Patient-centred pharmaceutical design to improve acceptability of medicines: Similarities and differences in paediatric and geriatric populations

Drugs

Volumn 74, Issue 16, 2014, Pages 1871-1889

  Liu, Fang ^a   Ranmal, Sejal ^b   Batchelor, Hannah K ^c   Orlu Gul, Mine ^b   Ernest, Terry B ^d   Thomas, Iwan W ^e   Flanagan, Talia ^f   Tuleu, Catherine ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^e Piramal Enterprises Limited   (India)

^f ASTRAZENECA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BARIUM SULFATE; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; KETOPROFEN; PANCRELIPASE; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE; SPARFOSIC ACID; STAVUDINE; TABLETS;

CHEWABLE TABLET; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CULTURAL FACTOR; DISPOSABLE EQUIPMENT; DRUG CAPSULE; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG PACKAGING; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPHAGIA; ESOPHAGUS; GERIATRIC PATIENT; GERIATRICS; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LIQUID; MEDICINE; ODOR; PALATABILITY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT CARE; PEDIATRICS; PRESCRIPTION; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; STOMATOLOGY; SWALLOWING; TABLET DISINTEGRATION; TABLET FORMULATION; TASTE; VISCOSITY; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; CHILD; HUMANS; METHODS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT-CENTERED CARE; PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TABLETS;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; CHILD; DRUG DESIGN; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT-CENTERED CARE; TABLETS;

EID: 84921938195     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 11791950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0297-2     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Kozarewicz P. Regulatory perspectives on acceptability testing of dosage forms in children. Int J Pharm. 2014;469:245-8.
2. Paradiso LM, Roughead EE, Gilbert AL, et al. Crushing or altering medications: what's happening residential aged-care facilities? Australas J Ageing. 2002;21:123-1270.
3. Cuzzolin L, Atzei A, Fanos V. Off-label and unlicensed prescribing for newborns and children in different settings: a review of the literature and a consideration about drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2006;5:703-18.
4. Richey RH, Shah UU, Peak M, et al. Manipulation of drugs to achieve the required dose is intrinsic to paediatric practice but is not supported by guidelines or evidence. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:81.
5. Standing JF, Tuleu C. Paediatric formulations - getting to the heart of the problem. Int J Pharm. 2005;300:56-66.
6. Wright D. Medication administration in nursing homes. Nurs Stand. 2002;16:33-8.
7. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Guideline on pharmaceutical development of medicines for paediatric use 2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2011/06/WC500107908.pdf. Accessed 11 Jul 2014.
8. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Concept paper on the need of a reflection paper on the quality requirements of medicines for older adults, 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2014/01/WC500159545.pdf. Accessed 11 Sep 2014.
9. Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007;5:345-51.
10. Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther. 2001;23:1296-310.
11. Salzman C. Medication compliance in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(Suppl 1):18-22 (discussion 23).
12. Bernabei R, Rossini PM, Di Cioccio L, et al. Compliance and caregiver satisfaction in Alzheimer's disease: results from the AXEPT Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2012;2:418-32.
13. Cloyd JC, Kriel RL, Jones-Saete CM, et al. Comparison of sprinkle versus syrup formulations of valproate for bioavailability, tolerance, and preference. J Pediatr. 1992;120:634-8.
14. Motte J, Pedespan JM, Sevestre M, et al. Acceptability and tolerance of sodium valproate, a new sustained-action granule formulation, in monotherapy for epileptic children from 3 years old [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2005;12:1533-9.
15. Sevilla C, Jimenez Caballero PE, Alfonso V, et al. Current treatments of Alzheimer disease: are main caregivers satisfied with the drug treatments received by their patients? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28:196-205.
16. Jefferds MED, Ogange L, Owuor M, et al. Formative research exploring acceptability, utilization, and promotion in order to develop a micronutrient powder (Sprinkles) intervention among Luo families in western Kenya. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31:S179-85.
17. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Guideline on pharmaceutical development of medicines for paediatric use. 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2013/07/WC500147002.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2014.
18. Stegemann S, Gosch M, Breitkreutz J. Swallowing dysfunction and dysphagia is an unrecognized challenge for oral drug therapy. Int J Pharm. 2012;430:197-206.
19. Kramer SS, Eicher PM. The evaluation of pediatric feeding abnormalities. Dysphagia. 1993;8:215-24.
20. Foy TM, Czyzewski DI. Feeding difficulties. In: Duggan CW, Watkins JB, Walker WA, editors. Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science, clinical applications. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2008.
21. Lefton-Greif MA, Arvedson JC. Pediatric feeding and swallowing disorders: State of health, population trends, and application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Semin Speech Lang. 2007;28:161-5.
22. Prasse JE, Kikano GE. An overview of pediatric dysphagia. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009;48:247-51.
23. Kakodkar K, Schroeder JW. Pediatric dysphagia. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013;60:969-77.
24. Arvedson JC. Assessment of pediatric dysphagia and feeding disorders: clinical and instrumental approaches. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14:118-27.
25. Khan A, Carmona R, Traube M. Dysphagia in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014;30:43-53.
26. Kelly J, Wright D. Administering medication to adult patients with dysphagia. Nurs Stand. 2009;23:62-8.
27. Steele CM, Greenwood C, Ens I, et al. Mealtime difficulties in a home for the aged: not just dysphagia. Dysphagia. 1997;12:45-50.
28. Easterling C, Robbins E. Dementia and dysphagia. Geriatr Nurs. 2008;29:275-85.
29. Crary MA, Humphrey JL, Carnaby-Mann G, et al. Dysphagia, nutrition, and hydration in ischemic stroke patients at admission and discharge from acute care. Dysphagia. 2013;28:69-76.
30. Gordon C, Hewer RL, Wade DT. Dysphagia in acute stroke. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:411-4.
31. Eggenberger SK, Nelms TP. Artificial hydration and nutrition in advanced Alzheimer's disease: facilitating family decision-making. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13:661-7.
32. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Reflection paper: formulations of choice for the paediatric population. 2006. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific-guideline/2009/09/WC500003782.pdf. Accessed 11 Sep 2014.
33. Yeung VW, Wong ICK. When do children convert from liquid antiretroviral to solid formulations? Pharm World Sci. 2005;27:399-402.
34. Nahirya-Ntege P, Cook A, Vhembo T, et al. Young HIV-infected children and their adult caregivers prefer tablets to syrup antiretroviral medications in Africa. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36186.
35. Babbitt RL, Parrish JM, Brierley PE, et al. Teaching developmentally disabled children with chronic illness to swallow prescribed capsules. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1991;12:229-35.
36. Beck MH, Cataldo M, Slifer KJ, et al. Teaching children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic disorder (AD) how to swallow pills. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2005;44:515-26.
37. Czyzewski D, Runyan D, Lopez M, et al. Teaching and maintaining pill swallowing in HIV-infected children. AIDS Read. 2000;10:88-94.
38. Garvie PA, Lensing S, Rai SN. Efficacy of a pill-swallowing training intervention to improve antiretroviral medication adherence in pediatric patients with HIV/AIDS. Pediatrics. 2007;119:E893-9.
39. Ghuman JK, Cataldo MD, Beck MH, et al. Behavioral training for pill-swallowing difficulties in young children with autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:601-11.
40. Kaplan BJ, Steiger RA, Pope J, et al. Successful treatment of pill-swallowing difficulties with head posture practice. Paediatr Child Health. 2010;15:e1-5.
41. Meltzer EO, Welch MJ, Ostrom NK. Pill swallowing ability and training in children 6 to 11 years of age. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45:725-33.
42. Steffensen GK, Pachai A, Pedersen SE. Peroral drug administration to children - are there any problems? Ugeskr Laeger. 1998;160:2249-52.
43. Hansen DL, Tulinius D, Hansen EH. Adolescents' struggles with swallowing tablets: barriers, strategies and learning. Pharm World Sci. 2008;30:65-9.
44. Polaha J, Dalton WT III, Lancaster BM. Parental report of medication acceptance among youth: implications for everyday practice. South Med J. 2008;101:1106-12.
45. Hommel KA, Baldassano RN. Brief report: barriers to treatment adherence in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35:1005-10.
46. Modi AC, Quittner AL. Barriers to treatment adherence for children with cystic fibrosis and asthma: what gets in the way? J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31:846-58.
47. Modi AC, Zeller MH, Xanthakos SA, et al. Adherence to vitamin supplementation following adolescent bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2013;21:E190-5.
48. Schirm E, Tobi H, de Vries TW, et al. Lack of appropriate formulations of medicines for children in the community. Acta Paediatr. 2003;92:1486-9.
49. Tissen C, Woertz K, Breitkreutz J, et al. Development of mini-tablets with 1 mm and 2 mm diameter. Int J Pharm. 2011;416:164-70.
50. Kokki H, Nikanne E, Ahonen R. The feasibility of pain treatment at home after adenoidectomy with ketoprofen tablets in small children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10:531-5.
51. Kreeftmeijer-Vegter AR, de Meijer M, Wegman KA, et al. Development and evaluation of age-appropriate film-coated tablets of levamisole for paediatric use (2-18 years). Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013;10:293-300.
52. Thomson SA, Tuleu C, Wong ICK, et al. Minitablets: new modality to deliver medicines to preschool-aged children. Pediatrics. 2009;123:E235-8.
53. Klingmann V, Spomer N, Lerch C, et al. Favorable acceptance of mini-tablets compared with syrup: a randomized controlled trial in infants and preschool children. J Pediatr. 2013;163:1728-32.
54. Van de Vijver E, Desager K, Mulberg AE, et al. Treatment of infants and toddlers with cystic fibrosis-related pancreatic insufficiency and fat malabsorption with pancrelipase MT. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53:61-4.
55. van Riet-Nales DA, de Neef BJ, Schobben AFAM, et al. Acceptability of different oral formulations in infants and preschool children. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:725-31.
56. Strachan I, Greener M. Medication-related swallowing difficulties may be more common than we realise. Pharm Pract. 2005;15:411-4.
57. Schiele JT, Quinzler R, Klimm HD, et al. Difficulties swallowing solid oral dosage forms in a general practice population: prevalence, causes, and relationship to dosage forms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69:937-48.
58. Marquis J, Schneider MP, Payot V, et al. Swallowing difficulties with oral drugs among polypharmacy patients attending community pharmacies. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35:1130-6.
59. Hind JA, Nicosia MA, Roecker EB, et al. Comparison of effortful and noneffortful swallows in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:1661-5.
60. Nagaya M, Kachi T, Yamada T. Effect of swallowing training on swallowing disorders in Parkinson's disease. Scand J Rehabil Med. 2000;32:11-5.
61. Kelly J, D'Cruz G, Wright D. Patients with dysphagia: experiences of taking medication. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66:82-91.
62. Kikendall JW. Pill-induced esophageal injury. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1991;20:835-46.
63. Delwiche J. The impact of perceptual interactions on perceived flavor. Food Qual Prefer. 2004;15:137-46.
64. Srivastava RK, More AT. Some aesthetic considerations for over the counter (OTC) pharmaceutical products. Int J Biotechnol. 2010;11:267-83.
65. Kesselheim AS, Misono AS, Shrank WH, et al. Variations in pill appearance of antiepileptic drugs and the risk of nonadherence. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:202-8.
66. Craen AJ, Roos PJ, Vries AL, et al. Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and of their effectiveness. BMJ. 1996;313:1624-6.
67. Smith CJ, Sammons HM, Fakis A, et al. A prospective study to assess the palatability of analgesic medicines in children. J Adv Nurs. 2013;69:655-63.
68. Overgaard AB, Hojsted J, Hansen R, et al. Patients' evaluation of shape, size and colour of solid dosage forms. Pharm World Sci. 2001;23:185-8.
69. Hey H, Jorgensen F, Sorensen K, et al. Oesophageal transit of six commonly used tablets and capsules. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:1717-9.
70. Suiter DM, Leder SB. Clinical utility of the 3-ounce water swallow test. Dysphagia. 2008;23:244-50.
71. Uloza V, Uloziene I, Gradauskiene E. A randomized cross-over study to evaluate the swallow-enhancing and taste-masking properties of a novel coating for oral tablets. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32:420-3.
72. Diamond S, Lavallee DC. Experience with a pill-swallowing enhancement aid. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2010;49:391-3.
73. Yamamoto S, Taniguchi H, Hayashi H, et al. How do tablet properties influence swallowing behaviours? J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;66:32-9.
74. Channer KS, Virjee JP. The effect of formulation on oesophageal transit. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1985;37:126-9.
75. Channer KS, Virjee JP. The effect of size and shape of tablets on their esophageal transit. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;26:141-6.
76. Robertson CS, Hardy JG. Oesophageal transit of small tablets. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1988;40:595-6.
77. Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Blackshaw PE, et al. Impaired oesophageal transit of capsule versus tablet formulations in the elderly. Gut. 1994;35:1363-7.
78. Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Frier M, et al. Esophageal transit of risedronate cellulose-coated tablet and gelatin capsule formulations. Int J Pharm. 1999;186:169-75.
79. Evans KT, Roberts GM. The ability of patients to swallow capsules. J Clin Hosp Pharm. 1981;6:207-8.
80. Channer KS, Virjee J. Effect of posture and drink volume on the swallowing of capsules. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:1702.
81. Osmanoglou E, Van Der Voort IR, Fach K, et al. Oesophageal transport of solid dosage forms depends on body position, swallowing volume and pharyngeal propulsion velocity. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16:547-56.
82. Bailey RT Jr, Bonavina L, McChesney L, et al. Factors influencing the transit of a gelatin capsule in the esophagus. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1987;21:282-5.
83. Butler SG, Stuart A, Leng X, et al. Factors influencing aspiration during swallowing in healthy older adults. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:2147-52.
84. Lundy DS, Smith C, Colangelo L, et al. Aspiration: cause and implications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;120:474-8.
85. Chee C, Arshad S, Singh S, et al. The influence of chemical gustatory stimuli and oral anaesthesia on healthy human pharyngeal swallowing. Chem Senses. 2005;30:393-400.
86. Ding R, Logemann JA, Larson CR, et al. The effects of taste and consistency on swallow physiology in younger and older healthy individuals: a surface electromyographic study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46:977-89.
87. Logemann JA, Pauloski BR, Colangelo L, et al. Effects of a sour bolus on oropharyngeal swallowing measures in patients with neurogenic dysphagia. J Speech Hear Res. 1995;38:556-63.
88. Miura Y, Morita Y, Koizumi H, et al. Effects of taste solutions, carbonation, and cold stimulus on the power frequency content of swallowing submental surface electromyography. Chem Senses. 2009;34:325-31.
89. Pelletier CA, Dhanaraj GE. The effect of taste and palatability on lingual swallowing pressure. Dysphagia. 2006;21:121-8.
90. Alves LM, Secaf M, Dantas RO. Effect of a bitter bolus on oral, pharyngeal and esophageal transit of healthy subjects. Arq Gastroenterol. 2013;50:31-4.
91. Pelletier CA, Lawless HT. Effect of citric acid and citric acid-sucrose mixtures on swallowing in neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia. 2003;18:231-41.
92. Cola PC, Gatto AR, Silva RG, et al. The influence of sour taste and cold temperature in pharyngeal transit duration in patients with stroke. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47:18-21.
93. Michou E, Mastan A, Ahmed S, et al. Examining the role of carbonation and temperature on water swallowing performance: a swallowing reaction-time study. Chem Senses. 2012;37:799-807.
94. Sdravou K, Walshe M, Dagdilelis L. Effects of carbonated liquids on oropharyngeal swallowing measures in people with neurogenic dysphagia. Dysphagia. 2012;27:240-50.
95. Mitchell JC, Counselman FL. A taste comparison of three different liquid steroid preparations: prednisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:400-3.
96. Gee SC, Hagemann TM. Palatability of liquid anti-infectives: clinician and student perceptions and practice outcomes. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2007;12:216-23.
97. Dantas RO, Kern MK, Massey BT, et al. Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:G675-81.
98. Reimers-Neils L, Logemann J, Larson C. Viscosity effects on EMG activity in normal swallow. Dysphagia. 1994;9:101-6.
99. Steele CM, Van Lieshout PH. Influence of bolus consistency on lingual behaviors in sequential swallowing. Dysphagia. 2004;19:192-206.
100. Troche MS, Sapienza CM, Rosenbek JC. Effects of bolus consistency on timing and safety of swallow in patients with Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia. 2008;23:26-32.
101. Logemann JA, Gensler G, Robbins J, et al. A randomized study of three interventions for aspiration of thin liquids in patients with dementia or Parkinson's disease. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51:173-83.
102. Bisch EM, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, et al. Pharyngeal effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and temperature in patients with dysphagia resulting from neurologic impairment and in normal subjects. J Speech Hear Res. 1994;37:1041-59.
103. Rasley A, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Prevention of barium aspiration during videofluoroscopic swallowing studies: value of change in posture. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:1005-9.
104. Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Pauloski BR, et al. Effects of postural change on aspiration in head and neck surgical patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;110:222-7.
105. Solazzo A, Monaco L, Del Vecchio L, et al. Investigation of compensatory postures with videofluoromanometry in dysphagia patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:2973-8.
106. Terre R, Mearin F. Effectiveness of chin-down posture to prevent tracheal aspiration in dysphagia secondary to acquired brain injury. A videofluoroscopy study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24(414-9):e206.
107. Ohmae Y, Ogura M, Kitahara S, et al. Effects of head rotation on pharyngeal function during normal swallow. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1998;107:344-8.
108. Cohen R, Rocque F, Lécuyer A, et al. Study of the acceptability of antibiotic syrups, suspensions, and oral solutions prescribed to pediatric outpatients. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:851-7.
109. Ernest TB, Elder DP, Martini LG, et al. Developing paediatric medicines: identifying the needs and recognizing the challenges. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007;59:1043-55.
110. Zampini M, Spence C. Assessing the role of visual and auditory cues in multisensory perception of flavor. In: Murray MM, Wallace MT, editors. The neural bases of multisensory processes. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012. Chapter 37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92852/. Accessed 18 Sep 2104.
111. Miller AJ. Deglutition. Physiol Rev. 1982;62:129-84.
112. Bartoshuk LM. Taste. Robust across the age span? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;561:65-75.
113. Shabir Q, Skaria C, Brien H, et al. Taste and mouthfeel assessment of porous and non-porous silicon microparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2012;7:1-6.
114. Coster ST, Schwarz WH. Rheology and the swallow-safe bolus. Dysphagia. 1987;1:113-8.
115. Leonard RJ, White C, McKenzie S, et al. Effects of bolus rheology on aspiration in patients with dysphagia. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(4):590-4.
116. Morecroft CW, Caldwell NA, Gill A. Prescribing liquid medication: can the dose be accurately given? Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:831-2.
117. Jones DV, Work CE. Volume of a swallow. Am J Dis Child. 1961;102:427.
118. Adnerhill I, Ekberg O, Groher ME. Determining normal bolus size for thin liquids. Dysphagia. 1989;4:1-3.
119. Daniels SK, Corey DM, Hadskey LD, et al. Mechanism of sequential swallowing during straw drinking in healthy young and older adults. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2004;47:33-45.
120. Balou M, McCullough GH, Aduli F, et al. Manometric measures of head rotation and chin tuck in healthy participants. Dysphagia. 2014;29(1):25-32.
121. Sakuma T, Kida I. Relationship between ease of swallowing and deglutition-related muscle activity in various postures. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37:583-9.
122. Ekberg O. Posture of the head and pharyngeal swallowing. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1986;27:691-6.
123. Shanahan TK, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, et al. Chin-down posture effect on aspiration in dysphagic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:736-9.
124. Welch MV, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, et al. Changes in pharyngeal dimensions effected by chin tuck. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:178-81.
125. Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, Kobara M, et al. The benefit of head rotation on pharyngoesophageal dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:767-71.
126. Motte J, Pedespan JM, Sevestre M, et al. Acceptability and tolerance of sodium valproate, a new sustained-action granule formulation, in monotherapy for epileptic children from 3 years old. Arch Pediatr. 2005;12:1533-9.
127. Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi KY, et al. Treatment of anemia with microencapsulated ferrous fumarate plus ascorbic acid supplied as sprinkles to complementary (weaning) foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:791-5.
128. Zlotkin S, Antwi KY, Schauer C, et al. Use of microencapsulated iron(II) fumarate sprinkles to prevent recurrence of anaemia in infants and young children at high risk. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:108-15.
129. Hirve S, Bhave S, Bavdekar A, et al. Low dose 'sprinkles' - an innovative approach to treat iron deficiency anemia in infants and young children. Indian Pediatr. 2007;44:91-100.
130. Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Brown KH, et al. Home fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient supplements is well accepted and has positive effects on infant iron status in Ghana. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:929-38.
131. Geltman PL, Hironaka LK, Mehta SD, et al. Iron supplementation of low-income infants: a randomized clinical trial of adherence with ferrous fumarate sprinkles versus ferrous sulfate drops. J Pediatr. 2009;154:738-43.
132. den Uyl D, Geusens PP, van Berkum FN, et al. Patient preference and acceptability of calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation: a randomised, open, cross-over trial. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29:465-72.
133. MacDonald A, Lilburn M, Davies P, et al. 'Ready to drink' protein substitute is easier is for people with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006;29:526-31.
134. Nasrin D, Larson CP, Sultana S, et al. Acceptability of and adherence to dispersible zinc tablet in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhoea. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005;23:215-21.
135. Winch PJ, Gilroy KE, Doumbia S, et al. Short report: prescription and administration of a 14-day regimen of zinc treatment for childhood diarrhea in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:880-3.
136. Ameen VZ, Pobiner BF, Giguere GC, et al. Ranitidine (Zantac) syrup versus ranitidine effervescent tablets (Zantac) EFFERdose) in children: a single-center taste preference study. Paediatr Drugs. 2006;8:265-70.
137. Bayer AJ, Day JJ, Finucane P, et al. Bioavailability and acceptability of a dispersible formulation of levodopa-benserazide in parkinsonian patients with and without dysphagia. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1988;13:191-4.
138. Tolia V, Han C, North JD, et al. Taste comparisons for lansoprazole strawberry-flavoured delayed-release orally disintegrating tablet and ranitidine peppermint-flavoured syrup in children. Clin Drug Investig. 2005;25:285-92.
139. Cohen IT, Joffe D, Hummer K, et al. Ondansetron oral disintegrating tablets: acceptability and efficacy in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:59-63.
140. Freedman SB, Adler M, Seshadri R, et al. Oral ondansetron for gastroenteritis in a pediatric emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1698-705.
141. Danileviciute V, Sveikata A, Adomaitiene V, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and preference of mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets in depressed patients: a 17-week naturalistic study in Lithuania. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009;45:778-84.
142. Wade AG, Crawford GM, Young D. A survey of patient preferences for a placebo orodispersible tablet. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:201-6.
143. Kinon BJ, Hill AL, Liu H, et al. Olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets in the treatment of acutely ill non-compliant patients with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;6:97-102.
144. Nelson JC, Hollander SB, Betzel J, et al. Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablets in depressed nursing home residents 85 years of age and older. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:898-901.
145. Nausieda PA. A multicenter, open-label, sequential study comparing preferences for carbidopa-levodopa orally disintegrating tablets and conventional tablets in subjects with Parkinson's disease. Clin Ther. 2005;27:58-63.
146. Michele TM, Knorr B, Vadas EB, et al. Safety of chewable tablets for children. J Asthma. 2002;39:391-403.
147. Bukstein DA, Bratton DL, Firriolo KM, et al. Evaluation of parental preference for the treatment of asthmatic children aged 6 to 11 years with oral montelukast or inhaled cromolyn: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. J Asthma. 2003;40:475-85.
148. Lazarus CL, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, et al. Effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and repeated swallows in nonstroke subjects and stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:1066-70.
149. Lee KL, Kim WH, Kim EJ, et al. Is swallowing of all mixed consistencies dangerous for penetration-aspiration? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91:187-92.
150. Tsukada T, Taniguchi H, Ootaki S, et al. Effects of food texture and head posture on oropharyngeal swallowing. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2009(106):1848-57.
151. World Health Organization. Development of paediatric medicines: points to consider in pharmaceutical development (Working document QAS/08.257/Rev.3), 2012. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality-safety/quality-assurance/Rev3-PaediatricMedicinesDevelopment-QAS08-257Rev3-17082011.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2014.
152. Gerrard SE, Orlu-Gul M, Tuleu C, et al. Modeling the physiological factors that affect drug delivery from a nipple shield delivery system to breastfeeding infants. J Pharm Sci. 2013;102:3773-83.
153. Dessirier JM, Simons CT, Carstens MI, et al. Psychophysical and neurobiological evidence that the oral sensation elicited by carbonated water is of chemogenic origin. Chem Senses. 2000;25:277-84.
154. Maguire A, Baqir W, Nunn JH. Are sugars-free medicines more erosive than sugars-containing medicines? An in vitro study of paediatric medicines with prolonged oral clearance used regularly and long-term by children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007;17:231-8.
155. George J, Majeed W, Mackenzie IS, et al. Association between cardiovascular events and sodium-containing effervescent, dispersible, and soluble drugs: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2013;347:f6954.
156. Ubeda A, Llopico J, Sanchez MT. Blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients after withdrawal of effervescent medication. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:417-9.
157. Carnaby-Mann G, Crary M. Pill swallowing by adults with dysphagia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131:970-5.
158. Montgomery W, Treuer T, Karagianis J, et al. Orally disintegrating olanzapine review: effectiveness, patient preference, adherence, and other properties. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:109-25.
159. Gupta A, Chidambaram N, Khan MA. An index for evaluating difficulty of chewing the chewable tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
160. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidance for industry size of beads in drug products labeled for sprinkle, 2012. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM240243.pdf. Accessed 11 Jul 2014.
161. An alternative medicine treatment for Parkinson's disease: results of a multicenter clinical trial. HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease Study Group. J Altern Complement Med. 1995;1:249-55.
162. Baqir W, Maguire A. Consumption of prescribed and over-the-counter medicines with prolonged oral clearance used by the elderly in the Northern Region of England, with special regard to generic prescribing, dose form and sugars content. Public Health. 2000;114:367-73.
163. Keith S. Advances in psychotropic formulations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:996-1008.
164. Muramatsu RS, Litzinger MH, Fisher E, et al. Alternative formulations, delivery methods, and administration options for psychotropic medications in elderly patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8:98-114.
165. Delaney AL, Rudolph C. Nascent oral phase. In: Shaker R, Belafsky PC, Postma GN, et al., editors. Principles of deglutition. New York: Springer; 2013.
166. Kida IA, Astrom AN, Strand GV, et al. Chewing problems and dissatisfaction with chewing ability: a survey of older Tanzanians. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115:265-74.
167. Peltola P, Vehkalahti MM. Chewing ability of the long-term hospitalized elderly. Spec Care Dentist. 2005;25:260-4.
168. Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Yokoyama M, et al. Relationship between subjective oral health status and lifestyle in elderly people: a cross-sectional study in Japan. ISRN Dent. 2013;2013:687139.
169. Avlund K, Holm-Pedersen P, Schroll M. Functional ability and oral health among older people: a longitudinal study from age 75 to 80. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:954-62.
170. Okabe H, Suzuki E, Sugiura Y, et al. Development of an easily swallowed film formulation. Int J Pharm. 2008;355:62-6.
171. Cassolato SF, Turnbull RS. Xerostomia: clinical aspects and treatment. Gerodontology. 2003;20:64-77.
172. Imai K. Alendronate sodium hydrate (oral jelly) for the treatment of osteoporosis: review of a novel, easy to swallow formulation. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:681-8.
173. Doesch AO, Mueller S, Konstandin M, et al. Increased adherence after switch from twice daily calcineurin inhibitor based treatment to once daily modified released tacrolimus in heart transplantation: a pre-experimental study. Transplant Proc. 2010;42:4238-42.
174. Portsmouth SD, Osorio J, McCormick K, et al. Better maintained adherence on switching from twice-daily to once-daily therapy for HIV: a 24-week randomized trial of treatment simplification using stavudine prolonged-release capsules. HIV Med. 2005;6:185-90.
175. Schier JG, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, et al. Fatality from administration of labetalol and crushed extended-release nifedipine. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:1420-3.
176. Vergote GJ, Vervaet C, Van Driessche I, et al. An oral controlled release matrix pellet formulation containing nanocrystalline ketoprofen. Int J Pharm. 2001;219:81-7.
177. Yamada T, Onishi H, Machida Y. Sustained release ketoprofen microparticles with ethylcellulose and carboxymethylethylcellulose. J Control Release. 2001;75:271-82.
178. Lopes CM, Lobo JM, Pinto JF, et al. Compressed matrix core tablet as a quick/slow dual-component delivery system containing ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007;8:E76.
179. Shimokawa K, Saegusa K, Wada Y, et al. Physicochemical properties and controlled drug release of microcapsules prepared by simple coacervation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;104:1-4.
180. Abdul S, Chandewar AV, Jaiswal SB. A flexible technology for modified-release drugs: multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS). J Control Release. 2010;147:2-16.
181. Wilson JT, Helms R, Pickering BD, et al. Acetaminophen controlled-release sprinkles versus acetaminophen immediate-release elixir in febrile children. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40:360-9.
182. Pensi T. Fixed dose combination of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in the treatment of pediatric HIV infection: a preliminary report. Indian Pediatr. 2007;44:519-21.
183. Kayitare E, Vervaet C, Ntawukulilyayo JD, et al. Development of fixed dose combination tablets containing zidovudine and lamivudine for paediatric applications. Int J Pharm. 2009;370:41-6.