On the operation and maintenance practices of wind power asset: A status review and observations

Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 232-266

  El Thalji, Idriss ^a   Liyanage, Jayantha P ^b  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STAVANGER   (Norway)

Author keywords

Asset management; Communication technologies; Complex maintenance system; Dependability; Energy sources; Information technology; Operation and maintenance; Optimization models; Wind energy; Wind power

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES; DEPENDABILITY; ENERGY SOURCE; MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS; OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE; OPTIMIZATION MODELS;

ASSET MANAGEMENT; DEGRADATION; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH; INDUSTRY; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; INTEROPERABILITY; MAINTENANCE;

WIND POWER;

EID: 84865765085     PISSN: 13552511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13552511211265785     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Abeygunawardane, S.K. and Jirutitijaroen, P. (2009), “A Markov model for a wind energy conversion system with condition monitoring”, TENCON 2009 – 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp. 1-6.
2. Al-Ammar, E. and Al-Yousef, B. (2010), “Feasibility study of establishing a wind farm to generate electricity in Saudi Arabia”, 2010 1st International Nuclear and Renewable Energy Conference (INREC), pp. 1-5.
3. Albers, A. (2008), “Assessment of value and risks of older wind farms”, 2nd SKF Conference.
4. Allianz (2003), Wind Turbines; Cause Investigation and Consulting Services, Allianz Center for Technology.
5. Alsyouf, I. and El-Thalji, I. (2008), “Maintenance practices in wind power systems: a review and analysis”, European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition (EWEC), Brussels.
6. Amirat, Y., Choqueuse, V. and Benbouzid, M. (2010), “Condition monitoring of wind turbines based on amplitude demodulation”, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 2417-21.
7. Amirat, Y., Benbouzid, M.E.H., Bensaker, B. and Wamkeue, R. (2007), “Condition monitoring and ault diagnosis in wind energy conversion systems: a review”, 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1434-9.
8. Anagreh, Y., Bataineh, A. and Al-Odat, M. (2010), “Assessment of renewable energy potential, at Aqaba in Jordan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, pp. 1347-51.
9. Anaya-Lara, O., Jenkins, N. and McDonald, J.R. (2006), “Communications requirements and technology for wind farm operation and maintenance”, First International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, pp. 173-8.
10. Andrawus, J., Watson, J. and Kishk, M. (2007a), “Modelling system failures to optimise wind turbine maintenance”, Wind Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 503-22.
11. Andrawus, J., Watson, J. and Kishk, M. (2007b), “Wind turbine maintenance optimisation: principles of quantitative maintenance optimisation”, Wind Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 101-10.
12. Andrawus, J., Watson, J., Kishk, M. and Adam, A. (2006b), “The selection of a suitable maintenance strategy for wind turbines”, Wind Engineering, Vol. 30, pp. 471-86.
13. Andrawus, J., Watson, J., Kishk, M. and Gordon, H. (2008), “Optimisation of wind turbine inspection intervals”, Wind Engineering, Vol. 32, pp. 477-90.
14. Andrawus, J.A., Watson, J. and Kishk, M. (2006a), “Asset management processes in wind energy industry”, The 2nd Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2006), Bangkok.
15. Andreas Kargård, O., Baris, Ö., Bjarne, P., Knud, O., Helgesen, P. and Knud Johansen, Q.T. (2008), “Prototype of generic server for wind power plants using IEC 61400-25 standard”.
16. Arabian-Hoseynabadi, H., Oraee, H. and Tavner, P.J. (2010a), “Wind turbine productivity considering electrical subassembly reliability”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 35 No. 7, pp. 190-7.
17. Arabian-Hoseynabadi, H., Tavner, P.J. and Oraee, H. (2010b), “Reliability comparison of direct-drive and geared-drive wind turbine concepts”, Wind Energy, Vol. 13, pp. 62-73.
18. Arifujjaman, M., Iqbal, M.T. and Quaicoe, J.E. (2009), “A comparative study of the reliability of the power electronics in grid connected small wind turbine systems”, 2009 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 394-7.
19. Arisewindpower (2008), Forest Terrain, Arisewindpower.
20. Badran, O. and Abdulhadi, E. (2008), “Promotion of wind energy in Jordan”, 2008 5th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, pp. 1-6.
21. Bartzoudis, N. and McDonald-Maier, K. (2007), “An embedded sensor validation system for adaptive condition monitoring of wind farms”, Second NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (AHS 2007), pp. 652-9.
22. Besnard, F. (2009), “On optimal maintenance management for wind power systems”, Licentiate thesis, Chalmer University of Technology, Goteborg.
23. Besnard, F. and Bertling, L. (2010), “An approach for condition-based maintenance optimization applied to wind turbine blades”, IEEE Transaction on Sustainable Energy, July.
24. Besnard, F., Fischer, K. and Bertling, L. (2010a), “Reliability-centred asset maintenance: a step towards enhanced reliability, availability, and profitability of wind power plants”, 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), pp. 1-8.
25. Besnard, F., Nilsson, J. and Bertling, L. (2010b), “On the economic benefits of using condition monitoring systems for maintenance management of wind power systems”, IEEE 11th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, PMAPS, pp. 160-5.
26. Besnard, F., Patriksson, M., Stromberg, A.B., Wojciechowski, A. and Bertling, L. (2009), “An optimization framework for opportunistic maintenance of offshore wind power system”, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, pp. 1-7.
27. Bin, L., Yaoyu, L., Xin, W. and Zhongzhou, Y. (2009), “A review of recent advances in wind turbine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis”, 2009 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, pp. 1-7.
28. Brobak, B. and Jones, L. (2001), “SCADA systems for large wind farms: grid integration and market requirements”, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 20-1.
29. Brobak, B. and Jones, L. (2002), “Real time data acquisition from wind farms in power systems”, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 512.
30. Breton, S.P. and Moe, G. (2008), “Status, plans and technologies for offshore wind turbines in Europe and North America”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 646-54.
31. Butterfield, S. (2009), “A Short overview of wind turbine drive train trends and challenges”, International Sustainable Energy Review, Vol. 3.
32. Cheng, P.W., Jacquemin, J. and Duffy, J. (2000), Research Program of the Utgrounden Demonstration Offshore Wind Farm: Executive Summary Report, Swedish Energy Agency.
33. Chin-Shun, T., Shyh-Jier, H. and Cheng-Tao, H. (2009), “Inspection enhancement of wind turbine blades using novel signal-processing approaches”, 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp. 1-7.
34. Ciang Chia, C., Lee, J.-R. and Bang, H.-J. (2008), “TOPICAL REVIEW structural health monitoring for a wind turbine system: a review of damage detection methods”, Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 19, p. 122001.
35. Crabtree, C. (2010), “Survey of commercially available condition monitoring systems for wind turbines”, working paper, The Supergen Wind Energy Technologies Consortium and Durham University School of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Kuala Lumpur.
36. Crabtree, C.J., Djurovic, S., Tavner, P.J. and Smith, A.C. (2010), “Fault frequency tracking during transient operation of wind turbine generators”, The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines – ICEM, pp. 1-5.
37. Daneshi-Far, Z., Capolino, G.A. and Henao, H. (2010), “Review of failures and condition monitoring in wind turbine generators”, The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines – ICEM, pp. 1-6.
38. Diaz, P., Egido, M. and Nieuwenhout, F. (2007), “Dependability analysis of stand-alone photovoltaic systems”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 15, pp. 245-64.
39. Di Fazio, A.R. and Russo, M. (2008), “On the relevance of reliability assessment for wind farm performance evaluation”, 2008 43rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, pp. 1-6.
40. DOWEC Team (2003), “Estimation of turbine reliability figures within the DOWEC project”, DOWEC Project No. 10048, No. 3, DOWEC.
41. Drewry, M.A. and Georgiou, G.A. (2007), “A review of NDT techniques for wind turbines”, Insight – Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 137-41.
42. ECN (2007), “Condition monitoring for offshore wind farms ‘CONMOW’: final report”, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, ECN, Wieringerwerf.
43. Edwin, W., Theo, V., Henk, B., Luc, R., Miguel Catalin, T., Andrew, M., Axel Juhl, C., Edwin, B. and Dirk, S. (2008), “CONMOW: condition monitoring for offshore wind farms”.
44. Eggen, A. (2009), “Handbook on condition monitoring of wind turbines”, European Wind Energy Conference, Marseille.
45. El-Shimy, M. (2010), “Optimal site matching of wind turbine generator: case study of the Gulf of Suez region in Egypt”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 1870-8.
46. El-Thalji, I. (2010), “Systems dependability engineering for wind energy applications: challenges, concepts and system-level methodologies”, Licentiate thesis, Linnaeus University, Växjö.
47. El-Thalji, I. and Liyanage, J.P. (2010), “Integrated asset management practices for the offshore wind power industry: a critical review and a road map to the future”, International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Beijing.
48. El-Thalji, I. and Liyanage, J.P. (2011), “Design for environmental compatibility of wind power systems: a case study on offshore and cold climate from a dependability perspective”, International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Maui.
49. El-Thalji, I., Alsyouf, I. and Ronsten, G. (2009), “A model for assessing operation and maintenance cost adapted to wind farms in cold climate environment: based on onshore and offshore case studies”, Offshore Wind Energy Conference, Stockholm.
50. Emsholm, N. (2008), “Nysted offshore wind farm: five years operation and post warranty challenges”, 2nd SKF Conference.
51. Eren, N., El-Thalji, I. and Liyanage, J.P. (2011), Maintenance Optimization Practices within Wind Power Systems: State-of-the-Art, COMADEM, Stavanger.
52. European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) (2009), The Economics of Wind Energy: A Report by the Wind Energy Association, EWEA, Brussels.
53. Foley, J.T. and Gutowski, T.G. (2008), “TurbSim: reliability-based wind turbine simulator”, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, pp. 1-5.
54. Fonseca, I., Farinha, T. and Barbosa, F.M. (2009), “On-condition maintenance for wind turbines”, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, pp. 1-6.
55. Garcia, M.C., Sanz-Bobi, M.A. and Del Pico, J. (2006), “SIMAP: intelligent system for predictive maintenance”, Computers in Industry, Vol. 57, pp. 552-68.
56. Garg, A. and Deshmukh, S.G. (2006), “Maintenance management: literature review and directions”, Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, Vol. 12, pp. 205-38.
57. Garrad Hassan and Partners Limited (2003), Review of Offshore Wind Farm Project Features, Garrad Hassan and Partners Limited, Bristol.
58. Gouveia, E.M. and Matos, M.A. (2009), “Evaluating operational risk in a power system with a large amount of wind power”, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 79, pp. 734-9.
59. Gray, C.S. and Watson, S.J. (2010), “Physics of failure approach to wind turbine condition based maintenance”, Wind Energy, Vol. 13, pp. 395-405.
60. Guo, H., Watson, S., Tavner, P. and Xiang, J. (2009), “Reliability analysis for wind turbines with incomplete failure data collected from after the date of initial installation”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 94, pp. 1057-63.
61. Habali, S.M., Amr, M., Saleh, I. and Ta'ani, R. (2001), “Wind as an alternative source of energy in Jordan”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 42, pp. 339-57.
62. Haitao, G., Xianhui, Y., Jianping, X. and Watson, S. (2009), “Wind turbine availability analysis based on statistical data”, 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, pp. 1-6.
63. Halasa, G. and Asumadu, J.A. (2009), “Wind-solar hybrid electrical power production to support national grid: case study – Jordan”, 2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 903-9.
64. Hameed, Z., Ahn, S.H. and Cho, Y.M. (2010), “Practical aspects of a condition monitoring system for a wind turbine with emphasis on its design, system architecture, testing and installation”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 879-94.
65. Hameed, Z., Vatn, J. and Heggset, J. (2011), “Challenges in the reliability and maintainability data collection for offshore wind turbines”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 2154-65.
66. Hameed, Z., Hong, Y.S., Cho, Y.M., Ahn, S.H. and Song, C.K. (2009), “Condition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines and related algorithms: a review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp. 1-39.
67. Ho-Ling, F. and Shu-Ming, Y. (2009), “Whisper500 wind turbine failure mode post-analysis and simulation”, 2009 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System (PEITS), Vol. 1, pp. 348-51.
68. Ho-Ling, F. and Wei-Chiang, C. (2010), “Wind turbine control monitor system simulation and validation”, 2010 International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA), Vol. 1, pp. 6-9.
69. Holttinen, H., Lemström, B., Meibom, P., Bindner, H., Orths, A., van Hulle, F., Ensslin, C., Hofmann, L., Winter, W., Tuohy, A., O'Malley, M., Smith, P., Pierik, J., Tande, J., Estanqueiro, A., Ricardo, J., Gomez, E., Söder, L., Strbac, G., Shakoor, A., Smith, C., Parsons, B., Milligan, M. and Wan, Y. (2007), “Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power: state-of-the-art report”, VTT Working Papers No. 82, VTT, Espoo.
70. Horste, A. and El-Thalji, I. (2011), “Failure analysis of onshore wind turbine gearboxes”, Växellådshaverier på landbaserade vindkraftverk, Elforsk Report No. 10:50, Elforsk, Stockholm (in Swedish).
71. How, A. (2007), “Design of a maintenance vessel for offshore wind farms to operate in the greater wash”, Master's thesis, Offshore and Ocean Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield.
72. Hrayshat, E.S. (2007), “Wind resource assessment of the Jordanian southern region”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 32, pp. 1948-60.
73. Huang, X.-F., Luo, D., Wang, G.-Q., Ding, N., Xu, J.-R., Liu, Y. and Fan, H. (2010), “State of the art in condition monitoring in wind turbines based on embedded FBG sensors”, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp. 1-4.
74. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60300-1 (2003), Dependability Management-Part 1: Dependability Management Systems, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva.
75. Iffarth, K. (2008), “Repair management strategies, planning and logistics”, 2nd SKF Conference.
76. Jardine, A.K.S. and Tsang, A.H.C. (2006), Maintenance, Replacement and Reliability: Theory and Applications, Taylor and Francis Group, New York, NY.
77. Jardine, A.K.S., Lin, D. and Banjevic, D. (2006), “A review on machinery diagnostics and prognostics implementing condition-based maintenance”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol. 20 No. 7, pp. 1483-510.
78. Jeffrey, M. (2008), “Rotor blade maintenance and repair management strategy”, 2nd SKF Conference.
79. Jeffries, W.Q., Chambers, J.A. and Infield, D.G. (1998), “Experience with bicoherence of electrical power for condition monitoring of wind turbine blades”, Vision, Image and Signal Processing, IEE Proceeding, Vol. 145, pp. 141-8.
80. Jonsson, T. (2008), “Operation and maintenance vision strategy and requirements”, 2nd SKF Conference.
81. Joon-Young, P., Jae-Kyung, L., Ki-Yong, O., Jun-Shin, L. and Beom-Joo, K. (2010), “Design of simulator for 3 MW wind turbine and its condition monitoring system”, Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 2181, pp. 930-3.
82. Joselin Herbert, G.M., Iniyan, S., Sreevalsan, E. and Rajapandian, S. (2007), “A review of wind energy technologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 11, pp. 1117-45.
83. Kacprzynski, G.J., Roemer, M.J., Modgil, G., Palladino, A. and Maynard, K. (2002), “Enhancement of physics-of-failure prognostic models with system level features”, Aerospace Conference Proceedings, IEEE, Vol. 6, pp. 6-29, 19-25.
84. Khan, M.M., Iqbal, M.T. and Khan, F. (2005), “Reliability and condition monitoring of a wind turbine”, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 1978-81.
85. Kozine, I., Christensen, P. and Winther-Jensen, M. (2000), Failure Database and Tools from Wind Turbine Availability and Reliability Analyses: The Application of Reliability Data from Selected Wind Turbines, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde.
86. Krokoszinski, H.J. (2003), “Efficiency and effectiveness of wind farms keys to cost optimized operation and maintenance”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, pp. 2165-78.
87. Kühn, M., Bierbooms, W.A.A.M., Van Bussel, G.J.W., Cockerill, T.T., Harrison, R., Ferguson, M.C., Goransson, B., Harland, L.A., Vugts, J.H. and Wiecherink, R. (1999), “Towards a mature offshore wind energy technology guidelines from the opti-OWECS project”, Wind Energy, Vol. 2, pp. 25-58.
88. Kusiak, A. and Li, W. (2011), “The prediction and diagnosis of wind turbine faults”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 16-23.
89. Laakso, T., Holttinen, H., Ronsten, G., Tallhaug, L., Horbaty, R., Baring-Gould, I., Lacroix, A., Peltola, E. and Tammelin, B. (2003), “State-of-the-art of wind energy in cold climates”, Annex XIX, Wind Energy in Cold Climate.
90. Laakso, T.E. (2005), Expert Group Study on Wind Energy Project in Cold Climates, VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo.
91. Larsen, J.H.M. (2005), “Experiences from Middelgrunden 40 MW offshore wind farm”, Offshore Wind Conference, Copenhagen, October 26-28.
92. Lilholt, H., Madsen, B., Andersen, T.L., Mikkelsen, L.P., Thygesen, A., Gregor, G., Oliver, G., Malcolm, M. and Kaj, B. (2008), “Common access to wind turbine data for condition monitoring: the IEC 61400-25 family of standards”, Proceeding of the 27th Riso International Symposium on Material Science, Roskilde.
93. Lin, H.C. (2006), “On line web-based maximum wind power monitoring and control system”, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 5, pp. 3932-7.
94. Liwei, L. and Jianxing, R. (2010), “Offshore wind turbines and their installation”, 2010 International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication and 2010 Asia-Pacific Conference on Information Technology and Ocean Engineering, pp. 248-51.
95. McMillan, D. and Ault, G. (2007), “Quantification of condition monitoring benefit for offshore wind turbines”, Wind Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 267-85.
96. Mabel, M.C., Raj, R.E. and Fernandez, E. (2011), “Analysis on reliability aspects of wind power”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, pp. 1210-16.
97. Markard, J. and Petersen, R. (2009), “The offshore trend: structural changes in the wind power sector”, Energy Policy, Vol. 37 No. 9, pp 3545-56.
98. Marsh, G. (2007), “WTS: the avian dilemma”, Renewable Energy Focus, pp. 42-5.
99. Marzouk, A. (2006), “Zafarana wind farm: facts and figures”, GTZ Wind Energy in Africa, Berlin.
100. Mathew, S. (2006), Wind Energy: Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics, Springer-Verlag Inc, New York, NY and Secaucus, NJ.
101. Miguela, E. and Lane, D. (2010), “Predictive diagnosis for offshore wind turbines using holistic condition monitoring”, IEEE International Conference Oceans 2010, Seattle, September 20-23.
102. Molinas, M., Suul, J.A. and Undeland, T. (2010), “Extending the life of gear box in wind generators by smoothing transient torque with STATCOM”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, pp. 476-84.
103. Morthorst, P.E. and Chandler, H. (2004), “The cost of wind power: the facts within the fiction”, Renewable Energy World.
104. Muller, A., Crespo Marquez, A. and Iung, B. (2008), “On the concept of e-maintenance: review and current research”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 93, pp. 1165-87.
105. Negra, N.B., Holmstrom, O., Bak-Jensen, B. and Sorensen, P. (2007), “Aspects of relevance in offshore wind farm reliability assessment”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, pp. 159-66.
106. Nielsen, J.J. and Sorensen, J.D. (2011), “On risk-based operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbine components”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 96, pp. 218-29.
107. Nilsson, J. and Bertling, L. (2007), “Maintenance management of wind power systems using condition monitoring systems life cycle cost analysis for two case studies”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, pp. 223-9.
108. Obdam, T.S., Rademakers, L.W.M.M., Braam, H. and Eecen, P.J. (2007), “Estimating costs of operation and maintenance for offshore wind farms”, EWEC2007, Milan.
109. Ofsthun, S. (2002), “Integrated vehicle health management for aerospace platforms”, Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, IEEE, Vol. 5, pp. 21-4.
110. Ozgener, O. and Ozgener, L. (2007), “Energy and reliability analysis of wind turbine systems: a case study”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 11 No. 8, pp. 1811-26.
111. Papadopoulos, P. and Cipcigan, L. (2009), “Wind turbines’ condition monitoring: an ontology model”, 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, pp. 1-4.
112. Popa, L.M., Jensen, B.B., Ritchie, E. and Boldea, I. (2003), “Condition monitoring of wind generators”, Industry Applications Conference, 38th IAS Annual Meeting, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 1839-46.
113. Rademakers, L.W.M.M., Braam, H., Zaaijer, M.B. and Bussel, G.J.W.V. (2003), “Assessment and optimisation of operation and maintenance of offshore wind turbines”, report, ECN Windenergy, Wieringerwerf.
114. Rademakers, L.W.M.M.R., Braam, H., Obdam, T.S., Frohböse, P. and Kruse, N. (2008), “Tools for estimating operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind farms: state of the art”, European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition (EWEC), Brussels.
115. Rehman, S., Ahmad, A. and Al-Hadhrami, L.M. (2011), “Development and economic assessment of a grid connected 20 MW installed capacity wind farm”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, pp. 833-9.
116. Ribrant, J. and Bertling, L. (2007), “Survey of failures in wind power systems with focus on Swedish wind power plants during 1997-2005”, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-8.
117. Rogers, A.L., Manwell, J.F., Mcgowan, J.G. and Ellis, A.F. (2002), “Design requirements for medium-sized wind turbines for remote and hybrid power systems”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 26, pp. 157-68.
118. Ronsten, G. (2009), “Influence of icing on the power performance of seven NM82-1.5 MW wind turbines in Aapua”, Elforsk rapport No. 09:59, Elforsk.
119. Sainz, E., Llombart, A. and Guerrero, J.J. (2009), “Robust filtering for the characterization of wind turbines: improving its operation and maintenance”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 50, pp. 2136-47.
120. Shulian, Y., Wenhai, L. and Canlin, W. (2008), “The intelligent fault diagnosis of wind turbine gearbox based on artificial neural network”, 2008 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, pp. 1327-30.
121. S⊘rensen, J.D. (2009), “Framework for risk-based planning of operation and maintenance for offshore wind turbines”, Wind Energy, Vol. 12, pp. 493-506.
122. Spahic, E., Underbrink, A., Buchert, V., Hanson, J., Jeromin, I. and Balzer, G. (2009), “Reliability model of large offshore wind farms”, 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, pp. 1-6.
123. Spinato, F. and Venkat, D. (2008), “On modelling of grouped reliability data for wind turbines”, IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, Vol. 21, pp. 363-72.
124. Swiszcz, G., Cruden, A., Booth, C. and Leithead, W. (2008), “A data acquisition platform for the development of a wind turbine condition monitoring system”, 2008 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, pp. 1358-61.
125. Tammelin, B. (2002), “New ice tool- experimental wind energy data cold climate sites in Europe”, DEWI Magazine, No. 21.
126. Tavner, P.J., Xiang, J. and Spinato, F. (2007), “Reliability analysis for wind turbines”, Wind Energy, Vol. 10, pp. 1-18.
127. Tian, Z., Jin, T., Wu, B. and Ding, F. (2011), “Condition based maintenance optimization for wind power generation systems under continuous monitoring”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 1502-9.
128. Utne, I.B. (2010), “Maintenance strategies for deep sea offshore wind turbines”, Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 367-81.
129. Veers, P. and Winterstein, S.R. (2009), Theory Manual for FAROWVersion 1.1, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.
130. Veers, P.S., Lange, C.H. and Winterstein, S.R. (1993a), “Farow: a tool for fatigue and reliability of wind turbines”, Proceedings, Windpower’ 93, American Wind Energy Society, San Francisco, CA, July.
131. Veers, P.S., Lange, C.H. and Winterstein, S.R. (1993b), “FAROW: a tool for fatigue and reliability of wind turbines”, Proceedings, Windpower’ 93, American Wind Energy Society, San Francisco, CA, July.
132. Veldkamp, D. (2008), “A probabilistic evaluation of wind turbine fatigue design rules”, Wind Energy, Vol. 11, pp. 655-72.
133. Verbruggen, T.W. (2008), “Wind turbine operation and maintenance based on condition monitoring”, report, ECN Wind Energy, ECN, Wieringerwerf.
134. Walford, C.A. (2006), “Wind turbine reliability: understanding and minimizing wind turbine operation and maintenance costs”, report, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.
135. Welte, T.M. and Eggen, A.O. (2008), “Estimation of sojourn time distribution parameters based on expert opinion and condition monitoring data”, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, pp. 1-8.
136. Wen, J., Zheng, Y. and Donghan, F. (2009), “A review on reliability assessment for wind power”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp. 2485-94.
137. Wengang, S., Fei, W., Yue, Z. and Yongqian, L. (2010), “Research on operation condition classification method for vibration monitoring of wind turbine”, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp. 1-6.
138. Wenxian, Y., Tavner, P.J. and Wilkinson, M. (2008b), “Wind turbine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis using both mechanical and electrical signatures”, 2008 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, pp. 1296-301.
139. Wenxian, Y., Jiesheng, J., Tavner, P.J. and Crabtree, C.J. (2008a), “Monitoring wind turbine condition by the approach of Empirical Mode Decomposition”, 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, pp. 736-40.
140. Wenxian, Y., Tavner, P.J., Crabtree, C.J. and Wilkinson, M. (2010), “Cost-effective condition monitoring for wind turbines”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, pp. 263-71.
141. Werly (2008), “Reliable fault detection is paramount for wind turbines”, Werly.
142. Wiggelinkhuizen, E., Verbruggen, T., Braam, H., Rademakers, L., Xiang, J. and Watson, S. (2008), “Assessment of condition monitoring techniques for offshore wind farms”, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 130, p. 031004.
143. Wilkinson, M.R. and Tavner, P.J. (2004), “Extracting condition monitoring information from a wind turbine drive train”, Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2004, 39th International, Vol. 1, pp. 591-4.
144. Wojciechowski, A. (2010), “On the optimization of opportunistic maintenance activities”, Licentiate thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg.
145. Yuanyuan, L., Bin, D., Yongxin, S. and Xiong, Y. (2009), “Research on the security of supervisory control communication in wind farm”, 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, pp. 1-5.
146. Zaaijer, M. (2004), “Review of current activities in offshore wind energy”, 14th ISOPE Conference, Toulon, May 23-28.
147. Zaher, A., Cruden, A., Booth, C. and Leithhead, B. (2009), “Database management for high resolution condition monitoring of wind turbines”, 2009 44th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), pp. 1-5.
148. Zgoul, M. and El-Thalji, I. (2011), “Wind energy operation and maintenance practices in desert climate: threats, challenges and solutions”, GCREEDER 2011, Amman, April 26-28.
149. Zhang, Y.-L. and Li, J. (2010), “Design of offshore wind turbine foundation monitoring system based on excel”, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp. 1-4.
150. Zhixin, W., Chuanwen, J., Qian, A. and Chengmin, W. (2009), “The key technology of offshore wind farm and its new development in China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, pp. 216-22.