Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 70-85

  Trpkovic, Andreja ^a   Resanovic, Ivana ^a   Stanimirovic, Julijana ^a   Radak, Djordje ^b   Mousa, Shaker A ^c   Cenic Milosevic, Desanka ^d   Jevremovic, Danimir ^d   Isenovic, Esma R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^c ALBANY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^d University Business Academy Novi Sad   (Serbia)

Author keywords

Atherogenesis; Biomarker; Cardiovascular risk assessment; Lipoprotein (a); Oxidized lipoproteins; Statins

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; OXIDIZED PHOSPHOLIPID DERIVATIVE; PHOSPHOLIPID; POLYPHENOL; ROSUVASTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ATHEROGENESIS; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ANIMAL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; METABOLISM; MOUSE; RISK FACTOR;

MURINAE;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOMARKERS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; MICE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84930858928     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: 1549781X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.992063     Document Type: Review

References (261)

1. Marcovina SM, Crea F, Davignon J, et al. Biochemical and bioimaging markers for risk assessment and diagnosis in major cardiovascular diseases: a road to integration of complementary diagnostic tools. J Intern Med 2007;261:214-34.
2. Gilstrap LG, Wang TJ. Biomarkers and cardiovascular risk assessment for primary prevention: an update. Clin Chem 2012; 58:72-82.
3. Morrow DA, de Lemos JA. Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Circulation 2007;115:949-52.
4. Vasan RS. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation 2006;113:2335-62.
5. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:89-95.
6. Verhoye E, Langlois MR. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a biomarker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk? Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:128-37.
7. Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, et al. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus conference report from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1512-24.
8. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-421.
9. Stocker R. Lipoprotein oxidation: mechanistic aspects, methodological approaches and clinical relevance. Curr Opin Lipidol 1994;5:422-33.
10. Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, et al. "European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses": a statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011;9:533-71.
11. Knott TJ, Pease RJ, Powell LM, et al. Complete protein sequence and identification of structural domains of human apolipoprotein B. Nature 1986;323:734-8.
12. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. The LDL receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:431-8.
13. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:3330-7.
14. Yancey PG, Jerome WG. Lysosomal sequestration of free and esterified cholesterol from oxidized low density lipoprotein in macrophages of different species. J Lipid Res 1998;39:1349-61.
15. Farnier M. The role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in hyperlipidemia: focus on therapeutic implications. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2011;11:145-52.
16. Qian YW, Schmidt RJ, Zhang Y, et al. Secreted PCSK9 downregulates low density lipoprotein receptor through receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Lipid Res 2007;48:1488-98.
17. Tibolla G, Norata GD, Artali R, et al. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): from structure-function relation to therapeutic inhibition. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21: 835-43.
18. Lagace TA, Curtis DE, Garuti R, et al. Secreted PCSK9 decreases the number of LDL receptors in hepatocytes and in livers of parabiotic mice. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2995-3005.
19. Lambert G, Charlton F, Rye KA, Piper DE. Molecular basis of PCSK9 function. Atherosclerosis 2009;203:1-7.
20. Alborn WE, Cao G, Careskey HE, et al. Serum proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 is correlated directly with serum LDL cholesterol. Clin Chem 2007;53:1814-19.
21. Nassoury N, Blasiole DA, Tebon Oler A, et al. The cellular trafficking of the secretory proprotein convertase PCSK9 and its dependence on the LDLR. Traffic 2007;8:718-32.
22. Zhang DW, Lagace TA, Garuti R, et al. Binding of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 to epidermal growth factor-like repeat A of low density lipoprotein receptor decreases receptor recycling and increases degradation. J Biol Chem 2007;282: 18602-12.
23. Li J, Tumanut C, Gavigan JA, et al. Secreted PCSK9 promotes LDL receptor degradation independently of proteolytic activity. Biochem J 2007;406:203-7.
24. McNutt MC, Lagace TA, Horton JD. Catalytic activity is not required for secreted PCSK9 to reduce low density lipoprotein receptors in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem 2007;282: 20799-803.
25. Park SW, Moon YA, Horton JD. Post-transcriptional regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor protein by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9a in mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2004;279: 50630-8.
26. Sun XM, Eden ER, Tosi I, et al. Evidence for effect of mutant PCSK9 on apolipoprotein B secretion as the cause of unusually severe dominant hypercholesterolaemia. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14: 1161-9.
27. Maxwell KN, Fisher EA, Breslow JL. Overexpression of PCSK9 accelerates the degradation of the LDLR in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102: 2069-74.
28. Horton JD, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Molecular biology of PCSK9: its role in LDL metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:71-7.
29. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Regulation of the activity of the low density lipoprotein receptor in human fibroblasts. Cell 1975;6: 307-16.
30. Banach M, Rizzo M, Obradovic M, et al. PCSK9 inhibition-a novel mechanism to treat lipid disorders? Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:3869-77.
31. Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobio-logical significance. J Biol Chem 1997;272:20963-6.
32. Yoshida H, Kisugi R. Mechanisms of LDL oxidation. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:1875-82.
33. Morel DW, Hessler JR, Chisolm GM. Low density lipoprotein cytotoxicity induced by free radical peroxidation of lipid. J Lipid Res 1983;24:1070-6.
34. Rizzo M, Berneis K, Koulouris S, et al. Should we measure routinely oxidised and atherogenic dense low-density lipoproteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes? Int J Clin Pract 2010;64: 1632-42.
35. Parthasarathy S, Raghavamenon A, Garelnabi MO, Santanam N. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Methods Mol Biol 2010;610: 403-17.
36. Wen Y, Leake DS. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidation within lysosomes in cells. Circ Res 2007;100:1337-43.
37. Levitan I, Volkov S, Subbaiah PV. Oxidized LDL: diversity, patterns of recognition, and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010;13:39-75.
38. Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:5134-8.
39. Liao F, Berliner JA, Mehrabian M, et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein is biologically active in vivo in mice. J Clin Invest 1991;87:2253-7.
40. Grundtman C, Wick G. The autoimmune concept of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011;22:327-34.
41. Goyal T, Mitra S, Khaidakov M, et al. Current concepts of the role of oxidized LDL receptors in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012;14:150-9.
42. Stanton LW, White RT, Bryant CM, et al. A macrophage Fc receptor for IgG is also a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 1992;267:22446-51.
43. Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:2311-6.
44. Hazen SL. Oxidized phospholipids as endogenous pattern recognition ligands in innate immunity. J Biol Chem 2008;283: 15527-31.
45. Obradovic MM, Trpkovic A, Bajic V, et al. Interrelatedness between C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0590. [Epub ahead of print].
46. Tabuchi M, Inoue K, Usui-Kataoka H, et al. The association of C-reactive protein with an oxidative metabolite of LDL and its implication in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2007;48:768-81.
47. Lowe GD, Pepys MB. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: weighing the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006;8: 421-8.
48. Jialal I, Devaraj S, Venugopal SK. C-reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis? Hypertension 2004;44:6-11.
49. Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, et al. Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1897-908.
50. Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:e50-103.
51. Shih HH, Zhang S, Cao W, et al. CRP is a novel ligand for the oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;296:H1643-50.
52. Chang MK, Binder CJ, Torzewski M, Witztum JL. C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:13043-8.
53. Fujita Y, Kakino A, Nishimichi N, et al. Oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1 binds to C-reactive protein and mediates its vascular effects. Clin Chem 2009;55:285-94.
54. Zhao XQ, Zhang MW, Wang F, et al. CRP enhances soluble LOX-1 release from macrophages by activating TNF-alpha converting enzyme. J Lipid Res 2011;52:923-33.
55. Li L, Roumeliotis N, Sawamura T, Renier G. C-reactive protein enhances LOX-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells: relevance of LOX-1 to C-reactive protein-induced endothelial dysfunction. Circ Res 2004;95:877-83.
56. Hein TW, Qamirani E, Ren Y, et al. Selective activation of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 mediates C-reactive protein-evoked endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in coronary arterioles. Circ Res 2014;114:92-100.
57. Goldstein JL, Ho YK, Basu SK, Brown MS. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:333-7.
58. Orso E, Grandl M, Schmitz G. Oxidized LDL-induced endolysosomal phospholipidosis and enzymatically modified LDL-induced foam cell formation determine specific lipid species modulation in human macrophages. Chem Phys Lipids 2011;164: 479-87.
59. Samson S, Mundkur L, Kakkar VV. Immune response to lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Cholesterol 2012;2012:571846.
60. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, et al. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its ather-ogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989;320:915-24.
61. Steinberg D. Atherogenesis in perspective: hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nat Med 2002;8:1211-17.
62. Steinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update. J Lipid Res 2009;50:S376-81.
63. Witztum JL, Berliner JA. Oxidized phospholipids and isoprostanes in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998;9:441-8.
64. Boullier A, Bird DA, Chang MK, et al. Scavenger receptors, oxidized LDL, and atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;947: 214-22.
65. Pirillo A, Norata GD, Catapano AL. LOX-1, OxLDL, and atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013;2013:152786-97.
66. Quinn MT, Parthasarathy S, Fong LG, Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:2995-8.
67. Liao F, Andalibi A, Lusis AJ, Fogelman AM. Genetic control of the inflammatory response induced by oxidized lipids. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:65B-6B.
68. Wiesner P, Tafelmeier M, Chittka D, et al. MCP-1 binds to oxidized LDL and is carried by lipoprotein(a) in human plasma. J Lipid Res 2013;54:1877-83.
69. Rajavashisth TB, Andalibi A, Territo MC, et al. Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature 1990;344:254-7.
70. Cominacini L, Garbin U, Pasini AF, et al. Antioxidants inhibit the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induced by oxidized LDL on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;22: 117-27.
71. Li D, Chen H, Romeo F, et al. Statins modulate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated adhesion molecule expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells: role of LOX-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:601-5.
72. Cominacini L, Rigoni A, Pasini AF, et al. The binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to ox-LDL receptor-1 reduces the intracellular concentration of nitric oxide in endothelial cells through an increased production of superoxide. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:13750-5.
73. Ma FX, Zhou B, Chen Z, et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein impairs endothelial progenitor cells by regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Lipid Res 2006;47:1227-37.
74. Henriksen T, Evensen SA, Carlander B. Injury to human endothelial cells in culture induced by low density lipoproteins. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979;39:361-8.
75. Hessler JR, Robertson Jr AL, Chisolm III GM. LDL-induced cytotoxicity and its inhibition by HDL in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in culture. Atherosclerosis 1979;32: 213-29.
76. Salvayre R, Auge N, Benoist H, Negre-Salvayre A. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1585:213-21.
77. Chen J, Mehta JL, Haider N, et al. Role of caspases in Ox-LDL-induced apoptotic cascade in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circ Res 2004;94:370-6.
78. Imanishi T, Hano T, Sawamura T, et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein potentiation of Fas-induced apoptosis through lectin-like oxidized-low density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Circ J 2002;66:1060-4.
79. Li D, Liu L, Chen H, et al. LOX-1 mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation 2003;107: 612-17.
80. Shen CM, Mao SJ, Huang GS, et al. Stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation by ox-LDL-and acetyl LDL-induced macro-phage-derived foam cells. Life Sci 2001;70:443-52.
81. Auge N, Garcia V, Maupas-Schwalm F, et al. Oxidized LDL-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation involves the EGF receptor/PI-3 kinase/Akt and the sphingolipid signaling pathways. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1990-5.
82. Autio I, Jaakkola O, Solakivi T, Nikkari T. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is chemotactic for arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. FEBS Lett 1990;277:247-9.
83. Kataoka H, Kume N, Miyamoto S, et al. Oxidized LDL modulates Bax/Bcl-2 through the lectinlike Ox-LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21: 955-60.
84. Jimi S, Saku K, Uesugi N, et al. Oxidized low density lipoprotein stimulates collagen production in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1995;116:15-26.
85. Hu C, Dandapat A, Sun L, et al. Regulation of TGFbeta1-mediated collagen formation by LOX-1: studies based on forced overexpression of TGFbeta1 in wild-type and lox-1 knock-out mouse cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2008;283:10226-31.
86. Mitra S, Goyal T, Mehta JL. Oxidized LDL, LOX-1 and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011;25:419-29.
87. Sangle GV, Zhao R, Shen GX. Transmembrane signaling pathway mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;295:E1243-54.
88. Drake TA, Hannani K, Fei HH, et al. Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces tissue factor expression in cultured human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 1991;138:601-7.
89. Meisel SR, Xu XP, Edgington TS, et al. Dose-dependent modulation of tissue factor protein and procoagulant activity in human monocyte-derived macrophages by oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011;18:596-603.
90. Cui MZ, Penn MS, Chisolm GM. Native and oxidized low density lipoprotein induction of tissue factor gene expression in smooth muscle cells is mediated by both Egr-1 and Sp1. J Biol Chem 1999;274:32795-802.
91. Chen M, Kakutani M, Naruko T, et al. Activation-dependent surface expression of LOX-1 in human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;282:153-8.
92. Daub K, Seizer P, Stellos K, et al. Oxidized LDL-activated platelets induce vascular inflammation. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010;36:146-56.
93. Kakutani M, Masaki T, Sawamura T. A platelet-endothelium interaction mediated by lectin-like oxidized low-density lipopro-tein receptor-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:360-4.
94. Yu BL, Zhao SP, Huang XS. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a double-edged sword on atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2007;69: 553-6.
95. Salonen JT, Yla-Herttuala S, Yamamoto R, et al. Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992;339:883-7.
96. Hartvigsen K, Chou MY, Hansen LF, et al. The role of innate immunity in atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2009;50:S388-93.
97. Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Lennon RJ, et al. Relationship of IgG and IgM autoantibodies to oxidized low density lipoprotein with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. J Lipid Res 2007;48:425-33.
98. Taleb A, Tsimikas S. The OxPL/apoB assay: a predictor of cardiovascular disease and events. In: Maisel AS, ed. Cardiac Biomarkers-Expert Advice for Clinicians. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.; 2012:12-42.
99. Binder CJ, Horkko S, Dewan A, et al. Pneumococcal vaccination decreases atherosclerotic lesion formation: molecular mimicry between Streptococcus pneumoniae and oxidized LDL. Nat Med 2003;9:736-43.
100. Itabe H, Ueda M. Measurement of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its clinical implications. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007;14:1-11.
101. Holvoet P, Zhao Z, Deridder E, et al. Effects of deletion of the carboxyl-terminal domain of ApoA-I or of its substitution with helices of ApoA-II on in vitro and in vivo lipoprotein association. J Biol Chem 1996;271:19395-401.
102. Subbaiah PV. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in plasma and urine. In: Caroli S, Záray G, eds. Analytical Techniques for Clinical Chemistry: Methods and Applications. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012:555-94.
103. Holvoet P, Macy E, Landeloos M, et al. Analytical performance and diagnostic accuracy of immunometric assays for the measurement of circulating oxidized LDL. Clin Chem 2006;52: 760-4.
104. Itabe H, Yamamoto H, Imanaka T, et al. Sensitive detection of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein using a monoclonal antibody. J Lipid Res 1996;37:45-53.
105. Itabe H, Yamamoto H, Suzuki M, et al. Oxidized phosphatidyl-cholines that modify proteins. Analysis by monoclonal antibody against oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 1996;271: 33208-17.
106. Toshima S, Hasegawa A, Kurabayashi M, et al. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels. A biochemical risk marker for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2243-7.
107. Palinski W, Horkko S, Miller E, et al. Cloning of monoclonal autoantibodies to epitopes of oxidized lipoproteins from apolipo-protein E-deficient mice. Demonstration of epitopes of oxidized low density lipoprotein in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1996;98: 800-14.
108. Tsimikas S, Bergmark C, Beyer RW, et al. Temporal increases in plasma markers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein strongly reflect the presence of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:360-70.
109. Taleb A, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. Oxidized phospholipids on apoB-100-containing lipoproteins: a biomarker predicting cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular events. Biomark Med 2011;5: 673-94.
110. Strobel NA, Fassett RG, Marsh SA, Coombes JS. Oxidative stress biomarkers as predictors of cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2011;147:191-201.
111. Tsimikas S, Clopton P, Brilakis ES, et al. Relationship of oxidized phospholipids on apolipoprotein B-100 particles to race/ethnicity, apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and cardiovascular risk factors: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation 2009;119: 1711-19.
112. Matsumoto T, Takashima H, Ohira N, et al. Plasma level of oxidized low-density lipoprotein is an independent determinant of coronary macrovasomotor and microvasomotor responses induced by bradykinin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44: 451-7.
113. Rietzschel ER, Langlois M, De Buyzere ML, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with decreases in cardiac function independent of vascular alterations. Hypertension 2008;52:535-41.
114. Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, et al. The association between pre-hypertension status and oxidative stress markers related to atherosclerotic disease: the ATTICA study. Atherosclerosis 2007;192:169-76.
115. Wu R, de Faire U, Lemne C, et al. Autoantibodies to OxLDL are decreased in individuals with borderline hypertension. Hypertension 1999;33:53-9.
116. Uzun H, Karter Y, Aydin S, et al. Oxidative stress in white coat hypertension; role of paraoxonase. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18: 523-8.
117. Frostegard J, Wu R, Lemne C, et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein is increased in hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;105:615-20.
118. Guxens M, Fito M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, et al. Hypertensive status and lipoprotein oxidation in an elderly population at high cardiovascular risk. Am J Hypertens 2009;22:68-73.
119. Imazu M, Ono K, Tadehara F, et al. Plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein are associated with stable angina pectoris and modalities of acute coronary syndrome. Int Heart J 2008;49: 515-24.
120. Nakaishi T, Tamura A, Watanabe T, et al. Relationship between plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein and the coronary vaso-motor response to acetylcholine in patients with coronary artery disease. Jpn Circ J 2000;64:856-60.
121. Yoneyama S, Arakawa K, Yonemura A, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol modulate coronary arterial remodeling: an intravascular ultrasound study. Clin Cardiol 2003;26:31-5.
122. Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001;103:1955-60.
123. Holvoet P, Vanhaecke J, Janssens S, et al. Oxidized LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in patients with acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 1998; 98:1487-94.
124. Kayo S, Ohsawa M, Ehara S, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels circulating in plasma and deposited in the tissues: comparison between Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2004;148: 818-25.
125. Holvoet P, Mertens A, Verhamme P, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:844-8.
126. Faviou E, Vourli G, Nounopoulos C, et al. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein, autoantibodies against them and homo-cysteine serum levels in diagnosis and estimation of severity of coronary artery disease. Free Radic Res 2005;39:419-29.
127. Anselmi M, Garbin U, Agostoni P, et al. Plasma levels of oxidized-low-density lipoproteins are higher in patients with unstable angina and correlated with angiographic coronary complex plaques. Atherosclerosis 2006;185:114-20.
128. Weinbrenner T, Cladellas M, Isabel Covas M, et al. High oxidative stress in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2003;168:99-106.
129. Suzuki T, Kohno H, Hasegawa A, et al. Diagnostic implications of circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels as a biochemical risk marker of coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 2002;35: 347-53.
130. Kugiyama K, Sugiyama S, Soejima H, et al. Increase in plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in patients with coronary spastic angina. Atherosclerosis 2001;154:463-7.
131. Huang H, Ma R, Liu D, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the ratio in the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic effect in patients with coronary artery disease. Dis Markers 2012;33:295-302.
132. Huang H, Mai W, Liu D, et al. The oxidation ratio of LDL: a predictor for coronary artery disease. Dis Markers 2008;24:341-9.
133. Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, et al. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:46-57.
134. Holvoet P, Stassen JM, Van Cleemput J, et al. Oxidized low density lipoproteins in patients with transplant-associated coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18: 100-7.
135. Ehara S, Naruko T, Shirai N, et al. Small coronary calcium deposits and elevated plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein are characteristic of acute myocardial infarction. J Atheroscler Thromb 2008;15:75-81.
136. Fujii H, Shimizu M, Ino H, et al. Oxidative stress correlates with left ventricular volume after acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J 2002;43:203-9.
137. Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, et al. Pathophysiological role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in plaque instability in coronary artery diseases. J Diabetes Complications 2002;16:60-4.
138. Zhang YC, Wei JJ, Wang F, et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein correlate positively with C-reactive protein in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012;62:365-72.
139. Niccoli G, Mongiardo R, Lanza GA, et al. The complex link between oxidised low-density lipoprotein and unstable angina. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2007;8:387-91.
140. Naruko T, Ueda M, Ehara S, et al. Persistent high levels of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein after acute myocardial infarction predict stent restenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26: 877-83.
141. Segev A, Strauss BH, Witztum JL, et al. Relationship of a comprehensive panel of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein markers to angiographic restenosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for stable angina. Am Heart J 2005; 150:1007-14.
142. Tsimikas S, Lau HK, Han KR, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Circulation 2004; 109:3164-70.
143. Fujii H, Shimizu M, Ino H, et al. Acute increases in plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein immediately after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2001;87: 102-3, A8.
144. Fefer P, Tsimikas S, Segev A, et al. The role of oxidized phospholipids, lipoprotein (a) and biomarkers of oxidized lipo-proteins in chronically occluded coronary arteries in sudden cardiac death and following successful percutaneous revascular-ization. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2012;13:11-19.
145. Itabe H, Obama T, Kato R. The dynamics of oxidized LDL during atherogenesis. J Lipids 2011;2011:Article ID 418313, 9 pages, doi:10.1155/2011/13.
146. Holvoet P, Harris TB, Tracy RP, et al. Association of high coronary heart disease risk status with circulating oxidized LDL in the well-functioning elderly: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23: 1444-8.
147. Itabe H, Takeshima E, Iwasaki H, et al. A monoclonal antibody against oxidized lipoprotein recognizes foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Complex formation of oxidized phosphatidylcholines and polypeptides. J Biol Chem 1994;269:15274-9.
148. Uchida Y, Maezawa Y, Uchida Y, et al. Localization of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its relation to plaque morphology in human coronary artery. PLoS One 2013;8:e55188.
149. Yamashita H, Ehara S, Yoshiyama M, et al. Elevated plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein relate to the presence of angiographically detected complex and thrombotic coronary artery lesion morphology in patients with unstable angina. Circ J 2007;71:681-7.
150. Tsimikas S, Mallat Z, Talmud PJ, et al. Oxidation-specific biomarkers, lipoprotein(a), and risk of fatal and nonfatal coronary events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:946-55.
151. Drogan D, Weikert C, Dierkes J, et al. Plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase, cysteinyl-glycine, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a pathway associated with myocardial infarction risk? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:2053-8.
152. Kiechl S, Willeit J, Mayr M, et al. Oxidized phospholipids, lipoprotein(a), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, and 10-year cardiovascular outcomes: prospective results from the Bruneck study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1788-95.
153. Meisinger C, Baumert J, Khuseyinova N, et al. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation 2005;112:651-7.
154. Shimada K, Mokuno H, Matsunaga E, et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein is an independent predictor for cardiac event in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2004;174:343-7.
155. Johnston N, Jernberg T, Lagerqvist B, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a predictor of outcome in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2006;113:167-73.
156. Gomez M, Valle V, Aros F, et al. Oxidized LDL, lipoprotein (a) and other emergent risk factors in acute myocardial infarction (FORTIAM study). Rev Esp Cardiol 2009;62:373-82.
157. Holvoet P, Van Cleemput J, Collen D, Vanhaecke J. Oxidized low density lipoprotein is a prognostic marker of transplant-associated coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20: 698-702.
158. Nordin Fredrikson G, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Nilsson J. Plasma oxidized LDL: a predictor for acute myocardial infarction? J Intern Med 2003;253:425-9.
159. Koenig W, Karakas M, Zierer A, et al. Oxidized LDL and the risk of coronary heart disease: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Study. Clin Chem 2011;57:1196-200.
160. Wu T, Willett WC, Rifai N, et al. Is plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, measured with the widely used antibody 4E6, an independent predictor of coronary heart disease among U.S. men and women? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:973-9.
161. Zuliani G, Morieri ML, Volpato S, et al. Determinants and clinical significance of plasma oxidized LDLs in older individuals. A 9 years follow-up study. Atherosclerosis 2013;226: 201-7.
162. Braun S, Ndrepepa G, von Beckerath N, et al. Lack of association between circulating levels of plasma oxidized low-density lipo-proteins and clinical outcome after coronary stenting. Am Heart J 2005;150:550-6.
163. Jorde UP, Colombo PC, Ahuja K, et al. Exercise-induced increases in oxidized low-density lipoprotein are associated with adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2007;13: 759-64.
164. Tsutsui T, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, et al. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a prognostic predictor in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39: 957-62.
165. Caparevic Z, Kostic N, Ilic S, et al. Oxidized LDL and C-reactive protein level in relation to carotid intima-media thickness in population with risk factors for atherosclerosis. Srp Arh Celok Lek 2009;137:140-5.
166. Kampus P, Kals J, Ristimae T, et al. Augmentation index and carotid intima-media thickness are differently related to age, C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Hypertens 2007;25:819-25.
167. Gokulakrishnan K, Deepa R, Velmurugan K, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and intimal medial thickness in subjects with glucose intolerance: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study-25. Metabolism 2007;56:245-50.
168. Liu ML, Ylitalo K, Salonen R, et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its association with carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic members of familial combined hyper-lipidemia families. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24: 1492-7.
169. Metso S, Loimaala A, Mercuri MF, et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and common carotid artery intima-media thickness in a random sample of middle-aged men. J Biomed Sci 2004;11:356-61.
170. Hulthe J, Fagerberg B. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis development and inflammatory cytokines (AIR Study). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22: 1162-7.
171. Calmarza P, Trejo JM, Lapresta C, Lopez P. LDL oxidation and its association with carotid artery intima-media thickness and other cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of Spanish general population. Angiology 2014;65:357-62.
172. Okur I, Tumer L, Ezgu FS, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels and carotid intima-media thickness as markers of early atherosclerosis in prepubertal obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013;26:657-62.
173. Nishi K, Itabe H, Uno M, et al. Oxidized LDL in carotid plaques and plasma associates with plaque instability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1649-54.
174. Sigurdardottir V, Fagerberg B, Wikstrand J, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with the occurrence of echolucent plaques in the carotid artery in 61-year-old men. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2008;68:292-7.
175. Sigala F, Kotsinas A, Savari P, et al. Oxidized LDL in human carotid plaques is related to symptomatic carotid disease and lesion instability. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:704-13.
176. Uno M, Kitazato KT, Suzue A, et al. Contribution of an imbalance between oxidant-antioxidant systems to plaque vulnerability in patients with carotid artery stenosis. J Neurosurg 2005;103: 518-25.
177. Wallenfeldt K, Fagerberg B, Wikstrand J, Hulthe J. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in plasma is a prognostic marker of subclinical atherosclerosis development in clinically healthy men. J Intern Med 2004;256:413-20.
178. Tsimikas S, Kiechl S, Willeit J, et al. Oxidized phospholipids predict the presence and progression of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis and symptomatic cardiovascular disease: five-year prospective results from the Bruneck study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2219-28.
179. Langlois MR, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, et al. Femoral plaques confound the association of circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein with carotid atherosclerosis in a general population aged 35 to 55 years: the Asklepios Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1563-8.
180. Sigurdardottir V, Fagerberg B, Wikstrand J, et al. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with echolucent plaques in the femoral artery independently of hsCRP in 61-year-old men. Atherosclerosis 2007;190:187-93.
181. Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ, Kanaya AM, et al. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels and arterial stiffness in older adults: the health, aging, and body composition study. Hypertension 2009;53: 846-52.
182. Jarvisalo MJ, Lehtimaki T, Raitakari OT. Determinants of arterial nitrate-mediated dilatation in children: role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, endothelial function, and carotid intima-media thickness. Circulation 2004;109:2885-9.
183. van der Zwan LP, Teerlink T, Dekker JM, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL: determinants and association with brachial flow-mediated dilation. J Lipid Res 2009;50:342-9.
184. Uno M, Kitazato KT, Nishi K, et al. Raised plasma oxidised LDL in acute cerebral infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:312-16.
185. Uno M, Harada M, Takimoto O, et al. Elevation of plasma oxidized LDL in acute stroke patients is associated with ischemic lesions depicted by DWI and predictive of infarct enlargement. Neurol Res 2005;27:94-102.
186. Kopprasch S, Pietzsch J, Kuhlisch E, et al. In vivo evidence for increased oxidation of circulating LDL in impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2002;51:3102-6.
187. Kelly AS, Jacobs Jr DR, Sinaiko AR, et al. Relation of circulating oxidized LDL to obesity and insulin resistance in children. Pediatr Diabetes 2010;11:552-5.
188. Njajou OT, Kanaya AM, Holvoet P, et al. Association between oxidized LDL, obesity and type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort, the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009;25:733-9.
189. Park K, Gross M, Lee DH, et al. Oxidative stress and insulin resistance: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1302-7.
190. Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Bang H, et al. Circulating oxidised low-density lipoprotein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetologia 2007; 50:36-42.
191. Lautamaki R, Ronnemaa T, Huupponen R, et al. Low serum adiponectin is associated with high circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2007;56:881-6.
192. Tsuzura S, Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, et al. Correlation of plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels to vascular complications and human serum paraoxonase in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2004;53:297-302.
193. Nakhjavani M, Khalilzadeh O, Khajeali L, et al. Serum oxidized-LDL is associated with diabetes duration independent of maintaining optimized levels of LDL-cholesterol. Lipids 2010;45: 321-7.
194. Stephens JW, Gable DR, Hurel SJ, et al. Increased plasma markers of oxidative stress are associated with coronary heart disease in males with diabetes mellitus and with 10-year risk in a prospective sample of males. Clin Chem 2006;52:446-52.
195. Kim M, Paik JK, Kang R, et al. Increased oxidative stress in normal-weight postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome compared with metabolically healthy overweight/obese individuals. Metabolism 2013;62:554-60.
196. Norris AL, Steinberger J, Steffen LM, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL and inflammation in extreme pediatric obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1415-19.
197. Kassi E, Dalamaga M, Faviou E, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL levels, current smoking and obesity in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2009;205:279-83.
198. Indulekha K, Anjana RM, Surendar J, Mohan V. Association of visceral and subcutaneous fat with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, adipocytokines and inflammatory markers in Asian Indians (CURES-113). Clin Biochem 2011;44:281-7.
199. Weinbrenner T, Schroder H, Escurriol V, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with increased waist circumference independent of body mass index in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:30-5.
200. Holvoet P, Kritchevsky SB, Tracy RP, et al. The metabolic syndrome, circulating oxidized LDL, and risk of myocardial infarction in well-functioning elderly people in the health, aging, and body composition cohort. Diabetes 2004;53:1068-73.
201. Ueba T, Nomura S, Nishikawa T, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL, measured with FOH1a/DLH3 antibody, is associated with metabolic syndrome and the coronary heart disease risk score in healthy Japanese. Atherosclerosis 2009;203:243-8.
202. Sigurdardottir V, Fagerberg B, Hulthe J. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and LDL size in clinically healthy 58-year-old men (AIR study). J Intern Med 2002;252:440-7.
203. Bae YJ, Kim SH, Chung JH, et al. Evaluation of adiposity-related biomarkers as metabolic syndrome indicators. Clin Nutr Res 2013; 2:91-9.
204. Valle Gottlieb MG, da Cruz IB, Duarte MM, et al. Associations among metabolic syndrome, ischemia, inflammatory, oxidatives, and lipids biomarkers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:586-91.
205. Park SH, Kim JY, Lee JH, Park HY. Elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2011;412:435-40.
206. Lapointe A, Couillard C, Piche ME, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2007;191:362-8.
207. Sjogren P, Basu S, Rosell M, et al. Measures of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidative stress are not related and not elevated in otherwise healthy men with the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:2580-6.
208. Linna MS, Ahotupa M, Irjala K, et al. Smoking and low serum testosterone associates with high concentration of oxidized LDL. Ann Med 2008;40:634-40.
209. Duntas LH, Mantzou E, Koutras DA. Circulating levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in overt and mild hypothyroid-ism. Thyroid 2002;12:1003-7.
210. Holvoet P, Lee DH, Steffes M, et al. Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2008;299:2287-93.
211. Rector RS, Warner SO, Liu Y, et al. Exercise and diet induced weight loss improves measures of oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in adults with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007;293:E500-6.
212. Fito M, Guxens M, Corella D, et al. Effect of a traditional Mediterranean diet on lipoprotein oxidation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1195-203.
213. Barona J, Jones JJ, Kopec RE, et al. A Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet increases plasma carotenoids and decreases LDL oxidation in women with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2012;23:609-15.
214. Tavridou A, Efthimiadis A, Efthimiadis I, Paschalidou H. Antioxidant effects of simvastatin in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:485-9.
215. Ndrepepa G, Braun S, von Beckerath N, et al. Oxidized low density lipoproteins, statin therapy and severity of coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2005;360:178-86.
216. Ky B, Burke A, Tsimikas S, et al. The influence of pravastatin and atorvastatin on markers of oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1653-62.
217. Inami S, Okamatsu K, Takano M, et al. Effects of statins on circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Jpn Heart J 2004;45:969-75.
218. van Tits LJ, van Himbergen TM, Lemmers HL, et al. Proportion of oxidized LDL relative to plasma apolipoprotein B does not change during statin therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2006;185:307-12.
219. Akalin A, Temiz G, Akcar N, Sensoy B. Short term effects of atorvastatin on endothelial functions and oxidized LDL levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2008;55: 861-6.
220. Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I, Siegel D. Comparison effect of atorvastatin (10 versus 80 mg) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:321-5.
221. Verreth W, De Keyzer D, Davey PC, et al. Rosuvastatin restores superoxide dismutase expression and inhibits accumulation of oxidized LDL in the aortic arch of obese dyslipidemic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2007;151:347-55.
222. Tsimikas S, Aikawa M, Miller Jr FJ, et al. Increased plasma oxidized phospholipid:apolipoprotein B-100 ratio with concomitant depletion of oxidized phospholipids from atherosclerotic lesions after dietary lipid-lowering: a potential biomarker of early atherosclerosis regression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:175-81.
223. Silaste ML, Rantala M, Alfthan G, et al. Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24: 498-503.
224. Faghihnia N, Tsimikas S, Miller ER, et al. Changes in lipopro-tein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and LDL subclasses with a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet. J Lipid Res 2010;51:3324-30.
225. Ahmadi N, Tsimikas S, Hajsadeghi F, et al. Relation of oxidative biomarkers, vascular dysfunction, and progression of coronary artery calcium. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:459-66.
226. Budoff MJ, Ahmadi N, Gul KM, et al. Aged garlic extract supplemented with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Prev Med 2009;49:101-7.
227. Tsimikas S, Witztum JL, Miller ER, et al. High-dose atorvastatin reduces total plasma levels of oxidized phospholipids and immune complexes present on apolipoprotein B-100 in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL trial. Circulation 2004;110: 1406-12.
228. Penny WF, Ben-Yehuda O, Kuroe K, et al. Improvement of coronary artery endothelial dysfunction with lipid-lowering therapy: heterogeneity of segmental response and correlation with plasma-oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:766-74.
229. Fraley AE, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, et al. Relationship of oxidized phospholipids and biomarkers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein with cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory bio-markers, and effect of statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the MIRACL (Myocardial Ischemia Reduction With Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:2186-96.
230. Choi SH, Chae A, Miller E, et al. Relationship between biomarkers of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, statin therapy, quantitative coronary angiography, and atheroma: volume observations from the REVERSAL (Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52: 24-32.
231. Rodenburg J, Vissers MN, Wiegman A, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1803-10.
232. Tsimikas S, Witztum JL. The role of oxidized phospholipids in mediating lipoprotein(a) atherogenicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:369-77.
233. Bergmark C, Dewan A, Orsoni A, et al. A novel function of lipoprotein [a] as a preferential carrier of oxidized phospholipids in human plasma. J Lipid Res 2008;49:2230-9.
234. Scanu AM, Fless GM. Lipoprotein (a). Heterogeneity and biological relevance. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1709-15.
235. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, et al. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J 2010;31: 2844-53.
236. Nielsen LB, Gronholdt ML, Schroeder TV, et al. In vivo transfer of lipoprotein(a) into human atherosclerotic carotid arterial intima. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:905-11.
237. Godfrey EG, Stewart J, Dargie HJ, et al. Effects of ACE inhibitors on oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37:63-6.
238. Hayek T, Kaplan M, Raz A, et al. Ramipril administration to atherosclerotic mice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake by their macrophages and blocks the progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:65-74.
239. Berkenboom G, Langer I, Carpentier Y, et al. Ramipril prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidized low-density lipopro-teins: a bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 1997;30: 371-6.
240. de Nigris F, D'Armiento FP, Somma P, et al. Chronic treatment with sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce susceptibility of plasma LDL to in vitro oxidation, formation of oxidation-specific epitopes in the arterial wall, and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Int J Cardiol 2001;81:107-15; discusssion 15-16.
241. Napoli C, Cicala C, D'Armiento FP, et al. Beneficial effects of ACE-inhibition with zofenopril on plaque formation and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Gen Pharmacol 1999;33:467-77.
242. Sun L, Wen JH, Sun HL, et al. Perindopril attenuates renal tubulointerstitium injury by inhibiting scavenger receptor A over-expression in diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2012;35:511-15.
243. Osada-Oka M, Kita H, Yagi S, et al. Angiotensin AT1 receptor blockers suppress oxidized low-density lipoprotein-derived formation of foam cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;679:9-15.
244. Koulouris S, Symeonides P, Triantafyllou K, et al. Comparison of the effects of ramipril versus telmisartan in reducing serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1386-8.
245. Lesnik P, Dachet C, Petit L, et al. Impact of a combination of a calcium antagonist and a beta-blocker on cell-and copper-mediated oxidation of LDL and on the accumulation and efflux of cholesterol in human macrophages and murine J774 cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:979-88.
246. Phillips JE, Preston Mason R. Inhibition of oxidized LDL aggregation with the calcium channel blocker amlodipine: role of electrostatic interactions. Atherosclerosis 2003;168:239-44.
247. Sevanian A, Shen L, Ursini F. Inhibition of LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity by dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Pharm Res 2000;17:999-1006.
248. Zou J, Li Y, Fan HQ, Wang JG. Effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers on oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced proliferation and oxidative stress of vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC Res Notes 2012;5:168.
249. Yue TL, McKenna PJ, Lysko PG, et al. Carvedilol, a new antihypertensive, prevents oxidation of human low density lipo-protein by macrophages and copper. Atherosclerosis 1992;97: 209-16.
250. Jonsson G, Abdelnoor M, Seljeflot I, et al. The antioxidative effects of long-term treatment are more pronounced for carvedilol than for atenolol in post-myocardial infarction patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007;49:27-32.
251. Serg M, Kampus P, Kals J, et al. Nebivolol and metoprolol: longterm effects on inflammation and oxidative stress in essential hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2012;72:427-32.
252. Kelly AS, Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Rudser KD, et al. Carvedilol-lisinopril combination therapy and endothelial function in obese individuals with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012;14:85-91.
253. Mehta JL, Chen J, Yu F, Li DY. Aspirin inhibits ox-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression and metalloproteinase-1 in human coronary endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2004;64:243-9.
254. Chen B, Zhao J, Zhang S, et al. Aspirin inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species by downregulating Nox4 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 59:405-12.
255. Chen JW, Zhou SB, Tan ZM. Aspirin and pravastatin reduce lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 expression, adhesion molecules and oxidative stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010;123:1553-6.
256. Zhao J, Qi R, Li R, et al. Protective effects of aspirin against oxidized LDL-induced inflammatory protein expression in human endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008;51:32-7.
257. Kurban S, Mehmetoglu I. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on serum paraoxonase activity, Ox-LDL, coenzyme Q10 and other oxidative stress markers in healthy volunteers. Clin Biochem 2010;43: 287-90.
258. Serebruany V, Sani Y, Eisert C, et al. Effects of Aggrenox and aspirin on plasma endothelial nitric oxide synthase and oxidised low-density lipoproteins in patients after ischaemic stroke. The AGgrenox versus aspirin therapy evaluation (AGATE) biomarker substudy. Thromb Haemost 2011;105:81-7.
259. Ricciarelli R, Zingg JM, Azzi A. Vitamin E reduces the uptake of oxidized LDL by inhibiting CD36 scavenger receptor expression in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Circulation 2000;102: 82-7.
260. Hayek T, Fuhrman B, Vaya J, et al. Reduced progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice following consumption of red wine, or its polyphenols quercetin or catechin, is associated with reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and aggregation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2744-52.
261. Li XY, Kong LX, Li J, et al. Kaempferol suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages through the downregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 and the upregulation of scavenger receptor class B type I and ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Int J Mol Med 2013;31:331-8.