IVF culture media: Past, present and future

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 39-55

  Chronopoulou, Elpiniki ^a   Harper, Joyce C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CE marking; Culture media; Embryo culture; IVF; Mouse embryo assay

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; GROWTH FACTOR; HYALURONIC ACID; CULTURE MEDIUM; SIGNAL PEPTIDE;

ANIMAL EMBRYO; ARTICLE; CULTURE MEDIUM; EMBRYO CULTURE; EPIGENETICS; EUROPEAN UNION; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FUTUROLOGY; HUMAN; INFERTILITY THERAPY; MOUSE EMBRYO; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RISK ASSESSMENT; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EUROPE; HISTORY; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; CULTURE MEDIA; EMBRYO CULTURE TECHNIQUES; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; EUROPE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED;

EID: 84922438545     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu040     Document Type: Article

References (329)

1. Abramczuk J, Solter D, Koprowski H. The beneficial effect of EDTA on development of mouse one-cell embryos in chemically defined medium. Dev Biol 1977;61:378-383.
2. Ackerman SB, Taylor SP, Swanson RJ, Laurell LH. Mouse embryo culture for screening in human IVF. Arch Androl 1984;12:129-136.
3. Ackerman SB, Stokes GL, Swanson RJ, Taylor SP, Fenwick L. Toxicity testing for human in vitro fertilization programs. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1985;2:132-137.
4. Adamson GD, Zegers-Hochschild F, Ishihara O, Sullivan E, Mansour R, Nygren KG, Banker M, Dyer S, de Mouzon J. ICMART World Report: Preliminary 2008 Data. Hum Reprod 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii38-ii39.
5. Agerholm I, Loft A, Hald F, Lemmen J, Munding B, Sørensen P, Ziebe Sr. Culture of human oocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor has no effect on embryonic chromosomal constitution. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20:477-484.
6. Alegretti JR, Rocha AM, Barros BC, Serafini P, Motta ELA, Smith GD. Microfluidic dynamic embryo culture increases the production of top quality human embryos through reduction in embryo fragmentation. Fertil Steril 2011;96:S58-S59.
7. Alison MR, Sarraf CE. Apoptosis: a gene-directed programme of cell death. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1992;26:25-35.
8. Anderson R, Bayne RAL, Gardner J, De Sousa P. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a regulator of human oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1394-1406.
9. Australian Government, Department of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) solutions. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.tga.gov.au/industry/devices-ivf-solutions.htm.
10. Balaban B, Yakin K, Ata B, Isiklar A, Urman B. Effect of hyaluronan-enriched transfer medium on take home baby rate after day 3 and day 5 embryo transfers: a prospective randomized study. Hum Reprod 2011;26(Suppl 1):i24-i26.
11. Barak Y, Goldman S, Gonen Y, Nevo Z, Bartoov B, Kogosowski A. Does glucose affect fertilization, development and pregnancy rates of human in-vitro fertilized oocytes? Hum Reprod 1998;13(Suppl 4):203-211.
12. Barker DJ. The intrauterine origins of cardiovascular disease. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1993;82(Suppl 391):93-99.
13. Barker DJP. The developmental origins of adult disease. Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:733-736.
14. Barker DJP. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:588S-595S.
15. Barmat LI, Worrilow KC, Paynton BV. Growth factor expression by human oviduct and buffalo rat liver coculture cells. Fertil Steril 1997;67:775-779.
16. Barnes FL, Crombie A, Gardner DK, Kausche A, Lacham Kaplan O, Suikkari AM, Tiglias J, Wood C, Trounson AO. Blastocyst development and birth after in-vitro maturation of human primary oocytes, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and assisted hatching. Hum Reprod 1995;10:3243-3247.
17. Basatemur E, Shevlin M, Sutcliffe A. Growth of children conceived by IVF and ICSI up to 12 years of age. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20:144-149.
18. Basile N, Morbeck D, García Velasco J, Bronet F, Meseguer M. Type of culture media does not affect embryo kinetics: a time-lapse analysis of sibling oocytes. Hum Reprod 2013;28:634-641.
19. Bavister BD. Co-culture for embryo development: is it really necessary? Hum Reprod 1992;7:1339-1134.
20. Bavister BD. Glucose and culture of human embryos. Fertil Steril 1999;72:233-234.
21. Ben Chetrit A, Jurisicova A, Casper RF. Coculture with ovarian cancer cell enhances human blastocyst formation in vitro. Fertil Steril 1996;65:664-666.
22. Berkowitz RS, Faris HM, Hill JA, Anderson DJ. Localization of leukocytes and cytokines in chorionic villi of normal placentas and complete hydatidiform moles. Gynecol Oncol 1990;37:396-400.
23. Bertolini M, Moyer AL, Mason JB, Batchelder CA, Hoffert KA, Bertolini LR, Carneiro GF, Cargill SL, Famula TR, Calvert CC et al. Evidence of increased substrate availability to in vitro-derived bovine foetuses and association with accelerated conceptus growth. Reproduction 2004;128:341-354.
24. Beydoun H, Sicignano N, Beydoun M, Matson D, Bocca S, Stadtmauer L, Oehninger S. A cross-sectional evaluation of the first cohort of young adults conceived by in vitro fertilization in the United States. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2043-2049.
25. Biggers JD. Ethical issues and the commercialization of embryo culture media. Reprod Biomed Online 2000;1:74-76.
26. Biggers JD, Gwatkin RBL, Brinster RL. Development of mouse embryos in organ cultures of fallopian tubes on a chemically defined medium. Nature 1962;194:747-749.
27. Biggers JD, Whittingham DG, Donahue RP. The pattern of energy metabolism in the mouse oocyte and zygote. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1967;58:560-567.
28. Biggers JD, Lawitts JA, Lechene CP. The protective action of betaine on the deleterious effects of NaCl on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 1993;34:380-390.
29. Biggers JD, McGinnis LK, Lawitts JA. Enhanced effect of glycyl-L-glutamine on mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro. Reprod Biomed Online 2004;9:59-69.
30. Bongso A, Ng SC, Fong CY, Mok H, Ng PL, Ratnam SS. Cocultures in human assisted reproduction. Support of embryos in vitro and their specificity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;626:438-444.
31. Bongso A, Soon Chye N, Sathananthan H, Lian NP, Rauff M, Ratnam S. Improved quality of human embryos when co-cultured with human ampullary cells. Human reproduction 1989;4:706-713.
32. Bontekoe S, Blake D, Heineman MJ, Williams EC, Johnson N. Adherence compounds in embryo transfer media for assisted reproductive technologies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;7:CD007421-CD007421.
33. Bontekoe S, Heineman MJ, Johnson N, Blake D. Adherence compounds in embryo transfer media for assisted reproductive technologies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD007421. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007421.pub3.
34. Borland RM, Biggers JD, Lechene CP, Taymor ML. Elemental composition of fluid in the human Fallopian tube. J Reprod Fertil 1980;58:479-482.
35. Bowdin S, Allen C, Kirby G, Brueton L, Afnan M, Barratt C, Kirkman Brown J, Harrison R, Maher E, Reardon W. A survey of assisted reproductive technology births and imprinting disorders. Hum Reprod 2007;22:3237-3240.
36. Bowman P, McLaren A. Viability and growth of mouse embryos after in vitro culture and fusion. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1970;23:693-704.
37. Bradbury B, Jick H. In vitro fertilization and childhood retinoblastoma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58:209-211.
38. Brinster RL. A Method for in vitro cultivation of mouse ova from two-cell to blastocyst. Exp Cell Res 1963;32:205-208.
39. Brinster RL. Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. 3. The effect of fixed-nitrogen source. J Exp Zool 1965a;158:69-77.
40. Brinster RL. Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. I. The effect of osmolarity and hydrogen ion concentration. J Exp Zool 1965b;158:49-57.
41. Brinster RL. Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. I. The effect of osmolarity and hydrogen ion concentration. J Exp Zool 1965c;158:49-57.
42. Brinster RL. Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. II. The effect of energy source. J Exp Zool 1965d;158:59-68.
43. Brinster RL. In vitro culture of mammalian embryos. J Anim Sci 1968;27(Suppl 1):1-14.
44. Brinster RL, Biggers JD. In-vitro fertilization of mouse ova within the explanted fallopian tube. J Reprod Fertil 1965;10:277-279.
45. Brison DR, Houghton FD, Falconer D, Roberts SA, Hawkhead J, Humpherson PG, Lieberman BA, Leese HJ. Identification of viable embryos in IVF by non-invasive measurement of amino acid turnover. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2319-2324.
46. Brower V. Epigenetics: unravelling the cancer code. Nature 2011;471:S12-S13.
47. Byers S, Payson S, Taft R. Performance of ten inbred mouse strains following assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Theriogenology 2006;65:1716-1726.
48. Calle A, Miranda A, Fernandez Gonzalez R, Pericuesta E, Laguna R, Gutierrez Adan A. Male mice produced by in vitro culture have reduced fertility and transmit organomegaly and glucose intolerance to their male offspring. Biol Reprod 2012;87:34-34.
49. Campbell S, Swann HR, Aplin JD, Seif MW, Kimber SJ, Elstein M. CD44 is expressed throughout pre-implantation human embryo development. Hum Reprod 1995;10:425-430.
50. Caro CM, Trounson A. Successful fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancy in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) using a chemically defined culture medium containing no protein. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1986;3:215-217.
51. Carrasco B, Boada M, Rodríguez I, Coroleu B, Barri PN, Veiga A. Does culture medium influence offspring birth weight? Fertil Steril. Advance access published August 2, 2013. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.006.
52. Casslén BG. Free amino acids in human uterine fluid. Possible role of high taurine concentration. J Reprod Med 1987;32:181-184.
53. Cassuto G, Chavrier M, Ménézo Y. Culture conditions and not prolonged culture time are responsible for monozygotic twinning in human in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2003;80:462-463.
54. Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch M, Roos J, Vermeiden JPW, van Leeuwen F, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Body composition in children and adolescents born after in vitro fertilization or spontaneous conception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3417-3423.
55. Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch M, Vermeiden JPW, van Leeuwen F, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Cardiometabolic differences in children born after in vitro fertilization: follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008a;93:1682-1688.
56. Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch M, Vermeiden JPW, van Leeuwen F, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Pubertal development in children and adolescents born after IVF and spontaneous conception. Hum Reprod 2008b;23:2791-2798.
57. Ceelen M, van Weissenbruch M, Prein J, Smit J, Vermeiden JPW, Spreeuwenberg M, van Leeuwen F, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Growth during infancy and early childhood in relation to blood pressure and body fat measures at age 8-18 years of IVF children and spontaneously conceived controls born to subfertile parents. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2788-2795.
58. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations. 2013; Title 21, Volume 8.
59. Chang MC. Normal development of fertilized rabbit ova stored at low temperature for several days. Nature 1947;159:602-602.
60. Chang MC. Fertilization of rabbit ova in vitro. Nature 1959;184:466-467.
61. Chatot CL, Ziomek CA, Bavister BD, Lewis JL, Torres I. An improved culture medium supports development of random-bred 1-cell mouse embryos in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 1989;86:679-688.
62. Chin P, Macpherson A, Thompson J, Lane M, Robertson S. Stress response genes are suppressed in mouse preimplantation embryos by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Hum Reprod 2009;24:2997-3009.
63. Coates A, Rutherford AJ, Hunter H, Leese HJ. Glucose-free medium in human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a large-scale, prospective, randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril 1999;72:229-232.
64. Cockburn K, Rossant J. Making the blastocyst: lessons from the mouse. J Clin Invest 2010;120:995-1003.
65. Cohen J, Trounson A, Dawson K, Jones H, Hazekamp J, Nygren K-Gs, Hamberger L. The early days of IVF outside the UK. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:439-459.
66. Conaghan J, Handyside AH, Winston RM, Leese HJ. Effects of pyruvate and glucose on the development of human preimplantation embryos in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 1993;99:87-95.
67. Cossiello RDF, Aggelis A, Faúndes D, Petta C. Morphological differences in human zygotes and embryos cultured in different media. Zygote 2012;20:399-405.
68. Cross PC, Brinster RL. The sensitivity of one-cell mouse embryos to pyruvate and lactate. Exp Cell Res 1973;77:57-62.
69. Dandekar PV, Glass RH. Development of mouse embryos in vitro is affected by strain and culture medium. Gamete Res 1987;17:279-285.
70. Davidson A, Vermesh M, Lobo RA, Paulson RJ. Mouse embryo culture as quality control for human in vitro fertilization: the one-cell versus the two-cell model. Fertil Steril 1988;49:516-521.
71. De Kretzer D, Dennis P, Hudson B, Leeton J, Lopata A, Outch K, Talbot J, Wood C. Transfer of a human zygote. Lancet 1973;2:728-729.
72. Delle Piane L, Lin W, Liu X, Donjacour A, Minasi P, Revelli A, Maltepe E, Rinaudo PF. Effect of the method of conception and embryo transfer procedure on mid-gestation placenta and fetal development in an IVF mouse model. Hum Reprod 2010;25:2039-2046.
73. Denomme M, Mann MRW. Genomic imprints as a model for the analysis of epigenetic stability during assisted reproductive technologies. Reproduction 2012;144:393-409.
74. Desai N, Abdelhafez F, Bedaiwy M, Goldfarb J. Live births in poor prognosis IVF patients using a novel non-contact human endometrial co-culture system. Reprod Biomed Online 2008;16:869-874.
75. Devreker F, Hardy K. Effects of glutamine and taurine on preimplantation development and cleavage of mouse embryos in vitro. Biol Reprod 1997;57:921-928.
76. Devreker F, Hardy K, Van den Bergh M, Vannin AS, Emiliani S, Englert Y. Amino acids promote human blastocyst development in vitro. Hum Reprod 2001;16:749-756.
77. Doherty AS, Mann MR, Tremblay KD, Bartolomei MS, Schultz RM. Differential effects of culture on imprinted H19 expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Biol Reprod 2000;62:1526-1535.
78. Doornbos M, Maas S, McDonnell J, Vermeiden JPW, Hennekam RCM. Infertility, assisted reproduction technologies and imprinting disturbances: a Dutch study. Hum Reprod 2007;22:2476-2480.
79. Dubin NH, Bornstein DR, Gong Y. Use of endotoxin as a positive (toxic) control in the mouse embryo assay. J Assist Reprod Genet 1995;12:147-152.
80. Dudley DJ, Mitchell MD, Creighton K, Branch DW. Lymphokine production during term human pregnancy: differences between peripheral leukocytes and decidual cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1890-1893.
81. Dumoulin JC, Menheere PP, Evers JL, Kleukers AP, Pieters MH, Bras M, Geraedts JP. The effects of endotoxins on gametes and preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro. Hum Reprod 1991;6:730-734.
82. Dumoulin J, Land J, Van Montfoort A, Nelissen E, Coonen E, Derhaag J, Schreurs I, Dunselman G, Kester A, Geraedts J et al. Effect of in vitro culture of human embryos on birthweight of newborns. Hum Reprod 2010;25:605-612.
83. Dunglison GF, Barlow DH, Sargent IL. Leukaemia inhibitory factor significantly enhances the blastocyst formation rates of human embryos cultured in serum-free medium. Hum Reprod 1996;11:191-196.
84. Duranthon V, Watson A, Lonergan P. Preimplantation embryo programming: transcription, epigenetics, and culture environment. Reproduction 2008;135:141-150.
85. Eaton JL, Lieberman ES, Stearns C, Chinchilla M, Racowsky C. Embryo culture media and neonatal birthweight following IVF. Hum Reprod 2012;27:375-379.
86. Edwards RG. Test-tube babies, 1981. Nature 1981;293:253-256.
87. Edwards RG, Bavister BD, Steptoe PC. Early stages of fertilization in vitro of human oocytes matured in vitro. Nature 1969;221:632-635.
88. Edwards RG, Steptoe PC, Purdy JM. Establishing full-term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:737-756.
89. Elaimi A, Gardner K, Kistnareddy K, Harper J. The effect of GM-CSF on development and aneuploidy in murine blastocysts. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1590-1595.
90. El Hajj N, Haaf T. Epigenetic disturbances in in vitro cultured gametes and embryos: implications for human assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 2013;99:632-641.
91. El Maarri O, Buiting K, Peery EG, Kroisel PM, Balaban B, Wagner K, Urman B, Heyd J, Lich C, Brannan CI et al. Maternal methylation imprints on human chromosome 15 are established during or after fertilization. Nat Genet 2001;27:341-344.
92. Eskild A, Monkerud L, Tanbo T. Birthweight and placental weight; do changes in culture media used for IVF matter? Comparisons with spontaneous pregnancies in the corresponding time periods. Hum Reprod 2013;28:3207-3214.
93. European Commission. Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0042:EN:HTML.
94. European Commission. Guidance MEDDEVs. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/health/medical-devices/documents/guidelines/index_en.htm.
95. Farin PW, Farin CE. Transfer of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro: survival and fetal development. Biol Reprod 1995;52:676-682.
96. Feichtinger W, Kemeter P, Ménézo Y. The use of synthetic culture medium and patient serum for human in vitro fertilization and embryo replacement. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1986;3:87-92.
97. Fernández-Gonzalez Rl, Moreira P, Bilbao A, Jiménez A, Pérez-Crespo M, Ramírez M, Rodriguez De Fonseca F, Pintado Bn, Gutiérrez-Adán. Long-term effect of in vitro culture of mouse embryos with serum on mRNA expression of imprinting genes, development, and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:5880-5885.
98. Feuer SK, Camarano L, Rinaudo PF. ART and health: clinical outcomes and insights on molecular mechanisms from rodent studies. Mol Hum Reprod 2013;19:189-204.
99. Finnström O, Källén B, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren K-Gs, Olausson P. Maternal and child outcome after in vitro fertilization-a review of 25 years of population-based data from Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011;90:494-500.
100. Fleetham JA, Pattinson HA, Mortimer D. The mouse embryo culture system: improving the sensitivity for use as a quality control assay for human in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1993;59:192-196.
101. Fleming TP, Pratt HP, Braude PR. The use of mouse preimplantation embryos for quality control of culture reagents in human in vitro fertilization programs: a cautionary note. Fertil Steril 1987;47:858-860.
102. Fleming T, Kwong W, Porter R, Ursell E, Fesenko I, Wilkins A, Miller D, Watkins A, Eckert J. The embryo and its future. Biol Reprod 2004;71:1046-1054.
103. Food and Drug Administration. Obstetric and gynecologic devices; reclassification and classification of medical devices used for in vitro fertilization and related assisted reproduction procedures. Fed Regist 1998;63:48428-48437.
104. Gardner DK. Mammalian embryo culture in the absence of serum or somatic cell support. Cell Biol Int 1994;18:1163-1179.
105. Gardner DK. Changes in requirements and utilization of nutrients during mammalian preimplantation embryo development and their significance in embryo culture. Theriogenology 1998;49:83-102.
106. Gardner DK, Lane M. Amino acids and ammonium regulate mouse embryo development in culture. Biol Reprod 1993;48:377-385.
107. Gardner DK, Lane M. Alleviation of the '2-cell block' and development to the blastocyst of CF1 mouse embryos: role of amino acids, EDTA and physical parameters. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2703-2712.
108. Gardner D, Lane M. Culture and selection of viable blastocysts: a feasible proposition for human IVF? Hum Reprod Update 1997;3:367-382.
109. Gardner DK, Lane M. Culture of viable human blastocysts in defined sequential serum-free media. Hum Reprod 1998;13(Suppl 3):148-159.
110. Gardner DK, Leese HJ. Concentrations of nutrients in mouse oviduct fluid and their effects on embryo development and metabolism in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 1990;88:361-368.
111. Gardner DK, Lane M, Calderon I, Leeton J. Environment of the preimplantation human embryo in vivo: metabolite analysis of oviduct and uterine fluids and metabolism of cumulus cells. Fertil Steril 1996;65:349-353.
112. Gardner DK, Lane M, Stevens J, Schoolcraft WB. Noninvasive assessment of human embryo nutrient consumption as a measure of developmental potential. Fertil steril 2001;76:1175-1180.
113. Gardner D, Reed L, Linck D, Sheehan C, Lane M. Quality control in human in vitro fertilization. Semin Reprod Med 2005;23:319-324.
114. Gardner DK, Hamilton R, McCallie B, Schoolcraft WB, Katz Jaffe MG. Human and mouse embryonic development, metabolism and gene expression are altered by an ammonium gradient in vitro. Reproduction 2013;146:49-61.
115. Gardner D, Wale P. Analysis of metabolism to select viable human embryos for transfer. Fertil steril 2013;99:1062-1072.
116. George MA, Braude PR, Johnson MH, Sweetnam DG. Quality control in the IVF laboratory: in-vitro and in-vivo development of mouse embryos is unaffected by the quality of water used in culture media. Hum Reprod 1989;4:826-831.
117. Giacomini G, Tabibzadeh SS, Satyaswaroop PG, Bonsi L, Vitale L, Bagnara GP, Strippoli P, Jasonni VM. Epithelial cells are the major source of biologically active granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human endometrium. Hum Reprod 1995;10:3259-3263.
118. Gianaroli L, Seracchioli R, Ferraretti AP, Trounson A, Flamigni C, Bovicelli L. The successful use of human amniotic fluid for mouse embryo culture and human in vitro fertilization, embryo culture, and transfer. Fertil Steril 1986;46:907-913.
119. Goddard MJ, Pratt HP. Control of events during early cleavage of the mouse embryo: an analysis of the '2-cell block'. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1983;73:111-133.
120. Good Manufacturing Practice for Drugs (2010 Revision). 2011; MOH Decree No. 79.
121. Grace K, Sinclair K. Assisted reproductive technology, epigenetics, and long-term health: a developmental time bomb still ticking. Semin Reprod Med 2009;27:409-416.
122. Hammond J. Recovery and culture of tubal mouse ova. Nature 1949;163:28-28.
123. Hardy K, Spanos S. Growth factor expression and function in the human and mouse preimplantation embryo. J Endocrinol 2002;172:221-236.
124. Hardy K, Handyside AH, Winston RM. The human blastocyst: cell number, death and allocation during late preimplantation development in vitro. Development 1989;107:597-604.
125. Harper J, Cristina Magli M, Lundin K, Barratt CLR, Brison D. When and how should new technology be introduced into the IVF laboratory? Hum Reprod 2012;27:303-313.
126. Hart R, Norman R. The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment. Part II-Mental health and development outcomes. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:244-250.
127. Hendriks JCM, Teerenstra S, Punt-Van der Zalm JPE, Wetzels AMM, Westphal JR, Borm GF. Sample size calculations for a split-cluster, beta-binomial design in the assessment of toxicity. Stat Med 2005;24:3757-3772.
128. Hentemann M, Bertheussen K. New media for culture to blastocyst. Fertil Steril 2009;91:878-883.
129. Hentemann M, Mousavi K, Bertheussen K. Differential pH in embryo culture. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1291-1294.
130. Ho Y, Wigglesworth K, Eppig JJ, Schultz RM. Preimplantation development of mouse embryos in KSOM: augmentation by amino acids and analysis of gene expression. Mol Reprod Dev 1995;41:232-238.
131. Hu Y, Maxson W, Hoffman D, Ory S, Eager S, Dupre J, Worrilow K. Co-culture with assisted hatching of human embryos using Buffalo rat liver cells. Hum Reprod 1998;13:165-168.
132. Human Fertilisation Embryology Authority (HFEA). Horizon scanning annual report 2009/2010. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/Horizon-scanning-report.html.
133. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). Scientific and Clinical Advances Advisory Committee Paper 2011. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/6348.html.
134. Hyttel P, Viuff D, Laurincik J, Schmidt M, Thomsen PD, Avery B, Callesen H, Rath D, Niemann H, Rosenkranz C et al. Risks of in-vitro production of cattle and swine embryos: aberrations in chromosome numbers, ribosomal RNA gene activation and perinatal physiology. Hum Reprod 2000;15(Suppl 5):87-97.
135. Isachenko E, Maettner R, Isachenko V, Roth S, Kreienberg R, Sterzik K. Mechanical agitation during the in vitro culture of human pre-implantation embryos drastically increases the pregnancy rate. Clin Lab 2010;56:569-576.
136. Isom SC, Lai L, Prather R, Rucker E. Heat shock of porcine zygotes immediately after oocyte activation increases viability. Mol Reprod Dev 2009;76:548-554.
137. Jayot S, Parneix I, Verdaguer S, Discamps G, Audebert A, Emperaire JC. Coculture of embryos on homologous endometrial cells in patients with repeated failures of implantation. Fertil Steril 1995;63:109-114.
138. Jiménez A, Madrid Bury N, Fernández RL, Pérez-Garnelo S, Moreira P, Pintado BN, de la Fuente J, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis affects sex ratio of bovine and murine preimplantation embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2003;65:180-187.
139. Jones GM, Trounson AO, Gardner DK, Kausche A, Lolatgis N, Wood C. Evolution of a culture protocol for successful blastocyst development and pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1998;13:169-177.
140. Källén B, Finnström O, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren K-Gs, Olausson P. Cancer risk in children and young adults conceived by in vitro fertilization. Pediatrics 2010;126:270-276.
141. Karamalegos C, Bolton VN. A prospective comparison of 'in house' and commercially prepared Earle's balanced salt solution in human in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1842-1846.
142. Katari S, Turan N, Bibikova M, Erinle O, Chalian R, Foster M, Gaughan J, Coutifaris C, Sapienza C. DNA methylation and gene expression differences in children conceived in vitro or in vivo. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:3769-3778.
143. Kattal N, Cohen J, Barmat L. Role of coculture in human in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2008;90:1069-1076.
144. Kelsey G. Genomic imprinting-roles and regulation in development. Endocr Dev 2007;12:99-112.
145. Khamsi F, Armstrong DT, Zhang X. Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human preimplantation embryos. Mol Hum Reprod 1996;2:273-276.
146. Khosla S, Dean W, Brown D, Reik W, Feil R. Culture of preimplantation mouse embryos affects fetal development and the expression of imprinted genes. Biol Reprod 2001;64:918-926.
147. Khoury C, Coffler M, Potter D, Frederick J, Battaglia D. Improved blastocyst development using a single step medium versus a sequential medium. Fertil Steril 2012;97:S4-S5.
148. Kim D, Kim M, Kang H, Lee H, Park W, Kwon H. The supplementation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in culture medium improves the pregnancy rate in human ART programs. Fertil Steril 2001;76:S6.
149. Kimber SJ, Sneddon SF, Bloor DJ, El Bareg AM, Hawkhead JA, Metcalfe AD, Houghton FD, Leese HJ, Rutherford A, Lieberman BA et al. Expression of genes involved in early cell fate decisions in human embryos and their regulation by growth factors. Reproduction 2008;135:635-647.
150. Kleijkers SHM, Van Montfoort APA, Smits LJM, Viechtbauer W, Roseboom TJ, Nelissen ECM, Coonen E, Derhaag JG, Bastings L, Schreurs IEL et al. IVF culture medium affects postnatal growth in humans during the first 2 years of live. Hum Reprod 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii70-ii71.
151. Kleijkers SHM, Van Montfoort APA, Bekers O, Coonen E, Derhaag JG, Schreurs IEL, Evers JLH, Dumoulin JMC. Ammonium accumulates in IVF culture medium but this does not affect the birth weight of the newborn. Hum Reprod 2013; 28(Suppl 1):i60-i62.
152. Knudson CB, Knudson W. Hyaluronan-binding proteins in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. FASEB J 1993;7:1233-1241.
153. Kolahi K, Donjacour A, Liu X, Lin W, Simbulan R, Bloise E, Maltepe E, Rinaudo P. Effect of substrate stiffness on early mouse embryo development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41717-e41717.
154. Krebs HA, Henseleit K. Untersuchungen über die Harnstoffbildung im Tierkörper. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiol. Chemie 1932;210:33-66.
155. Kuhl W. Untersuchungen uber die cytodynamik der furchung und fruhentwicklung des eis der weissen maus. Abb Senchenb Naturforsch Ges 1941;456:1-17.
156. Lane M, Gardner DK. Increase in postimplantation development of cultured mouse embryos by amino acids and induction of fetal retardation and exencephaly by ammonium ions. J Reprod Fertil 1994;102:305-312.
157. Lane M, Gardner DK. Differential regulation of mouse embryo development and viability by amino acids. J Reprod Fertil 1997a;109:153-164.
158. Lane M, Gardner DK. Nonessential amino acids and glutamine decrease the time of the first three cleavage divisions and increase compaction of mouse zygotes in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997b;14:398-403.
159. Lane M, Gardner DK. Inhibiting 3-phosphoglycerate kinase by EDTA stimulates the development of the cleavage stage mouse embryo. Mol Reprod Dev 2001;60:233-240.
160. Lane M, Gardner DK. Embryo culture medium: which is the best? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21:83-100.
161. Lane M, Hooper K, Gardner DK. Effect of essential amino acids on mouse embryo viability and ammonium production. J Assist Reprod Genet 2001;18:519-525.
162. Langley Evans S. Developmental programming of health and disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2006;65:97-105.
163. Lawitts JA, Biggers JD. Optimization of mouse embryo culture media using simplex methods. J Reprod Fertil 1991;91:543-556.
164. Lawitts JA, Biggers JD. Joint effects of sodium chloride, glutamine, and glucose in mouse preimplantation embryo culture media. Mol Reprod Dev 1992;31:189-194.
165. Lawitts JA, Biggers JD. Culture of preimplantation embryos. Methods Enzymol 1993;225:153-164.
166. Leese HJ. Human embryo culture: back to nature. J Assist Reprod Genet 1998;15:466-468.
167. Leese H. Quiet please, do not disturb: a hypothesis of embryo metabolism and viability. Bioessays 2002;24:845-849.
168. Lewis WH, Gregory PW. Cinematographs of living developing rabbit-eggs. Science 1929;69:226-229.
169. Li S, Hursting S, Davis B, McLachlan J, Barrett JC. Environmental exposure, DNA methylation, and gene regulation: lessons from diethylstilbesterol-induced cancers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;983:161-169.
170. Li T, Vu T, Ulaner G, Littman E, Ling J-Q, Chen H-L, Hu J-F, Behr B, Giudice L, Hoffman A. IVF results in de novo DNA methylation and histone methylation at an Igf2-H19 imprinting epigenetic switch. Mol Hum Reprod 2005;11:631-640.
171. Lidegaard O, Pinborg A, Andersen A. Imprinting diseases and IVF: Danish National IVF cohort study. Hum Reprod 2005;20:950-954.
172. Lighten AD, Moore GE, Winston RM, Hardy K. Routine addition of human insulin-like growth factor-I ligand could benefit clinical in-vitro fertilization culture. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3144-3150.
173. Lin S, Li M, Lian Y, Chen L, Liu P. No effect of embryo culture media on birthweight and length of newborns. Hum Reprod 2013;28:1762-1767.
174. Liu HC, He ZY, Mele CA, Veeck LL, Davis O, Rosenwaks Z. Human endometrial stromal cells improve embryo quality by enhancing the expression of insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in cocultured human preimplantation embryos. Fertil Steril 1999;71:361-367.
175. Lonergan P, Pedersen H, Rizos D, Greve T, Thomsen P, Fair T, Evans A, Boland M. Effect of the post-fertilization culture environment on the incidence of chromosome aberrations in bovine blastocysts. Biol Reprod 2004;71:1096-1100.
176. Lopata A, Oliva K. Chorionic gonadotrophin secretion by human blastocysts. Hum Reprod 1993;8:932-938.
177. Lopata A, Johnston IW, Hoult IJ, Speirs AI. Pregnancy following intrauterine implantation of an embryo obtained by in vitro fertilization of a preovulatory egg. Fertil Steril 1980;33:117-120.
178. Ludwig TE, Lane M, Bavister BD. Differential effect of hexoses on hamster embryo development in culture. Biol Reprod 2001;64:1366-1374.
179. Luna M, Duke M, Copperman A, Grunfeld L, Sandler B, Barritt J. Blastocyst embryo transfer is associated with a sex-ratio imbalance in favor of male offspring. Fertil Steril 2007;87:519-523.
180. Macklon NS, Pieters MHEC, Hassan MA, Jeucken PHM, Eijkemans MJC, Fauser BCJM. A prospective randomized comparison of sequential versus monoculture systems for in-vitro human blastocyst development. Hum Reprod 2002;17: 2700-2705.
181. Mahsoudi B, Li A, O'Neill C. Assessment of the long-term and transgenerational consequences of perturbing preimplantation embryo development in mice. Biol Reprod 2007;77:889-896.
182. Mains L, Zimmerman M, Blaine J, Stegmann B, Sparks A, Ansley T, Van Voorhis B. Achievement test performance in children conceived by IVF. Hum Reprod 2010;25:2605-2611.
183. Mantikou E, Youssef MAFM, van Wely M, van der Veen F, Al-Inany HG, Repping S, Mastenbroek S. Embryo culture media and IVF/ICSI success rates: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:210-220.
184. Market-Velker BA, Fernandes AD, Mann MRW. Side-by-side comparison of five commercial media systems in a mouse model: suboptimal in vitro culture interferes with imprint maintenance. Biol Reprod 2010;83:938-950.
185. Market Velker B, Denomme M, Mann MRW. Loss of genomic imprinting in mouse embryos with fast rates of preimplantation development in culture. Biol Reprod 2012;86:143-143, 116.
186. Martin KL, Barlow DH, Sargent IL. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor significantly improves human blastocyst development and hatching in serum-free medium. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1645-1652.
187. Martín-Romero F, Miguel Lasobras E, Domínguez-Arroyo J, González-Carrera E, Alvarez I. Contribution of culture media to oxidative stress and its effect on human oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 2008;17:652-661.
188. McEvoy TG, Sinclair KD, Broadbent PJ, Goodhand KL, Robinson JJ. Post-natal growth and development of Simmental calves derived from in vivo or in vitro embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 1998;10:459-464.
189. McLaren A, Biggers JD. Successful development and birth of mice cultivated in vitro as early as early embryos. Nature 1958;182:877-878.
190. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Medical Device Alert: Medical devices in general and non-medical products (MDA/2010/001) 2010. Retrieved from http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Publications/Safetywarnings/MedicalDeviceAlerts/CON065771.
191. Ménézo Y. Synthetic medium for gamete survival and maturation and for culture of fertilized eggs. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1976;282:1967-1970.
192. Ménézo YJR, Hérubel Fo. Mouse and bovine models for human IVF. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;4:170-175.
193. Ménézo Y, Testart J, Perrone D. Serum is not necessary in human in vitro fertilization, early embryo culture, and transfer. Fertil Steril 1984;42:750-755.
194. Ménézo Y, Hamidi J, Khatchadourian C, Nardon C. The murine prepuberal oviduct supports early embryo development in vitro. Dev Growth Differ 1989;31:557-561.
195. Ménézo YJ, Guerin JF, Czyba JC. Improvement of human early embryo development in vitro by coculture on monolayers of Vero cells. Biol Reprod 1990;42:301-306.
196. Ménézo YJ, Chouteau J, Torelló J, Girard A, Veiga A. Birth weight and sex ratio after transfer at the blastocyst stage in humans. Fertil Steril 1999;72:221-224.
197. Ménézo Y, Lichtblau I, Elder K. New insights into human pre-implantation metabolism in vivo and in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013;30:293-303.
198. Meseguer M, Herrero J, Tejera A, Hilligsøe KM, Ramsing NB, Remohí J. The use of morphokinetics as a predictor of embryo implantation. Hum Reprod 2011;26:2658-2671.
199. Meseguer M, Rubio I, Cruz M, Basile N, Marcos J, Requena A. Embryo incubation and selection in a time-lapse monitoring system improves pregnancy outcome compared with a standard incubator: a retrospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 2012b;98:1481-1489.
200. Michaeli M, Rotfarb N, Karchovsky E, Ruzov O, Atamny R, Slush K, Fainaru O, Ellenbogen A. The influence of different concentrations of glucose in culture media (P1, ISM1, IVF) post insemination and ICSI outcome, in in-vitro fertilization treatment. Hum Reprod 2011;26(Suppl 1):i160-i202.
201. Middelburg KJ, Heineman MJ, Bos AF, Pereboom M, Fidler V, Hadders-Algra M. The Groningen ART cohort study: ovarian hyperstimulation and the in vitro procedure do not affect neurological outcome in infancy. Hum Reprod 2009;24:3119-3126.
202. Mignini Renzini M, Dal Canto M, Coticchio G, Comi R, Brigante C, Caliari I, Brambillasca F, Merola M, Lain M, Turchi D. Clinical efficiency and perinatal outcome of ART cycles following embryo culture in the presence of GM-CSF in patients with miscarriage or early pregnancy loss history. Hum Reprod 2013; 28(Suppl 1):i139-i149.
203. Miles J, Farin C, Rodriguez K, Alexander J, Farin P. Angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas in late gestation from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro. Biol Reprod 2004;71:1919-1926.
204. Miles H, Hofman P, Peek J, Harris M, Wilson D, Robinson E, Gluckman P, Cutfield W. In vitro fertilization improves childhood growth and metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3441-3445.
205. Milki A, Jun S, Hinckley M, Westphal L, Giudice L, Behr B. Comparison of the sex ratio with blastocyst transfer and cleavage stage transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003;20:323-326.
206. Mohr LR, Trounson AO. The use of fluorescein diacetate to assess embryo viability in the mouse. J Reprod Fertil 1980;58:189-196.
207. Montoro L, Subias E, Young P, Baccaro M, Swanson J, Sueldo C. Detection of endotoxin in human in vitro fertilization by the zona-free mouse embryo assay. Fertil Steril 1990;54:109-112.
208. Morgan K, Wiemer K, Steuerwald N, Hoffman D, Maxson W, Godke R. Use of videocinematography to assess morphological qualities of conventionally cultured and cocultured embryos. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2371-2376.
209. Morgan H, Santos Ft, Green K, Dean W, Reik W. Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14 Spec No 1:R47-R58.
210. Morgan HD, Jin XL, Li A, Whitelaw E, O'Neill C. The culture of zygotes to the blastocyst stage changes the postnatal expression of an epigentically labile allele, agouti viable yellow, in mice. Biol Reprod 2008;79:618-623.
211. Mortimer D. Elaboration of a new culture medium for physiological studies on human sperm motility and capacitation. Hum Reprod 1986;1:247-250.
212. Mortimer D. Human blastocyst development media. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2725.
213. Mossa F, Carter F, Walsh S, Kenny D, Smith G, Ireland JLH, Hildebrandt T, Lonergan P, Ireland J, Evans ACO. Maternal undernutrition in cows impairs ovarian and cardiovascular systems in their offspring. Biol Reprod 2013;88:92-92.
214. Muggleton Harris AL, Findlay I, Whittingham DG. Improvement of the culture conditions for the development of human preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod 1990;5:217-220.
215. Nelissen E, Van Montfoort A, Coonen E, Derhaag J, Geraedts J, Smits L, Land J, Evers J, Dumoulin J. Further evidence that culture media affect perinatal outcome: findings after transfer of fresh and cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 2012;27:1966-1976.
216. Nelissen ECM, Van Montfoort APA, Smits LJM, Menheere PPCA, Evers JLH, Coonen E, Derhaag JG, Peeters LL, Coumans AB, Dumoulin JCM. IVF culture medium affects human intrauterine growth as early as the second trimester of pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2013;28:2067-2074.
217. Olivennes F, Kerbrat V, Rufat P, Blanchet V, Fanchin R, Frydman R. Follow-up of a cohort of 422 children aged 6 to 13 years conceived by in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1997;67:284-289.
218. O'Neill C. The potential roles for embryotrophic ligands in preimplantation embryo development. Hum Reprod Update 2008;14:275-288.
219. O'Neill C, Ryan JP, Collier M, Saunders DM, Ammit AJ, Pike IL. Supplementation of in-vitro fertilisation culture medium with platelet activating factor. Lancet (London, England) 1989;2:769-772.
220. Orasanu B, Jackson K, Hornstein M, Racowsky C. Effects of culture medium on HCG concentrations and their value in predicting successful IVF outcome. Reprod Biomed Online 2006;12:590-598.
221. Papaioannou VE, Ebert KM. Mouse half embryos: viability and allocation of cells in the blastocyst. Dev Dyn 1995;203:393-398.
222. Parikh F, Nadkarni S, Naik N, Naik D, Uttamchandani S. Cumulus coculture and cumulus-aided embryo transfer increases pregnancy rates in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2006;86:839-847.
223. Parinaud J, Monrozies X, Reme JM, Sarramon MF, Grandjean H, Pontonnier G. Randomized trial of two media used for in vitro fertilization. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987;25:203-208.
224. Paternot G, Debrock S, D'Hooghe T, Spiessens C. Early embryo development in a sequential versus single medium: a randomized study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010;8:83-83.
225. Perricone R, De Carolis C, Giacomelli R, Guarino M, De Sanctis G, Fontana L. GM-CSF and pregnancy: evidence of significantly reduced blood concentrations in unexplained recurrent abortion efficiently reverted by intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Am J Reprod Immunol (1989) 2003;50:232-237.
226. Ponjaert Kristoffersen I, Bonduelle M, Barnes J, Nekkebroeck J, Loft A, Wennerholm UB, Tarlatzis BC, Peters C, Hagberg BS, Berner A et al. International collaborative study of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-conceived, in vitro fertilization-conceived, and naturally conceived 5-year-old child outcomes: cognitive and motor assessments. Pediatrics 2005;115:e283-e289.
227. Pool T. Development of culture media for human assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril 2004;81:287-289.
228. Punt-van der Zalm JPEM, Hendriks JCM, Westphal JR, Kremer JAM, Teerenstra S, Wetzels AMM. Toxicity testing of human assisted reproduction devices using the mouse embryo assay. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;18:529-535.
229. Quinn P. Enhanced results in mouse and human embryo culture using a modified human tubal fluid medium lacking glucose and phosphate. J Assist Reprod Genet 1995;12:97-105.
230. Quinn P. The development and impact of culture media for assisted reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril 2004;81:27-29.
231. Quinn P. Culture systems: sequential. Methods Mol Biol 2012;912:211-230.
232. Quinn P, Horstman FC. Is the mouse a good model for the human with respect to the development of the preimplantation embryo in vitro? Hum Reprod 1998;13:173-183.
233. Quinn P, Kerin JF, Warnes GM. Improved pregnancy rate in human in vitro fertilization with the use of a medium based on the composition of human tubal fluid. Fertil Steril 1985;44:493-498.
234. Quinn P, Moinipanah R, Steinberg JM, Weathersbee PS. Successful human in vitro fertilization using a modified human tubal fluid medium lacking glucose and phosphate ions. Fertil Steril 1995;63:922-924.
235. Rathmell J, Newgard C. Biochemistry. A glucose-to-gene link. Science 2009;324:1021-1022.
236. Reed M, Hamic A, Thompson D, Caperton C. Continuous uninterrupted single medium culture without medium renewal versus sequential media culture: a sibling embryo study. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1783-1786.
237. Reik W. Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development. Nature 2007;447:425-432.
238. Reik W, Römer I, Barton SC, Surani MA, Howlett SK, Klose J. Adult phenotype in the mouse can be affected by epigenetic events in the early embryo. Development 1993;119:933-942.
239. Richter K. The importance of growth factors for preimplantation embryo development and in-vitro culture. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2008;20:292-304.
240. Rinaudo P, Schultz R. Effects of embryo culture on global pattern of gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Reproduction 2004;128:301-311.
241. Ringer S. Concerning the Influence exerted by each of the Constituents of the Blood on the Contraction of the Ventricle. J Physiol 1882;3:380-393.
242. Robertson S. GM-CSF regulation of embryo development and pregnancy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007;18:287-298.
243. Robertson SA, Seamark RF. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF): one of a family of epithelial cell-derived cytokines in the preimplantation uterus. Reprod Fertil Dev 1992;4:435-448.
244. Robertson SA, Roberts CT, Farr KL, Dunn AR, Seamark RF. Fertility impairment in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. Biol Reprod 1999;60:251-261.
245. Rock J, Menkin MF. In vitro fertilization and cleavage of human ovarian eggs. Science 1944;100:105-107.
246. Rougier N, Bourc'his D, Gomes DM, Niveleau A, Plachot M, Pàldi A, Viegas Péquignot E. Chromosome methylation patterns during mammalian preimplantation development. Genes Dev 1998;12:2108-2113.
247. Rufat P, Olivennes F, de Mouzon J, Dehan M, Frydman R. Task force report on the outcome of pregnancies and children conceived by in vitro fertilization (France: 1987 to 1989). Fertil Steril 1994;61:324-330.
248. Sabhnani TV, Elaimi A, Sultan H, Alduraihem A, Serhal P, Harper JC. Increased incidence of mosaicism detected by FISH in murine blastocyst cultured in vitro. Reprod Biomed Online 2011;22:621-631.
249. Sakkas D, Jaquenoud N, Leppens G, Campana A. Comparison of results after in vitro fertilized human embryos are cultured in routine medium and in coculture on Vero cells: a randomized study. Fertil Steril 1994;61:521-525.
250. Salamonsen LA, Shuster S, Stern R. Distribution of hyaluronan in human endometrium across the menstrual cycle. Implications for implantation and menstruation. Cell Tissue Res 2001;306:335-340.
251. Santos Ft, Dean W. Epigenetic reprogramming during early development in mammals. Reproduction 2004;127:643-651.
252. Santos Ft, Hendrich B, Reik W, Dean W. Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2002;241:172-182.
253. Schendelaar P, Middelburg KJ, Bos AF, Heineman MJ, Jongbloed Pereboom M, Hadders Algra M. The Groningen ART cohort study: the effects of ovarian hyperstimulation and the IVF laboratory procedures on neurological condition at 2 years. Hum Reprod 2011;26:703-712.
254. Schini SA, Bavister BD. Two-cell block to development of cultured hamster embryos is caused by phosphate and glucose. Biol Reprod 1988;39:1183-1192.
255. Schwarzer C, Esteves T, Araúzo-Bravo M, Le Gac Sv, Nordhoff V, Schlatt S, Boiani M. ART culture conditions change the probability of mouse embryo gestation through defined cellular and molecular responses. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2627-2640.
256. Scott LF, Sundaram SG, Smith S. The relevance and use of mouse embryo bioassays for quality control in an assisted reproductive technology program. Fertil Steril 1993;60:559-568.
257. Sepúlveda S, Garcia J, Arriaga E, Diaz J, Noriega Portella L, Noriega Hoces L. In vitro development and pregnancy outcomes for human embryos cultured in either a single medium or in a sequential media system. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1765-1770.
258. Sfontouris IA, Lainas GT, Anagnostara K, Kolibianakis EM, Lainas TG. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on pregnancy rates in patients with multiple unsuccessful IVF attempts. Hum Reprod 2013;28(Suppl 1):i60-i62.
259. Shapiro BS, Richter KS, Daneshmand ST, Quinn P, Behr B. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances human embryo development to the blastocyst stage: a randomized study. Fertil Steril 2003;79(Suppl 2):15-16.
260. Shi W, Haaf T. Aberrant methylation patterns at the two-cell stage as an indicator of early developmental failure. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;63:329-334.
261. Shi L, Wu J. Epigenetic regulation in mammalian preimplantation embryo development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009;7:59-59.
262. Silverman IH, Cook CL, Sanfilippo JS, Yussman MA, Schultz GS, Hilton FH. Ham's F-10 constituted with tap water supports mouse conceptus development in vitro. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1987;4:185-187.
263. Sinclair KD, McEvoy TG, Maxfield EK, Maltin CA, Young LE, Wilmut I, Broadbent PJ, Robinson JJ. Aberrant fetal growth and development after in vitro culture of sheep zygotes. J Reprod Fertil 1999;116:177-186.
264. Sinclair KD, Young LE, Wilmut I, McEvoy TG. In-utero overgrowth in ruminants following embryo culture: lessons from mice and a warning to men. Hum Reprod 2000;15(Suppl 5):68-86.
265. Siristatidis C, Vogiatzi P, Salamalekis G, Creatsa M, Vrachnis N, Glujovsky Dn, Iliodromiti Z, Chrelias C. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor supplementation in culture media for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies: a systematic review. Int J Endocrinol 2013;2013:704967. First published February 21, 2013, doi:10.1155/2013/704967.
266. Sjöblom C, Wikland M, Robertson SA. Granulocyte - macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes human blastocyst development in vitro. Hum Reprod 1999;14:3069-3076.
267. Sjöblom C, Wikland M, Robertson S. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) acts independently of the beta common subunit of the GM-CSF receptor to prevent inner cell mass apoptosis in human embryos. Biol Reprod 2002;67:1817-1823.
268. Sjöblom C, Roberts C, Wikland M, Robertson S. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor alleviates adverse consequences of embryo culture on fetal growth trajectory and placental morphogenesis. Endocrinology 2005;146:2142-2153.
269. Smith Z, Chan M, Mikkelsen T, Gu H, Gnirke A, Regev A, Meissner A. A unique regulatory phase of DNA methylation in the early mammalian embryo. Nature 2012;484:339-344.
270. Sommer AP, Haddad MK, Fecht H-J. It is time for a change: Petri dishes weaken cells. J Bionic Eng 2012;9:353-357.
271. Spanos S, Becker DL, Winston RM, Hardy K. Anti-apoptotic action of insulin-like growth factor-I during human preimplantation embryo development. Biol Reprod 2000;63:1413-1420.
272. Spendley W, Hext GR, Himsworth FR. Sequential application of simplex designs in optimisation and evolutionary operation. Technometrics 1962;4:441-461.
273. Staessen C, Janssenswillen C, De Clerck E, Van Steirteghem A. Controlled comparison of commercial media for human in-vitro fertilization: Ménézo B2 medium versus Medi-Cult universal and BM1 medium. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2548-2554.
274. Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Twigt J, Pestinger V, Sinclair KD. The periconceptional period, reproduction and long-term health of offspring: the importance of one-carbon metabolism. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:640-655.
275. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Laparoscopic recovery of preovulatory human oocytes after priming of ovaries with gonadotrophins. Lancet (London, England) 1970;1:683-689.
276. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet (London, England) 1978;2:366-366.
277. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG, Purdy JM. Human blastocysts grown in culture. Nature 1971;229:132-133.
278. Summers M, Biggers J. Chemically defined media and the culture of mammalian preimplantation embryos: historical perspective and current issues. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9:557-582.
279. Summers MC, McGinnis LK, Lawitts JA, Biggers JD. Mouse embryo development following IVF in media containing either L-glutamine or glycyl-L-glutamine. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1364-1371.
280. Summers M, Bird S, Mirzai F, Thornhill A, Biggers J. Human preimplantation embryo development in vitro: a morphological assessment of sibling zygotes cultured in a single medium or in sequential media. Hum Fertil 2013;16:278-285.
281. Surani MA. Imprinting and the initiation of gene silencing in the germ line. Cell 1998;93:309-312.
282. Swain J. Optimizing the culture environment in the IVF laboratory: impact of pH and buffer capacity on gamete and embryo quality. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;21:6-16.
283. Swain JE. Is there an optimal pH for culture media used in clinical IVF? Hum Reprod Update 2012;18:333-339.
284. Swain JE, Smith GD. Advances in embryo culture platforms: novel approaches to improve preimplantation embryo development through modifications of the microenvironment. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17:541-557.
285. Swain JE, Lai D, Takayama S, Smith GD. Thinking big by thinking small: application of microfluidic technology to improve ART. Lab Chip 2013;13:1213-1224.
286. Tarlatzis B, Qublan H, Sanopoulou T, Zepiridis L, Grimbizis G, Bontis J. Increase in the monozygotic twinning rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and blastocyst stage embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 2002;77:196-198.
287. Tervit HR, Whittingham DG, Rowson LE. Successful culture in vitro of sheep and cattle ova. J Reprod Fertil 1972;30:493-497.
288. Thompson JG, Gardner DK, Pugh PA, McMillan WH, Tervit HR. Lamb birth weight is affected by culture system utilized during in vitro pre-elongation development of ovine embryos. Biol Reprod 1995;53:1385-1391.
289. Thompson J, Kind K, Roberts C, Robertson S, Robinson J. Epigenetic risks related to assisted reproductive technologies: short- and long-term consequences for the health of children conceived through assisted reproduction technology: more reason for caution? Hum Reprod 2002;17:2783-2786.
290. Thompson JGB, Mitchell M, Kind K. Embryo culture and long-term consequences. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007;19:43-52.
291. Tielens S, Verhasselt B, Liu J, Dhont M, Van Der Elst J, Cornelissen M. Generation of embryonic stem cell lines from mouse blastocysts developed in vivo and in vitro: relation to Oct-4 expression. Reproduction 2006;132:59-66.
292. Tucker MJ, Kort HI, Toledo AA, Morton PC, Wright G, Ingargiola PE, Sweitzer CL. Effect of coculture on subsequent survival and implantation of cryopreserved human embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 1995;12:689-692.
293. Tyrode MV. The mode of action of some purgative salts. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 1910;20:205-223.
294. Urman B, Yakin K, Ata B, Isiklar A, Balaban B. Effect of hyaluronan-enriched transfer medium on implantation and pregnancy rates after day 3 and day 5 embryo transfers: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril 2008;90:604-612.
295. Utsunomiya T, Naitou T, Nagaki M. A prospective trial of blastocyst culture and transfer. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1846-1851.
296. Vajta Gb, Rienzi L, Cobo A, Yovich J. Embryo culture: can we perform better than nature? Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20:453-469.
297. van den Bergh M, Baszó I, Biramane J, Bertrand E, Devreker F, Englert Y. Quality control in IVF with mouse bioassays: a four years' experience. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996;13:733-738.
298. van Montfoort APA, Hanssen LLP, de Sutter P, Viville S, Geraedts JPM, de Boer P. Assisted reproduction treatment and epigenetic inheritance. Hum Reprod Update 2012;18:171-197.
299. Van Winkle LJ. Amino acid transport in developing animal oocytes and early conceptuses. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988;947:173-208.
300. Van Winkle LJ, Haghighat N, Campione AL. Glycine protects preimplantation mouse conceptuses from a detrimental effect on development of the inorganic ions in oviductal fluid. J Exp Zool 1990;253:215-219.
301. Vergouw C, Kostelijk EH, Doejaaren E, Hompes PGA, Lambalk C, Schats R. The influence of the type of embryo culture medium on neonatal birthweight after single embryo transfer in IVF. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2619-2626.
302. Virant Klun I, Tomazevic T, Vrtacnik Bokal E, Vogler A, Krsnik M, Meden Vrtovec H. Increased ammonium in culture medium reduces the development of human embryos to the blastocyst stage. Fertil Steril 2006;85:526-528.
303. Viuff D, Greve T, Avery B, Hyttel P, Brockhoff PB, Thomsen PD. Chromosome aberrations in in vitro-produced bovine embryos at days 2-5 post-insemination. Biol Reprod 2000;63:1143-1148.
304. Wagenaar K, van Weissenbruch MM, Knol DL, Cohen Kettenis PT, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Huisman J. Information processing, attention and visual-motor function of adolescents born after in vitro fertilization compared with spontaneous conception. Hum Reprod 2009;24:913-921.
305. Wagenaar K, van Weissenbruch M, van Leeuwen F, Cohen Kettenis P, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Schats R, Huisman J. Self-reported behavioral and socioemotional functioning of 11-to 18-year-old adolescents conceived by in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2011;95:611-616.
306. Waterland R, Jirtle R. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:5293-5300.
307. Watkins A, Platt D, Papenbrock T, Wilkins A, Eckert J, Kwong W, Osmond C, Hanson M, Fleming T. Mouse embryo culture induces changes in postnatal phenotype including raised systolic blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:5449-5454.
308. Wegmann TG, Athanassakis I, Guilbert L, Branch D, Dy M, Menu E, Chaouat G. The role of M-CSF and GM-CSF in fostering placental growth, fetal growth, and fetal survival. Transplant Proc 1989;21:566-568.
309. Whitten WK. Culture of tubal mouse ova. Nature 1956;177:96-96.
310. Whitten WK, Biggers JD. Complete development in vitro of the pre-implantation stages of the mouse in a simple chemically defined medium. J Reprod Fertil 1968;17:399-401.
311. Whittingham DG. Fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro. Nature 1968;220:592-593.
312. Whittingham DG. Culture of mouse ova. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1971;14:7-21.
313. Whittingham DG, Biggers JD. Fallopian tube and early cleavage in the mouse. Nature 1967;213:942-943.
314. Wiemer KE, Cohen J, Amborski GF, Wright G, Wiker S, Munyakazi L, Godke RA. In-vitro development and implantation of human embryos following culture on fetal bovine uterine fibroblast cells. Hum Reprod 1989a;4:595-600.
315. Wiemer KE, Cohen J, Wiker SR, Malter HE, Wright G, Godke RA. Coculture of human zygotes on fetal bovine uterine fibroblasts: embryonic morphology and implantation. Fertil Steril 1989b;52:503-508.
316. Wiemer KE, Hoffman DI, Maxson WS, Eager S, Muhlberger B, Fiore I, Cuervo M. Embryonic morphology and rate of implantation of human embryos following co-culture on bovine oviductal epithelial cells. Hum Reprod 1993;8:97-101.
317. Wiemer KE, Garrisi J, Steuerwald N, Alikani M, Reing AM, Ferrara TA, Noyes N, Cohen J. Beneficial aspects of co-culture with assisted hatching when applied to multiple-failure in-vitro fertilization patients. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2429-2433.
318. Wirleitner B, Vanderzwalmen P, Stecher A, Zech MH, Zintz M, Zech NH. Individual demands of human embryos on IVF culture medium: influence on blastocyst development and pregnancy outcome. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;21:776-782.
319. Xella S, Marsella T, Tagliasacchi D, Giulini S, La Marca A, Tirelli A, Volpe A. Embryo quality and implantation rate in two different culture media: ISM1 versus Universal IVF Medium. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1859-1863.
320. Young LE, Fairburn HR. Improving the safety of embryo technologies: possible role of genomic imprinting. Theriogenology 2000;53:627-648.
321. Young LE, Fernandes K, McEvoy TG, Butterwith SC, Gutierrez CG, Carolan C, Broadbent PJ, Robinson JJ, Wilmut I, Sinclair KD. Epigenetic change in IGF2R is associated with fetal overgrowth after sheep embryo culture. Nat Genet 2001;27:153-154.
322. Youssef MFM, van Wely M, Al-Inany H, Van der Veen F, Repping S. Culture media for human preimplantation embryos in assisted reproductive technology cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; Issue 3. Art. No.: CD007876. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007876.
323. Yu Y, Yan J, Li M, Yan L, Zhao Y, Lian Y, Li R, Liu P, Qiao J. Effects of combined epidermal growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 on human oocyte maturation and early fertilized and cloned embryo development. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2146-2159.
324. Zander D, Thompson J, Lane M. Perturbations in mouse embryo development and viability caused by ammonium are more severe after exposure at the cleavage stages. Biol Reprod 2006;74:288-294.
325. Zhang Y, Cui Y, Zhou Z, Sha J, Li Y, Liu J. Altered global gene expressions of human placentae subjected to assisted reproductive technology treatments. Placenta 2010;31:251-258.
326. Zhao Y, Chegini N. Human fallopian tube expresses granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and GM-CSF alpha and beta receptors and contain immunoreactive GM-CSF protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:662-665.
327. Zhao Y, Rong H, Chegini N. Expression and selective cellular localization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and GM-CSF alpha and beta receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in human ovarian tissue. Biol Reprod 1995;53:923-930.
328. Zhu J, Lin S, Li M, Chen L, Lian Y, Liu P, Qiao J. Effect of in vitro culture period on birthweight of singleton newborns. Hum Reprod. 2014. Advance Access published January 8, 2014, doi:10.1093/humrep/det460.
329. Ziebe S, Loft A, Povlsen BB, Erb K, Agerholm I, Aasted M, Gabrielsen A, Hnida C, Zobel DP, Munding B et al. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in embryo culture medium for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2013;99:1600-1609.e1602.