High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in childhood: From bench to bedside

European Journal of Pediatrics

Volumn 173, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1123-1136

  Chirico, Valeria ^a   Lacquaniti, Antonio ^a,b   Salpietro, Vincenzo ^a   Munafò, Caterina ^a   Calabrò, Maria Pia ^a   Buemi, Michele ^a   Arrigo, Teresa ^a   Salpietro, Carmelo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^b MEDITERRANEAN INSTITUTE FOR TRANSPLANTATION AND ADVANCED SPECIALIZED THERAPIES ISMETT   (Italy)

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Cancer; Children; High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); Neurological diseases; Newborn; Preterm born; Sepsis; Vasculitis

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ACUTE APPENDICITIS; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; AUTISM; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BRAIN INFECTION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE; CROHN DISEASE; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; PATHOGENESIS; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DNA INTERACTION; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SEPSIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; TUMOR GROWTH; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; BLOOD; CHILD; DISEASE COURSE; GENETICS; METABOLISM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHILD; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HMGB1 PROTEIN; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4;

EID: 84908357044     PISSN: 03406199     EISSN: 14321076     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2327-1     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Abraham E, Arcaroli J, Carmody A, Wang H, Tracey KJ (2000) HMG-1 as a mediator of acute lung inflammation. J Immunol 165:2950-2954
2. Aghai ZH, Saslow JG, Meniru C et al (2010) High-mobility group box-1 protein in tracheal aspirates from premature infants: relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and steroid therapy. J Perinatol 30:610-615
3. Agnello D, Wang H, Yang H, Tracey KJ, Ghezzi P (2002) HMGB-1, a DNA-binding protein with cytokine activity, induces brain TNF and IL-6 production, and mediates anorexia and taste aversion. Cytokine 18:231-236 (Pubitemid 34775431)
4. Akikusa JD, Schneider R, Harvey EA et al (2007) Clinical features and outcome of pediatric Wegener?s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 57:837-844 (Pubitemid 46932091)
5. Albayrak Y, Albayrak A, Celik M et al (2011) High mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) as a new diagnostic marker in patients with acute appendicitis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 19:27
6. Alleva LM, Yang H, Tracy KJ, Clark IA (2005) High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein: possible amplification signal in the pathogenesis. R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99:171-174 (Pubitemid 40104015)
7. Andersson U, Wang H, Palomblad K et al (2000) High mobility group 1 protein (HMG1) stimulates proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human monocytes. J Exp Med 192:565-570 (Pubitemid 30666257)
8. Arrigo T, Chirico V, Salpietro V et al (2013) High-mobility group protein B1: a new biomarker of metabolic syndrome in obese children. Eur J Endocrinol 168:631-638
9. Asano T, Ichiki K, Koizumi S et al (2011) High mobility group box 1 in cerebrospinal fluid from several neurological diseases at early time points. Int J Neurosci 121:480-484
10. Au AK, Aneja RK, Bell MJ et al (2012) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of high-mobility group box 1 and cytochrome C predict outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 29:2013-2021
11. Avalos AM, Kiefer K, Tian J, Christensen S, Shlomchik M, Coyle AJ et al (2010) RAGE-independent autoreactive B cell activation in response to chromatin and HMGB1/DNA immune complexes. Autoimmunity 43:103-110
12. Bachur RG, Hennelly K, Callahan MJ, Chen C, Monuteaux MC (2012) Diagnostic imaging and negative appendectomy rates in children: effects of age and gender. Pediatrics 129:877-884
13. Barua M, Jenkins EC, Chen W, Kuizon S, Pullarkat RK, Junaid MA (2011) Glyoxalase I polymorphism rs2736654 causing the Ala111Glu substitution modulates enzyme activity-implications for autism. Autism Res 4:262-270
14. Berger RP, Bazaco MC, Wagner AK, Kochanek PM, Fabio A (2010) Trajectory analysis of serum biomarker concentrations facilitates outcome prediction after pediatric traumatic and hypoxemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 32:396-405
15. Bierhaus A, Humpert PM, Morcos M et al (2005) Understanding RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end products. J Mol Med 83:876-886 (Pubitemid 41598688)
16. Bonaldi T, Talamo F, Scaffidi P et al (2003) Monocytic cells hyperacetylate chromatin protein HMGB1 to redirect it towards secretion. EMBO J 22:551-560
17. Bonthius DJ, Karacay B (2002) Meningitis and encephalitis in children. An update. Neurol Clin 20:1013-1038
18. Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P et al (1998) High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 18:4471-4487 (Pubitemid 28343032)
19. Bouma G, Strober W (2003) The immunological and genetic basis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol 3:521-533 (Pubitemid 37328672)
20. Boyer D, Vargas SO, Slattery D, Rivera-Sanchez YM, Colin AA (2006) Churg-Strauss syndrome in children: a clinical and pathologic review. Pediatrics 118:e914-e920 (Pubitemid 46091611)
21. Brunner HI, Gladman DD, Ibañez D, Urowitz MD, Silverman ED (2008) Difference in disease features between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 58:556-562 (Pubitemid 351294890)
22. Buhimschi CS, Baumbusch MA, Dulay AT et al (2009) Characterization of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100beta in inflammation-induced preterm birth and fetal tissue injury. Am J Pathol 175:958-975
23. Buhimschi CS, Dulay AT, Abdel-Razeq S et al (2009) Fetal inflammatory response in women with proteomic biomarkers characteristic of intra-amniotic inflammation and preterm birth. BJOG 116:257-267
24. Bustin M (1999) Regulation of DNA-dependent activities by the functional motifs of the high mobility group chromosomal proteins. Mol Cell Biol 19:5237-5246
25. Bustin M (2002) At the crossroads of necrosis and apoptosis: signaling to multiple cellular targets by HMGB1. Sci STKE 51:E39
26. Bustin M, Reisch J, Einck L, Klippel JH (1982) Autoantibodies to nucleosomal protein; antibodies to HMG-17 in autoimmune disease. Science 215:1245-1247 (Pubitemid 12106490)
27. Campana L, Bosurgi L, Bianchi ME, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P (2009) Requirement of HMGB1 for stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12-dependent migration of macrophages and dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 86:609-615
28. Carrol ED, Mankhambo LA, Jeffers G et al (2009) The diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of five markers of serious bacterial infection in Malawian children with signs of severe infection. PLoS One 4:e6621
29. Charre S, Rosmalen JC, Pelegri C et al (2012) Abnormalities in dendritic cell and macrophage accumulation in the pancreas of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice during the early neonatal period. Histol Histopathol 17:393-401
30. Chavakis E, Hain A, Vinci M, Carmona G, Bianchi ME, Vajkoczy P et al (2007) High-mobility group box 1 activates integrin-dependent homing of endothelial progenitor cells. Circ Res 100:204-212 (Pubitemid 46208720)
31. Chen G, Li J, Qiang X et al (2005) Suppression of HMGB1 release by stearoyl lysophosphatidylcholine: an additional mechanism for its therapeutic effects in experimental sepsis. J Lipid Res 46:623-627 (Pubitemid 43073271)
32. Chen GY, Tang J, Zheng P, Liu Y (2009) CD24 and Siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage-induced immune responses. Science 323:1722-1725
33. Chiba S, Baghdadi M, Akiba H et al (2012) Tumor-infiltrating DCs suppress nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses through interactions between the receptor TIM-3 and the alarmin HMGB1. Nat Immunol 13:832-842
34. Choi J, Hyun JM, Jeon-Soo S (2011) Increased levels of HMGB1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in children with febrile seizures. J Neuroinflammation 8:135
35. Ciucci A, Gabriele I, Percario ZA, Affabris E, Colizzi V, Mancino G (2011) HMGB1 and cord blood: its role as immuno-adjuvant factor in innate immunity. PLoS One 6:e23766
36. Corcos M, Guilbaud O, Paterniti S et al (2003) Involvement of cytokines in eating disorders: a critical review of the human literature. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28:229-249 (Pubitemid 36164945)
37. Costello E, Saudan P, Winocour E, Pizer L, Beard P (1997) High mobility group chromosomal protein 1 binds to the adeno-associated virus replication protein (Rep) and promotes Repmediated site-specific cleavage of DNA, ATPase activity and transcriptional repression. EMBO J 16:5943-5954 (Pubitemid 27427290)
38. Devaraj S, Dasu MR, Park SH, Jialal I (2009) Increased levels of ligands of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 52:1665-1668
39. Dubicke A, Andersson P, Fransson E et al (2010) High-mobility group box protein 1 and its signalling receptors in human preterm and term cervix. J Reprod Immunol 84:86-94
40. Eguchi T, Nomura Y, Hashiguchi T et al (2009) An elevated value of high mobility group box 1 is a potential marker for poor response to high-dose of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with Kawasaki syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:339-341
41. Ellerman JE, Brown CK, de Vera M et al (2007) Masquerader: high mobility group box-1 and cancer. Clin Cancer Res 13:2836-2848 (Pubitemid 46850704)
42. Emanuele E, Boso M, Brondino N et al (2010) Increased serum levels of high mobility group box 1 protein in patients with autistic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:681-683
43. Enstrom AM, Onore CE, Van de Water JA, Ashwood P (2010) Differential monocyte responses to TLR ligands in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun 24:64-71
44. Fages C, Nolo R, Huttunen HJ, Eskelinen E, Rauvala H (2000) Regulation of cell migration by amphoterin. J Cell Sci 113:611-620 (Pubitemid 30133039)
45. Ford HR, Sorrells DL, Knisely AS (1996) Inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 5:155-159 (Pubitemid 26271178)
46. Gallucci S, Matzinger P (2001) Danger signals: SOS to the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 13:114-119 (Pubitemid 32096970)
47. Garcia-Romo GS, Caielli S, Vega B et al (2011) Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med 3:73ra20
48. Ge Y, Brown MG, Wang H, Fu SM (2012) Genetic approach to study lupus glomerulonephritis. Methods Mol Biol 900:271-290
49. Goodwin GH, Sanders C, Johns EW (1973) A new group of chromatin-associated proteins with a high content of acidic and basic amino acids. Eur J Biochem 38:14-19
50. Güller U, Rosella L, McCall J, Brügger LE, Candinas D (2011) Negative appendicectomy and perforation rates in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for suspected appendicitis. Br J Surg 8:589-595
51. Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Uchino T, Noguchi T (2008) High mobility group box 1 induces a negative inotropic effect on the left ventricle in an isolated rat heart model of septic shock: a pilot study. Circ J 72:1012-1017 (Pubitemid 351879926)
52. Hauser WA (1994) The prevalence and incidence of convulsive disorders in children. Epilepsia 35:S1-S6
53. Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T et al (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740-745 (Pubitemid 32015992)
54. Henes FO, Chen Y, Bley TA et al (2011) Correlation of serum level of high mobility group box 1 with the burden of granulomatous inflammation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's). Ann Rheum Dis 70:1926-1929
55. Hoshina T, Kusuhara K, Ikeda K, Mizuno Y, Saito M, Hara T (2008) High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in Kawasaki disease. Scand J Rheumatol 37:445-449
56. Huang J, Liu K, Yu Y et al (2012) Targeting HMGB1-mediated autophagy as a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma. Autophagy 8:275-277
57. Huang J, Ni J, Liu K et al (2012) HMGB1 promotes drug resistance in osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 72:230-238
58. Ito T, Kawahara K, Okamoto K et al (2008) Proteolytic cleavage of high mobility group box 1 protein by thrombin-thrombomodulin complexes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:825-830
59. Janku F, McConkey DJ, Hong DS, Kurzrock R (2011) Autophagy as a target for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:528-539
60. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K et al (1994) Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides: proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 37:187-192 (Pubitemid 24065492)
61. Junaid MA, Kowal D, Barua M, Pullarkat PS, Sklower-Brooks S, Pullarkat RK (2004) Proteomic studies identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in glyoxalase I as autism susceptibility factor. Am J Med Genet A 131:11-17 (Pubitemid 39434789)
62. Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F, Farmaki E, Tzimouli V et al (2014) Simultaneous changes in serum HMGB1 and IFN-α levels and in LAIR-1 expression on plasmatoid dendritic cells of patients with juvenile SLE. New therapeutic options? Lupus 23:305-312
63. Kang R, Livesey KM, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D (2011) Metabolic regulation by HMGB1-mediated autophagy and mitophagy. Autophagy 7:1256-1258
64. Kang R, Tang DL, Cao LZ, Yu Y, Zhang GY, Xiao XZ (2007) High mobility group box 1 is increased in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and stimulates the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in leukemic cell. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 45:329-333
65. Kato S, Hussein MH, Kakita H et al (2009) Edaravone, a novel free radical scavenger, reduces high-mobility group box 1 and prolongs survival in a neonatal sepsis model. Shock 32:586-592
66. Klein-Gitelman M, Reiff A, Silverman ED (2002) Systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 28:561-577
67. Koedel U (2009) Toll-like receptors in bacterial meningitis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 336:15-40
68. Kokkola R, Sundberg E, Ulfgren AK et al (2002) High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1: a novel proinflammatory mediator in synovitis. Arthritis Rheum 46:2598-2603 (Pubitemid 36118922)
69. Li M, Song L, Gao X, Chang W, Qin X (2012) Toll-like receptor 4 on islet β cells senses expression changes in high-mobility group box 1 and contributes to the initiation of type 1 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 44:260-267
70. Li J, Xie H, Wen T, Liu H, Zhu W, Chen X (2010) Expression of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 and its modulating effects on downstreamcytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 37:766-775
71. Lotze MT, Tracey KJ (2005) High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol 5:331-342 (Pubitemid 40516158)
72. Luan ZG, Zhang H, Yang PT, Ma XC, Zhang C, Guo RX (2010) HMGB1 activates nuclear factor-κB signaling by RAGE and increases the production of TNF-α in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Immunobiology 215:956-962
73. Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T et al (2010) Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat Med 16:413-419
74. Messmer D, Yang H, Telusma G, Knoll F, Li J, Messmer B et al (2004) High mobility group box protein 1: an endogenous signal for dendritic cell maturation and Th1 polarization. J Immunol 173:307-313 (Pubitemid 38797355)
75. Miksa M, Wu R, Dong W et al (2009) Immature dendritic cell-derived exosomes rescue septic animals via milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-factor VIII. J Immunol 183:5983-5990
76. Mishra K, Jacobs SE, Doyle LE, Garland SM (2006) Newer approaches to the diagnosis of early onset neonatal sepsis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 91:F208-F212 (Pubitemid 43667622)
77. Musumeci D, Roviello GN, Montesarchio D (2014) An overview on HMGB1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents in HMGB1-related pathologies. Pharmacol Ther 141:347-357
78. Nakamura T, Yamada S, Yoshioka T (2012) Measurement of plasma concentration of high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) in early neonates and evaluation of its usefulness. Clin Chim Acta 413:237-239
79. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA et al (2004) Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics 114:1708-1733 (Pubitemid 41754943)
80. Nishitani C, Mitsuzawa H, Hyakushima N, Sano H, Matsushima N, Kuroki Y (2005) The Toll-like receptor 4 region Glu24-Pro34 is critical for interaction with MD-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328:586-590 (Pubitemid 40208351)
81. Noth I, Strek ME, Leff AR (2003) Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lancet 361:587-594 (Pubitemid 36207480)
82. Okazaki K, Kondo M, Kato M et al (2008) Elevation of high-mobility group box 1 concentration in asphyxiated neonates. Neonatology 94:105-109
83. Okuma Y, Liu K, Wake H et al (2012) Anti-high mobility group box-1 antibody therapy for traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol. doi: 10.1002/ana.23602
84. Ozonoff S, Iosif AM, Baguio F et al (2010) A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:256-266
85. Palumbo R, Sampaolesi M, Marchis FD et al (2004) Extracellular HMGB1, a signal of tissue damage, induces mesoangioblast migration and proliferation. J Cell Biol 164:441-449 (Pubitemid 38174771)
86. Park JS, Svetkauskaite D, He Q et al (2004) Involvement of TLR2 and TRL4 in cellular activation by high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). J Biol Chem 279:7370-7376
87. Parkkinen J, Rauvala H (1991) Interactions of plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) with amphoterin. Enhancement of t-PA-catalyzed plasminogen activation by amphoterin. J Biol Chem 266:16730-16735 (Pubitemid 21907860)
88. Pavare J, Grope I, Kalnins I, Gardovska D (2010) High-mobility group box-1 protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in children with community acquired infections and bacteraemia: a prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 10:28
89. Raucci A, Cugusi S, Antonelli A et al (2008) A soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound form by the sheddase a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). FASEB J 22:3716-3727
90. Read CM, Cary PD, Crane-Robinson C, Driscoll PC, Norman DG (1993) Solution structure of a DNA-binding domain from HMG1. Nucleic Acids Res 21:3427-3436 (Pubitemid 23241475)
91. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Alpay Savasan Z et al (2011) Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in preterm labor with intact membranes and preterm PROM: a study of the alarmin HMGB1. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 24:1444-1455
92. Rosenberg AM, Cordeiro DM (2000) Relationship between sex and antibodies to high mobility group proteins 1 and 2 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 27:2489-2493
93. Sakai E, Shimada-Sugawara M, Nishishita K, Fukuma Y, Naito M, Okamoto K et al (2012) Suppression of RANKL-dependent heme oxygenase-1 is required for high mobility group box 1 release and osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 113:486-498
94. Sanders MS, van Well GT, Ouburg S, Morré SA, van Furth AM (2012) Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms are associated with severity variables in a cohort of meningococcal meningitis survivors. BMC Infect Dis 12:112
95. Schierbeck H, Pullerits R, Pruunsild C et al (2012) Evaluation of the danger signal HMGB1 as a potential biomarker in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): a preliminary study using the novel biobank jabba. Ann Rheum Dis 71:A10-A11
96. State MW, Neuroscience ŠN (2012) The emerging biology of autism spectrum disorders. Science 337:1301-1303
97. Steinhausen HC (2002) The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry 159:1284-1294
98. Stern D, Yan SD, Yan SF, Schmidt AM (2002) Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts: a multiligand receptor magnifying cell stress in diverse pathologic settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:1615-1625 (Pubitemid 35346835)
99. Su X, Wang H, Zhao J, Pan H, Mao L (2011) Beneficial effects of ethyl pyruvate through inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 expression and TLR4/NF-κB pathway after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Mediat Inflamm 2011:807142
100. Taguchi A, Blood DC, del Toro G et al (2000) Blockade of RAGE-amphoterin signalling suppresses tumour growth and metastases. Nature 405:354-360 (Pubitemid 30337069)
101. Taira T, Matsuyama W, Mitsuyama H et al (2007) Increased serum high mobility box-1 level in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 148:241-247 (Pubitemid 46587592)
102. Tang D, Kang R, Cao L et al (2008) A pilot study to detect high mobility group box 1 and heat shock protein 72 in cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric patients with meningitis. Crit Care Med 36:291-295
103. Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT (2012) PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0 s that spur autophagy and immunity. Immunol Rev 249:158-175
104. Tian J, Avalos AM, Mao SY et al (2007) Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat Immunol 8:487-496 (Pubitemid 46605917)
105. Urbonaviciute V, Furnrohr BG, Meister S et al (2008) Induction of inflammatory and immuneresponses by HMGB1-nucleosome complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of SLE. J Exp Med 205: 3007-3018
106. Vezzani A, Balosso S, Maroso M, Zardoni D, Noé F, Ravizza T (2010) ICE/caspase 1 inhibitors and IL-1beta receptor antagonists as potential therapeutics in epilepsy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11:43-50
107. Vezzani A, Granata T (2005) Brain inflammation in epilepsy: experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia 46:1724-1743 (Pubitemid 44921957)
108. Vitali R, Stronati L, Negroni A et al (2011) Fecal HMGB1 is a novel marker of intestinal mucosal inflammation in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 106:2029-2040
109. Walker JM, Gooderham K, Hastings JR, Mayes E, Johns EW (1980) The primary structures of non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2. FEBS Lett 122:264-270
110. Wang KY, Yu GF, Zhang ZY, Huang Q, Dong WQ (2012) Plasma high-mobility group box 1 levels and prediction of outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 413:1737-1741
111. Watson RS, Carcillo JA (2005) Scope and epidemiology of pediatric sepsis. Pediatr Crit Care 6:3-4
112. Wibisono D, Csernok E, Lamprecht P, Holle JU, Gross WL, Moosig F (2010) Serum HMGB1 levels are increased in active Wegener's granulomatosis and differentiate between active forms of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 69:1888-1889
113. Wittemann B, Neuer G, Michels H, Truckenbrodt H, Bautz FA (1990) Autoantibodies to nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG-1 and HMG-2 in sera of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33:1378-1383 (Pubitemid 20365569)
114. Wu SF, Caplan M, Lin HC (2012) Necrotizing enterocolitis: old problem with new hope. Pediatr Neonatol 53:158-163
115. Wu C, Sun H, Wang H et al (2012) Evaluation of high mobility group box 1 protein as a presurgical diagnostic marker reflecting the severity of acute appendicitis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:61
116. Yang H, Ochani M, Li J et al (2004) Reversing established sepsis with antagonists of endogenous high-mobility group box 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:296-301 (Pubitemid 38084244)
117. Yang L, Yu Y, Kang R et al (2012) Up-regulated autophagy by endogenous high mobility group box-1 promotes chemoresistance in leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 53:315-322
118. Yasuhara D, Hashiguchi T, Kawahara K et al (2007) High mobility group box 1 and refeeding-resistance in anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 12:976-977 (Pubitemid 350006211)
119. Yotov WV, St-Arnaud R (1992) Nucleotide sequence of a mouse cDNA encoding the nonhistonne chromosomal high mobility group protein-1 (HMG1). Nucleic Acids Res 20:3516
120. Young C, Sharma R, Handfield M, Mai V, Neu J (2009) Biomarkers for infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis: clues to prevention? Pediatr Res 65:91R-97R
121. Yu M, Wang H, Ding A et al (2006) HMGB1 signals through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR 2. Shock 26:174-179 (Pubitemid 44162504)
122. Zamora R, Grishin A, Wong C et al (2005) High-mobility group box 1 protein is an inflammatory mediator in necrotizing enterocolitis: protective effect of the macrophage deactivator semapimod. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289:G643-G652 (Pubitemid 41377170)
123. Zetterstrom CK, Bergman T, Rynnel-Dagöö B et al (2002) High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) is an antibacterial factor produced by the human adenoid. Pediatr Res 52:148-154 (Pubitemid 34827233)
124. Zurolo E, Iyer A, Maroso M et al (2011) Activation of toll-like receptor, RAGE and HMGB1 signalling in malformations of cortical development. Brain 134:1015-1032
125. Zwerina J, Eger G, Englbrecht M, Manger B, Schett G (2009) Churg-Strauss syndrome in childhood: a systematic literature review and clinical comparison with adult patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39:108-115