Molecular adsorption on graphene

Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Volumn 26, Issue 44, 2014, Pages

  Kong, Lingmei ^a   Enders, Axel ^a   Rahman, Talat S ^b   Dowben, Peter A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

band gap engineering; chemisorption; graphene; molecular adsorption; surface modification

Indexed keywords

ADSORBATES; ADSORPTION; AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; BIOMOLECULES; CARRIER CONCENTRATION; CHEMICAL SENSORS; CHEMISORPTION; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; ENERGY GAP; ETHYLENE; GAS DETECTORS; MOLECULES; SURFACE TREATMENT;

ADSORBED MOLECULES; AROMATIC MOLECULES; BAND GAP ENGINEERING; CHEMICAL SELECTIVITY; ELECTRONIC BAND GAPS; EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE; MOLECULAR ADSORBATE; MOLECULAR ADSORPTION;

GRAPHENE;

BIOPOLYMER; GAS; GRAPHITE; NANOPARTICLE;

ADSORPTION; ANALYSIS; BINDING SITE; CHEMISTRY; CONDUCTOMETRY; DEVICES; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GAS; GENETIC PROCEDURES; PROCEDURES; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ADSORPTION; BINDING SITES; BIOPOLYMERS; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; CONDUCTOMETRY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GASES; GRAPHITE; NANOPARTICLES;

EID: 84908178804     PISSN: 09538984     EISSN: 1361648X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/44/443001     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Collins P, Bradley K, Ishigami M and Zettl A 2000 Science 287 1801-4
2. Krüger M, Widmer I, Nussbaumer T, Buitelaar M and Schönenberger C 2003 New J. Phys. 5 138
3. Kong J, Franklin N R, Zhou C, Chapline M G, Peng S, Cho K and Dai H 2000 Science 287 622-5
4. Bolotin K I, Sikes K J, Jiang Z, Klima M, Fudenberg G, Hone J, Kim P and Stormer H L 2008 Solid State Commun. 146 351-5
5. Morozov S V, Novoselov K S, Katsnelson M I, Schedin F, Elias D C, Jaszczak J A and Geim A K 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 16602
6. Geim A K and MacDonald A H 2007 Phys. Today 60 8 35
7. Castro Neto A H, Guinea F, Peres N M R, Novoselov K S and Geim A K 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109
8. Skomski R, Dowben P A, Driver M S, Kelber J A 2014 Mat. Horiz. at press
9. Vázquez de Parga A, Calleja F, Borca B, Passeggi M, Hinarejos J J, Guinea F, Miranda R, Vazquez de Parga A L and Passeggi M C G Jr 2008 Rev. Lett. 100 56807
10. Zhou S Y, Gweon G H, Fedorov A V, First P N, De Heer W A, Lee D H, Guinea F, Castro Neto A H and Lanzara A 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 770-5
11. Leenaerts O, Partoens B and Peeters F M 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 125416
12. Zhang Y H, Chen Y B, Zhou K G, Liu C H, Zeng J, Zhang H L and Peng Y 2009 Nanotechnology 20 185504
13. Wang X, Li X, Zhang L, Yoon Y, Weber P K, Wang H, Guo J and Dai H 2009 Science 324 768-71
14. Romero H E E H, Shen N, Joshi P, Gutierrez H R R, Tadigadapa S A A, Sofo J O O and Eklund P C C 2008 ACS Nano 2 2037-44
15. Romero H E, Joshi P, Gupta A K, Gutierrez H R, Cole M W, Tadigadapa S A and Eklund P C 2009 Nanotechnology 20 245501
16. Antonova I V, Mutilin S V, Seleznev V A, Soots R A, Volodin V A and Prinz V Y 2011 Nanotechnology 22 285502
17. Sato Y, Takai K and Enoki T 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3468-75
18. Liu L, Ryu S, Tomasik M R R, Stolyarova E, Jung N, Hybertsen M S S, Steigerwald M L L, Brus L E E and Flynn G W W 2008 Nano Lett. 8 1965-70
19. Balog R et al 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 315-9
20. Chen J H, Jang C, Adam S, Fuhrer M S, Williams E D and Ishigami M 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 377-81
21. Pirkle A, Chan J, Venugopal A, Hinojos D, Magnuson C W, McDonnell S, Colombo L, Vogel E M, Ruoff R S and Wallace R M 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 122103-8
22. Shishir R S and Ferry D K 2009 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 232204
23. Tongay S, Berke K, Lemaitre M, Nasrollahi Z, Tanner D B, Hebard A F and Appleton B R 2011 Nanotechnology 22 425701
24. Fallahazad B, Kim S, Colombo L and Tutuc E 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 123103-5
25. Sun Z, Yan Z, Yao J, Beitler E, Zhu Y and Tour J M 2010 Nature 468 549-52
26. Adam S and Das Sarma S 2008 Solid State Commun. 146 356-60
27. Geim A K 2009 Science 324 1530-4
28. Wallace P 1947 Phys. Rev. 71 622
29. Slonczewski J and Weiss P P 1958 Phys. Rev. 330
30. Schedin F, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Hill E W, Blake P, Katsnelson M I and Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 652-5
31. Weak P 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrapheneE2.png
32. Geim A K and Novoselov K S 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 183-91
33. Geim A K 2009 Science 324 1530-4
34. Castro Neto A H and Novoselov K 2011 Rep. Prog. Phys. 74 082501
35. Novoselov K S 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 50 6986-7002
36. Castro Neto A H et al 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 109-62
37. Das Sarma S et al 2011 Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 407-70
38. Young A F and Kim P 2011 Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 2 101-20
39. Avouris P 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4285-94
40. Compton O C and Nguyen S T 2010 Small 6 711-23
41. Sun Y, Wu Q and Shi G 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 1113-32
42. Pumera M 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 668-74
43. Brownson D A C, Kampouris D K and Banks C E 2011 J. Power Sources 196 4873-85
44. Balandin A A 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 569-81
45. Ratinac K R et al 2010 Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 1167-76
46. Pumera M 2011 Mater. Today 14 308-15
47. Lin Y M and Avouris P 2008 Nano Lett. 8 2119-25
48. Dan Y, Lu Y, Kybert N J, Luo Z and Johnson A T C 2009 Nano Lett. 9 1472-5
49. Zhou M, Lu Y H, Cai Y Q, Zhang C and Feng Y P 2011 Nanotechnology 22 385502
50. Yavari F, Kritzinger C, Gaire C, Song L, Gulapalli H, Borca-Tasciuc T, Ajayan P M and Koratkar N 2010 Small 6 2535-8
51. Moser J, Verdaguer A, Jiménez D, Barreiro A and Bachtold A 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 123507
52. Wehling T O, Novoselov K S, Morozov S V, Vdovin E E, Katsnelson M I, Geim A K and Lichtenstein A I 2008 Nano Lett. 8 173-7
53. Lu Y H, Chen W, Feng Y P and He P M 2009 J. Phys. Chem. B 113 2-5
54. Subrahmanyam K S, Kumar P, Maitra U, Govindaraj A, Hembram K P S S, Waghmare U V and Rao C N R 2011 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 2674-7
55. Berashevich J and Chakraborty T 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 033404
56. Krasheninnikov A V, Lehtinen P O, Foster A S, Pyykkö P and Nieminen R M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 126807
57. Lu Y H, Zhou M, Zhang C and Feng Y P 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 20156-60
58. Li Y, Zhou Z, Yu G, Chen W and Chen Z 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 6250-4
59. Bekyarova E, Sarkar S, Niyogi S, Itkis M E and Haddon R C 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 154009
60. Sofo J O, Chaudhari A S and Barber G D 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 153401
61. Ritschel M, Uhlemann M, Gutfleisch O, Leonhardt A, Graff A, Täschner C and Fink J 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 2985
62. Wang Y, Li A, Wang K, Guan C, Deng W, Li C and Wang X 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 6490
63. Gundiah G, Govindaraj A, Rajalakshmi N, Dhathathreyan K S and Rao C N R 2003 J. Mater. Chem. 13 209-13
64. Boukhvalov D W and Katsnelson M I 2009 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 344205
65. Rafiee J, Mi X, Gullapalli H, Thomas A V, Yavari F, Shi Y, Ajayan P M and Koratkar N A 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 217-22
66. Wang W L and Kaxiras E 2010 New J. Phys. 12 125012
67. Bunch J S, Verbridge S S, Alden J S, Van der Zande A M, Parpia J M, Craighead H G and McEuen P L 2008 Nano Lett. 8 2458-62
68. Huang B, Li Z, Liu Z, Zhou G, Hao S, Wu J, Gu B-L and Duan W 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 13442-6
69. Andzelm J, Govind N and Maiti A 2006 Chem. Phys. Lett. 421 58-62
70. Coletti C, Riedl C, Lee D S, Krauss B, Patthey L, Von Klitzing K, Smet J H and Starke U 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 235401
71. Dong X, Fu D, Fang W, Shi Y, Chen P and Li L J J 2009 Small 5 1422-6
72. Bermudez V M and Robinson J T 2011 Langmuir 27 11026-36
73. Farmer D B, Golizadeh-Mojarad R, Perebeinos V, Lin Y-M, Tulevski G S, Tsang J C and Avouris P 2009 Nano Lett. 9 388-92
74. Rochefort A and Wuest J D 2009 Langmuir 25 210-5
75. Bekyarova E, Itkis M E E, Ramesh P, Berger C, Sprinkle M, De Heer W A A and Haddon R C C 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 1336-7
76. An X, Simmons T, Shah R, Wolfe C, Lewis K M, Washington M, Nayak S K, Talapatra S and Kar S 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4295-301
77. Stankovich S, Piner R D, Nguyen S T and Ruoff R S 2006 Carbon 44 3342-7
78. Lu C H, Yang H H, Zhu C L, Chen X and Chen G N 2009 Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 48 4785-7
79. Zhang Y H, Zhou K G, Xie K F, Zeng J, Zhang H L and Peng Y 2010 Nanotechnology 21 65201
80. AlZahrani A Z 2010 Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 807-10
81. Tournus F and Charlier J C 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 165421
82. Wuest J D and Rochefort A 2010 Chem. Commun. 46 2923-5
83. Chakarova-Käck S D, Schröder E, Lundqvist B I and Langreth D C 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 146107
84. Krasnenko V, Kikas J and Brik M G 2012 Physica B 407 4557-61
85. Krepel D, Hod O 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 19477-88
86. Huang P, Zhu H, Jing L, Zhao Y and Gao X 2011 ACS Nano 5 7945-9
87. Sarkar S, Bekyarova E and Haddon R C 2012 Mater. Today 15 276-85
88. Koehler F M, Luechinger N A, Ziegler D, Athanassiou E K, Grass R N, Rossi A, Hierold C, Stemmer A and Stark W J 2009 Angew. Chem. 48 224-7
89. Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Itkis M E, Zhang H, Shepperd K, Hicks J, Sprinkle M, Berger C, Lau C N, deHeer W A, Conrad E H and Haddon R C 2010 Nano Lett. 10 4061-6
90. Paulus G L C, Wang Q H and Strano M S 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 160-70
91. Park J and Yan M 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 181-9
92. Bekyarova E, Sarkar S, Wang F, Itkis M E, Kalinina I, Tian X and Haddon R C 2013 Acc. Chem. Res. 46 65-76
93. Sarkar S, Bekyarova E and Haddon R C 2012 Angew. Chem. 51 4901-4
94. Sarkar S, Bekyarova E and Haddon R C 2012 Acc. Chem. Res. 45 673-82
95. Sarkar S, Bekyarova E, Niyogi S and Haddon R C 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 3324-7
96. Pinto H, Jones R, Goss J P and Briddon P R 2009 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 402001
97. Milián B, Pou-Amérigo R, Viruela R and Ortí E 2004 Chem. Phys. Lett. 391 148-51
98. Chen W, Chen S, Qi D C, Gao X Y and Wee A T S 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 10418-22
99. Hsu C L, Lin C T, Huang J H, Chu C W, Wei K H and Li L J 2012 ACS Nano 6 5031-9
100. Abdurakhmanova N, Floris A, Tseng T C, Comisso A, Stepanow S, De Vita A and Kern K 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 940
101. Barja S, Garnica M, Hinarejos J J, De Parga A L V, Martín N and Miranda R 2010 Chem. Commun. 46 8198-200
102. Torrente I F, Franke K J and Pascual J I 2008 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 277 269-73
103. Patterson T, Pankow J and Armstrong N R 1991 Langmuir 7 3160-6
104. Manna A K and Pati S K 2009 Chem. Asian J. 4 855-60
105. Chi M and Zhao Y P 2012 Comp. Mater. Sci. 56 79-84
106. Elias D C, Nair R R, Mohiuddin T M G, Morozov S V, Blake P, Halsall M P, Ferrari A C, Boukhvalov D W, Katsnelson M I and Geim A K 2009 Science 323 610-3
107. Otero R, Gallego J M, De Parga A L V, Martín N and Miranda R 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 5148-76
108. Qi Y, Mazur U and Hipps K W 2012 RSC Adv. 2 10579
109. Wang X, Xu J B, Xie W and Du J 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 7596-602
110. Sun J T, Lu Y H, Chen W, Feng Y P and Wee A T S 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 155403
111. Dong X et al 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 135501
112. Huang H, Chen S, Gao X, Chen W and Wee A T S 2009 ACS Nano 3 3431-6
113. Wang Q H and Hersam M C 2009 Nat. Chem. 1 206-11
114. Wang Q H H and Hersam M C C 2011 Nano Lett. 11 589-93
115. Tian X Q, Xu J B and Wang X M 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 20917-24
116. Temirov R, Soubatch S, Luican A and Tautz F S 2006 Nature 444 350-3
117. Gustafsson J, Zhang H, Moons E and Johansson L 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 155413
118. Johari P and Shenoy V V B 2011 ACS Nano 5 7640-7
119. Roos M, Künzel D, Uhl B, Huang H-H, Brandao Alves O, Hoster H E, Gross A and Behm R J 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 9208-11
120. Kong L, Perez Medina G J, Colón Santana J A, Wong F, Bonilla M, Colón Amill D A, Rosa L G, Routaboul L, Braunstein P and Doudin B 2012 Carbon 50 1981-6
121. Xiao J et al 2010 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 10329-40
122. Ortega J E, Himpsel F J, Li D Q and Dowben P A 1994 Solid State Commun. 91 807-11
123. Dowben P A 2000 Surf. Sci. Rep. 40 151-247
124. Garcia-Lastra J M, Rostgaard C, Rubio A and Thygesen K S 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 245427
125. Zhang Z, Gonzalez R, Diaz G, Rosa L G, Ketsman I, Zhang X, Sharma P, Gruverman A and Dowben P A 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 13041-6
126. Fang Y, Phuong N, Ivasenko O, Aviles M P, Kebede E, Askari M S, Ottenwaelder X, Ziener U, Siri O and Cuccia L A 2011 Chem. Commun. 47 11255-7
127. Jeong H K, Jin M H, So K P, Lim S C and Lee Y H 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 065418
128. Quintana M, Montellano A, Del Rio Castillo A E, Van Tendeloo G, Bittencourt C and Prato M 2011 Chem. Commun. 47 9330-2
129. Sharma R, Baik J H, Perera C J and Strano M S 2010 Nano Lett. 10 398-405
130. Shin H J et al 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 15603-9
131. Candini A, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Wernsdorfer W and Affronte M 2011 Nano Lett. 11 2634-9
132. O'Mahony S, O'Dwyer C, Nijhuis C A, Greer J C, Quinn A J and Thompson D 2013 Langmuir 29 7271
133. Mao X et al 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 2181-7
134. Akdim B, Pachter R, Kim S S, Naik R R, Walsh T R, Trohalaki S, Hong G, Kuang Z, and Farmer B L 2013 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 7470
135. Katoch J, Kim S N, Kuang Z, Farmer B L, Naik R R, Tatulian S A and Ishigami M 2012 Nano Lett. 12 2342
136. Kim S N, Kuang Z, Slocik J M, Jones S E, Cui Y, Farmer B L, McAlpine M C and Naik R R 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 14480
137. Ou L, Luo Y and Wei G 2011 J. Phys. Chem. B 115 9813
138. Alava T, Mann J A, Théodore C, Benitez J J, Dichtel W R, Parpia J M and Craighead H G 2013 Anal. Chem. 85 2754-9
139. Min S K, Cho Y, Mason D R, Lee J Y and Kim K S 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 16247
140. Min S K, Kim W Y, Cho Y and Kim K S 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 162
141. Gowtham S, Scheicher R H, Ahuja R, Pandey R and Karna S P 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 033401
142. Antony J and Grimme S 2008 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10 2722
143. Berland K, Chakarova-Kack S D, Cooper V R, Langreth D C and Schroder E 2011 J. Phys.-Condens. Matter 23 135001
144. Dion M, Rydberg H, Schroder E, Langreth D C and Lundqvist B I 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 246401
145. Le D, Kara A, Schroder E, Hyldgaard P and Rahman T S 2012 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 24 424210
146. Cho Y, Min S K, Yun J, Kim W Y, Tkatchenko A and Kim K S 2013 J. Chem. Theory Comput. 9 2090
147. Misquitta A J, Podeszwa R, Jeziorski B and Szalewicz K J 2005 Chem. Phys. 123 214103
148. Tkatchenko A, DiStasio R A, Car R and Scheffler M 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 236402
149. Grimme S, Antony J, Ehrlich S and Krieg H 2010 J. Chem. Phys. 132 154104
150. Klimeš J, Bowler D R and Michaelides A 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 195131
151. Balandin A A, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F and Lau C N 2008 Nano Lett. 8 902-7
152. Service R F 2009 Science 324 875-7
153. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar J W and Hone J 2008 Science 321 385-8
154. Zhang B and Cui T 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 073116
155. Arsat R, Breedon M, Shafiei M, Spizziri P G, Gilje S, Kaner R B, Kalantar-zadeh K and Wlodarski W 2009 Chem. Phys. Lett. 467 344-7
156. Gong K, Yan Y, Zhang M, Su L, Xiong S and Mao L 2005 Anal. Sci. 21 1383-93
157. Ohno Y, Maehashi K, Yamashiro Y and Matsumoto K 2009 Nano Lett. 9 3318-22
158. Yavari F, Chen Z, Thomas A V, Ren W, Cheng H-M and Koratkar N 2011 Sci. Rep. 1 166
159. Lu G, Ocola L E and Chen J 2009 Nanotechnology 20 445502
160. Nomani M W K, Shishir R, Qazi M, Diwan D, Shields V B, Spencer M G, Tompa G S, Sbrockey N M and Koley G 2010 Sensors Actuators B Chem. 150 301-7
161. Ko G, Kim H Y, Ahn J, Park Y M, Lee K Y and Kim J 2010 Curr. Appl. Phys. 10 1002-4
162. Lu G, Ocola L E and Chen J 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 083111
163. Lu G, Yu K, Ocola L E and Chen J 2011 Chem. Commun. 47 7761-3
164. Chen C W, Hung S C, Yang M D, Yeh C W, Wu C H, Chi G C, Ren F and Pearton S J 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 243502
165. Chu B H, Lo C F, Nicolosi J, Chang C Y, Chen V, Strupinski W, Pearton S J and Ren F 2011 Sensors Actuators B Chem. 157 500-3
166. Shafiei M, Spizzirri P G, Arsat R, Yu J, Du Plessis J, Dubin S, Kaner R B, Kalantar-Zadeh K and Wlodarski W 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 13796-801
167. Yoon H J, Jun D H, Yang J H, Zhou Z, Yang S S and Cheng M M-C 2011 Sensors Actuators B Chem. 157 310-3
168. Cuong T V et al 2010 Mater. Lett. 64 2479-82
169. E. Massera V. La Ferrara M. Miglietta T. Polichetti I. Nasti G. Di Francia.Gas sensors based on graphene. Comparison of two different fabrication approaches.Chimica Oggi/Chemistry Today 30(2),2012,pp:29-31.
170. Li W et al 2011 ACS Nano 5 6955-61
171. Ao Z M, Yang J, Li S and Jiang Q 2008 Chem. Phys. Lett. 461 276-9
172. Dua V, Surwade S P, Ammu S, Agnihotra S R, Jain S, Roberts K E, Park S, Ruoff R S and Manohar S K 2010 Angew. Chem. 49 2154-7
173. Cheng Z, Li Q, Li Z, Zhou Q and Fang Y 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1864-8
174. Kang X, Wang J, Wu H, Aksay I A, Liu J and Lin Y 2009 Biosens. Bioelectron. 25 901-5
175. Pereira V M, Castro Neto A H and Peres N M R 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 045401
176. Gui G, Li J and Zhong J 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 075435
177. Naumov I I and Bratkovsky A M 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 245444
178. Kumar P, Skomski R, Manchanda P, Kashyap A and Dowben P A 2014 Curr. Appl. Phys. 14 S136-9
179. Son Y W, Cohen M L and Louie S G 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 216803
180. Barone V, Hod O and Scuseria G E 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2748-54
181. Prezzi D, Varsano D, Ruini A, Marini A and Molinari E 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 041404
182. Yang L, Cohen M L and Louie S G 2007 Nano Lett. 7 3112
183. Yang L, Park C H, Son Y W, Cohen M L and Louie S G 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 186801
184. Han M, Özyilmaz B, Zhang Y and Kim P 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 206805
185. Li X, Wang X, Zhang L, Lee S and Dai H 2008 Science 319 1229-32
186. Linden S et al 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 216801
187. Vo T H, Shekhirev M, Kunkel D A, Morton M D, Berglund E, Kong L, Wilson P M, Dowben P A, Enders A and Sinitskii A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3189
188. Prezzi D, Varsano D, Ruini A and Molinari E 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 041401
189. Sessi P, Guest J R, Bode M and Guisinger N P 2009 Nano Lett. 9 4343
190. McCann E 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 161403
191. Min H K, Sahu B, Banerjee S K and MacDonald A H 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 155115
192. Mak K, Lui C, Shan J and Heinz T 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 256405
193. Zhang Y B, Tang T T, Girit T T C, Hao Z, Martin M C, Zettl A, Crommie M F, Shen Y R and Wang F 2009 Nature 459 820
194. Crowther A C, Ghassaei A, Jung N and Brus L E 2012 ACS Nano 6 1865-75
195. Zhou S Y, Siegel D A, Fedorov A V and Lanzara A 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 086402
196. Jiang Q G 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 10859
197. Nourbakhsh A et al 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 115 16619-24
198. Sutter P 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 8175-9
199. Chen S and Cai W 2010 New J. Phys. 12 125011
200. Matis B R 2012 ACS Nano 6 17-22
201. Wu X and Zeng X C 2009 Nano Lett. 9 250-6
202. Sheka E F and Shaymardanova L Kh 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 17128
203. Liu X, Wen Y, Chen Z, Lin H, Chen R, Cho K and Shan B 2013 AIP Adv. 3 052126
204. Mohanty N and Berry V 2008 Nano Lett. 8 4469-76
205. Kong L et al 2013 RSC Advances 10956-61