Chemically defined media and the culture of mammalian preimplantation embryos: Historical perspective and current issues

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 557-582

  Summers, Michael C ^a,b   Biggers, John D ^c  

^a Reproductive Science Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Amino acids; Culture media; Extended culture; KSOM; Sequential media

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; AMMONIA; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMINE;

ADAPTATION; CELL VOLUME; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; CULTURE MEDIUM; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; EMBRYO CULTURE; EMBRYO TRANSFER; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MAMMAL; MEDICAL ETHICS; MOTHER; PH; PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYO; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; REVIEW; STRESS; SUPPLEMENTATION; SURVIVAL;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; AMINO ACIDS; ANIMALS; BLASTOCYST; COMMERCE; CULTURE MEDIA; CULTURE TECHNIQUES; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; OBSTETRICS; STRESS;

EID: 0346025685     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmg039     Document Type: Review

References (347)

1. Abramczuk, J., Solter, D. and Koprowski, H. (1977) The beneficial effect of EDTA on development of mouse one-cell embryos in chemically defined medium. Dev. Biol., 61, 378-383.
2. Ahmad, K. and Henikoff, S. (2002) Epigenetic consequences of nucleosome dynamics. Cell, 111, 281-284.
3. Akinbi, H., Abbasi, S., Hilpert, P.L. and Bhutani, V.K. (1994) Gastrointestinal and renal blood velocity profile in neonates with birth asphyxia. J. Pediatr., 125, 625-627.
4. Anderson, A.A. and Panning, B. (2003) Epigenetic gene regulation by noncoding RNAS. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 15, 281-289.
5. Arduini, D., Rizzo, G., Romanini, C. and Mancuso, S. (1987) Fetal blood flow velocity waveforms as predictors of growth retardation. Obstet. Gynecol., 70, 7-18.
6. Arney, K.L. (2003) H19 and Igf2 - enhancing the confusion? Trends Genet., 19, 17-23.
7. Arney, K.L., Erhardt, S., Drewell, R.A. and Azim Surani, M. (2001) Epigenetic reprogramming of the genome - from the germ line to the embryo and back again. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 45, 533-540.
8. Amy, M., Nachtigall, L. and Quagliarello, J. (1987) The effect of preimplantation culture conditions on murine embryo implantation and fetal development. Fertil. Steril., 48, 861-865.
9. Atanassov, C.L., Seiler, N. and Rebel, G. (1998) Reduction of ammonia in cell cultures by L-alanyl-L-glutamine requires optimization of the dipeptide concentration. J. Biotech., 62, 159-162.
10. Baltz, J.M. (2001) Osmoregulation and cell volume regulation in the preimplantation embryo. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 52, 55-106.
11. Barak, Y., Goldman, S., Gonen, Y., Nevo, Z., Bartoov, B. and Kogosowski, A. (1998) Does glucose affect fertilization, development and pregnancy rates of human in-vitro fertilized oocytes? Hum. Reprod., 13 (Suppl.4), 203-211.
12. Barnes, F.L., Crombie, A., Gardner, D.K., Kausche, A., Lacham-Kaplan, O., Suikkari, A.-M., Tiglias, J., Wood, C. and Trounson, A.O. (1995) Blastocyst development and birth after in vitro maturation of human primary oocytes, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and assisted hatching. Hum. Reprod., 10, 3243-3247.
13. Barnier, J.V., Bensaude, O., Morange, M. and Babinet, C. (1987) Mouse 89 kD heat shock protein: two polypeptides with distinct developmental regulation. Exp. Cell Res., 170, 186-194.
14. Bavister, B.D. (1995) Culture of preimplantation embryos: facts and artefacts. Hum. Reprod. Update, 1, 91-148.
15. Bavister, B.D. (1999) Glucose and the culture of human embryos. Fertil. Steril., 72, 233-234.
16. Bensuade, O., and Morange, M. (1983) Spontaneous high expression of heatshock proteins in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and ectoderm from day 8 mouse embryo. EMBO J., 2, 173-177.
17. Bensaude, O., Babinet, C., Morange, M. and Jacob, F. (1983) Heat shock proteins, first major products of zygotic gene activity in mouse embryo. Nature, 305, 331-333.
18. Bergh, T., Ericson, A., Hillensjo, T., Nygren, K.G. and Wennerholm, U.B. (1999) Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilization in Sweden 1982-95: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 354, 1579-1585.
19. Betteridge, K.J. (2001) Comparative aspects of conceptus growth: a historical perspective. J. Reprod. Fertil., 122, 11-19.
20. Betteridge, K.J. and Rieger, D. (1993) Embryo transfer and related techniques in domestic animals and their implications for human medicine. Hum. Reprod., 8, 147-167.
21. Betterbed, B. and Wright, R.W. (1985) Development of one-cell ovine embryos in two culture media under two gas atmospheres. Theriogenology, 23, 547-553.
22. Biggers, J.D. (1981) Cell biology of the developing egg. In Glasser, S.R. and Bullock, D.W. (eds), Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Implantation. Plenum Publishing, New York, pp. 39-42.
23. Biggers, J.D. (1987) Pioneering mammalian embryo culture. In Bavister, B.D. (ed.) The Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo. Plenum Publishing, New York, pp. 1-22.
24. Biggers, J.D. (1991) Changing physiological systems in the preimplantation embryo. In Verlinsky, Y. and Kuliev, A. (eds), Preimplantation Genetics. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 25-35.
25. Biggers, J.D. (1993) The culture of the preimplantation mammalian embryo. In Gianaroli, L., Campana, A. and Trounson, A.O. (eds), Implantation in Mammals. Raven Press, New York, pp. 123-136.
26. Biggers, J.D. (1998) Reflections on the culture of the preimplantation embryo. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 42, 879-884.
27. Biggers, J.D. (2000) Ethical issues and the commercialization of embryo culture media. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 1, 74-76.
28. Biggers, J.D. (2001) Research in the canine block. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 45, 469-476.
29. Biggers, J.D. (2002) Thoughts on embryo culture conditions. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 4 (Suppl. 1), 30-38.
30. Biggers, J.D. (2003) Fundamentals of the design of culture media that support human preimplantation development. In: Van Blerkom, J. (ed.), Essential IVF. Kluwer Academic Press, Norwell, MA, USA, pp. 291-332.
31. Biggers, J.D. and Brinster, R.L. (1965) Biometrical problems in the study of early mammalian embryos in vitro. J. Exp. Zool., 158, 39-47.
32. Biggers, J.D. and McGinnis, L.K. (2001) Evidence that glucose is not always an inhibitor of mouse preimplantation development in vitro. Hum. Reprod., 16, 153-163.
33. Biggers, J.D. and Papaioannou, V.E. (1991a) Postnatal compensatory growth of manipulated mouse embryos. Hum. Reprod., 6, 36-44.
34. Biggers, J.D. and Papaioannou, V.E. (1991b) Water-escape time in adult mice derived from manipulated preimplantation embryos. J. In Vitro Fertil. Embryo Transfer, 8, 352-360.
35. AA: is a two-step protocol necessary? Reprod. BioMed. Online, 5, 133-140.
36. Biggers, J.D., Rinaldini, L.M. and Webb, M. (1957) The study of growth factors in tissue culture. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 11, 264-297.
37. Biggers, J.D., Moore, B.D. and Whittingham, D.G. (1965) Development of mouse embryos in vivo after cultivation from 2-cell ova to blastocysts in vitro., Nature, 206, 734-735.
38. Biggers, J.D., Whittingham, D.G. and Donahue, R.P. (1967) The pattern of energy metabolism in the mouse oocyte and zygote. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 58, 560-567.
39. Biggers, J.D., Whitten, W.K. and Whittingham, D.G. (1971) The culture of mouse embryos in vitro. In Methods in Mammalian Embryology. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 86-116.
40. Biggers, J.D., Baltz, J.M. and Lechene, C. (1991) Ions and preimplantation development. In Animal Applications of Research in Mammalian Development. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp. 121-146.
41. Biggers, J.D., Lawitts, J.A. and Lechene, C.P. (1993) The protective action of betaine on the deleterious effects of NaCl on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 34, 380-390.
42. Biggers, J.D., Summers, M.C. and McGinnis, L.K. (1997) Polyvinyl alcohol and amino acids as substitutes for bovine serum albumin in mouse preimplantation embryo culture media. Hum. Reprod. Update, 3, 125-135.
43. Biggers, J.D., McGinnis, L.K. and Raffin, M. (2000) Amino acids and preimplantation development of the mouse in protein-free potassium simplex optimized medium. Biol. Reprod., 63, 281-293.
44. Borland, R.M., Hazra, S., Biggers, J.D. and Lechene, C. (1977) The elemental composition of the environments of the gametes and preimplantation embryo during the initiation of pregnancy. Biol. Reprod., 16, 147-157.
45. Borland, R.M., Biggers, J.D., Lechene, C.P. and Taymor, M. (1980) Elemental composition of fluid in the human fallopian tube. J. Reprod. Fertil., 58, 479-482.
46. Bowman, P. and McLaren, A. (1970a) Cleavage rate of mouse embryos in vivo and in vitro. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 24, 203-207.
47. Bowman, P. and McLaren, A. (1970b) Viability and growth of mouse embryos after in vitro culture and fusion. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 23, 693-704.
48. Box, G.E.P. (1957) Evolutionary operation: a method for increasing industrial productivity. Appl. Statist., 6, 3-22.
49. Brand, K., Fekl, W., von Hintzenstern, J., Langer, K., Luppa, P. and Schoerner, C. (1989) Metabolism of glutamine in lymphocytes. Metabolism, 38 (Suppl. 1). 29-33.
50. Brenner, B.M., Garcia, D.L. and Anderson, S. (1988) Glomeruli and blood pressure. Less of one, more the other? Am. J. Hypertens., 1, 335-347.
51. Brinster, R.L. (1963) A method for in vitro cultivation of mouse ova from two-cell to blastocyst. Exp. Cell Res., 32, 205-207.
52. Brinster, R.L. (1965a) Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. I. The effect of osmolarity and hydrogen concentration. J. Exp. Zool., 158, 49-57.
53. Brinster, R.L. (1965b) Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. II. The effects of energy sources. J. Exp. Zool., 158, 59-68.
54. Brinster, R.L. (1965c) Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. III. The effects of fixed-nitrogen source. J. Exp. Zool., 158, 69-78.
55. Brinster, R.L. (1965d) Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. IV. The effect of interaction of energy sources. J. Reprod. Fertil., 10, 227-240.
56. Brinster, R.L. and Thomson, J.L. (1966) Development of eight-cell mouse embryos in vitro. Exp. Cell Res., 42, 308-315.
57. Brison, D.R. (2003) New technologies for human embryo selection. In: Measuring human embryo quality: form, function and developmental genetics. Serono Symposia International, Montreal, Canada, May 7-9.
58. Brown, J.J.G. and Whittingham, D.G. (1992) The dynamic provision of different energy substrates improves development of one-cell random-bred mouse embryos in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil., 95, 503-511.
59. Bulus, N., Cerosimo, E., Ghishan, F. and Abumrad, N.N. (1989) Physiologic importance of glutamine. Metabolism, 38 (Suppl.1), 1-5.
60. Bungum, M., Bungum, L., Humaidan, P. and Yding Anderson, C. (2003) Day 3 versus day 5 embryo transfer; a prospective randomized study. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 7, 98-104.
61. Cadenas, E. and Davies, K.J. (2000) Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radic, Biol. Med., 29, 222-230.
62. Carlone, D.L. and Skalnik, D.G. (2001) CpG binding protein is crucial for early embryonic development. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21, 7601-7606.
63. Caro, C.M. and Trounson, A. (1984) The effect of protein on preimplantation mouse embryo development in vitro. J. In Vitro Fertil. Embryo Transfer, 1, 183-187.
64. Casslén, B. and Nilsson, B. (1984) Human uterine fluid, examined in undiluted samples for osmolarity and the concentrations of inorganic ions, albumin, glucose and urea. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 50, 877-881.
65. Chargaff, E. (1987) Engineering a molecular nightmare. Nature, 327, 199-200.
66. Chatot, C.L., Ziomek, C.A., Bavister, B.D., Lewis, J.L. and Torres, I. (1989) An improved culture medium supports development of random-bred 1-cell mouse embryos in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil., 86, 679-688.
67. Chatot, C.L., Lewis, J.L., Torres, I. and Ziomek, C.A. (1990) Development of 1-cell embryos from different strains of mice in CZB medium. Biol. Reprod., 42, 432-440.
68. Cholewa, J.A. and Whitten, W.K. (1970) Development of two-cell mouse embryos in the absence of a fixed-nitrogen source. J. Reprod. Fertil., 22, 553-555.
69. Christians, E., Campion, E., Thompson, E.M. and Renard, J. (1995) Expression of the HSP 70.1 gene, a landmark of early zygotic activity in the mouse embryo, is restricted to the first burst of transcription. Development, 121, 113-122.
70. Christie, A. and Butler, M. (1998) Growth and metabolism of a murine hybridoma in cultures containing glutamine-based dipeptides. Life Technologies, 32, 2-6.
71. Chung, Y.G., Mann, M.R.W., Bartolomei, M.S. and Latham, K.E. (2002) Nuclear-cytoplasmic "tug of war" during cloning: effects of somatic cell nuclei on culture media preferences of preimplantation cloned mouse embryos. Biol. Reprod., 66, 1178-1184.
72. Coates, A., Rutheford, A.J., Hunter, H. and Leese, H. (1999) Glucose-free medium in human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a large-scale, prospective, randomized clinical trial. Fertil. Steril., 72, 229-232.
73. Cole, R.J. and Paul, J. (1965) Properties of cultured preimplantation mouse and rabbit embryos, and cell strains derived from them. In Wolstenholm, G.E.W. and O'Connor, M. (eds), Preimplantation Stages of Pregnancy. Churchill, London, pp. 82-112.
74. Collins, J.L. and Baltz, J.M. (1999) Estimates of mouse oviductal fluid tonicity based on osmotic responses of embryos. Biol. Reprod., 60, 1188-1193.
75. Conaghan, J., Handyside, A.H., Winston, R.M.L. and Leese, H. (1993) Effects of pyruvate and glucose on the development of the human preimplantation embryo. J. Reprod. Fertil., 99, 87-95.
76. Coskum, S., Hollanders, J., Al-Hassan, S., Al-Sufyan, H., Al-Mayman, H. and Jaroudi, K. (2002) Day 5 versus day 3 embryo transfer: a controlled randomized trial. Hum. Reprod., 15, 1947-1952.
77. Crawley, J. (2000) What's Wrong With My Mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Wiley-Liss, New York, USA.
78. Cross, J.C., Anson-Cartwright, L. and Scott, I.A. (2002) Transcription factors underlying the development and endocrine functions of the placenta. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 57, 221-234.
79. David, A., Serr, D.M. and Czernobilsky, B. (1973) Chemical composition of human oviduct fluid. Fertil. Steril., 24, 435-439.
80. Dawson, K.M. and Baltz, J.M. (1997) Organic osmolytes and embryos: substrates of the Gly and β transport systems protect mouse zygotes against the effects of raised osmolarity. Biol. Reprod., 56, 1550-1558.
81. Dean, W. and Ferguson-Smith, A. (2001) Genomic imprinting: mother maintains methylation marks. Curr. Biol., 11, R527-R530.
82. Dean, W., Bowden, L., Aitchison, A., Klose, J., Moore, T., Meneses, J.J., Reik, W. and Feil, R. (1998) Altered imprinted gene methylation and expression in completely ES cell-derived mouse fetuses: association with aberrant phenotypes. Development, 125, 2273-2282.
83. DeHertogh, R., Vanderheyden, I., Pampfer, S., Robin, D., Dufrasne, E. and Delcourt, J. (1991) Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of glucose and insulin in rat blastocyst development in vitro. Diabetes, 40, 641-647.
84. Deng, M. and Yang, X.J. (2001) Full term development of rabbit oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 59, 38-43.
85. Desai, M. and Hales, C.N. (1997) Role of fetal and infant growth in programming metabolism in later life. Biol. Rev., 72, 329-348.
86. Devreker, F. and Hardy, K. (1997) Effects of glutamine and taurine on preimplantation development and cleavage of mouse embryos in vitro. Biol. Reprod., 57, 921-928.
87. Devreker, F., Winston, R.M.L. and Hardy, K. (1998) Glutamine improves human preimplantation development in vitro. Fertil. Steril., 69, 293-299.
88. Devreker, F. Van den Bergh, M., Biramane, J., Winston, R.M.L., Englert, Y. and Hardy, K. (1999) Effects of taurine on human embryo development in vitro. Hum. Reprod., 14, 2350-2356.
89. Devreker, F., Hardy, K., Van den Bergh, M., Vannin, A.S., Emiliani, S. and Englert, Y. (2001) Amino acids promote human blastocyst development. Hum. Reprod., 16, 749-756.
90. Diamond, M.P., Pettway, Z.Y., Logan, J., Moley, K., Vaughn, W. and DeCherney, A.H. (1991) Dose-response effects of glucose, insulin, and glucagons on mouse pre-embryo development. Metabolism, 40, 566-570.
91. Dix, D.J., Garges, J.B. and Hong, R.L. (1998) Inhibition of hsp70-1 and hsp70-3 expression disrupts preimplantation embryogenesis and heightens embryo sensitivity to arsenic. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 51, 373-380.
92. Doherty, A.S., Mann, M.R., Tremblay, K.D., Bartolomei, M.S. and Schultz, R.M. (2000) Differential effects of culture on imprinted H19 expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Biol. Reprod., 62, 1526-1535.
93. Doyle, P., Beral, V. and Maconochie, N. (1992) Preterm delivery, low birthweight and small-for-gestational-age in liveborn singleton babies resulting from in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod., 7, 425-428.
94. Dumoulin, J.C.M., Vanvuchelen, R.C.M., Land, J.A., Pieters, M.H.E.C., Geraedts, J.P.M. and Evers, J.L.H. (1995) Effect of oxygen concentration on in vitro fertilization and embryo culture in the human and the mouse. Fertil. Steril., 63, 115-119.
95. Dumoulin, J.C.M., Meijers, C.J.J., Bras, M., Coonen, E., Geraedts, J.P.M. and Evers, J.L.H. (1999) Effect of oxygen concentration on human in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. Hum. Reprod., 14, 465-469.
96. Eagle, H. (1959) Amino acid metabolism in mammalian cell cultures. Science, 130, 432-437.
97. Earle, W.R. (1943) Production of malignancy in vitro. IV. The mouse fibroblast cultures and changes in living cells. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 4, 165-212.
98. Edwards, R.G. (1981) Test tube babies. Nature, 293, 253-256.
99. Edwards, R.G. (2003) Regulation of extra-embryonic development in mouse embryos. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 6, 504-505.
100. Edwards, R.G. and Ludwig, M. (2003) Are major defects in children conceived in vitro due to innate problems in patients or to induced genetic damage? Reprod. Biomed. Online, 7, 131-138.
101. Edwards, R.G., Steptoe, P.C. and Purdy, J.M. (1970) Fertilization and cleavage in vitro of preovulatory human oocytes. Nature, 227, 1307-1309.
102. Edwards, R.G., Steptoe, P.C. and Purdy, J.M. (1980) Establishing pregnancies using embryos grown in vitro. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 87, 737-756.
103. Edwards, R.G., Purdy, J.M., Steptoe, P.C. and Walters, D. (1981) The growth of human preimplantation embryos in vitro. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 141, 408-416.
104. Elhassan, Y.M., Wu, G., Leanez, A.C., Tasca, R.J., Watson, A.J. and Westhusin, M.E. (2001) Amino acid concentrations in fluids from the bovine oviduct and uterus and in KSOM-based culture media. Theriogenology, 55, 1907-1918.
105. Enright, B.P., Kubota, C., Yang, X. and Tian, X.C. (2003) Epigenetic characteristics and development of embryos cloned from donor cells treated by trichostatin A or 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine. Biol. Reprod., 69, 896-901.
106. Erbach, G.T., Lawitts, J.A., Papaioannou, V.E. and Biggers, J.D. (1994) Differential growth of the mouse preimplantation embryo in chemically defined media. Biol. Reprod., 50, 1027-1033.
107. Everitt, B.S. (1987) Introduction to Optimization Methods and Their Application in Statistics. Chapman & Hall, London.
108. Fernandez-Gonzalez, R., Jimenez, A., Bilbao, A., Rodriguez de Fonseca, F., Pintado, B. and Gutierrez-Adan, A. (2003) Culture of preimplantation mouse embryos with fetal calf serum affects fetal expression of imprinted genes and post-natal growth and development. Theriogenology, 59, 320.
109. Fischer, A. (1947) Biology of Tissue Cells. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
110. Fischer, B. and Bavister, B.D. (1993) Oxygen tension in the oviduct and uterus of rhesus monkeys, hamsters and rabbits. J. Reprod. Fertil., 99, 673-679.
111. FIVNAT (French In Vitro National) Pregnancies and births resulting from in vitro fertilizations: French national registry, analysis of data 1986 to 1990. Fertility and Sterility. American Society for Reproductive (1995) Medicine. FIVNAT, 64, 746-755.
112. Fleming, J.V., Fontanier, N., Harries, D.N. and Rees, W. (1997) The growth arrest genes gas5, gas6, and CHOP-10 (gadd 153) are expressed in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 48, 310-316.
113. Fontanier-Razzaq, N.C., Hay, S.M. and Rees, W.D. (1999) Upregulation of CHOP-10 (gadd153) expression in the mouse blastocyst in response to stress. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 54, 326-332.
114. Fontanier-Razzaq, N., McEvoy, T.G., Robinson, J.J. and Rees, W. (2001) DNA damaging agents increase gadd153 (CHOP-10) messenger RNA levels in bovine preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro. Biol. Reprod., 64, 1386-1391.
115. Gao, S., Chung, Y.G., Williams, J.W., Riley, J., Moley, K. and Latham, K.E. (2003) Somatic cell-like features of cloned mouse embryos prepared with cultured myoblast nuclei. Biol. Reprod., 69, 48-56.
116. Gardner, D.K. (1994) Mammalian embryo culture in the absence of serum or somatic cell support. Cell Biol. Int., 18, 1163-1179.
117. Gardner, D.K. (1998) Development of serum-free media for the culture and transfer of human blastocysts. Hum. Reprod., 13 (Suppl. 4), 218-225.
118. Gardner, D.K and Lane, M. (1993) Amino acids and ammonium production regulate mouse embryo development in culture. Biol. Reprod., 48, 377-385.
119. Gardner, D.K. and Lane, M. (1996) Alleviation of the '2-cell block' and development to the blastocyst of CF1 mouse embryos: role of amino acids, EDTA and physical parameters. Hum. Reprod., 11, 2703-2712.
120. Gardner, D.K. and Lane, M. (1997) Culture and selection of viable human blastocysts: a feasible proposition for human IVF. Hum. Reprod. Update, 3, 367-382.
121. Gardner, D.K. and Lane, M. (1999) Embryo culture systems. In Trounson, A.O. and Gardner, D.K. (eds), Handbook of In vitro Fertilization. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 205-264.
122. Gardner, D.K. and Lane, M. (2002) Development of viable mammalian embryos in vitro: evolution of sequential media. In Cibelli, J., Lanza, R.P., Campbell, K.H.S. and West, M.D. (eds), Principles of Cloning. Academic Press, New York, pp. 187-213.
123. Gardner, D.K. and Lane, M. (2003) Towards a single embryo transfer. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 6, 470-481.
124. Gardner, D.K. and Leese, H.J. (1990) Concentrations of nutrients in mouse oviduct fluid and their effects on embryo development and metabolism in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil., 88, 361-368.
125. Gardner, D.K. and Schoolcraft, W.B. (1999) Culture and transfer of human blastocysts. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol., 11, 307-311.
126. Gardner, D.K., Lane, M., Spittzer, A. and Batt, P.A. (1994) Enhanced rates of cleavage and development of sheep zygotes cultured to the blastocyst stage in vitro in the absence of serum and somatic cells: amino acids, vitamins, and culturing embryos in groups stimulate development. Biol. Reprod., 50, 390-400.
127. Gardner, D.K., Lane, M., Calderon, I. and Leeton, J. (1996) Environment of the preimplantation human embryo in vivo: metabolite analysis of oviduct and uterine fluids and metabolism of cumulus cells. Fertil. Steril., 65, 349-353.
128. Gardner, D.K., Schoolcraft, W.B., Wagley, L., Schlenker, T., Stevens, J. and Hesla, J. (1998) Prospective randomized trial of blastocyst culture and transfer in in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod., 13, 3434-3440.
129. Gardner, D.K., Rodriegez-Martinez, H. and Lane, M. (1999) Fetal development after transfer is increased by replacing protein with glycosoaminoglycan hyaluronan for mouse embryo culture and transfer. Hum. Reprod., 14, 2575-2580.
130. Gardner, D.K., Lane, M.W. and Lane, M. (2000a) EDTA stimulates cleavage stage bovine embryo development in culture but inhibits blastocyst development and differentiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 57, 256-261.
131. Gardner, D.K., Pool, T.B. and Lane, M. (2000b) Embryo nutrition and energy metabolism and its relationship to embryo growth, differentiation, and viability. Semin. Reprod. Med., 18, 205-218.
132. Geber, S. (2002) Laboratory techniques for human embryos. Reprod. BioMed. Online, 5, 211-218.
133. Ghafourifar, P. and Richter, C. (1997) Nitric oxide synthase activity in mitochondria. FEBS Lett., 418, 291-296.
134. Gilbert, J.B., Price, V.E. and Greenstein, J.P. (1949) Effect of anions on the non-enzymatic desamidation of glutamine. J. Biol. Chem., 180, 209-218.
135. Giscard d'Estaing, S., Lornage, J., Hadj, S., Boulieu, D., Salle, B. and Guerin, J.-F. (2001) Comparison of two blastocyst culture systems: coculture on Vero cells and sequential media. Fertil. Steril., 76, 1032-1035.
136. Gosden, R., Trader, J., Lucifero, D. and Faddy, M. (2003) Rare congenital disorders, imprinted genes, and assisted reproductive technology. Lancet, 361, 1975-1977,
137. Greenstein, J.P. and Winitz, M. (1961) Chemistry of the Amino Acids, Volume 3. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 1929-1954.
138. Guérin, P., El Mouatassim, S. and Ménézo, Y. (2001) Oxidative stress and protection against reactive oxygen species in the pre-implantation embryo and its surroundings. Hum. Reprod. Update, 7, 175-189.
139. Hagemann, L.J., Weilert, L.L., Beaumont, S.E. and Tervit, H.R. (1998) Development of bovine embryos in single in vitro production (sIVP) systems. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 51, 143-147.
140. Hagen, D.R., Prather, R.S., Sims, M.M. and First, N.L. (1991) Development of one-cell porcine embryos to the blastocyst stage in simple media. Anim. Sci., 69, 1147-1150.
141. Hamilton, P.B. (1945) Gasometric determination of glutamine amino acid carboxyl nitrogen in plasma and tissue filtrates by the ninhydrin-carbon dioxide method. J. Biol. Chem., 158, 375-395.
142. Hammer, M.A., Kolajova, M., Léveillé, M.-C., Claman, P. and Baltz, J.M. (2000) Glycine transport by single human and mouse embryos. Hum. Reprod., 15, 419-426.
143. Hammon, D.S., Wang, S. and Holyoak, G.R. (2000) Ammonia concentration in bovine follicular fluid and its effect during in vitro maturation on subsequent embryo development. Anim. Reprod Sci., 58, 1-8.
144. Handwerger, S. and Aronow, B. (2003) Dynamic changes in gene expression during human trophoblast differentiation. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 58, 263-281.
145. Hannun, Y.A. and Luberto, C. (2000) Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response. Trends Cell Biol., 10, 73-80.
146. Haraguchi, S., Naito, K., Azuma, S., Sato, E., Nagahama, Y., Yamashita, M. and Toyoda, Y. (1996) Effects of phosphate on in vitro 2-cell block of AKR/N mouse embryos based on changes in cdc2 kinase activity and phosphorylation states. Biol. Reprod., 55, 598-603.
147. Hardy, K. (1994) Effects of culture conditions on early embryonic development (abstract) Hum. Reprod., 9 (Suppl. 4), 95.
148. Hardy, K., Hooper, M.A.K., Handyside, A.H., Rutherford, A.J., Winston, R.M.L. and Leese, H.J. (1989) Non-invasive measurement of glucose and pyruvate uptake by individual human oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Hum. Reprod., 4, 188-191.
149. Hardy, K., Spanos, S., Becker, D., Iannelli, P., Winston, R.M.L. and Stark, J. (2001) From cell death to embryo arrest: mathematical models of human preimplantation development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 1655-1660.
150. Harrison, R. (1907) Observations on the living developing nerve fiber. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 4, 140-143.
151. Heeneman, S., Deutz, N.E.P. and Buurman, W.A. (1993) The concentrations of glutamine and ammonia in commercially available cell culture media. J. Immunol. Methods, 166, 85-91.
152. Heindryckx, B., Rybouchkin, A., Van Der Elst, J. and Dhont, M. (2001) Effect of culture media on in vitro development of cloned mouse embryos. Cloning, 3, 41-50.
153. Heller, L., Becher, A., Beck, A. and Muller, F. (1967) Zur Frage der Verwertung in fundierter Aminosaurelsungen. Klin. Wochenschr., 45, 317-326.
154. Hemmings, R., Langlais, J., Falcone, T., Granger, L., Miron, P. and Guyda, H. (1992) Human embryos produce transforming growth factor alpha activity and insulin-like growth factors II. Fertil. Steril., 58, 101-104.
155. Henriksen, T.B., Baird, D.D., Olsen, J., Hedegaard, M., Secher, N.J. and Wilcox, A.J. (1997) Time to pregnancy and preterm delivery. Obstet. Gynecol., 89, 594-599.
156. Ho, Y., Doherty, A. and Schultz, R. (1994) Mouse preimplantation embryo development in vitro: effect of sodium concentration in culture media on RNA synthesis and accumulation and gene expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 38, 131-141.
157. Ho, Y., Wigglesworth, K., Eppig, J.J. and Schultz, R.M. (1995) Preimplantation development of mouse embryos in KSOM: augmentation by amino acids and analysis of gene expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 41, 232-238.
158. Holmdahl, T.H. and Mastroianni, L., Jr (1965) Continuous collection of rabbit oviduct secretions at low temperature. Fertil. Steril., 16, 587-595.
159. Houghton, F.D., Hawkhead, J.A., Humpherson, P.G., Hogg, J.E., Balen, A.H., Rutherford, A.J. and Leese, H.J. (2002) Non-invasive amino acid turnover predicts human embryo developmental capacity. Hum. Reprod., 17, 999-1005.
160. Huntriss, J., Daniels, R., Bolton, V. and Monk, M. (1998) Imprinted expression of SSRPN in human preimplantation embryos. Am J. Hum. Genet., 63, 1009-1014.
161. Iannaccone, P. (1984) Long-term effects of exposure to methylnitrosourea on blastocysts following transfer to surrogate female mice. Cancer Res., 44, 2785-2789.
162. Johnson, M.H. and Nasr-Esfahani, M.H. (1993) Radical solutions and cultural problems: Could free oxygen radicals be responsible for the impaired development of preimplantation mammalian embryos in vitro. BioEssays, 16, 31-38.
163. Jones, G.M., Trounson, A.O., Gardner, D.K., Kausche, A., Lolatgis, N. and Wood, C. (1998) Evolution of a culture protocol for successful blastocyst development and pregnancy. Hum. Reprod., 13, 169-177.
164. Jones, G.M., Figueiredo, F., Osianlis, T., Pope, A.K., Rombauts, L., Steeves, T.E., Thouas, G. and Trounson, A.O. (2002) Embryo culture, assessment, selection and transfer. In Vayena, E., Rowe, P.J. and Griffin, P.D. (eds), Current Practices and Controversies in Assisted Reproduction. WHO Publications, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 177-209.
165. Kallen, B., Olausson, P.O. and Nygren, K.G. (2002) Neonatal outcome in pregnancies from ovarian stimulation. Obstet. Gynecol., 100, 414-419.
166. Kamjoo, M., Brison, D. and Kimber, S. (2002) Apoptosis in the preimplantation mouse embryo; effect of strain differences and in vitro culture. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 61, 67-77.
167. Kausche, A., Jones, G.M., Trounson, A.O., Figueiredo, F., MacLachlan, V. and Lolatgis, N. (2001) Sex ratio and birth weights of infants born as a result of blastocyst transfers compared with early cleavage stage embryo transfers. Fertil. Steril., 76, 688-693.
168. Keller, G., Zimmer, G., Mall, G., Ritz, E. and Amann, K. (2003) Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 101-108.
169. Kempley, S.T., Gamsu, H.R., Vyas, S. and Nicolaides, K. (1991) Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on post-natal visceral and cerebral blood flow velocity. Arch. Dis. Child., 66, 1115-1128.
170. Khosla, S., Dean, W., Brown, D., Reik, W. and Feil, R. (2001a) Culture of preimplantation mouse embryos affects fetal development and the expression of imprinted genes. Biol. Reprod., 64, 918-926.
171. Khosla, S., Dean, W., Reik, W. and Feil, R. (2001b) Culture of preimplantation embryos and its long-term effects on gene expression and phenotype. Hum. Reprod. Update, 7, 419-427.
172. Ko, M.S.H., Kitchen, J.R., Wang, X., Threat, T.A., Wang, X., Hasegawa, A., Sun, T., Grahovac, M.J., Kargul, G.J., Lim, M.K. et al. (2000) Large scale cDNA analysis reveals phased gene expression during preimplantation mouse development. Development, 127, 1737-1749.
173. Kolibianakis, E.M. and Devroey, P. (2002) Blastocyst culture: facts and fiction. Reprod. Biomed Online, 5, 285-293.
174. Krebs, H.A. and Henseleit, K. (1932) Untersuchungen über die Harnstoffbildung im Tierkorper. Z. Phys. Chem., 210, 33-66.
175. Lane, M. (2001) Mechanisms for managing cellular and homeostatic stress in vitro. Theriogenology, 55, 225-236.
176. Lane, M. and Gardner, D.K. (1994) Increase in postimplantation development of cultured mouse embryos by amino acids and induction of fetal retardation and exencephaly by ammonium ions. J. Reprod. Fertil., 102, 305-312.
177. Lane, M. and Gardner, D.K. (1995) Removal of embryo-toxic ammonium from the culture medium by in situ enzymatic conversion to glutamate. J. Exp. Zool., 271, 356-363.
178. Lane, M. and Gardner, D.K. (1997) Differential regulation of mouse embryo development and viability by amino acids. J. Reprod. Fertil., 109, 153-164.
179. Lane, M. and Gardner, D.K. (1998) Amino acids and vitamins prevent culture-induced metabolic perturbations and associated loss of viability of mouse blastocysts. Hum. Reprod, 13, 991-997.
180. Lane, M. and Gardner, D.K. (2000) Regulation of ionic homeostasis by mammalian embryos. Semin. Reprod. Med., 18, 195-204.
181. Lane, M. and Gardner, D.K. (2003) Ammonium induces aberrant blastocyst differentiation, metabolism, pH regulation, gene expression, and subsequently alters fetal development in the mouse. Biol. Reprod., 69, 1109-1117.
182. Lane, M., Hooper, K. and Gardner, D.K. (2001) Effect of essential amino acids on mouse embryo viability and ammonium production. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 18, 519-525.
183. Lane, M., Hewitt, E. and Gardner, D.K. (2003a) Ammonium alters gene expression and imprinting of H19 in cultured mouse blastocysts. In Measuring human embryo quality: form, function and developmental genetics. Serono International Symposia, Montreal, Canada, May 7-9.
184. Lane, M., Maybach, J.M., Hooper, K., Hasler, J.F. and Gardner, D.K. (2003b) Cryo-survival and development of bovine blastocysts are enhanced by culture with recombinant albumin and hyaluronan. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 64, 70-78.
185. Lang, F., Busch, G.L., Ritter, M., Volkl, H., Waldegger, S., Gulbins, E. and Haussinger, D. (1998) Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol. Rev., 78, 247-306.
186. Lange, K. (2000) Regulation of cell volume via microvillar ion channels. J. Cell. Physiol., 185, 21-35.
187. Langendonckt, A., Demylle, D., Wyns, C., Nisolle, M. and Donnez, J. (2001) Comparison of G1.2/G2.2 and Sydney IVF cleavage/blastocyst sequential media for the culture of human embryos: a prospective, randomized, comparative study. Fertil. Steril., 76, 1023-1031.
188. Latham, K., Garrels, J., Chang, C. and Solter, D. (1991) Quantitative analysis of protein synthesis in mouse embryos. I. Extensive
189. Latham, K.E., Garrels, J.I., Chang, C. and Solter, D. (1992) Analysis of embryonic mouse development: construction of a high-resolution, two-dimensional gel protein database. Appl. Theoret. Electrophoresis, 2, 163-170.
190. Latham, K., Beddington, R., Solter, D. and Garrels, J.I. (1993) Quantitative analysis of protein synthesis in mouse embryos. II: Differentiation of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 35, 140-150.
191. Latham, K.E., De La Casa, E. and Schultz, R.M. (2000) Analysis of mRNA expression during preimplantation development. In Tuan, R.S. and Lo, CW. (eds), Dev. Biol. Protocols. Volume II. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 315-331.
192. Lavoir, M.C., Conagham, J. and Pedersen, R.A. (1998) Culture of human embryos for studies on the derivation of human pluripotent cells: a preliminary investigation. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 10, 557-561.
193. Lawitts, J.A. and Biggers, J.D. (1991) Optimization of mouse embryo culture media using simplex methods. J. Reprod. Fertil., 91, 543-556.
194. Lawitts, J.A. and Biggers, J.D. (1992) Joint effects of sodium chloride, glutamine, and glucose in mouse preimplantation culture media. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 31, 189-194.
195. Lawitts, J.A. and Biggers, J.D. (1993) Culture of preimplantation embryos. Methods Enzymol., 225, 153-164.
196. Leese, H.J. (1987) The formation and function of oviduct fluid. J. Reprod. Fertil., 82, 843-856.
197. Leese, H.J. (1995) Metabolic control during preimplantation mammalian development. Hum. Reprod. Update, 1, 63-72.
198. Leese, H.J. (2002) Quiet please, do not disturb: a hypothesis of embryo metabolism and viability. BioEssays, 24, 845-849.
199. Leese, H.J. and Barton, A.M. (1984) Pyruvate and glucose uptake by mouse ova and preimplantation embryos. J. Reprod. Fertil., 72, 9-13.
200. Leese, H.J., Biggers, J.D., Mroz, E.A. and Lechene, C. (1984) Nucleotides in a single mammalian ovum or preimplantation embryo. Anal. Biochem., 140, 443-448.
201. Leese, H.J., Conaghan, J., Martin, K.L. and Hardy, K. (1993) Early human embryo metabolism. BioEssays, 15, 259-264.
202. Leese, H.J., Tay, J.I., Reischl, J. and Downing, S. (2001) Formation of fallopian tube fluid: role of a neglected epithelium. Reproduction, 121, 339-346.
203. 3. Anat. Rec., 5, 277-293.
204. Lewis, M.R. and Lewis, W.H. (1911b) On the growth of embryonic chick tissues in artificial media, nutrient agar and bouillon. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 22, 126-127.
205. Lewis, W.H. and Lewis, M.R. (1912) The cultivation of chick tissues in media of known chemical composition. Anat. Rec., 6, 207-211.
206. Li, T.C., Macleod, I., Singhal, V. and Duncan, S.L.B. (1991) The obstetric and neonatal outcome of pregnancy in women with a previous history of infertility: a prospective study. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 98, 1087-1092.
207. Lighten, A.D., Hardy, K., Winston, R.M.L. and Moore, G.E. (1997a) IGF2 is parentally imprinted in human preimplantation embryos. Nature Genet., 15, 122-123.
208. Lighten, A.D., Hardy, K., Winston, R.M. L. and Moore, G.E. (1997b) Expression of mRNA for the insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in human preimplantation embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 47, 134-139.
209. Lippes, J., Enders, R.G., Pragay, D.A. and Bartholomew, W. (1972) The collection and analysis of human fallopian tubal fluid. Contraception, 5, 85-103.
210. Liu, Z. and Foote, R.H. (1996) Sodium chloride, osmolyte, and osmolarity effects on blastocyst formation in bovine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and cultured in a simple serum-free media. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 13, 562-568.
211. Liu, Z. and Foote, R.H. (1997) Effects of amino acids and alpha-amanitin on bovine embryo development in a simple protein-free medium. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 46, 278-285.
212. Liu, Z., Foote, R.H. and Simkin, M.E. (1996) Effects of amino acids and alpha-amanitin on the development of rabbit embryos in modified protein-free KSOM with HEPES. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 45, 157-162.
213. Lopata A., Patullo, M.J., Chang, A. and James, B. (1976) A method for collecting motile spermatozoa from human semen. Fertil. Steril., 27, 677-684.
214. Loutradis, D., Drakakis, P., Kallianidis, K., Sofikitis, N., Kallipolitis, G., Milingos, S., Makris, N. and Michalas, S. (2000) Biological factors in culture media affecting in vitro fertilization, preimplantation embryo development, and implantation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 900, 325-335.
215. Luft, J.C. and Dix, D.J. (1999) Hsp 70 expression and function during embryogenesis. Cell Stress Chaperones, 4, 162-170.
216. Machaty, Z., Day, B.N. and Prather, R.S. (1998) Development of early porcine embryos in vitro and in vivo. Biol. Reprod., 59, 451-455.
217. Mackenzie, H. and Brenner, B. (1995) Fewer nephrons at birth: a missing link in the etiology of essential hypertension? Am. J. Kidney Dis., 26, 91-98.
218. Mackenzie, H., Lawler, E. and Brenner, B. (1996) Congenital oligonephropathy: the fetal flaw in essential hypertension? Kidney Int., 49, S30-S34.
219. Macklon, N.S., Pieters, M.H.E.C., Hassan, M.A., Jeucken, P.H.M., Eijkemans, M.J.C. and Fauser, B.C.J.M. (2002) A prospective randomized comparison of sequential versus monoculture systems for in-vitro human blastocyst development. Hum. Reprod., 17, 2700-2705.
220. Mann, M.R.W., Verona, R.I., Lee, S., Doherty, A.S., Nolen, L.D., Schultz, R.M. and Bartolomei, M.S. (2003a) Misregulation of imprinting after in vitro culture. In Measuring human embryo quality: form, function and developmental genetics. Serono Symposia International, Montreal, Canada, May 7-9.
221. Mann, M.R.W., Young, Y.G., Nolen, L.D., Verona, R.I., Latham, K.E. and Bartolomei, M.S. (2003b) Disruption of imprinted gene methylation and expression in cloned preimplantation stage mouse embryos. Biol. Reprod., 69, 902-914.
222. Martin, K.L. (2000) Nutritional and metabolic requirements of early cleavage stage embryos and blastocysts. Hum. Fertil. (Camb.), 3, 247-254.
223. Mathias, S., Peña, L.A. and Kolesnick, R.N. (1998) Signal transduction of stress via ceramide, Biochem J., 335, 465-480.
224. McElrath, T.F and Wise, P.H. (1997) Fertility therapy and the risk of very low birth weight. Obstet. Gynecol., 90, 600-605.
225. McGinnis, L.K. and Youngs, C.R. (1992) In vitro development of ovine embryos in CZB medium. Theriogenology, 37, 559-569.
226. McLaren, A. (1999) Too late for the midwife toad: stress, variability and Hsp90. Trends Genet., 15, 169-171.
227. McLaren, A. and Biggers, J.D. (1958) Successful development and birth of mice cultivated in vitro as early embryos. Nature, 182, 877-878.
228. Menezo, Y. (1987) Fertilization in vitro. Perspectives for improving the technics. Rev. Fr. Gynecol. Obstet., 82, 745-749.
229. Menezo, Y.J.R. and Herubel, F. (2002) Mouse and bovine models for human IVF. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 4, 170-175.
230. Menezo, Y., Testart, J. and Perrone, D. (1984) Serum is not necessary in human in vitro fertilization, early embryo culture, and transfer. Fertil. Steril., 42, 750-755.
231. Menezo, Y.J.R., Guerin, J.-F. and Czyba, J.-C. (1990) Improvement of human early development in vitro by co-culture on monolayers of Vero cells. Biol. Reprod., 42, 301-306.
232. Menezo, Y.J.R., Chouteau, J., Torello, M.J., Girard, A. and Veiga, A. (1999) Birth weight and sex ratio after transfer at the blastocyst stage in humans. Fertil. Steril., 72, 221-224.
233. Menezo, Y.J.R., Veiga, A. and Pouly, J.L. (2000) Assisted reproductive technology (ART) in humans: facts and uncertainties. Theriogenology, 53, 599-610.
234. Mitchell-Olds, T. and Knight, C. (2002) Chaperones as buffering agents? Science, 296, 2348-2349.
235. Miyoshi, K., Funahashi, H., Okuda, K. and Niwa, K. (1994) Development of rat one-cell embryos in a chemically defined medium: effects of glucose, phosphate, and osmolarity. J. Reprod. Fertil., 100, 21-26.
236. Morange, M., Diu, A., Bensuade, O. and Babinet, C. (1984) Altered expression of heat shock proteins in embryonal carcinoma and mouse early embryonic cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 4, 730-735.
237. Morrison, I.M. and Reeve, A.E. (1998) A catalogue of imprinted genes and parent-of-origin effects in humans and animals. Hum. Mol. Genet., 7, 1599-1609.
238. Moritz, K., Dodic, M. and Wintour, E.M. (2003) Kidney development and the fetal programming of adult disease. BioEssays, 25, 212-220.
239. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (2002) Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature, 420, 520-562.
240. Nakazawa, T., Ohashi, K., Yamada, M., Shinoda, S., Saji, F., Murata, Y. and Araki, H. (1997) Effect of different concentrations of amino acids in human serum and follicular fluid on the development of one-cell mouse embryos in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil., 111, 327-332.
241. Nasr-Esfahani, M.H. and Johnson, M.H. (1990) Hydrogen peroxide levels in mouse oocytes and early cleavage stage embryos developed in vitro or in vivo. Development, 109, 501-507.
242. Newnham, J. (1998) Consequences of fetal growth restriction. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol., 10, 145-149.
243. Niemann, H. and Wrenzycki, C. (2000) Alteration of expression of developmentally important genes in preimplantation bovine embryos by in vitro culture conditions: implications for subsequent development. Theriogenology, 53, 21-34.
244. Noda, Y., Goto, Y., Umaoka, Y., Shiotani, M., Nakayama, T. and Mori, T. (1994) Culture of human embryos in alpha modification of Eagle's medium under low oxygen tension and low illumination. Fertil. Steril., 62, 1022-1027.
245. Ollenschlager, G., Simmel, A. and Roth, R. (1989) Availability of glutamine from peptides and acetylglutamine for human tumor-cell cultures. Metabolism, 38 (Suppl. 1), 40-42.
246. Olivennes, F., Rufat, P., Andre, B., Pourade, A., Quiros, M.C. and Frydman, R. (1993) The increased risk of complication observed in singleton pregnancies resulting from in-vitro fertilization (VF) does not seem to be related to the IVF methods itself. Hum. Reprod., 8, 1297-1300.
247. Orsi, N.M. and Leese, H.J. (2001) Protection against reactive oxygen species during mouse preimplantation development: role of EDTA, oxygen tension, catalase, superoxide dismutase and pyruvate. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 59, 44-53.
248. Papaioannou, V., Mkandawire, J. and Biggers, J.D. (1989) Development and phenotypic variability of genetically identical half mouse embryos. Development, 106, 817-827.
249. Pardi, G., Marconi, A.M. and Cetin, I. (2002) Placental-fetal interrelationships in IUGR fetuses: a review. Placenta, 23 (Suppl. A), S136-S141.
250. Petters, R.M., Johnson, B.H., Reed, M.L. and Archibong, A.E. (1990) Glucose, glutamine, and inorganic phosphate in early development of the pig embryo in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil., 89, 269-275.
251. Phillips, K.P., Léveille, M.-C., Claman, P. and Baltz, J. (2000) Intracellular pH regulation in human preimplantation embryos. Hum. Reprod., 15, 896-904.
252. Plachot, M., Belaisch-Allart, J., Mayenga, J.-M. et al. (2000) Blastocyst stage transfer: the real benefits compared with early embryo transfer. Hum. Reprod., 15 (Suppl. 6), 24-30.
253. Powell, K. (2003) Seeds of doubt. Nature, 422, 656-658. (see also editorial comment, Reining in assisted reproduction, p. 647).
254. Queitsch, C., Sangster, T. and Lindquist, S. (2002) Hsp90 as a capacitor of phenotypic variation. Nature, 417, 618-624.
255. Quinn, P. (2000) Review of media used in ART laboratories. J. Androl., 21, 610-615.
256. Quinn, P. and Horstman, F.C. (1998) Is the mouse a good model for the human with respect to the development of the preimplantation embryo in vitro. Hum. Reprod., 13 (Suppl. 4), 173-183.
257. Quinn, P., Kerin, J.F. and Warnes, G.M. (1985) Improved pregnancy rate in human in vitro fertilization with the use of a medium based on the composition of human tubal fluid. Fertil. Steril., 44, 493-498.
258. Quinn, P., Moinipanah, R., Steinberg, J.M. and Weathersbee, P. (1995) Successful human in vitro fertilization using a modified human tubal fluid medium lacking glucose and phosphate ions. Fertil. Steril., 63, 922-924.
259. Reed, M.L., Jin, D.I. and Petters, R.M. (1992a) Glucose and inorganic phosphate inhibits rat 8-cell embryo development in vitro. Theriogenology, 37, 282.
260. Reed, M.L., Illera, M.J. and Petters, R.M. (1992b) In vitro culture of pig embryos. Theriogenology, 37, 95-109.
261. Regnault, T.R.H., Galan, H.L., Parker, T.A. and Anthony, R.V. (2002) Placental development in normal and compromised pregnancies: a review. Placenta, 23 (Suppl. A), S119-S129.
262. Reik, W., Romer, I., Barton, S.C., Surani, M.A. Howlett, S.K. and Klose, J. (1993) Adult phenotype in the mouse can be affected by epigenetic events in the early embryo. Development, 119, 933-942.
263. Restall, B.J. (1966) The Fallopian tube of the sheep. I. Cannulation of the Fallopian tube. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 19, 181-186.
264. Rieger, D. (1998) Effects of the in vitro chemical environment during early embryogenesis on subsequent development. Arch. Toxicol. (Suppl.), 20, 121-129.
265. Rienzi, L., Ubaldi, F., Iacobelli, M., Ferrero, S., Minasi, M.G., Martinez, F., Tesarik, J. and Greco, E. (2002) Day 3 embryo transfer with combined evaluation at the pronuclear and cleavage stages compares favourably with day 5 blastocyst transfer. Hum. Reprod., 17, 1852-1855.
266. Rizos, D., Lonergan, P., Boland, M.P., Garcia-Arroyo, R., Pintaldo, B., de la Fuente, J. and Gutierrez-Adan, A. (2002) Analysis of differential messenger RNA expression between bovine blastocysts produced in different culture systems: implications for blastocyst quality. Biol. Reprod., 66, 589-595.
267. Roblero, L. and Riffo, M.D. (1986) High potassium concentration improves preimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. Fertil. Steril., 45, 412-416.
268. Roblero, L., Biggers, J.D. and Lechene, C.P. (1976) Electron probe analysis of the elemental microenvironment of oviductal mouse embryos. J. Reprod. Fertil., 46, 431-434.
269. Ronai, Z. (1999) Deciphering the mammalian stress response - a stressful task. Oncogene, 18, 6084-6086.
270. Rose, W.C. (1938) The nutritive significance of the amino acids. Physiol. Rev., 18, 109-124.
271. Roth, E., Ollenschlager, G., Hamilton, G., Simmel, A., Langer, K., Fekl, W. and Jakesz, R. (1988) Influence of two-glutamine containing dipeptides on growth of mammalian cells. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 24, 696-698.
272. Rycke, M.D., Liebaers, I. and Van Steirteghem, A. (2002) Epigenetic risks related to assisted reproductive technologies. Hum. Reprod., 17, 2487-2494.
273. Rutherford, S.L. (2003) Between genotype and phenotype: protein chaperones and evolvability. Nature Rev. Genet., 4, 263-274.
274. Rutherford, S. and Lindquist, S. (1998) Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature, 396, 336-342.
275. Salpekar, A., Huntriss, J., Bolton, V. and Monk, M. (2001) The use of amplified cDNA to investigate the expression of seven imprinted genes in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 7, 839-844.
276. Santos, F., Hendrich, B., Reik, W. and Dean, W. (2002) Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev. Biol., 241, 172-182.
277. Sasaki, H., Ferguson-Smith, A.C., Shum, A.S.W., Barton, S.C. and Surani, M.A. (1995) Temporal and spatial regulation of H19 imprinting in normal and uniparental mouse embryos. Development, 121, 4195-4202.
278. Schatten, G.P. (2002) Safeguarding ART. Nature Med., 8, S19-S22.
279. Schieve, L., Meikle, S., Ferre, C., Peterson, H.B., Jeng, G. and Wilcox, L.S. (2002) Low and very low birth weight in infants conceived with use of assisted reproductive technology. N. Engl. J. Med., 346, 731-737.
280. Schini, S.A. and Bavister, B.D. (1988) Two-cell block to development of cultured hamster embryos is caused by phosphate and glucose. Biol. Reprod., 39, 1183-1192.
281. Schultz, R.M. (2003) Effect of embryo culture on behavior. In Measuring human embryo quality: form, function and developmental genetics. Serono Symposia International, Montreal, Canada, May 7-9.
282. Scott, L. and Whittingham, D.G. (1996) Influence of genetic background and media components on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 43, 336-346.
283. Seshagiri, P.B. and Bavister, B.D. (1991) Glucose and phosphate inhibit respiration and oxidative metabolism in cultured hamster eight-cell embryos: evidence for the 'Crabtree effect'. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 30, 105-111.
284. Shi, C.Z., Collins, H.W., Buettger, C.W., Garside, W.T., Matschinsky, F.M. and Heyner, S. (1994) Insulin family growth factors have specific effects on protein synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 37, 398-406.
285. Shim, C., Kwon, H.B. and Kim, K. (1996) Differential expression of lamin chain-specific mRNA transcripts during mouse preimplantation development. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 44, 44-55.
286. Shimozawa, N., Ono, Y., Kimoto, S., Hioki, K., Araki, Y., Shinkai, Y., Kono, T. and Ito, M. (2002) Abnormalities in cloned mice are not transmitted to the progeny. Genesis, 34, 203-207.
287. Sinclair, K.D., Young, L.E., Wilmut, I. and McEvoy, T.G. (2000) In-utero overgrowth in ruminants following embryo culture: lessons from mice and a warning to men. Hum. Reprod., 15 (Suppl. 5), 68-86.
288. Smith, A.L. (2002) Blastocyst culture in human IVF: the final destination or a stop along the way? Theriogenology, 57, 97-107.
289. Sollars, V., Lu, X., Mao, L., Wang, X, Garfinkel, M.D. and Ruden, D.M. (2003) Evidence for an epigenetic mechanism by which Hsp90 acts as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature Genet., 33, 70-74.
290. Spendley, W., Hext, G.R. and Himsworth, F.R. (1962) Sequential application of simplex designs in optimizing an evolutionary operation. Technometrics, 4, 441-461.
291. + antiporter among two-cell mouse embryos derived from females of different strains. Biol. Reprod., 65, 14-22.
292. Steeves, T.E. and Gardner, D.K. (1999) Temporal and differential effects of amino acids on bovine embryo development in culture. Biol. Reprod., 61, 731-740.
293. Steptoe, P.C. and Edwards, R.G. (1978) Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet, 2, 366.
294. Stewart, P.A. (1978) Independent and dependent variables of acid base control. Resp. Physiol., 33, 9-26.
295. Summers, M.C., Bedian, V. and Kauffman, S. (1986) An analysis of stage-specific protein synthesis in the early Drosophila embryo using high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Dev. Biol., 113, 49-63.
296. Summers, M.C., Bhatnagar, P.R., Lawitts, J.A. and Biggers, J.D. (1995) Fertilization in vitro of mouse ova from inbred and outbred strains: complete preimplantation embryo development in glucose-supplemented KSOM. Biol. Reprod, 53, 431-437.
297. Summers, M.C., McGinnis, L.K. Lawitts, J.A., Raffin, M. and Biggers, J.D. (2000) IVF of mouse ova in a simplex optimized medium supplemented with amino acids. Hum. Reprod., 15, 1791-1801.
298. Sundstrom, I., Ildgruben, A. and Hogberg, U. (1997) Treatment-related and treatment-independent deliveries among infertile couples, a long-term follow-up. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 76, 238-243.
299. Suzuki, O., Toshihiko, A., Yamamoto, Y., Takano, K. and Kouira, M. (1996) Development in vitro of preimplantation embryos from 55 mouse strains. Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 8, 975-980.
300. Swain, J.E., Bormann, C.L., Clark, S.G., Walters, E.M., Wheeler, M.B. and Krisher, R.L. (2002) Use of energy substrates by various stage preimplantation pig embryo produced in vivo and in vitro. Reproduction, 123, 253-260.
301. Takahashi, Y. and First, N.L. (1992) In vitro development of bovine one-cell embryos: influence of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, amino acids and vitamins. Theriogenology, 37, 963-978.
302. Tamashiro, K.L.K., Wakayama, T., Akutsu, H., Yamazaki, Y., Lachey, J.L., Wortman, M.D., Seeley, R.J., D'Alessio, D.A., Woods, S.C., Yanagamachi, R. and Sakai, R.R. (2002) Cloned mice have an obese phenotype not transmitted to their offspring. Nature Med., 8, 262-267.
303. Tan, S.-L., Doyle, P., Campbell, S., Beral, V., Rizk, B., Brinsden, P., Mason, B. and Edwards, R.G. (1992) Obstetric outcome of in vitro fertilization pregnancies compared with normally conceived pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 167, 778-784.
304. Tarlatzis, B.C. and Grimbizis, G. (1999) Pregnancy and child outcome after assisted reproduction techniques. Hum. Reprod., 14 (Suppl. 1), 231-242.
305. Tervit, H.R., Whittingham, D.G. and Rowson, L.E.A. (1972) Successful culture in vitro of sheep and cattle ova. J. Reprod. Fertil., 30, 493-497.
306. Thompson, J.G.E., Parton, G.A.J., Cruikshank, G.W., Smith, J.F. and Wales, R.G. (1989) Development of sheep preimplantation embryos in media supplemented with glucose and acetate. Theriogenology, 32, 323-330.
307. Thompson, J.G.E., Simpson, A.C., Pugh, P.A. and Tervit, H.R. (1992) Requirements for glucose during in vitro culture of sheep preimplantation embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 31, 253-257.
308. Tritsch, G.L. and Moore, G.E. (1962) Spontaneous decomposition of glutamine in cell culture media. Exp. Cell Res., 28, 360-364.
309. Tyler-Jones, R. and Taylor, E.W. (1999) Back to basics: a plea for a fundamental reappraisal of the representation of acidity and basicity in biological solutions. In Egginton, S., Taylor, E.W. and Raven, J.A. (eds), Regulation of Acid-base Status in Animals and Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 351-371.
310. Tyrode, M.V. (1910) The mode of action of some purgative salts. Arch. Pharmacodyn., 20, 205-221.
311. Uechi, H., Tsutsumi, O., Morita, Y. and Taketani, Y. (1997) Cryopreservation of mouse embryos affects later embryonic development possibly through reduced expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 48, 496-500.
312. Van der Auwera, I., Pijnenborg, R. and Koninckx, P.R. (1999) The influence of in-vitro culture versus stimulated and untreated oviductal environment on mouse embryo development and implantation. Hum. Reprod., 14, 2570-2574.
313. Van Winkle, L.J., Haghighat, N. and Campione, A.L. (1990) Glycine protects preimplantation conceptuses from a detrimental effect on development of the inorganic ions in oviductal fluid. J. Exp. Zool., 253,215-219.
314. Verlaenen, H., Cammu, H., Derde, M.P. and Amy, J.J. (1995) Singleton pregnancy after in vitro fertilization: expectations and outcome. Obstet. Gynecol., 86, 906-910.
315. Vernet, M.V., Cavard, C., Zider, A., Fergelot, P., Grimber, G. and Briand, P. (1993) In vitro manipulation of early mouse embryos induces HIV1-LTRIacZ transgene expression. Development, 119, 1293-1300.
316. Vickery, H.B., Pucher, G.W., Clark, H.E., Chibnall, A.C. and Westall, R.G. (1935) The determination of glutamine in the presence of asparagine. Biochem. J., 29, 2710-2720.
317. Vinten-Johansen, J. (2000) Physiological effects of peroxynitrite: potential products of the environment. Circ. Res., 87, 170-172.
318. Waddington, C.H. (1942) Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature, 150, 563-565.
319. Wales, R.G. (1970) Effects of ions on the development of the preimplantation mouse embryo in vitro. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 23, 421-429.
320. Walker, S.K., Hartwich, K.M. and Robinson, J.S. (2000) Long-term effects on offspring of exposure of oocytes and embryos to chemical and physical agents. Hum. Reprod. Update, 6, 564-577.
321. Walters, F.H., Parker, L.R., Morgan, S.L. and Deming, S. (1991) Sequential Simplex Optimization. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
322. Wang, J., Clark, A., Kirby, C., Philipson, G., Petrucco, O., Anderson, G. and Mathews, C.D. (1994) The obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies following in-vitro fertilization/gamete intra-Fallopian transfer. Hum. Reprod., 9, 141-146.
323. Warner, C.M. and Brenner, C.A. (2001) Genetic regulation of preimplantation embryo survival. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 52, 151-192.
324. Warren, J.R., Shaw, B. and Steinkampf, M.P. (1990) Effects of nitrous oxide on preimplantation mouse embryo cleavage and development. Biol. Reprod., 43, 158-161.
325. Waymouth, C. (1965) Construction and use of synthetic media. In Willmer, E.N. (ed.), Cells and Tissues in Culture. Volume 1. Academic Press, New York, pp. 99-142.
326. Waymouth, C. (1972) Construction of tissue culture media. In Rothblat, G.H. and Cristofalo, V.J. (eds), Growth, Nutrition and Metabolism of Cells in Culture. Volume 1. Academic Press, New York.
327. Weston, A.M. and Wolf, D.P. (1996) Differential preimplantation development of rhesus monkey embryos in serum-supplemented media. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 44, 88-92.
328. White, P.R. (1946) Cultivation of animal tissues in vitro in nutrients of precisely known composition. Growth, 10, 283-289.
329. Whitten, W.K. (1956) Culture of tubal ova. Nature, 177, 96.
330. Whitten, W.K. (1957) Culture of tubal ova. Nature, 179, 1081-1082.
331. Whitten, W.K. (1970) Nutrient requirements for the culture of preimplantation embryos in vitro. Adv. Biosci., 6, 131-141.
332. Whitten, W.K. and Biggers, J.D. (1968) Complete development in vitro of the preimplantation stages of the mouse in a simple chemically defined medium. J. Reprod. Fertil., 17, 399-401.
333. Whittingham, D.G. (1971) Culture of mouse ova. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl., 14, 7-21.
334. Whittingham, D.G. (1975) Fertilization, early development and storage of mammalian ova in vitro. In The Early Development of Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-24.
335. Wiemer, K.E., Anderson, A.R., Kyslinger, M.L. and Weikert, M.L. (2002) Embryonic development and pregnancies following sequential culture in human tuball fluid and a modified simplex optimized medium containing amino acids. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 5, 323-327.
336. Wilcox, A.J. (2001) On the importance-and the unimportance-of birthweight. Int. J. Epidemiol., 30, 1233-1241.
337. Wiley, L.M., Yamami, S. and Van Muyden, D. (1986) Effect of potassium concentration, type of protein supplement, and embryo density of mouse preimplantation development in vitro. Fertil. Steril. 45, 111-119.
338. William, M.A., Goldman, M.B., Mittendorf, R. and Monson, R.R. (1991) Subfertility and the risk of low birth weight. Fertil. Steril. 56, 668-671.
339. Winston, R.M.L and Hardy, K. (2002) Are we ignoring the potential dangers of in vitro fertilization and related treatments? Nature Med., 8, S14-S18.
340. Wladimiroff, J.W., Tonge, H.M. and Stewart P.A. (1986) Doppler ultrasound assessment of cerebral blood flow in the human fetus. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 93, 471-479.
341. Wrenzycki, C., Hermann, D., Carnwath, J.W. and Niemann, H. (1996) Expression of the gap junction gene connexin43 (Cx43) in preimplantation bovine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo. J. Reprod. Fertil., 108, 17-24.
342. Wrenzycki, C., Hermann, D., Carnwath, J.W. and Niemann, H. (1999) Alterations in the relative abundance of gene transcripts in preimplantation bovine embryos cultured in medium supplemented with either serum or PVA. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 53, 8-81.
343. Wrenzycki, C., Hermann, D., Keskintepe, L., Martins, A., Jr, Sirisathien, S., Brackett, B. and Niemann, H. (2001) Effects of culture system and protein supplementation on mRNA expression in pre-implantation bovine embryos. Hum. Reprod., 16, 893-901.
344. Young, J.C., Moarefi, I. and Hartl, F. (2001) Hsp90: a specialized but essential protein-folding tool. J. Cell Biol., 154, 267-273.
345. Young, L.E. (2002) Epigenetic defects induced by embryo technologies: implications for fetal and adults development. Reproduction (Abstract Series No. 28), W1, p. 3.
346. Young, L.E. and Fairburn, H.R. (2000) Improving the safety of embryo technologies: possible role of genomic imprinting. Theriogenology, 53, 627-648.
347. Young, L.E., Fernandes, K., McEvoy, T.G., Butterworth, S.C., Gutierrez, C.G., Carolan, C., Broadbent, P.J., Robinson, J.J., Wilmut, I. and Sinclair, K.D. (2001) Epigenetic change in IGF2R is associated with fetal overgrowth after sheep embryo culture. Nature Genet., 27, 153-154.