M.1    Sepp, J.2    Hettelingh, J.-P.3    Johansson, M.4    Margni, M.5    Jolliet, O.6
  • 58
    • 33750578978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Country-dependent characterisation factors for acidification and terrestrial eutrophication based on accumulated exceedance as an impact category indicator
    • Seppälä, J.; Posch, M.; Johansson, M.; Hettelingh, J.-P. Country-dependent characterisation factors for acidification and terrestrial eutrophication based on accumulated exceedance as an impact category indicator Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2006, 11 (6) 403-416
    • (2006) Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 403-416
    • Seppälä, J.1    Posch, M.2    Johansson, M.3    Hettelingh, J.-P.4
  • 61
    • 80051468840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative life cycle environmental assessment of CCS technologies
    • Singh, B.; Strømman, A. H.; Hertwich, E. G. Comparative life cycle environmental assessment of CCS technologies Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 2011, 5 (4) 911-921
    • (2011) Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 911-921
    • Singh, B.1    Strømman, A.H.2    Hertwich, E.G.3
  • 62
    • 51249114660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time and scale in life cycle assessment: The case of fuel choice in the transport sector
    • Hillman, K. M.; Sanden, B. A. Time and scale in life cycle assessment: The case of fuel choice in the transport sector Int. J. Altern. Propul. 2008, 2 (1) 1-12
    • (2008) Int. J. Altern. Propul. , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-12
    • Hillman, K.M.1    Sanden, B.A.2
  • 63
    • 83455221518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions impacts of wind and energy storage in a market environment
    • Sioshansi, R. Emissions impacts of wind and energy storage in a market environment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (24) 10728
    • (2011) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.45 , Issue.24 , pp. 10728
    • Sioshansi, R.1
  • 65
    • 84875292846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task 11. Summary of IEA topical expert meeting on material recycling and life cycle analysis (LCA) of wind turbines. (accessed 10 April).
    • The International Energy Agency Wind Agreement, Task 11. Summary of IEA topical expert meeting on material recycling and life cycle analysis (LCA) of wind turbines. www.ieawind.org/task-11/topical-expert/Summary-38-Recycle.pdf (accessed 10 April 2012).
    • (2012)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.