메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 368-378

Self-regulated learning in simulation-based training: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; EDUCATIONAL MODEL; EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; META ANALYSIS; PROCEDURES; TEACHING;

EID: 84924977686     PISSN: 03080110     EISSN: 13652923     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/medu.12649     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (112)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0033653776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CanMEDS 2000: extract from the CanMEDS 2000 project societal needs working group report
    • Anon
    • Anon. CanMEDS 2000: extract from the CanMEDS 2000 project societal needs working group report. Med Teach 2000;22 (6):549-54.
    • (2000) Med Teach , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 549-554
  • 3
    • 84903267003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaffolding reflective learning in clinical practice: a comparison of two types of reflective activities
    • Embo MPC, Driessen E, Valcke M, van der Vleuten CPM. Scaffolding reflective learning in clinical practice: a comparison of two types of reflective activities. Med Teach 2014;36:602-7.
    • (2014) Med Teach , vol.36 , pp. 602-607
    • Embo, M.P.C.1    Driessen, E.2    Valcke, M.3    van der Vleuten, C.P.M.4
  • 4
    • 83455199160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reflective analysis of medical education research on self-regulation in learning and practice
    • Brydges R, Butler D. A reflective analysis of medical education research on self-regulation in learning and practice. Med Educ 2012;46:71-9.
    • (2012) Med Educ , vol.46 , pp. 71-79
    • Brydges, R.1    Butler, D.2
  • 5
    • 0001929869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories of self-regulated learning and academic achievement: an overview and analysis
    • Zimmerman BJ, Schunk DH, eds., 2nd Edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Zimmerman BJ. Theories of self-regulated learning and academic achievement: an overview and analysis. In: Zimmerman BJ, Schunk DH, eds. Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: Theoretical Perspectives, 2nd Edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2001;1-37.
    • (2001) Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: Theoretical Perspectives , pp. 1-37
    • Zimmerman, B.J.1
  • 6
    • 79955499586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of self-regulated learning in work-related training and educational attainment: what we know and where we need to go
    • Sitzmann T, Ely K. A meta-analysis of self-regulated learning in work-related training and educational attainment: what we know and where we need to go. Psychol Bull 2011;137 (3):421-42.
    • (2011) Psychol Bull , vol.137 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-442
    • Sitzmann, T.1    Ely, K.2
  • 7
    • 84924981727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking transfer: a simple proposal with multiple implications
    • Bransford JD, Schwartz DL. Rethinking transfer: a simple proposal with multiple implications. Rev Educ Res 1999;6:1-100.
    • (1999) Rev Educ Res , vol.6 , pp. 1-100
    • Bransford, J.D.1    Schwartz, D.L.2
  • 8
    • 0033262720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social-self interaction and achievement behaviour
    • Schunk DH. Social-self interaction and achievement behaviour. Educ Psychol 1999;34 (4):219-27.
    • (1999) Educ Psychol , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 219-227
    • Schunk, D.H.1
  • 9
    • 0031504940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social origins of self-regulatory competence
    • Schunk DH, Zimmerman BJ. Social origins of self-regulatory competence. Educ Psychol 1997;32 (4):195-208.
    • (1997) Educ Psychol , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 195-208
    • Schunk, D.H.1    Zimmerman, B.J.2
  • 11
    • 84885441400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning in the health professions: what does self-regulation have to do with it?
    • Butler DL, Brydges R. Learning in the health professions: what does self-regulation have to do with it? Med Educ 2013;47:1057-9.
    • (2013) Med Educ , vol.47 , pp. 1057-1059
    • Butler, D.L.1    Brydges, R.2
  • 12
    • 84867183952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of technology-enhanced simulation versus other instructional methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Cook DA, Brydges R, Hamstra SJ, Zendejas B, Szostek JH, Wang AT, Erwin PJ, Hatala R. Comparative effectiveness of technology-enhanced simulation versus other instructional methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Simul Healthc 2012;7 (5):308-20.
    • (2012) Simul Healthc , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 308-320
    • Cook, D.A.1    Brydges, R.2    Hamstra, S.J.3    Zendejas, B.4    Szostek, J.H.5    Wang, A.T.6    Erwin, P.J.7    Hatala, R.8
  • 13
    • 84871992654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of instructional design features in simulation-based education: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Cook DA, Hamstra SJ, Brydges R, Zendejas B, Szostek JH, Wang AT, Erwin PJ, Hatala R. Comparative effectiveness of instructional design features in simulation-based education: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Teach 2013;35 (1):e844-75.
    • (2013) Med Teach , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. e844-e875
    • Cook, D.A.1    Hamstra, S.J.2    Brydges, R.3    Zendejas, B.4    Szostek, J.H.5    Wang, A.T.6    Erwin, P.J.7    Hatala, R.8
  • 14
    • 80052444806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technology-enhanced simulation for health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Cook DA, Hatala R, Brydges R, Zendejas B, Szostek JH, Wang AT, Erwin PJ, Hamstra SJ. Technology-enhanced simulation for health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;306 (9):978-88.
    • (2011) JAMA , vol.306 , Issue.9 , pp. 978-988
    • Cook, D.A.1    Hatala, R.2    Brydges, R.3    Zendejas, B.4    Szostek, J.H.5    Wang, A.T.6    Erwin, P.J.7    Hamstra, S.J.8
  • 15
    • 77958476934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of self-directed learning in health professions education: a systematic review
    • Murad MH, Coto-Yglesias F, Varkey P, Prokop LJ, Murad AL. The effectiveness of self-directed learning in health professions education: a systematic review. Med Educ 2010;44:1057-68.
    • (2010) Med Educ , vol.44 , pp. 1057-1068
    • Murad, M.H.1    Coto-Yglesias, F.2    Varkey, P.3    Prokop, L.J.4    Murad, A.L.5
  • 16
    • 69149107165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement
    • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151 (4):264-9.
    • (2009) Ann Intern Med , vol.151 , Issue.4 , pp. 264-269
    • Moher, D.1    Liberati, A.2    Tetzlaff, J.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 17
    • 58649114312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoiding confounded comparisons in education research
    • Cook DA. Avoiding confounded comparisons in education research. Med Educ 2009;43:102-4.
    • (2009) Med Educ , vol.43 , pp. 102-104
    • Cook, D.A.1
  • 18
    • 84861091799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trials and meta-analysis in medical education: what role do they play?
    • Cook DA. Randomised controlled trials and meta-analysis in medical education: what role do they play? Med Teach 2012;34 (6):468-73.
    • (2012) Med Teach , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 468-473
    • Cook, D.A.1
  • 19
    • 0028332653 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of an interactive learning system with 'sensorises' manikin head for airway management instruction
    • From RP, Pearson KS, Albanese MA, Moyers JR, Sigurdsson SS, Dull DL. Assessment of an interactive learning system with 'sensorises' manikin head for airway management instruction. Anesth Analg 1994;79:136-42.
    • (1994) Anesth Analg , vol.79 , pp. 136-142
    • From, R.P.1    Pearson, K.S.2    Albanese, M.A.3    Moyers, J.R.4    Sigurdsson, S.S.5    Dull, D.L.6
  • 21
    • 0041876133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
    • Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327 (7414):557-60.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , Issue.7414 , pp. 557-560
    • Higgins, J.P.1    Thompson, S.G.2    Deeks, J.J.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 24
    • 77953608455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coordinating progressive levels of simulation fidelity to maximise educational benefit
    • Brydges R, Carnahan H, Rose D, Rose L, Dubrowski A. Coordinating progressive levels of simulation fidelity to maximise educational benefit. Acad Med 2010;85:806-12.
    • (2010) Acad Med , vol.85 , pp. 806-812
    • Brydges, R.1    Carnahan, H.2    Rose, D.3    Rose, L.4    Dubrowski, A.5
  • 25
    • 33846338207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of single- and multiple-stage approaches to teaching laparoscopic suturing
    • Dubrowski A, Park J, Moulton C-A, Larmer J, MacRae H. A comparison of single- and multiple-stage approaches to teaching laparoscopic suturing. Am J Surg 2007;193:269-73.
    • (2007) Am J Surg , vol.193 , pp. 269-273
    • Dubrowski, A.1    Park, J.2    Moulton, C.-A.3    Larmer, J.4    MacRae, H.5
  • 26
    • 33846336133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical skill acquisition with self-directed practice using computer-based video training
    • Jowett N, LeBlanc V, Xeroulis G, MacRae H, Dubrowski A. Surgical skill acquisition with self-directed practice using computer-based video training. Am J Surg 2007;193 (2):237-42.
    • (2007) Am J Surg , vol.193 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-242
    • Jowett, N.1    LeBlanc, V.2    Xeroulis, G.3    MacRae, H.4    Dubrowski, A.5
  • 29
    • 0034189784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updating cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills: a study to examine the efficacy of self-instruction on nurses' competence
    • Davies N, Gould D. Updating cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills: a study to examine the efficacy of self-instruction on nurses' competence. J Clin Nurs 2000;9:400-10.
    • (2000) J Clin Nurs , vol.9 , pp. 400-410
    • Davies, N.1    Gould, D.2
  • 31
    • 56849128118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulator training improves fibre-optic intubation proficiency among emergency medicine residents
    • Binstadt E, Donner S, Nelson J, Flottemesch T, Hegarty C. Simulator training improves fibre-optic intubation proficiency among emergency medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15 (121):1-4.
    • (2008) Acad Emerg Med , vol.15 , Issue.121 , pp. 1-4
    • Binstadt, E.1    Donner, S.2    Nelson, J.3    Flottemesch, T.4    Hegarty, C.5
  • 32
    • 77953912086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competence and retention in performance of the lumbar puncture procedure in a task trainer model
    • Conroy SM, Bond WF, Pheasant KS, Ceccacci N. Competence and retention in performance of the lumbar puncture procedure in a task trainer model. Simul Healthc 2010;5:133-8.
    • (2010) Simul Healthc , vol.5 , pp. 133-138
    • Conroy, S.M.1    Bond, W.F.2    Pheasant, K.S.3    Ceccacci, N.4
  • 33
    • 0034285621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Look, learn, and be satisfied: video playback as a learning strategy to improve clinical skills performance
    • Hill R, Hooper C, Wahl S. Look, learn, and be satisfied: video playback as a learning strategy to improve clinical skills performance. J Nurses Staff Dev 2000;16:232-9.
    • (2000) J Nurses Staff Dev , vol.16 , pp. 232-239
    • Hill, R.1    Hooper, C.2    Wahl, S.3
  • 34
    • 0037376754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-assessment in simulation-based surgical skills training
    • MacDonald J, Williams RG, Rogers DA. Self-assessment in simulation-based surgical skills training. Am J Surg 2003;185:319-22.
    • (2003) Am J Surg , vol.185 , pp. 319-322
    • MacDonald, J.1    Williams, R.G.2    Rogers, D.A.3
  • 35
    • 38349087816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective evaluation of a simulator-based laparoscopic training programme for gynaecology residents
    • Kirby TO, Numnum TM, Kilgore LC, Straughn JM. A prospective evaluation of a simulator-based laparoscopic training programme for gynaecology residents. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206:343-8.
    • (2008) J Am Coll Surg , vol.206 , pp. 343-348
    • Kirby, T.O.1    Numnum, T.M.2    Kilgore, L.C.3    Straughn, J.M.4
  • 36
    • 33845562052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills
    • Porte MC, Xeroulis G, Reznick RK, Dubrowski A. Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills. Am J Surg 2007;193:105-10.
    • (2007) Am J Surg , vol.193 , pp. 105-110
    • Porte, M.C.1    Xeroulis, G.2    Reznick, R.K.3    Dubrowski, A.4
  • 37
    • 77955131316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing self-guided learning and educator-guided learning formats for simulation-based clinical training
    • Brydges R, Carnahan H, Rose D, Dubrowski A. Comparing self-guided learning and educator-guided learning formats for simulation-based clinical training. J Adv Nurs 2010;66:1832-44.
    • (2010) J Adv Nurs , vol.66 , pp. 1832-1844
    • Brydges, R.1    Carnahan, H.2    Rose, D.3    Dubrowski, A.4
  • 38
    • 65649103392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How effective is self-guided learning of clinical technical skills? It's all about process
    • Brydges R, Carnahan H, Safir O, Dubrowski A. How effective is self-guided learning of clinical technical skills? It's all about process. Med Educ 2009;43:507-15.
    • (2009) Med Educ , vol.43 , pp. 507-515
    • Brydges, R.1    Carnahan, H.2    Safir, O.3    Dubrowski, A.4
  • 39
    • 0022018543 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of sequential models in the preclinical laboratory
    • Weiner S, Ianzano J, Stenvall M. An evaluation of sequential models in the preclinical laboratory. J Dent Educ 1985;49:109-10.
    • (1985) J Dent Educ , vol.49 , pp. 109-110
    • Weiner, S.1    Ianzano, J.2    Stenvall, M.3
  • 40
    • 34547953343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of self-directed learning versus instructor-modelled learning during a simulated clinical experience
    • LeFlore JL, Anderson M, Michael JL, Engle WD, Anderson J. Comparison of self-directed learning versus instructor-modelled learning during a simulated clinical experience. Simul Healthc 2007;2:170-7.
    • (2007) Simul Healthc , vol.2 , pp. 170-177
    • LeFlore, J.L.1    Anderson, M.2    Michael, J.L.3    Engle, W.D.4    Anderson, J.5
  • 42
    • 1342307565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study comparing the effectiveness of conventional training and virtual reality simulation in the skills acquisition of junior dental students
    • Quinn F, Keogh P, McDonald A, Hussey D. A study comparing the effectiveness of conventional training and virtual reality simulation in the skills acquisition of junior dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2003;7:164-9.
    • (2003) Eur J Dent Educ , vol.7 , pp. 164-169
    • Quinn, F.1    Keogh, P.2    McDonald, A.3    Hussey, D.4
  • 43
    • 34250334729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of an instructional DVD for clinical skills teaching
    • Lee JC, Boyd R, Stuart P. Randomised controlled trial of an instructional DVD for clinical skills teaching. Emerg Med Australas 2007;19 (3):241-5.
    • (2007) Emerg Med Australas , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 241-245
    • Lee, J.C.1    Boyd, R.2    Stuart, P.3
  • 44
    • 33947366439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching suturing and knot-tying skills to medical students: a randomised controlled study comparing computer-based video instruction and (concurrent and summary) expert feedback
    • Xeroulis GJ, Park J, Moulton C-A, Reznick RK, Leblanc V, Dubrowski A. Teaching suturing and knot-tying skills to medical students: a randomised controlled study comparing computer-based video instruction and (concurrent and summary) expert feedback. Surgery 2007;141:442-9.
    • (2007) Surgery , vol.141 , pp. 442-449
    • Xeroulis, G.J.1    Park, J.2    Moulton, C.-A.3    Reznick, R.K.4    Leblanc, V.5    Dubrowski, A.6
  • 46
    • 57649105549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of 2 methods to teach and evaluate new content to neonatal transport personnel using high-fidelity simulation
    • LeFlore JL, Anderson M. Effectiveness of 2 methods to teach and evaluate new content to neonatal transport personnel using high-fidelity simulation. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2008;22:319-28.
    • (2008) J Perinat Neonatal Nurs , vol.22 , pp. 319-328
    • LeFlore, J.L.1    Anderson, M.2
  • 47
    • 40949146164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of expert instruction and computer-based video training in teaching fundamental surgical skills to medical students
    • Nousiainen M, Brydges R, Backstein D, Dubrowski A. Comparison of expert instruction and computer-based video training in teaching fundamental surgical skills to medical students. Surgery 2008;143:539-44.
    • (2008) Surgery , vol.143 , pp. 539-544
    • Nousiainen, M.1    Brydges, R.2    Backstein, D.3    Dubrowski, A.4
  • 48
    • 0000411227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of practice and instruction on speed and accuracy during resident acquisition of simulated laparoscopic skills
    • Risucci D, Cohen JA, Garbus JE, Goldstein M, Cohen MG. The effects of practice and instruction on speed and accuracy during resident acquisition of simulated laparoscopic skills. Curr Surg 2001;58:230-5.
    • (2001) Curr Surg , vol.58 , pp. 230-235
    • Risucci, D.1    Cohen, J.A.2    Garbus, J.E.3    Goldstein, M.4    Cohen, M.G.5
  • 50
    • 79955921391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Booster' training: evaluation of instructor-led bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill training and automated corrective feedback to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation compliance of Pediatric Basic Life Support providers during simulated cardiac arrest
    • Sutton RM, Niles D, Meaney PA, Aplenc R, French B, Abella BS, Lengetti EL, Berg RA, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni V. 'Booster' training: evaluation of instructor-led bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill training and automated corrective feedback to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation compliance of Pediatric Basic Life Support providers during simulated cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011;12 (3):e116-21.
    • (2011) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. e116-e121
    • Sutton, R.M.1    Niles, D.2    Meaney, P.A.3    Aplenc, R.4    French, B.5    Abella, B.S.6    Lengetti, E.L.7    Berg, R.A.8    Helfaer, M.A.9    Nadkarni, V.10
  • 51
    • 79952113739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HeartCode BLS with voice assisted manikin for teaching nursing students: preliminary results
    • Oermann MH, Kardong-Edgren S, Odom-Maryon T et al. HeartCode BLS with voice assisted manikin for teaching nursing students: preliminary results. Nurs Educ Perspect 2010;31 (5):303-8.
    • (2010) Nurs Educ Perspect , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 303-308
    • Oermann, M.H.1    Kardong-Edgren, S.2    Odom-Maryon, T.3
  • 52
    • 79952139702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of take-home surgical simulators to enhance resident technical skill proficiency
    • Uccelli J, Kahol K, Ashby A, Smith M, Ferrara J. The validity of take-home surgical simulators to enhance resident technical skill proficiency. Am J Surg 2011;201:315-9.
    • (2011) Am J Surg , vol.201 , pp. 315-319
    • Uccelli, J.1    Kahol, K.2    Ashby, A.3    Smith, M.4    Ferrara, J.5
  • 53
    • 0034041657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of external feedback on computer-assisted learning for surgical technical skill training
    • Rogers DA, Regehr G, Howdieshell TR, Yeh KA, Palm E. The impact of external feedback on computer-assisted learning for surgical technical skill training. Am J Surg 2000;179 (4):341-3.
    • (2000) Am J Surg , vol.179 , Issue.4 , pp. 341-343
    • Rogers, D.A.1    Regehr, G.2    Howdieshell, T.R.3    Yeh, K.A.4    Palm, E.5
  • 54
  • 55
    • 37049020876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-training in the use of automated external defibrillators: the same results for less money
    • de Vries W, Schelvis M, Rustemeijer I, Bierens JJLM. Self-training in the use of automated external defibrillators: the same results for less money. Resuscitation 2008;76:76-82.
    • (2008) Resuscitation , vol.76 , pp. 76-82
    • de Vries, W.1    Schelvis, M.2    Rustemeijer, I.3    Bierens, J.J.L.M.4
  • 56
    • 79957789654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining video instruction followed by voice feedback in a self-learning station for acquisition of basic life support skills: a randomised non-inferiority trial
    • Mpotos N, Lemoyne S, Calle PA, Deschepper E, Valcke M, Monsieurs KG. Combining video instruction followed by voice feedback in a self-learning station for acquisition of basic life support skills: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Resuscitation 2011;82 (7):896-901.
    • (2011) Resuscitation , vol.82 , Issue.7 , pp. 896-901
    • Mpotos, N.1    Lemoyne, S.2    Calle, P.A.3    Deschepper, E.4    Valcke, M.5    Monsieurs, K.G.6
  • 57
  • 59
    • 84965393809 scopus 로고
    • New conceptualisations of practice: common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training
    • Schmidt RA, Bjork RA. New conceptualisations of practice: common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training. Psychol Sci 1992;3 (4):207-17.
    • (1992) Psychol Sci , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 207-217
    • Schmidt, R.A.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 60
    • 77958462214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new concept of unsupervised learning: directed self-guided learning in the health professions
    • Brydges R, Dubrowski A, Regehr G. A new concept of unsupervised learning: directed self-guided learning in the health professions. Acad Med 2010;85 (10):49-55.
    • (2010) Acad Med , vol.85 , Issue.10 , pp. 49-55
    • Brydges, R.1    Dubrowski, A.2    Regehr, G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.