Review article: The aetiology, diagnosis, mechanisms and clinical evidence for food intolerance

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 262-275

  Lomer, M C E ^a,b  

^a GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; CARBOHYDRATE; DISACCHARIDE; FRUCTAN; FRUCTOSE; GLUCOSE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER; GLUTAMATE SODIUM; GLUTEN; HISTAMINE; LACTASE; LACTOSE; MANNITOL; MONOSACCHARIDE; OLIGOSACCHARIDE; POLYOL; SALICYLIC ACID;

BREATH ANALYSIS; CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CELIAC DISEASE; CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY; DIET THERAPY; FOOD COMPOSITION; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; INTESTINE FLORA; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL INTOLERANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SAFETY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES;

DIET; FOOD HABITS; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GLUTENS; HUMANS; LACTOSE;

EID: 84920641422     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: 13652036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/apt.13041     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al,. EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy 2014; 69: 1008-25.
2. Zopf Y, Baenkler HW, Silbermann A, Hahn EG, Raithel M,. The differential diagnosis of food intolerance. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: 359-69.
3. Young E, Stoneham MD, Petruckevitch A, Barton J, Rona R,. A population study of food intolerance. Lancet 1994; 343: 1127-30.
4. Bohn L, Storsrud S, Tornblom H, Bengtsson U, Simren M,. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 634-41.
5. Hayes PA, Fraher MH, Quigley EM,. Irritable bowel syndrome: the role of food in pathogenesis and management. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 10: 164-74.
6. Monsbakken K, Vandvik P, Farup P,. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome-Etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 667-72.
7. Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, et al,. Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med 2012; 10: 13.
8. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al,. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut 2013; 62: 43-52.
9. Aziz I, Sanders DS,. Emerging concepts: from coeliac disease to non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71: 576-80.
10. Biesiekierski JR, Muir JG, Gibson PR,. Is gluten a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people without celiac disease? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 631-8.
11. Mansueto P, Seidita A, D'Alcamo A, Carroccio A,. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: literature review. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33: 39-54.
12. Troelsen JT,. Adult-type hypolactasia and regulation of lactase expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1723: 19-32.
13. Itan Y, Powell A, Beaumont MA, Burger J, Thomas MG,. The origins of lactase persistence in Europe. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5: e1000491.
14. Ingram CJ, Mulcare CA, Itan Y, Thomas MG, Swallow DM,. Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence. Hum Genet 2009; 124: 579-91.
15. Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, Swallow DM, Thomas MG,. A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 36.
16. Swallow DM,. Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance. Annu Rev Genet 2003; 37: 197-219.
17. Lomer MC, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD,. Review article: lactose intolerance in clinical practice-myths and realities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 93-103.
18. Marriott BP, Cole N, Lee E,. National estimates of dietary fructose intake increased from 1977 to 2004 in the United States. J Nutr 2009; 139: 1228S-35S.
19. Jones HF, Butler RN, Brooks DA,. Intestinal fructose transport and malabsorption in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300: G202-6.
20. DeBosch BJ, Chi M, Moley KH,. Glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) regulates enterocyte fructose transport and global mammalian fructose utilization. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 4181-91.
21. Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E,. Absorption capacity of fructose in healthy adults. Comparison with sucrose and its constituent monosaccharides. Gut 1986; 27: 1161-8.
22. Frieling T, Kuhlbusch-Zicklam R, Kalde S, Heise J, Hulsdonk A, Kreysel C,. Fructose malabsorption: how much fructose can a healthy subject tolerate? Digestion 2011; 84: 269-72.
23. Kim Y, Park SC, Wolf BW, Hertzler SR,. Combination of erythritol and fructose increases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults. Nutr Res 2011; 31: 836-41.
24. Beyer PL, Caviar EM, McCallum RW,. Fructose intake at current levels in the United States may cause gastrointestinal distress in normal adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 1559-66.
25. Bach Knudsen KE, Hessov I,. Recovery of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the small intestine of man. Br J Nutr 1995; 74: 101-13.
26. Roberfroid MB,. Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. J Nutr 2007; 137 (11 Suppl.): 2493S-502S.
27. Biesiekierski JR, Rosella O, Rose R, et al,. Quantification of fructans, galacto-oligosacharides and other short-chain carbohydrates in processed grains and cereals. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 24: 154-76.
28. Whelan K, Abrahmsohn O, David GJ, et al,. Fructan content of commonly consumed wheat, rye and gluten-free breads. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 62: 498-503.
29. Dunn S, Datta A, Kallis S, Law E, Myers CE, Whelan K,. Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to measure intakes of inulin and oligofructose. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65: 402-8.
30. Macfarlane GT, Steed H, Macfarlane S,. Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104: 305-44.
31. Kuo TM, Vanmiddlesworth JF, Wolf WJ,. Content of raffinose oligosaccharides and sucrose in various plant seeds. J Agric Food Chem 1988; 36: 32-6.
32. Calloway DH, Murphy EL,. The use of expired air to measure intestinal gas formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968; 150: 82-95.
33. Yao CK, Tan HL, van Langenberg DR, et al,. Dietary sorbitol and mannitol: food content and distinct absorption patterns between healthy individuals and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27 (Suppl. 2): 263-75.
34. Hyams JS,. Sorbitol intolerance: an unappreciated cause of functional gastrointestinal complaints. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 30-3.
35. Jain NK, Rosenberg DB, Ulahannan MJ, Glasser MJ, Pitchumoni CS,. Sorbitol intolerance in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 1985; 80: 678-81.
36. Ripoll C, Flourie B, Megnien S, Hermand O, Janssens M,. Gastrointestinal tolerance to an inulin-rich soluble roasted chicory extract after consumption in healthy subjects. Nutrition 2010; 26: 799-803.
37. Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR,. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 765-71.
38. Madsen JL, Linnet J, Rumessen JJ,. Effect of nonabsorbed amounts of a fructose-sorbitol mixture on small intestinal transit in healthy volunteers. Dig DisSci 2006; 51: 147-53.
39. Nelis GF, Vermeeren MA, Jansen W,. Role of fructose-sorbitol malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1016-20.
40. Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E,. Malabsorption of fructose-sorbitol mixtures. Interactions causing abdominal distress. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 431-6.
41. Evans PR, Piesse C, Bak YT, Kellow JE,. Fructose-sorbitol malabsorption and symptom provocation in irritable bowel syndrome: relationship to enteric hypersensitivity and dysmotility. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 1158-63.
42. McKenzie YA, Alder A, Anderson W, et al,. British Dietetic Association evidence-based guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2012; 25: 260-74.
43. Skypala I, Vlieg-Boerstra B,. Food intolerance and allergy: increased incidence or contemporary inadequate diets? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17: 442-7.
44. Staudacher HM, Irving PM, Lomer MC, Whelan K,. Mechanisms and efficacy of dietary FODMAP restriction in IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11: 256-66.
45. de Lacy Costello BP, Ledochowski M, Ratcliffe NM,. The importance of methane breath testing: a review. J Breath Res 2013; 7: 024001.
46. Simren M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, et al,. Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report. Gut 2013; 62: 159-76.
47. Simren M, Stotzer PO,. Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests. Gut 2006; 55: 297-303.
48. Bate JP, Irving PM, Barrett JS, Gibson PR,. Benefits of breath hydrogen testing after lactulose administration in analysing carbohydrate malabsorption. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 318-26.
49. Yu D, Cheeseman F, Vanner S,. Combined oro-caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS. Gut 2011; 60: 334-40.
50. Babu J, Kumar S, Babu P, Prasad JH, Ghoshal UC,. Frequency of lactose malabsorption among healthy southern and northern Indian populations by genetic analysis and lactose hydrogen breath and tolerance tests. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 140-6.
51. Gupta R, Makharia G, Khadgawat R, Yadav RK,. Evaluation of lactose and milk intolerance, and bone mineral density in Indian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Natl Med J India 2012; 25: 327-31.
52. Melchior C, Gourcerol G, Dechelotte P, Leroi AM, Ducrotte P,. Symptomatic fructose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. United European Gastroenterol J 2014; 2: 131-7.
53. Nucera G, Gabrielli M, Lupascu A, et al,. Abnormal breath tests to lactose, fructose and sorbitol in irritable bowel syndrome may be explained by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 1391-5.
54. Wilder-Smith CH, Materna A, Wermelinger C, Schuler J,. Fructose and lactose intolerance and malabsorption testing: the relationship with symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 1074-83.
55. Chatterjee S, Park S, Low K, Kong Y, Pimentel M,. The degree of breath methane production in IBS correlates with the severity of constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 837-41.
56. Soares AC, Lederman HM, Fagundes-Neto U, de Morais MB,. Breath methane associated with slow colonic transit time in children with chronic constipation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 512-5.
57. Fritscher-Ravens A, Schuppan D, Ellrichmann M, et al,. Confocal endomicroscopy reveals food-associated changes in the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014. pii: S0016-5085(14)00971-8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.046. [Epub ahead of print]
58. Philpott H, Nandurkar S, Lubel J, Gibson PR,. Alternative investigations for irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 73-7.
59. Barrett JS, Gearry RB, Muir JG, et al,. Dietary poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates increase delivery of water and fermentable substrates to the proximal colon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 874-82.
60. Englyst HN, Cummings JH,. Digestion of the polysaccharides of some cereal foods in the human small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 778-87.
61. Langkilde AM, Andersson H, Schweizer TF, Wursch P,. Digestion and absorption of sorbitol, maltitol and isomalt from the small bowel. A study in ileostomy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48: 768-75.
62. Marciani L, Cox EF, Hoad CL, et al,. Postprandial changes in small bowel water content in healthy subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 469-77, e1.
63. Murray K, Wilkinson-Smith V, Hoad C, et al,. Differential effects of FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols) on small and large intestinal contents in healthy subjects shown by MRI. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 110-9.
64. Hernot DC, Boileau TW, Bauer LL, et al,. In vitro fermentation profiles, gas production rates, and microbiota modulation as affected by certain fructans, galactooligosaccharides, and polydextrose. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 1354-61.
65. Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, et al,. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 1366-73.
66. Zhu Y, Zheng X, Cong Y, et al,. Bloating and distention in irritable bowel syndrome: the role of gas production and visceral sensation after lactose ingestion in a population with lactase deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1516-25.
67. Nanda R, James R, Smith H, Dudley C, Jewell D,. Food intolerance and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1989; 30: 1099-104.
68. Simren M, Mansson A, Langkilde AM, et al,. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 2001; 63: 108-15.
69. Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve-Pardo M, Humbert P, de Leon R, Llovet JM, Gassull MA,. Role of fructose-sorbitol malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 1453-4.
70. Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E,. Functional bowel disease: malabsorption and abdominal distress after ingestion of fructose, sorbitol, and fructose-sorbitol mixtures. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 694-700.
71. Symons P, Jones MP, Kellow JE,. Symptom provocation in irritable bowel syndrome. Effects of differing doses of fructose-sorbitol. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 940-4.
72. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR,. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 1631-9.
73. Ostgaard H, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M,. Diet and effects of diet management on quality of life and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5: 1382-90.
74. Gearry RB, Irving PM, Barrett JS, Nathan DM, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR,. Reduction of dietary poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) improves abdominal symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease- A pilot study. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3: 8-14.
75. de Roest RH, Dobbs BR, Chapman BA, et al,. The low FODMAP diet improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67: 895-903.
76. Mazzawi T, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M,. Effects of dietary guidance on the symptoms, quality of life and habitual dietary intake of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8: 845-52.
77. NICE. Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome in primary care. CG61, 2008.
78. Staudacher HM, Whelan K, Irving PM, Lomer MC,. Comparison of symptom response following advice for a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) versus standard dietary advice in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 24: 487-95.
79. Hayes P, Corish C, O'Mahony E, Quigley EM,. A dietary survey of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014; 27: 36-47.
80. Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG,. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 67-75, e5.
81. Staudacher HM, Lomer MC, Anderson JL, et al,. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Nutr 2012; 142: 1510-8.
82. Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG,. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut 2014. pii: gutjnl-2014-307264. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307264. [Epub ahead of print]
83. Scotter MJ, Roberts DPT, Wilson LA, Howard FAC, Davis J, Mansell N,. Free salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid content of foods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2007; 105: 273-9.
84. Raithel M, Baenkler HW, Naegel A, et al,. Significance of salicylate intolerance in diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56 (Suppl. 5): 89-102.
85. Worm M, Vieth W, Ehlers I, Sterry W, Zuberbier T,. Increased leukotriene production by food additives in patients with atopic dermatitis and proven food intolerance. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31: 265-73.
86. Ferreira IMPLVO, Pinho O,. Biogenic amines in Portuguese traditional foods and wines. J Food Prot 2006; 69: 2293-303.
87. Maintz L, Novak N,. Histamine and histamine intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1185-96.
88. Gibson PR,. Food intolerance in functional bowel disorders. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26 (Suppl. 3): 128-31.
89. Holton KF, Taren DL, Thomson CA, Bennett RM, Jones KD,. The effect of dietary glutamate on fibromyalgia and irritable bowel symptoms. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30 (6 Suppl. 74): 10-7.
90. Rao SS, Welcher K, Zimmerman B, Stumbo P,. Is coffee a colonic stimulant? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10: 113-8.
91. Gupta D, Ghoshal UC, Misra A, Misra A, Choudhuri G, Singh K,. Lactose intolerance in patients with irritable bowel syndrome from northern India: a case-control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 2261-5.
92. Stapel SO, Asero R, Ballmer-Weber BK, et al,. Testing for IgG4 against foods is not recommended as a diagnostic tool: EAACI Task Force Report. Allergy 2008; 63: 793-6.
93. Patriarca G, Schiavino D, Pecora V, et al,. Food allergy and food intolerance: diagnosis and treatment. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4: 11-24.
94. Teuber S, Porch-Curren C,. Unproved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to food allergy and intolerance. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 3: 217-21.
95. Wuthrich B,. Unproven techniques in allergy diagnosis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2005; 15: 86-90.
96. Ernst E,. Iridology: not useful and potentially harmful. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118: 120-1.
97. Halland M, Talley NJ,. New treatments for IBS. Nature Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 13-23.
98. Camilleri M, Mangel AW, Fehnel SE, et al,. Primary end points for irritable bowel syndrome trials: a review of performance of endpoints. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 534-40.