The importance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system in epithelium traversal depends upon conditions of host susceptibility

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1629-1640

  Sullivan, Aaron B ^a   Connie Tam, K P ^a,d   Metruccio, Matteo M E ^a   Evans, David J ^a,b   Fleiszig, Suzanne M J ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b TOURO UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNEXIN; FLUORESCEIN; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; HISTONE; LUMICAN; TUBULIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIAL SECRETION SYSTEM; DPT PROTEIN, MOUSE; EXSA PROTEIN, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; HYBRID PROTEIN; KERATAN SULFATE; MYD88 PROTEIN, MOUSE; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; PROTEOCHONDROITIN SULFATE; SCLEROPROTEIN; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; AUTOFLUORESCENCE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA EPITHELIUM; CORNEA THICKNESS; EX VIVO STUDY; GENE EXPRESSION; HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INOCULATION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM; WILD TYPE; ANIMAL; BACTERIAL EYE INFECTION; BACTERIAL SECRETION SYSTEM; C57BL MOUSE; CORNEA INJURY; GENETICS; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IMMUNOLOGY; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; ANNEXINS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BACTERIAL SECRETION SYSTEMS; CHONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCANS; CORNEAL INJURIES; EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; EYE INFECTIONS, BACTERIAL; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEINS; HISTONES; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; KERATAN SULFATE; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; TRANS-ACTIVATORS; TUBULIN;

EID: 84925355219     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: 10985522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.02329-14     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Chalmers JD, Rother C, Salih W, Ewig S. 2014. Healthcare-associated pneumonia does not accurately identify potentially resistant pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 58:330-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit734.
2. Azzopardi EA, Azzopardi E, Camilleri L, Villapalos J, Boyce DE, Dziewulski P, Dickson WA, Whitaker IS. 2014. Gram negative wound infection in hospitalised adult burn patients-systematic review and metanalysis. PLoS One 9:e95042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095042.
3. Mikulska M, Viscoli C, Orasch C, Livermore DM, Averbuch D, Cordonnier C, Akova M. 2014. Aetiology and resistance in bacteraemias among adult and paediatric haematology and cancer patients. J Infect 68:321-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2013.12.006.
4. Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF. 2013. Secular trends in gram-negative resistance among urinary tract infection hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34:940-946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/671740.
5. Lichtinger A, Yeung SN, Kim P, Amiran MD, Iovieno A, Elbaz U, Ku JY, Wolff R, Rootman DS, Slomovic AR. 2012. Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in Toronto: an 11-year review. Ophthalmology 119:1785-1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.031.
6. Yildiz EH, Airiani S, Hammersmith KM, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR, Virdi AS, Hongyok T, Cohen EJ. 2012. Trends in contact lens-related corneal ulcers at a tertiary referral center. Cornea 31:1097-1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318221cee0.
7. Fleiszig SM, Zaidi TS, Preston MJ, Grout M, Evans DJ, Pier GB. 1996. Relationship between cytotoxicity and corneal epithelial cell invasion by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 64:2288-2294.
8. Angus AA, Evans DJ, Barbieri JT, Fleiszig SM. 2010. The ADP-ribosylation domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS is required for membrane bleb niche formation and bacterial survival within epithelial cells. Infect Immun 78:4500-4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00417-10.
9. Heimer SR, Evans DJ, Stern ME, Barbieri JT, Yahr T, Fleiszig SM. 2013. Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes the type III secreted toxin ExoS to avoid acidified compartments within epithelial cells. PLoS One 8:e73111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073111.
10. Hritonenko V, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2012. Translocon-independent intracellular replication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires the ADPribosylation domain of ExoS. Microbes Infect 14:1366-1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2012.08.007.
11. Fleiszig SM, Wiener-Kronish JP, Miyazaki H, Vallas V, Mostov KE, Kanada D, Sawa T, Yen TS, Frank DW. 1997. Pseudomonas aeruginosamediated cytotoxicity and invasion correlate with distinct genotypes at the loci encoding exoenzyme S. Infect Immun 65:579-586.
12. Finck-Barbancon V, Goranson J, Zhu L, Sawa T, Wiener-Kronish JP, Fleiszig SM, Wu C, Mende-Mueller L, Frank DW. 1997. ExoU expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa correlates with acute cytotoxicity and epithelial injury. Mol Microbiol 25:547-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4891851.x.
13. Pearlman E, Sun Y, Roy S, Karmakar M, Hise AG, Szczotka-Flynn L, Ghannoum M, Chinnery HR, McMenamin PG, Rietsch A. 2013. Host defense at the ocular surface. Int Rev Immunol 32:4-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2012.749400.
14. Hauser AR. 2009. The type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: infection by injection. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:654-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2199.
15. Engel J, Balachandran P. 2009. Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III effectors in disease. Curr Opin Microbiol 12:61-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2008.12.007.
16. Papaioannou E, Wahjudi M, Nadal-Jimenez P, Koch G, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ. 2009. Quorum-quenching acylase reduces the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:4891-4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00380-09.
17. Prithiviraj B, Bais HP, Weir T, Suresh B, Najarro EH, Dayakar BV, Schweizer HP, Vivanco JM. 2005. Down regulation of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by salicylic acid attenuates its virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans. Infect Immun 73:5319-5328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.9.5319-5328.2005.
18. Adonizio A, Leal SM, Jr, Ausubel FM, Mathee K. 2008. Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by medicinal plants in a Caenorhabditis elegans model system. J Med Microbiol 57:809-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47802-0.
19. Apidianakis Y, Mindrinos MN, Xiao W, Tegos GP, Papisov MI, Hamblin MR, Davis RW, Tompkins RG, Rahme LG. 2007. Involvement of skeletal muscle gene regulatory network in susceptibility to wound infection following trauma. PLoS One 2:e1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001356.
20. Balachandran P, Dragone L, Garrity-Ryan L, Lemus A, Weiss A, Engel J. 2007. The ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b limits Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T-mediated virulence. J Clin Invest 117:419-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI28792.
21. Shaver CM, Hauser AR. 2004. Relative contributions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoU, ExoS, and ExoT to virulence in the lung. Infect Immun 72:6969-6977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.12.6969-6977.2004.
22. Vance RE, Rietsch A, Mekalanos JJ. 2005. Role of the type III secreted exoenzymes S, T, and Y in systemic spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in vivo. Infect Immun 73:1706-1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.3.1706-1713.2005.
23. Holder IA, Wheeler R. 1984. Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections owing to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: elastase, an IgG protease. Can J Microbiol 30:1118-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m84-175.
24. Rumbaugh KP, Griswold JA, Iglewski BH, Hamood AN. 1999. Contribution of quorum sensing to the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn wound infections. Infect Immun 67:5854-5862.
25. Turner KH, Everett J, Trivedi U, Rumbaugh KP, Whiteley M. 2014. Requirements for Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute burn and chronic surgical wound infection. PLoS Genet 10:e1004518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004518.
26. Koh AY, Mikkelsen PJ, Smith RS, Coggshall KT, Kamei A, Givskov M, Lory S, Pier GB. 2010. Utility of in vivo transcription profiling for identifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes needed for gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination. PLoS One 5:e15131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015131.
27. Hirakata Y, Srikumar R, Poole K, Gotoh N, Suematsu T, Kohno S, Kamihira S, Hancock RE, Speert DP. 2002. Multidrug efflux systems play an important role in the invasiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Exp Med 196:109-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020005.
28. Lee EJ, Cowell BA, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2003. Contribution of ExsAregulated factors to corneal infection by cytotoxic and invasive Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine scarification model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:3892-3898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-1302.
29. Hazlett LD, Masinick S, Barrett R, Rosol K. 1993. Evidence for asialo GM1 as a corneal glycolipid receptor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion. Infect Immun 61:5164-5173.
30. Tam C, Lewis SE, Li WY, Lee E, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2007. Mutation of the phospholipase catalytic domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin ExoU abolishes colonization promoting activity and reduces corneal disease severity. Exp Eye Res 85:799-805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2007.08.015.
31. Hazlett LD, Zucker M, Berk RS. 1992. Distribution and kinetics of the inflammatory cell response to ocular challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in susceptible versus resistant mice. Ophthalmic Res 24:32-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000267142.
32. Hazlett LD, Berk RS. 1984. Effect of C3 depletion on experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection: histopathological analysis. Infect Immun 43:783-790.
33. Wu M, Peng A, Sun M, Deng Q, Hazlett LD, Yuan J, Liu X, Gao Q, Feng L, He J, Zhang P, Huang X. 2011. TREM-1 amplifies corneal inflammation after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by modulating Toll-like receptor signaling and Th1/Th2-type immune responses. Infect Immun 79:2709-2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00144-11.
34. Hazlett LD. 2004. Corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Prog Retin Eye Res 23:1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2003.10.002.
35. Sun M, Zhu M, Chen K, Nie X, Deng Q, Hazlett LD, Wu Y, Li M, Wu M, Huang X. 2013. TREM-2 promotes host resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by suppressing corneal inflammation via a PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:3451-3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10938.
36. Zolfaghar I, Evans DJ, Ronaghi R, Fleiszig SM. 2006. Type III secretiondependent modulation of innate immunity as one of multiple factors regulated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RetS. Infect Immun 74:3880-3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01891-05.
37. Soong G, Parker D, Magargee M, Prince AS. 2008. The type III toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa disrupt epithelial barrier function. J Bacteriol 190:2814-2821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01567-07.
38. Azghani AO, Gray LD, Johnson AR. 1993. A bacterial protease perturbs the paracellular barrier function of transporting epithelial monolayers in culture. Infect Immun 61:2681-2686.
39. Azghani AO. 1996. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and epithelial permeability: role of virulence factors elastase and exotoxin A.AmJ Respir Cell Mol Biol 15:132-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.15.1.8679217.
40. Alarcon I, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2009. The role of twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa exit from and translocation of corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:2237-2244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2785.
41. Alarcon I, Kwan L, Yu C, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2009. Role of the corneal epithelial basement membrane in ocular defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 77:3264-3271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00111-09.
42. Ramirez JC, Fleiszig SM, Sullivan AB, Tam C, Borazjani R, Evans DJ. 2012. Traversal of multilayered corneal epithelia by cytotoxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires the phospholipase domain of exoU. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:448-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-8999.
43. Mun JJ, Tam C, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2011. Modulation of epithelial immunity by mucosal fluid. SciRep1:8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep00008.
44. Mun J, Tam C, Chan G, Kim JH, Evans D, Fleiszig S. 2013. MicroRNA-762 is upregulated in human corneal epithelial cells in response to tear fluid and Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens and negatively regulates the expression of host defense genes encoding RNase7 and ST2. PLoS One 8:e57850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057850.
45. Lee EJ, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2003. Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExsA in penetration through corneal epithelium in a novel in vivo model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:5220-5227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.03-0229.
46. Alarcon I, Tam C, Mun JJ, Ledue J, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2011. Factors impacting corneal epithelial barrier function against Pseudomonas aeruginosa traversal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:1368-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6125.
47. Tam C, Ledue J, Mun JJ, Herzmark P, Robey EA, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2011. 3D quantitative imaging of unprocessed live tissue reveals epithelial defense against bacterial adhesion and subsequent traversal requires MyD88. PLoS One 6:e24008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024008.
48. Mun JJ, Tam C, Kowbel D, Hawgood S, Barnett MJ, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2009. Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a healthy ocular surface involves surfactant protein D and is compromised by bacterial elastase in a murine null-infection model. Infect Immun 77:2392-2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00173-09.
49. Augustin DK, Heimer SR, Tam C, Li WY, Le Due JM, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2011. Role of defensins in corneal epithelial barrier function against Pseudomonas aeruginosa traversal. Infect Immun 79:595-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00854-10.
50. Hazlett LD, Wells PA, Berk RS. 1984. Scanning electron microscopy of the normal and experimentally infected ocular surface. Scan Electron Microsc 1379-1389.
51. Redfern RL, Reins RY, McDermott AM. 2011. Toll-like receptor activation modulates antimicrobial peptide expression by ocular surface cells. Exp Eye Res 92:209-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.12.005.
52. McDermott AM, Redfern RL, Zhang B, Pei Y, Huang L, Proske RJ. 2003. Defensin expression by the cornea: multiple signalling pathways mediate IL-1beta stimulation of hBD-2 expression by human corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1859-1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0787.
53. Frank DW, Nair G, Schweizer HP. 1994. Construction and characterization of chromosomal insertional mutations of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S trans-regulatory locus. Infect Immun 62:554-563.
54. Brutinel ED, Vakulskas CA, Brady KM, Yahr TL. 2008. Characterization of ExsA and of ExsA-dependent promoters required for expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system. Mol Microbiol 68:657-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06179.x.
55. Yahr TL, Mende-Mueller LM, Friese MB, Frank DW. 1997. Identification of type III secreted products of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S regulon. J Bacteriol 179:7165-7168.
56. Maltseva IA, Fleiszig SM, Evans DJ, Kerr S, Sidhu SS, McNamara NA, Basbaum C. 2007. Exposure of human corneal epithelial cells to contact lenses in vitro suppresses the upregulation of human beta-defensin-2 in response to antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exp Eye Res 85:142-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2007.04.001.
57. Liu H, Sadygov RG, Yates JR, III. 2004. A model for random sampling and estimation of relative protein abundance in shotgun proteomics. Anal Chem 76:4193-4201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0498563.
58. Yahr TL, Frank DW. 1994. Transcriptional organization of the transregulatory locus which controls exoenzyme S synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 176:3832-3838.
59. Tam C, Mun JJ, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SM. 2012. Cytokeratins mediate epithelial innate defense through their antimicrobial properties. J Clin Invest 122:3665-3677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI64416.
60. Brutinel ED, Vakulskas CA, Yahr TL. 2009. Functional domains of ExsA, the transcriptional activator of thePseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system. J Bacteriol 191:3811-3821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00002-09.
61. Wallace CJ, Medina SH, Elsayed ME. 2014. Effect of rhamnolipids on permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res 31:887-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-013-1210-5.
62. Kumar A, Yin J, Zhang J, Yu FS. 2007. Modulation of corneal epithelial innate immune response to Pseudomonas infection by flagellin pretreatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:4664-4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-0473.
63. Kumar A, Zhang J, Yu FS. 2006. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated expression of beta-defensin-2 in human corneal epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 8:380-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.07.006.
64. Cho JH, Park IY, Kim HS, Lee WT, Kim MS, Kim SC. 2002. Cathepsin D produces antimicrobial peptide parasin IfromhistoneH2Ain the skinmucosaof fish. FASEB J 16:429-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0736fje.
65. Birkemo GA, Luders T, Andersen O, Nes IF, Nissen-Meyer J. 2003. Hipposin, a histone-derived antimicrobial peptide in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Biochim Biophys Acta 1646:207-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1570-9639(03)00018-9.
66. Kawasaki H, Iwamuro S. 2008. Potential roles of histones in host defense as antimicrobial agents. Infect Disord Drug Targets 8:195-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526510808030195.
67. Wu F, Vij N, Roberts L, Lopez-Briones S, Joyce S, Chakravarti S. 2007. A novel role of the lumican core protein in bacterial lipopolysaccharideinduced innate immune response. J Biol Chem 282:26409-26417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M702402200.
68. Shao H, Scott SG, Nakata C, Hamad AR, Chakravarti S. 2013. Extracellular matrix protein lumican promotes clearance and resolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in a mouse model. PLoS One 8:e54765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054765.
69. Engle MR, Singh SP, Czernik PJ, Gaddy D, Montague DC, Ceci JD, Yang Y, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC, Zimniak P. 2004. Physiological role of mGSTA4-4, a glutathione S-transferase metabolizing 4-hydroxynonenal: generation and analysis of mGsta4 null mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 194:296-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.001.
70. Apidianakis Y, Que YA, Xu W, Tegos GP, Zimniak P, Hamblin MR, Tompkins RG, Xiao W, Rahme LG. 2012. Down-regulation of glutatione S-transferase alpha 4 (hGSTA4) in the muscle of thermally injured patients is indicative of susceptibility to bacterial infection. FASEB J 26:730-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.11-192484.
71. Morris D, Khurasany M, Nguyen T, Kim J, Guilford F, Mehta R, Gray D, Saviola B, Venketaraman V. 2013. Glutathione and infection. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830:3329-3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.012.
72. Huang G, Liu H, Han Y, Fan L, Zhang Q, Liu J, Yu X, Zhang L, Chen S, Dong M, Wang L, Xu A. 2007. Profile of acute immune response in Chinese amphioxus upon Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Dev Comp Immunol 31:1013-1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2007.01.003.
73. Krishnaswamy VR, Korrapati PS. 2014. Role of dermatopontin in reepithelialization: implications on keratinocyte migration and proliferation. Sci Rep 4:7385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep07385.
74. Weigand MR, Sundin GW. 2012. General and inducible hypermutation facilitate parallel adaptation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa despite divergent mutation spectra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13680-13685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205357109.
75. Ichijima H, Yokoi N, Nishizawa A, Kinoshita S. 1999. Fluorophotometric assessment of rabbit corneal epithelial barrier function after rigid contact lens wear. Cornea 18:87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199901000-00015.
76. McNamara NA, Polse KA, Fukunaga SA, Maebori JS, Suzuki RM. 1998. Soft lens extended wear affects epithelial barrier function. Ophthalmology 105:2330-2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(98)91237-4.
77. Gorbet MB, Tanti NC, Crockett B, Mansour L, Jones L. 2011. Effect of contact lens material on cytotoxicity potential of multipurpose solutions using human corneal epithelial cells. Mol Vis 17:3458-3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096448.