The nucleus accumbens: A comprehensive review

Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery

Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 75-93

  Salgado, Sanjay ^a   Kaplitt, Michael G ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Depression; Nucleus accumbens; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Psychosurgery; Ventral striatum

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; ACETYLCHOLINE; CALRETININ; DOPAMINE; ENKEPHALIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; OPIATE RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN; SUBSTANCE P;

ABLATION THERAPY; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; DEPRESSION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; FOREBRAIN; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; REVIEW; REWARD; SATISFACTION; STEREOTAXIC SURGERY; SURGICAL ANATOMY; THALAMUS INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS;

EID: 84924170650     PISSN: 10116125     EISSN: 14230372     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000368279     Document Type: Review

References (333)

1. Ziehen T: Das Zentralnervensystem der Monotremen und Marsupialier. Jena, Fischer, 1904.
2. Koikegami H, Hirata Y, Oguma J: Studies on the paralimbic brain structures. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1967; 21: 151-180.
3. Nieto A, Mexicano G, Cappello S, Contreras CM, Nieto D: Projections of the nucleus accumbens in the cat. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 43: 105-112.
4. Kappers CUA, Theunissen WF: Die Phylogenese des Rhinencephalons des Corpus striatum und der Vorderhirnkommissuren. Leipzig, W. Klingkardt, 1908.
5. Johnston JB: The morphology of the septum, hippocampus, and pallial commissures in reptiles and mammals. J Comp Neurol 1913; 23: 371-478.
6. Johnston JB: Further contributions to the study of the evolution of the forebrain. J Comp Neurol 1923; 35: 337-481.
7. Herrick CJ: Brains of Rats and Men. University of Chicago Press, 1926.
8. Heimer L, Switzer RD, Van Hoesen GW: Ventral striatum and ventral pallidum: components of the motor system? Trends Neurosci 1982; 5: 83-87.
9. Nauta WJ, Smith GP, Faull RL, Domesick VB: Efferent connections and nigral afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat. Neuroscience 1978; 3: 385-401.
10. Parent A, Olivier A: Comparative histochemical study of the corpus striatum. J Hirnforsch 1970; 12: 73-81.
11. Herkenham M, Pert CB: Mosaic distribution of opiate receptors, parafascicular projections and acetylcholinesterase in rat striatum. Nature 1981; 291: 415-418.
12. Pert CB, Kuhar MJ, Snyder SH: Opiate receptor: autoradiographic localization in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73: 3729-3733.
13. Atweh SF, Kuhar MJ: Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. III. The telencephalon. Brain Res 1977; 134: 393-405.
14. Rotter A, et al: Muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Technique for autoradiographic localization of the binding of [ 3 H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard and its distribution in the forebrain. Brain Res 1979; 180: 141-165.
15. Wamsley JK, Zarbin MA, Birdsall NJ, Kuhar MJ: Muscarinic cholinergic receptors: autoradiographic localization of high and low affinity agonist binding sites. Brain Res 1980; 200: 1-12.
16. Murrin LC, Gale K, Kuhar MJ: Autoradiographic localization of neuroleptic and dopamine receptors in the caudate-putamen and substantia nigra: effects of lesions. Eur J Pharmacol 1979; 60: 229-235.
17. Swanson LW, Cwan WM: A note on the connections and development of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1975; 92: 324-330.
18. Ten Donkelaar HJ, Dederen PJ: Neurogenesis in the basal forebrain of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) . I. Time of neuron origin. Anat Embryol 1979; 56: 331-348.
19. Heimer L, Zahm DS, Churchill L, Kalivas PW, Wohltmann C: Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience 1991; 41: 89-125.
20. Lammers GJ, Gribnau AA, ten Donkelaar HJ: Neurogenesis in the basal forebrain in the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) . II. Site of neuron origin: morphogenesis of the ventricular ridges. Anat Embryol 1980; 158: 193-211.
21. White LE: Development and morphology of human nucleus accumbens; in Chronister RB, De France JF (eds): The Neurobiology of the Nucleus Accumbens. Brunswick, Haer Institute, 1981, pp 198-209.
22. Brand S, Rakic P: Neurogenesis of the nucleus accumbens septi and neighboring septal nuclei in the rhesus monkey: a combined [ 3 H] thymidine and electron microscopic study. Neuroscience 1980; 5: 2125-2138.
23. Das GD, Altman J: Postnatal neurogenesis in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens septi in the rat. Brain Res 1970; 21: 122-127.
24. Marchand R, Lajoie L: Histogenesis of the striopallidal system in the rat. Neurogenesis of its neurons. Neuroscience 1986; 17: 573-590.
25. Bayer S: A correlated study of neurogenesis, morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation in the rat nucleus accumbens; in Chronister RB, De France JF (eds): The Neurobiology of the Nucleus Accumbens. Brunswick, Haer Institute, 1981, pp 173-197.
26. Muhammad A, Carroll C, Kolb B: Stress during development alters dendritic morphology in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2012; 216: 103-109.
27. Monroy E, Hernández-Torres E, Flores G: Maternal separation disrupts dendritic morphology of neurons in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens in male rat offspring. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 40: 93-101.
28. McClure WO, Ishtoyan A, Lyon M: Very mild stress of pregnant rats reduces volume and cell number in nucleus accumbens of adult offspring: some parallels to schizophrenia. Dev Brain Res 2004; 149: 21-28.
29. Sturman DA, Moghaddam B: Striatum processes reward differently in adolescents versus adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109: 1719-1724.
30. Galvan A, et al: Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 6885-6892.
31. Jongen-Rêlo AL, Voorn P, Groenewegen HJ: Immunohistochemical characterization of the shell and core territories of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 1994; 6: 1255-1264.
32. Zahm DS: Functional-anatomical implications of the nucleus accumbens core and shell subterritories. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 877: 113-128.
33. Heimer L: Basal forebrain in the context of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 2000; 31: 205-235.
34. Neto LL, Oliveira E, Correia F, Ferreira AG: The human nucleus accumbens: where is it? A stereotactic, anatomical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuromodulation 2008; 11: 13-22.
35. Mavridis I, Boviatsis E, Anagnostopoulou S: Anatomy of the human nucleus accumbens: a combined morphometric study. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 33: 405-414.
36. Záborszky L, et al: Cholecystokinin innervation of the ventral striatum: a morphological and radioimmunological study. Neuroscience 1985; 14: 427-453.
37. Zahm DS, Brog JS: On the significance of subterritories in the 'accumbens' part of the rat ventral striatum. Neuroscience 1992; 50: 751-767.
38. Wright CI, Groenewegen HJ: Patterns of overlap and segregation between insular cortical, intermediodorsal thalamic and basal amygdaloid afferents in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 359-373.
39. Prensa L, Richard S, Parent A: Chemical anatomy of the human ventral striatum and adjacent basal forebrain structures. J Comp Neurol 2003; 460: 345-367.
40. Ahsan RL, et al: Volumes, spatial extents and a probabilistic atlas of the human basal ganglia and thalamus. Neuroimage 2007; 38: 261-270.
41. Mavridis I, Boviatsis E, Anagnostopoulou S: Stereotactic anatomy of the human nucleus accumbens: from applied mathematics to microsurgical accuracy. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 33: 583-594.
42. Brabec J, Krásený J, Petrovický P: Volumetry of striatum and pallidum in man-anatomy, cytoarchitecture, connections, MRI and aging. Sb Lek 2003; 104: 13-65.
43. Herkenham M, Edley SM, Stuart J: Cell clusters in the nucleus accumbens of the rat, and the mosaic relationship of opiate receptors, acetylcholinesterase and subcortical afferent terminations. Neuroscience 1984; 11: 561-593.
44. Zahm DS: An integrative neuroanatomical perspective on some subcortical substrates of adaptive responding with emphasis on the nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24: 85-105.
45. Caboche J, Vernier P, Rogard M, Besson MJ: Haloperidol increases PPE mRNA levels in the caudal part of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neuroreport 1993; 4: 551-554.
46. Mathieu AM, Caboche J, Besson MJ: Distribution of preproenkephalin, preprotachykinin A, and preprodynorphin mRNAs in the rat nucleus accumbens: effect of repeated administration of nicotine. Synapse 1996; 23: 94-106.
47. Rogard M, Caboche J, Julien JF, Besson MJ: The rat nucleus accumbens: two levels of complexity in the distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (67 kDa) and preproenkephalin messenger RNA. Neurosci Lett 1993; 155: 81-86.
48. Voorn P, Gerfen CR, Groenewegen HJ: Compartmental organization of the ventral striatum of the rat: immunohistochemical distribution of enkephalin, substance P, dopamine, and calcium-binding protein. J Comp Neurol 1989; 289: 189-201.
49. Churchill L, Dilts RP, Kalivas PW: Changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid, mu-opioid and neurotensin receptors in the accumbens-pallidal projection after discrete quinolinic acid lesions in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1990; 511: 41-54.
50. Zahm DS: The ventral striatopallidal parts of the basal ganglia in the rat-II. Compartmentation of ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience 1989; 30: 33-50.
51. Olson L, Seiger A, Fuxe K: Heterogeneity of striatal and limbic dopamine innervation: highly fluorescent islands in developing and adult rats. Brain Res 1972; 44: 283-288.
52. Goldman PS, Nauta WJH: An intricately patterned prefronto-caudate projection in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1977; 171: 369-385.
53. Herkenham M, Pert CB: In vitro autoradiography of opiate receptors in rat brain suggests loci of 'opiatergic' pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77: 5532-5536.
54. Gerfen CR: The neostriatal mosaic: striatal patch-matrix organization is related to cortical lamination. Science 1989; 246: 385-388.
55. Voorn P, Brady LS, Schotte A, Berendse HW, Richfield EK: Evidence for two neurochemical divisions in the human nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 1994; 6: 1913-1916.
56. Graybiel AM, Ragsdale CW Jr: Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75: 5723-5726.
57. Gerfen CR: The neostriatal mosaic: compartmentalization of corticostriatal input and striatonigral output systems. Nature 1984; 311: 461-464.
58. Gerfen CR, Baimbridge KG, Miller JJ: The neostriatal mosaic: compartmental distribution of calcium-binding protein and parvalbumin in the basal ganglia of the rat and monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82: 8780-8784.
59. Graybiel AM: Correspondence between the dopamine islands and striosomes of the mammalian striatum. Neuroscience 1984; 13: 1157-1187.
60. Minamino N, Masuda H, Kangawa K, Matsuo H: Regional distribution of neuromedin K and neuromedin L in rat brain and spinal cord. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 124: 731-738.
61. Zahm DS, Heimer L: Specificity in the efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens in the rat: comparison of the rostral pole projection patterns with those of the core and shell. J Comp Neurol 1993; 327: 220-232.
62. Sazdanović M, et al: Neurons of human nucleus accumbens. Vojnosanit Pregl 2011; 68: 655-660.
63. Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ: Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum. J Comp Neurol 1990; 299: 187-228.
64. Meredith GE, Blank B, Groenewegen HJ: The distribution and compartmental organization of the cholinergic neurons in nucleus accumbens of the rat. Neuroscience 1989; 31: 327-345.
65. Meredith GE, Agolia R, Arts MPM, Groenewegen HJ, Zahm DS: Morphological differences between projection neurons of the core and shell in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Neuroscience 1992; 50: 149-162.
66. Deutch AY, Cameron DS: Pharmacological characterization of dopamine systems in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 1992; 46: 49-56.
67. Patel S, Roberts J, Moorman J, Reavill C: Localization of serotonin-4 receptors in the striatonigral pathway in rat brain. Neuroscience 1995; 69: 1159-1167.
68. Zahm DS, Heimer L: Two transpallidal pathways originating in the rat nucleus accumbens. J Comp Neurol 1990; 302: 437-446.
69. Churchill L, et al: Patterns of glucose use after bicuculline-induced convulsions in relationship to gamma-aminobutyric acid and muopioid receptors in the ventral pallidum-functional markers for the ventral pallidum. Brain Res 1992; 581: 39-45.
70. Koylu EO, Couceyro PR, Lambert PD, Kuhar MJ: Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide immunohistochemical localization in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1998; 391: 115-132.
71. Le Moine C, Bloch B: Expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in peptidergic neurons of the nucleus accumbens: comparison with the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 131-143.
72. Deutch AY, Lee MC, Iadarola MJ: Regionally specific effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on striatal Fos expression: the nucleus accumbens shell as a locus of antipsychotic action. Mol Cell Neurosci 1992; 3: 332-341.
73. Heimer L, et al: The accumbens: beyond the core-shell dichotomy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 9: 354-381.
74. Alheid GF, Heimer L: New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience 1988; 27: 1-39.
75. Heimer L, Alheid GF: Piecing together the puzzle of basal forebrain anatomy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 295: 1-42.
76. Zahm DS: Is the caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens part of the extended amygdala? A consideration of connections. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1998; 12: 245-265.
77. Nicola SM: The nucleus accumbens as part of a basal ganglia action selection circuit. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 191: 521-550.
78. Mogenson GJ, Jones DL, Yim CY: From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Prog Neurobiol 1980; 14: 69-97.
79. Fallon JH, Moore RY: Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 1978; 180: 545-580.
80. Phillipson OT, Griffiths AC: The topographic order of inputs to nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neuroscience 1985; 16: 275-296.
81. Fuller TA, Russchen FT, Price JL: Sources of presumptive glutamergic/aspartergic afferents to the rat ventral striatopallidal region. J Comp Neurol 1987; 258: 317-338.
82. Mcdonald AJ: Organization of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat. Neuroscience 1991; 44: 1-14.
83. Groenewegen HJ, Becker NE, Lohman AH: Subcortical afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the cat, studied with retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and bisbenzimid. Neuroscience 1980; 5: 1903-1916.
84. DeFrance JF, Marchand JF, Sikes RW, Chronister RB, Hubbard JI: Characterization of fimbria input to nucleus accumbens. J Neurophysiol 1985; 54: 1553-1567.
85. Yang CR, Mogenson GJ: Electrophysiological responses of neurones in the nucleus accumbens to hippocampal stimulation and the attenuation of the excitatory responses by the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Brain Res 1984; 324; 69-84.
86. Zaczek R, Hedreen JC, Coyle JT: Evidence for a hippocampal-septal glutamatergic pathway in the rat. Exp Neurol 1979; 65: 145-156.
87. Lopes da Silva FH, Arnolds DE, Neijt HC: A functional link between the limbic cortex and ventral striatum: physiology of the subiculum accumbens pathway. Exp Brain Res 1984; 55: 205-214.
88. Kelley AE, Domesick VB: The distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the nucleus accumbens in the rat: an anterograde and retrograde-horseradish peroxidase study. Neuroscience 1982; 7: 2321-2335.
89. Brog JS, Salyapongse A, Deutch AY, Zahm DS: The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the 'accumbens' part of the rat ventral striatum: immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro-gold. J Comp Neurol 1993; 338: 255-278.
90. Beckstead RM: An autoradiographic examination of corticocortical and subcortical projections of the mediodorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1979; 184: 43-62.
91. Buchanan SL, Thompson RH, Maxwell BL, Powell DA: Efferent connections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rabbit. Exp Brain Res 1994; 100: 469-483.
92. Chiba T, Kayahara T, Nakano K: Efferent projections of infralimbic and prelimbic areas of the medial prefrontal cortex in the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata . Brain Res 2001; 888: 83-101.
93. Ferry AT, Ongür D, An X, Price JL: Prefrontal cortical projections to the striatum in macaque monkeys: evidence for an organization related to prefrontal networks. J Comp Neurol 2000; 425: 447-470.
94. Gorelova N, Yang CR: The course of neural projection from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neuroscience 1997; 76: 689-706.
95. Montaron MF, Deniau JM, Menetrey A, Glowinski J, Thierry AM: Prefrontal cortex inputs of the nucleus accumbens-nigro-thalamic circuit. Neuroscience 1996; 71: 371-382.
96. Morino P, Mascagni F, McDonald A, Hökfelt T: Cholecystokinin corticostriatal pathway in the rat: evidence for bilateral origin from medial prefrontal cortical areas. Neuroscience 1994; 59: 939-952.
97. Groenewegen HJ, Room P, Witter MP, Lohman AH: Cortical afferents of the nucleus accumbens in the cat, studied with anterograde and retrograde transport techniques. Neuroscience 1982; 7: 977-996.
98. Sesack SR, Deutch AY, Roth RH, Bunney BS: Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 1989; 290: 213-242.
99. Groenewegen HJ, Wright CI, Beijer AV, Voorn P: Convergence and segregation of ventral striatal inputs and outputs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 877: 49-63.
100. Bossert JM, et al: Role of projections from ventral medial prefrontal cortex to nucleus accumbens shell in context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 4982-4991.
101. Bossert JM, et al: Ventral medial prefrontal cortex neuronal ensembles mediate contextinduced relapse to heroin. Nature Neurosci 2011; 14: 420-422.
102. Gerfen CR, Herkenham M, Thibault J: The neostriatal mosaic: II. Patch-and matrix-directed mesostriatal dopaminergic and nondopaminergic systems. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 3915-3934.
103. Nirenberg MJ, Vaughan RA, Uhl GR, Kuhar MJ, Pickel VM: The dopamine transporter is localized to dendritic and axonal plasma membranes of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 436-447.
104. Groenewegen HJ, Vermeulen-Van der Zee E, te Kortschot A, Witter MP: Organization of the projections from the subiculum to the ventral striatum in the rat. A study using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Neuroscience 1987; 23: 103-120.
105. Williams DJ, Crossman AR, Slater P: The efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Brain Res 1977; 130: 217-227.
106. Churchill L, Kalivas PW: A topographically organized gamma-aminobutyric acid projection from the ventral pallidum to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1994; 345: 579-595.
107. Yang CR, Mogenson GJ: Ventral pallidal neuronal responses to dopamine receptor stimulation in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1989; 489: 237-246.
108. Záborszky L, Cullinan WE: Projections from the nucleus accumbens to cholinergic neurons of the ventral pallidum: a correlated light and electron microscopic double-immunolabeling study in rat. Brain Res 1992; 570: 92-101.
109. Mogenson GJ, Swanson LW, Wu M: Neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus, substantia innominata, and lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic area: an anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the rat. J Neurosci 1983; 3: 189-202.
110. Russchen FT, Bakst I, Amaral DG, Price JL: The amygdalostriatal projections in the monkey. An anterograde tracing study. Brain Res 1985; 329: 241-257.
111. Ito N, Ishida H, Miyakawa F, Naito H: Microelectrode study of projections from the amygdaloid complex to the nucleus accumbens in the cat. Brain Res 1974; 67: 338-341.
112. Conrad LC, Pfaff DW: Autoradiographic tracing of nucleus accumbens efferents in the rat. Brain Res 1976; 113: 589-596.
113. Groenewegen HJ, Russchen FT: Organization of the efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens to pallidal, hypothalamic, and mesencephalic structures: a tracing and immunohistochemical study in the cat. J Comp Neurol 1984; 223: 347-367.
114. Powell EW, Leman RB: Connections of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1976; 105: 389-403.
115. van Kuyck K, et al: Behavioural and physiological effects of electrical stimulation in the nucleus accumbens: a review. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007; 97: 375-391.
116. Troiano R, Siegel A: Efferent connections of the basal forebrain in the cat: the nucleus accumbens. Exp Neurol 1978; 61: 185-197.
117. Goldman-Rakic PS: Cytoarchitectonic heterogeneity of the primate neostriatum: subdivision into island and matrix cellular compartments. J Comp Neurol 1982; 205: 398-413.
118. Donoghue JP, Herkenham M: Neostriatal projections from individual cortical fields conform to histochemically distinct striatal compartments in the rat. Brain Res 1986; 365: 397-403.
119. Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLong MR: Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, 'prefrontal' and 'limbic' functions. Prog Brain Res 1990; 85: 119-146.
120. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL: Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357-381.
121. Zahm DS, Williams E, Wohltmann C: Ventral striatopallidothalamic projection: IV. Relative involvements of neurochemically distinct subterritories in the ventral pallidum and adjacent parts of the rostroventral forebrain. J Comp Neurol 1996; 364: 340-362.
122. Groenewegen HJ, Berendse HW, Haber SN: Organization of the output of the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat: ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience 1993; 57: 113-142.
123. O'Donnell P, Lavín A, Enquist LW, Grace AA, Card JP: Interconnected parallel circuits between rat nucleus accumbens and thalamus revealed by retrograde transynaptic transport of pseudorabies virus. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 2143-2167.
124. Haber SN, Fudge JL, McFarland NR: Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 2369-2382.
125. Alexander GE, Crutcher MD: Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 266-271.
126. Cummings JL: Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 873-880.
127. Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE, Will MJ: Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward. Physiol Behav 2005; 86: 773-795.
128. Swanson LW: Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior. Brain Res 2000; 886: 113-164.
129. Belin D, Jonkman S, Dickinson A, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ: Parallel and interactive learning processes within the basal ganglia: relevance for the understanding of addiction. Behav Brain Res 2009; 199: 89-102.
130. Wise RA: Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 1982; 5: 39.
131. Kelly PH, Seviour PW, Iversen SD: Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Brain Res 1975; 94: 507-522.
132. Roberts MD, et al: Dopamine D1 receptor modulation in nucleus accumbens lowers voluntary wheel running in rats bred to run high distances. Physiol Behav 2012; 105: 661-668.
133. Swanson C, Heath S, Stratford T, Kelley A: Differential behavioral responses to dopaminergic stimulation of nucleus accumbens subregions in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 58: 933-945.
134. Gong W, Neill DB, Lynn M, Justice JB Jr: Dopamine D1/D2 agonists injected into nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum differentially affect locomotor activity depending on site. Neuroscience 1999; 93: 1349-1358.
135. Dreher JK, Jackson DM: Role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in mediating locomotor activity elicited from the nucleus accumbens of rats. Brain Res 1989; 487: 267-277.
136. Everitt BJ, Morris KA, O'Brien A, Robbins TW: The basolateral amygdala-ventral striatal system and conditioned place preference: further evidence of limbic-striatal interactions underlying reward-related processes. Neuroscience 1991; 42: 1-18.
137. Carr GD, White NM: Conditioned place preference from intra-accumbens but not intra-caudate amphetamine injections. Life Sci 1983; 33: 2551-2557.
138. Wadenberg M-L, Ericson E, Magnusson O, Ahlenius S: Suppression of conditioned avoidance behavior by the local application of ( - )sulpiride into the ventral, but not the dorsal, striatum of the rat. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 297-307.
139. McCullough LD, Sokolowski JD, Salamone JD: A neurochemical and behavioral investigation of the involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in instrumental avoidance. Neuroscience 1993; 52: 919-925.
140. Basar K, et al: Nucleus accumbens and impulsivity. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92: 533-557.
141. Kuhnen CM, Knutson B: The neural basis of financial risk taking. Neuron 2005; 47: 763-770.
142. Mogenson GJ, Wu M: Neuropharmacological and electrophysiological evidence implicating the mesolimbic dopamine system in feeding responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Brain Res 1982; 253: 243-251.
143. Avena NM, Rada P, Moise N, Hoebel BG: Sucrose sham feeding on a binge schedule releases accumbens dopamine repeatedly and eliminates the acetylcholine satiety response. Neuroscience 2006; 139: 813-820.
144. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG: Underweight rats have enhanced dopamine release and blunted acetylcholine response in the nucleus accumbens while bingeing on sucrose. Neuroscience 2008; 156: 865-871.
145. Mark GP, Rada P, Pothos E, Hoebel BG: Effects of feeding and drinking on acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hippocampus of freely behaving rats. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 2269-2274.
146. Di Chiara G, Tanda G: Blunting of reactivity of dopamine transmission to palatable food: a biochemical marker of anhedonia in the CMS model? Psychopharmacology 1997; 134: 351-353.
147. Bassareo V, Di Chiara G: Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 4389-4397.
148. Lawrence NS, Hinton EC, Parkinson JA, Lawrence AD: Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. Neuroimage 2012; 63: 415-422.
149. Everitt BJ: Sexual motivation: a neural and behavioural analysis of the mechanisms underlying appetitive and copulatory responses of male rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1990; 14: 217-232.
150. Platek SM, Singh D: Optimal waist-to-hip ratios in women activate neural reward centers in men. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9042.
151. Rebec GV, Grabner CP, Johnson M, Pierce RC, Bardo MT: Transient increases in catecholaminergic activity in medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell during novelty. Neuroscience 1997; 76: 707-714.
152. Mitchell JB, Gratton A: Involvement of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in sexual behaviors: implications for the neurobiology of motivation. Rev Neurosci 1994; 5: 317-329.
153. Robbins TW, Cador M, Taylor JR, Everitt BJ: Limbic-striatal interactions in reward-related processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989; 13: 155-162.
154. Di Chiara G: The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995; 38: 95-137.
155. Berns GS, McClure SM, Pagnoni G, Montague PR: Predictability modulates human brain response to reward. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2793-2798.
156. Grubert C, et al: Neuropsychological safety of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for major depression: effects of 12-month stimulation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011; 12: 516-527.
157. Carelli RM: Nucleus accumbens cell firing during goal-directed behaviors for cocaine vs 'natural' reinforcement. Physiol Behav 2002; 76: 379-387.
158. Goto Y, Grace AA: Dopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior. Nature Neurosci 2005; 8: 805-812.
159. Yun IA, Wakabayashi KT, Fields HL, Nicola SM: The ventral tegmental area is required for the behavioral and nucleus accumbens neuronal firing responses to incentive cues. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 2923-2933.
160. Balleine B, Killcross S: Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on instrumental action. Behav Brain Res 1994; 65: 181-193.
161. Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Hall J, Everitt BJ: Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26: 321-352.
162. Berridge KC, Robinson TE: What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Rev 1998; 28: 309-369.
163. Yin HH, Ostlund SB, Balleine BW: Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: the integrative functions of cortico-basal ganglia networks. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28: 1437-1448.
164. Wager TD, Davidson ML, Hughes BL, Lindquist MA, Ochsner KN: Prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation. Neuron 2008; 59: 1037-1050.
165. Salamone JD: The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation. Behav Brain Res 1994; 61: 117-133.
166. Parkinson JA, Olmstead MC, Burns LH, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ: Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive Pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 2401-2411.
167. van der Plasse G, Schrama R, van Seters SP, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Westenberg HGM: Deep brain stimulation reveals a dissociation of consummatory and motivated behaviour in the medial and lateral nucleus accumbens shell of the rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33455.
168. Alderson HL, Parkinson JA, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ: The effects of excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core or shell regions on intravenous heroin self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 153: 455-463.
169. Bossert JM, Poles GC, Wihbey KA, Koya E, Shaham Y: Differential effects of blockade of dopamine D1-family receptors in nucleus accumbens core or shell on reinstatement of heroin seeking induced by contextual and discrete cues. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 12655-12663.
170. Bossert JM, Gray SM, Lu L, Shaham Y: Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates context-induced relapse to heroin seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 2197-2209.
171. Maldonado-Irizarry CS, Kelley AE: Excitatory amino acid receptors within nucleus accumbens subregions differentially mediate spatial learning in the rat. Behav Pharmacol 1995; 6: 527-539.
172. Parkinson JA, Willoughby PJ, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ: Disconnection of the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens core impairs Pavlovian approach behavior: further evidence for limbic cortical-ventral striatopallidal systems. Behav Neurosci 2000; 114: 42-63.
173. Ito R, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ: Differential control over cocaine-seeking behavior by nucleus accumbens core and shell. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 389-397.
174. Hernandez PJ, Sadeghian K, Kelley AE: Early consolidation of instrumental learning requires protein synthesis in the nucleus accumbens. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5: 1327-1331.
175. Corbit LH, Muir JL, Balleine BW: The role of the nucleus accumbens in instrumental conditioning: evidence of a functional dissociation between accumbens core and shell. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 3251-3260.
176. Cardinal RN, Cheung TH: Nucleus accumbens core lesions retard instrumental learning and performance with delayed reinforcement in the rat. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6: 9.
177. Basso AM, Kelley AE: Feeding induced by GABA(A) receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens shell: regional mapping and characterization of macronutrient and taste preference. Behav Neurosci 1999; 113: 324-336.
178. Kelley AE, Swanson CJ: Feeding induced by blockade of AMPA and kainate receptors within the ventral striatum: a microinfusion mapping study. Behav Brain Res 1997; 89: 107-113.
179. Pijnenburg AJJ, van Rossum JM: Stimulation of locomotor activity following injection of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens. J Pharm Pharmacol 1973; 25: 1003-1005.
180. Costall B, Naylor RJ: The behavioural effects of dopamine applied intracerebrally to areas of the mesolimbic system. Eur J Pharmacol 1975; 32: 87-92.
181. Freedman SB, Wait CP, Woodruff GN: Effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists in the rat nucleus accumbens (proceedings). Br J Pharmacol 1979; 67: 430P-431P.
182. Matsuda W, et al: Single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons form widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizations in the neostriatum. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 444-453.
183. Berlanga ML, et al: Cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum are activated by the self-administration of cocaine. Neuroscience 2003; 120: 1149-1156.
184. Zahm DS: Compartments in rat dorsal and ventral striatum revealed following injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ventral mesencephalon. Brain Res 1991; 552: 164-169.
185. Jones SR, O'Dell SJ, Marshall JF, Wightman RM: Functional and anatomical evidence for different dopamine dynamics in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens in slices of rat brain. Synapse 1996; 23: 224-231.
186. Kalivas PW, Duffy P: Selective activation of dopamine transmission in the shell of the nucleus accumbens by stress. Brain Res 1995; 675: 325-328.
187. King D, Zigmond MJ, Finlay JM: Effects of dopamine depletion in the medial prefrontal cortex on the stress-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 1997; 77: 141-153.
188. Chiara G, Tanda G, Frau R, Carboni E: On the preferential release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by amphetamine: further evidence obtained by vertically implanted concentric dialysis probes. Psychopharmacology 1993; 112: 398-402.
189. Pontieri FE, Tanda G, Di Chiara G: Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the 'shell' as compared with the 'core' of the rat nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 12304-12308.
190. Marcus MM, Nomikos GG, Svensson TH: Differential actions of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on dopamine release in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996; 6: 29-38.
191. Bardo MT, Hammer RP Jr: Autoradiographic localization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat nucleus accumbens: resistance to differential rearing conditions. Neuroscience 1991; 45: 281-290.
192. Jones DL, Mogenson GJ: Nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus GABA projection: electrophysiological and iontophoretic investigations. Brain Res 1980; 188: 93-105.
193. Givens B, Sarter M: Modulation of cognitive processes by transsynaptic activation of the basal forebrain. Behav Brain Res 1997; 84: 1-22.
194. Sarter M, Bruno JP: Cortical acetylcholine, reality distortion, schizophrenia, and Lewy body dementia: too much or too little cortical acetylcholine? Brain Cogn 1998; 38: 297-316.
195. Wachtel H, Anden N-E: Motor activity of rats following intracerebral injections of drugs influencing GABA mechanisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1978; 302: 133-139.
196. Jones DL, Mogenson GJ, Wu M: Injections of dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic and gabaergic drugs into the nucleus accumbens: effects on locomotor activity in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1981; 20: 29-37.
197. Pycock C, Horton R: Evidence for an accumbens-pallidal pathway in the rat and its possible gabaminergic control. Brain Res 1976; 110: 629-634.
198. Shreve PE, Uretsky NJ: Effect of GABAergic transmission in the subpallidal region on the hypermotility response to the administration of excitatory amino acids and picrotoxin into the nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 1988; 27: 1271-1277.
199. Hamilton MH, De Belleroche JS, Gardiner IM, Herberg LJ: Stimulatory effect of N-methyl aspartate on locomotor activity and transmitter release from rat nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 25: 943-948.
200. Mogenson GJ, Nielsen M: A study of the contribution of hippocampal-accumbenssubpallidal projections to locomotor activity. Behav Neural Biol 1984; 42: 38-51.
201. Schacter GB, Yang CR, Innis NK, Mogenson GJ: The role of the hippocampal-nucleus accumbens pathway in radial-arm maze performance. Brain Res 1989; 494: 339-349.
202. Ericson E, Svensson TH, Ahlenius S: Loss of discriminative avoidance behavior by local application of kynurenic acid into the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 37: 843-845.
203. Roberts PJ, Anderson SD: Stimulatory effect of L-glutamate and related amino acids on [ 3 H]dopamine release from rat striatum: an in vitro model for glutamate actions. J Neurochem 1979; 32: 1539-1545.
204. Imperato A, Honoré T, Jensen LH: Dopamine release in the nucleus caudatus and in the nucleus accumbens is under glutamatergic control through non-NMDA receptors: a study in freely-moving rats. Brain Res 1990; 530: 223-228.
205. Boldry RC, Willins DL, Wallace LJ, Uretsky NJ: The role of endogenous dopamine in the hypermotility response to intra-accumbens AMPA. Brain Res 1991; 559: 100-108.
206. Pulvirenti L, Swerdlow NR, Koob GF: Microinjection of a glutamate antagonist into the nucleus accumbens reduces psychostimulant locomotion in rats. Neurosci Lett 1989; 103: 213-218.
207. Donzanti BA, Uretsky NJ: Effects of excitatory amino acids on locomotor activity after bilateral microinjection into the rat nucleus accumbens: possible dependence on dopaminergic mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 1983; 22: 971-981.
208. Boldry RC, Layer RT, Wallace LJ, Uretsky NJ: Stimulation of locomotor activity by intra-accumbens AMPA is not inhibited by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions. Neurosci Lett 1992; 138: 265-269.
209. Cornish JL, Kalivas PW: Glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens mediates relapse in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci 2000; 20:RC89.
210. Kelley AE, Smith-Roe SL, Holahan MR: Response-reinforcement learning is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens core. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 12174-12179.
211. Grilli M, Summa M, Salamone A, et al: In vitro exposure to nicotine induces endocytosis of presynaptic AMPA receptors modulating dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens nerve terminals. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63: 916-926.
212. Ciano PD, Everitt BJ: Dissociable effects of antagonism of NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors in the nucleus accumbens core and shell on cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25: 341-360.
213. Avena NM, Rada PV: Cholinergic modulation of food and drug satiety and withdrawal. Physiol Behav 2012; 106: 332-336.
214. See R, McLaughlin J, Fuchs R: Muscarinic receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala blocks acquisition of cocainestimulus association in a model of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuroscience 2003; 117: 477-483.
215. Yeomans J, Baptista M: Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain-stimulation reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 57: 915-921.
216. Blaha CD, et al: Modulation of dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens after cholinergic stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in intact, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 714-722.
217. Blaha CD, Winn P: Modulation of dopamine efflux in the striatum following cholinergic stimulation of the substantia nigra in intact and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 1035-1044.
218. Yeomans JS: Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons in dopaminergic activation, antimuscarinic psychosis and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995; 12: 3-16.
219. Phelps PE, Vaughn JE: Immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase in rat ventral striatum: a light and electron microscopic study. J Neurocytol 1986; 15: 595-617.
220. Suzuki T, Miura M, Nishimura K, Aosaki T: Dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity in the striatal cholinergic interneurons. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 6492-6501.
221. Calabresi P, Centonze D, Gubellini P, Bernardi G: Activation of M1-like muscarinic receptors is required for the induction of corticostriatal LTP. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38: 323-326.
222. Aosaki T, et al: Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate's striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 3969-3984.
223. Witten IB, et al: Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning. Science 2010; 330: 1677-1681.
224. Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG: Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience 2005; 134: 737-744.
225. Wise R, et al: Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 1995; 120: 10-20.
226. Pothos E, Rada P, Mark GP, Hoebel BG: Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain Res 1991; 566: 348-350.
227. Carelli RM, Deadwyler SA: Dual factors controlling activity of nucleus accumbens cellfiring during cocaine self-administration. Synapse 1996; 24: 308-311.
228. Chang JY, Sawyer SF, Lee RS, Woodward DJ: Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence for the role of the nucleus accumbens in cocaine self-administration in freely moving rats. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 1224-1244.
229. Peoples LL, Uzwiak AJ, Gee F, West MO: Operant behavior during sessions of intravenous cocaine infusion is necessary and sufficient for phasic firing of single nucleus accumbens neurons. Brain Res 1997; 757: 280-284.
230. Hyman SE: Addiction to cocaine and amphetamine. Neuron 1996; 16: 901-904.
231. Pettit HO, Justice JB Jr: Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 34: 899-904.
232. Koob GF, Maldonado R, Stinus L: Neural substrates of opiate withdrawal. Trends Neurosci 1992; 15: 186-191.
233. Chiara GD, Alan North R: Neurobiology of opiate abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992; 13: 185-193.
234. Shippenberg TS, Herz A, Spanagel R, Bals-Kubik R, Stein C: Conditioning of opioid reinforcement: neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 654: 347-356.
235. Diana M, Pistis M, Carboni S, Gessa GL, Rossetti ZL: Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90: 7966-7969.
236. Dani JA, Heinemann S: Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse. Neuron 1996; 16: 905-908.
237. Corrigall W, Franklin K, Coen K, Clarke P: The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology 1992; 107: 285-289.
238. Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Di Chiara G: Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science 1997; 276: 2048-2050.
239. Carlezon WA Jr, Wise RA: Microinjections of phencyclidine (PCP) and related drugs into nucleus accumbens shell potentiate medial forebrain bundle brain stimulation reward. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 128: 413-420.
240. Carlezon WA Jr, Wise RA: Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 3112-3122.
241. Parkinson JA, et al: Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion impairs both acquisition and performance of appetitive Pavlovian approach behaviour: implications for mesoaccumbens dopamine function. Behav Brain Res 2002; 137: 149-163.
242. Neill D: Problems of concept and vocabulary in the anhedonia hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 1982; 5: 70.
243. Melis M, Spiga S, Diana M: The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypodopaminergic state. Int Rev Neurobiol 2005; 63: 101-154.
244. Wise RA: Action of drugs of abuse on brain reward systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 13(suppl 1):213-223.
245. Di Chiara G: Drug addiction as dopaminedependent associative learning disorder. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 375: 13-30.
246. Hyman SE, Malenka RC: Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 695-703.
247. Salamone JD, Cousins MS, Snyder BJ: Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21: 341-359.
248. Kakade S, Dayan P: Dopamine: generalization and bonuses. Neural Netw 2002; 15: 549-559.
249. Van den Oever MC, Spijker S, Smit AB: The synaptic pathology of drug addiction. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012; 970: 469-491.
250. Di Chiara G, Imperato A: Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 5274-5278.
251. Saal D, Dong Y, Bonci A, Malenka RC: Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron 2003; 37: 577-582.
252. Ungless MA, Whistler JL, Malenka RC, Bonci A: Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons. Nature 2001; 411: 583-587.
253. Peoples LL, West MO: Phasic firing of single neurons in the rat nucleus accumbens correlated with the timing of intravenous cocaine self-administration. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 3459-3473.
254. Li Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al: Craving correlates with mesolimbic responses to heroinrelated cues in short-term abstinence from heroin: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Res 2012; 1469: 63-72.
255. Kilts CD: The neural correlates of cue-induced craving in cocaine-dependent women. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 233-241.
256. Kilts CD, Schweitzer JB, Quinn CK, et al: Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 334-341.
257. De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Kovacs S, Sunaert S, Dom G: Transient alcohol craving suppression by rTMS of dorsal anterior cingulate: an fMRI and LORETA EEG study. Neurosci Lett 2011; 496: 5-10.
258. David SP, et al: Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation to smoking-related pictorial cues in smokers and nonsmokers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 488-494.
259. Ko C-H, et al: Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43: 739-747.
260. Engelmann JM, et al: Neural substrates of smoking cue reactivity: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2012; 60: 252-262.
261. Volkow ND, et al: Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 6583-6588.
262. Grant S, et al: Activation of memory circuits during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 12040-12045.
263. Childress AR, et al: Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 11-18.
264. Pettit HO, Ettenberg A, Bloom FE, Koob GF: Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 84: 167-173.
265. Rassnick S, Stinus L, Koob GF: The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mesolimbic dopamine system on oral self-administration of ethanol in the rat. Brain Res 1993; 623: 16-24.
266. Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R: Prefrontal/ accumbal catecholamine system processes high motivational salience. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6: 31.
267. Katsidoni V, Apazoglou K, Panagis G: Role of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on brain stimulation reward and the rewardfacilitating effect of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213: 337-354.
268. Hoplight BJ, Vincow ES, Neumaier JF: Cocaine increases 5-HT1B mRNA in rat nucleus accumbens shell neurons. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52: 444-449.
269. Peng X-Q, et al: Gamma-vinyl GABA inhibits cocaine-triggered reinstatement of drugseeking behavior in rats by a non-dopaminergic mechanism. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 97: 216-225.
270. Pitchers KK, et al: Natural reward experience alters AMPA and NMDA receptor distribution and function in the nucleus accumbens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34700.
271. Fischer-Smith KD, Houston ACW, Rebec GV: Differential effects of cocaine access and withdrawal on glutamate type 1 transporter expression in rat nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 2012; 210: 333-339.
272. Wolf ME: The role of excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 54: 679-720.
273. Stuber GD, Hopf FW, Hahn J, et al: Voluntary ethanol intake enhances excitatory synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 1714-1720.
274. Zweifel LS, Argilli E, Bonci A, Palmiter RD: Role of NMDA receptors in dopamine neurons for plasticity and addictive behaviors. Neuron 2008; 59: 486-496.
275. Wolf ME, Sun X, Mangiavacchi S, Chao SZ: Psychomotor stimulants and neuronal plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47(suppl 1): 61-79.
276. Kelley AE, Andrzejewski ME, Baldwin AE, Hernandez PJ, Pratt WE: Glutamate-mediated plasticity in corticostriatal networks: role in adaptive motor learning. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 1003: 159-168.
277. Guitart X, Thompson MA, Mirante CK, Greenberg ME, Nestler EJ: Regulation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by acute and chronic morphine in the rat locus coeruleus. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 1168-1171.
278. Tenayuca JM, Nazarian A: Hydrocodone and morphine possess similar rewarding effects and reduce ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens. Synapse 2012; 66: 918-922.
279. Larson EB, et al: Overexpression of CREB in the nucleus accumbens shell increases cocaine reinforcement in self-administering rats. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 16447-16457.
280. Mattson BJ, et al: Cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens of cocaine-sensitized rats is enabled by enhanced activation of extracellular signal-related kinase, but not protein kinase A. J Neurochem 2005; 95: 1481-1494.
281. Vialou V, et al: Serum response factor and cAMP response element binding protein are both required for cocaine induction of ΔFosB. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 7577-7584.
282. Nye HE, Hope BT, Kelz MB, Iadarola M, Nestler EJ: Pharmacological studies of the regulation of chronic FOS-related antigen induction by cocaine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275: 1671-1680.
283. Hope BT, et al: Induction of a long-lasting AP-1 complex composed of altered Fos-like proteins in brain by chronic cocaine and other chronic treatments. Neuron 1994; 13: 1235-1244.
284. Moratalla R, Elibol B, Vallejo M, Graybiel AM: Network-level changes in expression of inducible Fos-Jun proteins in the striatum during chronic cocaine treatment and withdrawal. Neuron 1996; 17: 147-156.
285. Muller DL, Unterwald EM: D1 dopamine receptors modulate ΔFosB induction in rat striatum after intermittent morphine administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314: 148-154.
286. Lee K-W, et al: Cocaine-induced dendritic spine formation in D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-containing medium spiny neurons in nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103: 3399-3404.
287. Muschamp JW, Nemeth CL, Robison AJ, Nestler EJ, Carlezon WA Jr: ΔFosB enhances the rewarding effects of cocaine while reducing the pro-depressive effects of the kappaopioid receptor agonist U50488. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71: 44-50.
288. Kourrich S, Klug JR, Mayford M, Thomas MJ: AMPAR-independent effect of striatal αCaMKII promotes the sensitization of cocaine reward. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 6578-6586.
289. Wiltgen BJ, Law M, Ostlund S, Mayford M, Balleine BW: The influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental performance is mediated by CaMKII activity in the striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25: 2491-2497.
290. Loweth JA, et al: Transient overexpression of alpha-Ca2 + /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the nucleus accumbens shell enhances behavioral responding to amphetamine. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 939-949.
291. Loweth JA, Baker LK, Guptaa T, Guillory AM, Vezina P: Inhibition of CaMKII in the nucleus accumbens shell decreases enhanced amphetamine intake in sensitized rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444: 157-160.
292. Anderson SM, et al: CaMKII: a biochemical bridge linking accumbens dopamine and glutamate systems in cocaine seeking. Nature Neurosci 2008; 11: 344-353.
293. Nestler EJ: Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47(suppl 1):24-32.
294. Nestler EJ: Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of ΔFosB. Phil Trans R Soc B 2008; 363: 3245-3255.
295. Heller AS, et al: Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of frontostriatal brain activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 22445-22450.
296. Baumann B, et al: Reduced volume of limbic system-affiliated basal ganglia in mood disorders: preliminary data from a postmortem study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11: 71-78.
297. Nestler EJ, Carlezon WA Jr: The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 1151-1159.
298. Carlezon WA, et al: Regulation of cocaine reward by CREB. Science 1998; 282: 2272-2275.
299. Pliakas AM, et al: Altered responsiveness to cocaine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response element-binding protein expression in nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 7397-7403.
300. Barrot M, et al: CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens shell controls gating of behavioral responses to emotional stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 11435-11440.
301. Svenningsson P, et al: Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states. Science 2006; 311: 77-80.
302. Alexander B, Warner-Schmidt J, Eriksson TM, et al: Reversal of depressed behaviors in mice by p11 gene therapy in the nucleus accumbens. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2: 54ra76.
303. Bewernick BH, et al: Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation decreases ratings of depression and anxiety in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67: 110-116.
304. Schlaepfer TE, et al: Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 368-377.
305. Malone DA Jr, et al: Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 267-275.
306. Abelson JL, et al: Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 510-516.
307. Aouizerate B, et al: Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Case report. J Neurosurg 2004; 101: 682-686.
308. He F, et al: Evaluation of short-term psychological functions in opiate addicts after ablating the nucleus accumbens via stereotactic surgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2008; 86: 320-329.
309. Gao G, et al: Clinical study for alleviating opiate drug psychological dependence by a method of ablating the nucleus accumbens with stereotactic surgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2003; 81: 96-104.
310. Huff W, et al: Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: outcomes after one year. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 137-143.
311. Kuhn J, et al: Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and the internal capsule in therapeutically refractory Tourette-syndrome. J Neurol 2007; 254: 963-965.
312. Kuhn J, et al: Remission of alcohol dependency following deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: valuable therapeutic implications? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 1152-1153.
313. Mantione M, van de Brink W, Schuurman PR, Denys D: Smoking cessation and weight loss after chronic deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: therapeutic and research implications: case report. Neurosurgery 2010; 66:E218; discussion E218.
314. Rauch SL, et al: A functional neuroimaging investigation of deep brain stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neurosurg 2006; 104: 558-565.
315. Mavridis I, Anagnostopoulou S: The human nucleus accumbens as a target for deep brain stimulation: anatomic study of electrode's target point and stereotactic coordinates. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2009; 52: 212-215.
316. Denys D, et al: Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 1061-1068.
317. Voges J, Müller U, Bogerts B, Münte T, Heinze HJ: Deep brain stimulation surgery for alcohol addiction. World Neurosurg 2013; 80:e21-e31.
318. Zhao H, et al: Associations between personality changes and nucleus accumbens ablation in opioid addicts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33: 588-593.
319. Wu H-M, et al: Preliminary findings in ablating the nucleus accumbens using stereotactic surgery for alleviating psychological dependence on alcohol. Neurosci Lett 2010; 473: 77-81.
320. Kumar R, et al: Double-blind evaluation of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1998; 51: 850-855.
321. Limousin P, et al: Effect of parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Lancet 1995; 345: 91-95.
322. Tass PA, et al: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: development of demand-controlled deep brain stimulation with methods from stochastic phase resetting. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28(suppl 1):S27-S34.
323. Zabek M, Sobstyl M, Koziara H, Dzierzecki S: Deep brain stimulation of the right nucleus accumbens in a patient with Tourette syndrome. Case report. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2008; 42: 554-559.
324. Ackermans L, Temel Y, Visser-Vandewalle V: Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome. Neurotherapeutics 2008; 5: 339-344.
325. Neuner I, et al: From psychosurgery to neuromodulation: deep brain stimulation for intractable Tourette syndrome. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10: 366-376.
326. Heinze H-J, et al: Counteracting incentive sensitization in severe alcohol dependence using deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: clinical and basic science aspects. Front Hum Neurosci 2009; 3: 22.
327. Kuhn J, et al: Successful deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in severe alcohol dependence is associated with changed performance monitoring. Addict Biol 2011; 16: 620-623.
328. Müller UJ, et al: Successful treatment of chronic resistant alcoholism by deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens: first experience with three cases. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009; 42: 288-291.
329. Heldmann M, et al: Deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens region in alcoholism affects reward processing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36572.
330. Zhou H, Xu J, Jiang J: Deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens on heroin-seeking behaviors: a case report. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:e41-e42.
331. Mallory GW, et al: The nucleus accumbens as a potential target for central poststroke pain. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 1025-1031.
332. Machado A: Safety study of deep brain stimulation to manage thalamic pain syndrome (DBS). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT01072656.
333. Knight EJ, et al: Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation results in insula and prefrontal activation: a large animal fMRI study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56640.