Organizational Fairness and Diversity Management in Public Organizations: Does Fairness Matter in Managing Diversity?

Review of Public Personnel Administration

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 307-331

  Choi, Sungjoo ^a   Rainey, Hal G ^b  

^a Kyung Hee University   (South Korea)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

affirmative action and equal employment opportunity (EEO); and motivation; behavior; diversity; employee attitudes; federal government HRM; human capital

Indexed keywords

EID: 84910072240     PISSN: 0734371X     EISSN: 1552759X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0734371X13486489     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Acker J.Doing comparable worth: Gender, class, and pay equity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1989:
2. Allison P. D.Testing for interaction in multiple regression.American Journal of Sociology. 1977;83 (1): 144-153
3. Bies R. J.,Shapiro D. L.Interactional fairness judgments: The influence of causal accounts.Social Justice Research. 1987;1 (2): 199-218
4. Billig M.,Tajfel H.Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behavior.European Journal of Social Psychology. 1973;3 (1): 27-52
5. Buttner E. H.,Lowe K. B.,Billings-Harris L.Diversity climate impact on employee of color outcomes: Does justice matter?.Career Development International. 2010;15:239-258
6. Byrne D.The attraction paradigm. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1971:
7. Chacko T. I.Women and equal opportunity: Some unintended effects.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1982;67 (1): 119-123
8. Chatman J. A.,Flynn F.The influence of demographic composition on the emergence and consequences of cooperative norms in groups.Academy of Management Journal. 2001;44:956-974
9. Chatman J. A.,Polzer J.,Barsade S.,Neale M.Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1998;43:749-780
10. Choi S.Diversity in the US federal government: Diversity management and employee turnover in federal agencies.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2009;19:603-630
11. Choi S.Diversity in the U.S. federal government: Antecedents and correlates of diversity in federal agencies.Review of Public Personnel Administration. 2010;30:301-321
12. Choi S.,Rainey H. G.Managing diversity in U.S. federal agencies: Effects of diversity and diversity management on employee perceptions of organizational performance.Public Administration Review. 2010;70 (1): 109-121
13. Choi S.Demographic diversity of managers and employee job satisfaction: Empirical analysis of the federal case. Review of Public Personnel Administration.Advance online publication. 2012;:
14. Cohen-Charash Y.,Spector P. E.The role of justice in organizations: A meta- analysis.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2001;86:278-321
15. Colquitt J. A.On dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2001;86:388
16. Colquitt J. A.,Conlon D. E.,Wesson M. J.,Porter C.,Ng K. Y.Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2001;86:425-445
17. CopelandC. W. (2008). The federal workforce: Characteristics and trends (RL34685) [Electronic version]. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/551/
18. Cox T.Problems with organizational research on race and ethnicity issues.Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 1990;26 (1): 5-23
19. Cox T. H.Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler; 1993:
20. Crosby F. J.Relative deprivation and working women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1982:
21. Davis C. E.,West J. P.Implementing public programs: Equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, and administrative policy options.Review of Public Personnel Administration. 1984;4 (3): 16-30
22. Departmental Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Transportation. (2005). No fear act. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.usbr.gov/cro/nofear.html
23. Ely R. J.A field study of group diversity, participation in diversity education programs, and performance.Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2004;25:755-780
24. Ely R.,Thomas D.Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes.Administrative Science Quarterly. 2001;46:229-273
25. Foldy E. G.Learning from diversity: A theoretical exploration.Public Administration Review. 2004;64:529-538
26. Foldy E. G.,Rivard P.,Buckley T. R.Power, safety, and learning in racially diverse groups.Academy of Management Learning and Education. 2009;8 (1): 25-41
27. Foley S.,Hang-Yu N.,Wong A.Perceptions of discrimination and justice: Are there gender differences in outcomes?.Group and Organization Management. 2005;30:421-450
28. Folger R.,Martin C.Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1986;22:531-546
29. Frankenberg R.White women, race matters: The social construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1993:
30. Friedrich R. J.In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations.American Journal of Political Science. 1982;26:797-833
31. Gardner D. D.,Cummings L. L.,Dunham R. B.,Pierce J. L.Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison.Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1998;58:898-915
32. Greenberg J.,Folger R.Basic group processes. Paulus P. B., ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1983:235-256.
33. Hage J.,Aiken M.Routine technology, social structure, and organizational goals.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1969;14:366-376
34. Harrison D. A.,Newman D.,Roth P. L.How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences.Academy of Management Journal. 2006;49:305-325
35. Heilman M. E.,Kaplow S. R.,Amato M. A. G.,Stathatos P.When similarity is a liability: Effects of sex-based preferential selection on reactions to like-sex and different-sex others.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1993;78:917-927
36. Huo Y. J.,Tyler T. R.Advances in organizational justice. Greenberg J.Cropanzano R., ed. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; 2001:213-244.
37. James K.,Lovato C.,Khoo G.Social identity correlates of minority workers’ health.Academy of Management Journal. 1994;37:383-396
38. Jehn K. A.,Northcraft G. B.,Neale M. A.Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1999;44:741-763
39. Kalev A.,Dobbin F.,Kelly E.Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies.Academy of Management Perspectives. 2006;71:589-617
40. Kalleberg C. L.,Knoke D.,Marsden P. V.,Spaeth J. L.Organization in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 1996:
41. Kellough J. E.,Naff K. C.Responding to wake-up call: An examination of federal agency diversity management programs.Administration & Society. 2004;36 (1): 62-90
42. Konrad A. M.,Linnehan F.Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices?.Academy of Management Journal. 1995;38:787-820
43. Kramer R. M.Research in organizational behavior. Staw B. M.Cummings L. L., ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1991:191-228.
44. Lawrence B. S.The black box of organizational demography.Organization Science. 1997;8 (1): 1-22
45. Leventhal G. S.Social exchange: Advances in theory and research. Gergen K.Greenberg M.Willis R., ed. New York, NY: Plenum; 1980:91-131.
46. Lind E. A.Politics, justice, and support: Managing the social climate of work organizations. Cropanzano R.Kacmar K. M., ed. Westport, CT: Quorum; 1995:83-96.
47. Lind E. A.,Tyler T. R.The social psychology of procedural justice. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988:
48. Lind E. A.,Tyler T. R.,Huo Y. J.Procedural context and culture: Variation in the antecedents of procedural justice judgments.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;73:767-780
49. Long J. S.,Freese J.Regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata. College Station, TX: Stata; 2006:
50. Milliken F. J.,Martins L. L.Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups.Academy of Management Review. 1996;21:402-433
51. Morrison E. W.,Robinson S. L.When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops.Academy of Management Review. 1997;22:226-256
52. Nacoste R. W.Selection procedure and responses to affirmative action: The case of favorable treatment.Law and Human Behavior. 1985;9:225-242
53. Naff K. C.,Kellough J. E.Ensuring employment equity: Are federal diversity programs making a difference?.International Journal of Public Administration. 2003;26:1307-1336
54. Ng E.,Tung R. L.Ethno-cultural diversity and organizational effectiveness: A field study.The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 1998;9:980-995
55. Office of Personnel Management. (2006). Federal Human Survey 2006. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.fedview.opm.gov/2006/About
56. Omi M.,Winant H.Racial formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge; 1994:
57. O’Reilly C. A.,Caldwell D. F.,Barnett W. P.Work group demography, social integration, and turnover.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1989;34 (1): 21-37
58. Pelled L. H.,Eisenhardt K. M.,Xin K. R.Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict, and performance.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1999;44 (1): 1-28
59. Pfeffermann D.The role of sampling weights when modeling survey data.International Statistical Review. 1993;61:317-337
60. Phinney J. S.The multi-group ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups.Journal of Adolescent Research. 1992;7 (2): 156-176
61. Pitts D. W.Diversity management, job satisfaction, and performance: Evidence from U.S federal agencies.Public Administration Review. 2009;69:328-338
62. Pitts D. W.,Wise L. R.Workforce diversity in the new millennium: Prospects for research.Review of Public Personnel Administration. 2010;30 (1): 44-69
63. Podsakoff P. M.,Organ D. W.Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects.Journal of Management. 1986;12:531-544
64. Pugh D. S.,Hickson D. J.,Hinings C. R.An empirical taxonomy of work organizations.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1969;14 (1): 115-126
65. Purdie-Vaughns V.,Steele C. M.,Davies P. G.,Ditman R.,Crosby J. R.Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;94:615-630
66. Richards O. C.,Kirby S. L.African- Americans’ reactions to diversity programs: Does justice matter?.Journal of Black Psychology. 1997;23:388-397
67. Richard O. C.,Kirby S. L.Women recruits’ perceptions of workforce diversity program selection decisions: A procedural justice examination.Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1998;28 (2): 183-188
68. Roberts K. H.,O’Reilly C. A.Some correlations of communication roles in organizations.Academy of Management Journal. 1979;22 (1): 42-57
69. Sanchez J. I.,Brock P.Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees: Is diversity management a luxury or a necessity?.Academy of Management Journal. 1996;39:704-719
70. Schneider B.The people make the place.Personnel Psychology. 1987;40:437-453
71. Selden S. C.,Selden F.Rethinking diversity in public organizations for the 21st century: Moving toward a multicultural model.Administration and Society. 2001;33:303-329
72. Smith K. G.,Smith K. A.,Olian J. D.,Sims H. P.,O’Bannon D. P.,Scully J. A.Top management team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1994;39:412-438
73. Smith K. W.,Sasaki M. S.Decreasing multicollinearity: A method for models with multiplicative functions.Sociological Methods and Research. 1979;8 (1): 35-56
74. Smith P.,Kendall L. M.,Hulin C. L.The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement: A strategy for the study of attitudes. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally; 1969:
75. Sweeney P. D.,McFarlin D. B.Process and outcome: Gender differences in the assessment of justice.Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1997;18:83-98
76. Tajfel H.Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1981:
77. Tajfel H.,Turner J. C.The psychology of intergroup relation. Worchel S.Austin W. G., ed. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall; 1985:7-24.
78. Thibaut J.,Walker L.Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1975:
79. Thomas R. R.From affirmative action to affirming diversity.Harvard Business Review. 1990;68 (2): 107-117
80. Triana M.,García M. F.,Colella A.Managing diversity: How organizational efforts to support diversity enhance affective commitment and reduce turnover intent for employees who experience discrimination at work.Personnel Psychology. 2010;63:817-843
81. Tsui A. S.,Egan T. D.,O’Reilly C. A.Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1992;37:549-79
82. Tsui A. S.,Gutek B. A.Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. Lanham, MD: Lexington; 1999:
83. Turner J. C.Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 1987:
84. Tyler T. R.The psychology of procedural justice: A test of the group-value model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989;57:830-838
85. Tyler T. R.,Lind E. A.A relational model of authority in groups.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 1992;25:115-191
86. Prohibited personnel practices: employee perceptions. Washington, DC: Author; 2011:
87. Wanous J.,Reichers A.,Hudy M.Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures?.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1997;82:247-252
88. Williams K.,O’Reilly C. A.Research in organizational behavior. Staw B. M.Sutton R. M., ed. Stamford, CT: JAI Press; 1998:77-140.
89. Wise L. R.,Tschirhart M.Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: How useful is diversity research for public-sector managers?.Public Administration Review. 2000;60:386-394
90. Wright G. C.Linear models for evaluating conditional relationships.American Journal of Political Science. 1976;20:349-373
91. Wright B.,Davis B.Job satisfaction in the public sector: The role of the work environment.American Review of Public Administration. 2003;33:70-90
92. Wright B.,Kim S.Participation’s influence on job satisfaction: The importance of job characteristics.Review of Public Personnel Administration. 2004;24 (1): 18-40