A review of the application of inflammatory biomarkers in epidemiologic cancer research

Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention

Volumn 23, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1729-1751

  Brenner, Darren R ^a,b   Scherer, Dominique ^c   Muir, Kenneth ^d   Schildkraut, Joellen ^e   Boffetta, Paolo ^f   Spitz, Margaret R ^g   Marchand, Loic Le ^h   Chan, Andrew T ⁱ   Goode, Ellen L ^j   Ulrich, Cornelia M ^c,k   Hung, Rayjean J ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b Alberta Health Services   (Canada)

^c GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^e DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII CANCER CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ DANA FARBER HARVARD CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^j MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^k Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHEMOKINE; CYCLOOXYGENASE RELATED FACTOR; CYCLOOXYGENASE RELATED MEDIATOR; CYTOKINE; GROWTH FACTOR; IMMUNE RELATED EFFECTOR; NITROGEN DERIVATIVE; PROSTAGLANDIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; AUTACOID; TUMOR MARKER;

CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER RESEARCH; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; REVIEW; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; NEOPLASMS;

EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84907168972     PISSN: 10559965     EISSN: 15387755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0064     Document Type: Review

References (283)

1. Allavena P, Garlanda C, Borrello MG, Sica A, Mantovani A. Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18: 3-10.
2. Ballaz S, Mulshine JL. The potential contributions of chronic inflammation to lung carcinogenesis. Clin Lung Cancer 2003; 5: 46-62.
3. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860-7.
4. Engels EA. Inflammation in the development of lung cancer: epidemiological evidence. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8: 605-15.
5. Fitzpatrick FA. Inflammation, carcinogenesis and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1: 1651-67.
6. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008; 454: 436-44.
7. Mantovani A, Pierotti MA. Cancer and inflammation: a complex relationship. Cancer Lett 2008; 267: 180-1.
8. Peek RM Jr, Mohla S, DuBois RN. Inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of cancer: summary and recommendations from a national cancer institute-sponsored meeting. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 8583-6.
9. Schetter AJ, Heegaard NH, Harris CC. Inflammation and cancer: interweaving microRNA, free radical, cytokine and p53 pathways. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31: 37-49.
10. Sica A, Allavena P, Mantovani A. Cancer related inflammation: the macrophage connection. Cancer Lett 2008; 267: 204-15.
11. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9: 57-63.
12. Weitzman SA, Gordon LI. Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte- generated oxidants in carcinogenesis. Blood 1990; 76: 655-63.
13. Azad N, Rojanasakul Y, Vallyathan V. Inflammation and lung cancer: roles of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2008; 11: 1-15.
14. O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG. Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 473-83.
15. Kontos M, Fentiman IS. Systemic lupus erythematosus and breast cancer. Breast J 2008; 14: 81-6.
16. Parikh-Patel A, White RH, Allen M, Cress R. Cancer risk in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in California. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 887-94.
17. Parikh-Patel A, White RH, Allen M, Cress R. Risk of cancer among rheumatoid arthritis patients in California. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1001-10.
18. Mellemkjaer L, Linet MS, Gridley G, Frisch M, Moller H, Olsen JH. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 1753-7.
19. Brenner DR, McLaughlin JR, Hung RJ. Previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e17479.
20. Boffetta P. Involuntary smoking and lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002; 28(Suppl 2): 30-40.
21. Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008; 393: 535-45.
22. Khuder SA, Mutgi AB. Effect of smoking cessation on major histologic types of lung cancer. Chest 2001; 120: 1577-83.
23. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-49.
24. Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008-2030): a population- based study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 790-801.
25. Montuschi P. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: methodological aspects and potential clinical applications. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2007; 1: 5-23.
26. Prieto L. [Induced sputum as a method for the study of bronchial inflammation]. Arch Bronconeumol 2011; 47: 323-4.
27. Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Ramsay T, Zhang C, Avnur Z, Nikolcheva T, et al. Multi analyte profiling and variability of inflammatory markers in blood and induced sputum in patients with stable COPD. Respir Res 2010; 11: 41.
28. Bargagli E, Mazzi A, Rottoli P. Markers of inflammation in sarcoidosis: blood, urine, BAL, sputum, and exhaled gas. Clin Chest Med 2008; 29: 445-58.
29. Peterson CG, Eklund E, Taha Y, Raab Y, Carlson M. A new method for the quantification of neutrophil and eosinophil cationic proteins in feces: establishment of normal levels and clinical application in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1755-62.
30. Pitrez PM, Brennan S, Turner S, Sly PD. Nasal wash as an alternative to bronchoalveolar lavage in detecting early pulmonary inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis. Respirology 2005; 10: 177-82.
31. Pryor WA. Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105(Suppl 4): 875-82.
32. Renehan AG, Roberts DL, Dive C. Obesity and cancer: pathophysiological and biological mechanisms. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114: 71-83.
33. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008; 371: 569-78.
34. Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2011.
35. Ulrich C, Steindorf K, Berger NA. Exercise, energy balance, and cancer. New York: Spinger; 2013.
36. Brenner DR, Boffetta P, Duell EJ, Bickeboller H, Rosenberger A, McCormack V, et al. Previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium.Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176: 573-85.
37. Kirk GD, Merlo C, O'Driscoll P, Mehta SH, Galai N, Vlahov D, et al. HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 103-10.
38. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Goedert JJ. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA 2001; 285: 1736-45.
39. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 370: 59-67.
40. Rankin JA. Biological mediators of acute inflammation. AACN Clin Issues 2004; 15: 3-17.
41. Conner EM, Grisham MB. Inflammation, free radicals, and antioxidants. Nutrition 1996; 12: 274-7.
42. Feghali CA, Wright TM. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation. Front Biosci 1997; 2: d12-26.
43. Mak TW, Saunders ME. The immune response. Basic and clinical principles. In: Press EA, editor. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006. p. 464-516.
44. Nathan C. Points of control in inflammation. Nature 2002; 420: 846-52.
45. Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 2000; 118: 503-8.
46. Zhou X, Fragala MS, McElhaney JE, Kuchel GA. Conceptual and methodological issues relevant to cytokine and inflammatory marker measurements in clinical research. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13: 541-7.
47. Brower V. Researchers attempting to define role of cytokines in cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1175-7.
48. Riches P, Gooding R, Millar BC, Rowbottom AW. Influence of collection and separation of blood samples on plasma IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations. J Immunol Methods 1992; 153: 125-31.
49. Wong HL, Pfeiffer RM, Fears TR, Vermeulen R, Ji S, Rabkin CS. Reproducibility and correlations of multiplex cytokine levels in asymptomatic persons. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3450-6.
50. Bienvenu JAD, Monneret G, Gutowski MC, Fabien N. Cytokine assays in human sera and tissues. Toxicology 1998; 129: 55-61.
51. Khan SS, Smith MS, Reda D, Suffredini AF, McCoy JP Jr. Multiplex bead array assays for detection of soluble cytokines: comparisons of sensitivity and quantitative values among kits from multiple manufacturers. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2004; 61: 35-9.
52. de Jager W, Bourcier K, Rijkers GT, Prakken BJ, Seyfert-Margolis V. Prerequisites for cytokine measurements in clinical trials with multiplex immunoassays. BMC Immunol 2009; 10: 52.
53. Sullivan KE, Cutilli J, Piliero LM, Ghavimi-Alagha D, Starr SE, Campbell DE, et al. Measurement of cytokine secretion, intracellular protein expression, and mRNA in resting and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000; 7: 920-4.
54. Pine SR, Mechanic LE, Enewold L, Chaturvedi AK, Katki HA, Zheng YL, et al. Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6, interleukin 8, Creactive protein, and risk of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103: 1112-22.
55. Kuraishy A, Karin M, Grivennikov SI. Tumor promotion via injury- and death-induced inflammation. Immunity 2011; 35: 467-77.
56. Fukuda A, Wang SC, Morris JP IV, Folias AE, Liou A, Kim GE, et al. Stat3 and MMP7 contribute to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma initiation and progression. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 441-55.
57. Lesina M, Kurkowski MU, Ludes K, Rose-John S, Treiber M, Kloppel G, et al. Stat3/Socs3 activation by IL-6 transsignaling promotes progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and development of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 456-69.
58. Germano G, Allavena P, Mantovani A. Cytokines as a key component of cancer-related inflammation. Cytokine 2008; 43: 374-9.
59. Chen J, Yao Y, Gong C, Yu F, Su S, Liu B, et al. CCL18 from tumorassociated macrophages promotes breast cancer metastasis via PITPNM3. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 541-55.
60. Michalaki V, Syrigos K, Charles P, Waxman J. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha correlate with clinicopathological features and patient survival in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 2312-6.
61. Street ME, Miraki-Moud F, Sanderson IR, Savage MO, Giovannelli G, Bernasconi S, et al. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6 modulate insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) secretion in colon cancer epithelial (Caco-2) cells. J Endocrinol 2003; 179: 405-15.
62. Il'yasova D, Colbert LH, Harris TB, Newman AB, Bauer DC, Satterfield S, et al. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers and cancer risk in the health aging and body composition cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 2413-8.
63. Conroy SM, Maskarinec G, Morimoto Y, Franke AA, Cooney RV, Wilkens LR, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and circulating markers of inflammation and adiposity in a nested case-control study: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22: 337-47.
64. Purdue MP, Lan Q, Bagni R, Hocking WG, Baris D, Reding DJ, et al. Prediagnostic serum levels of cytokines and other immune markers and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Res 2011; 71: 4898-907.
65. Nakashima J, Tachibana M, Horiguchi Y, Oya M, Ohigashi T, Asakura H, et al. Serum interleukin 6 as a prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2702-6.
66. Ljungberg B, Grankvist K, Rasmuson T. Serum interleukin-6 in relation to acute-phase reactants and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 1794-8.
67. Wojciechowska-Lacka A, Adamiak E, Stryczynska G, Lacki JK. Prognostic value of serial serum interleukin-6 level estimation in patients with lung cancer: a preliminary report. Yale J Biol Med 1997; 70: 139-48.
68. Tempfer C, Zeisler H, Sliutz G, Haeusler G, Hanzal E, Kainz C. Serum evaluation of interleukin 6 in ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 66: 27-30.
69. Fayad L, Cabanillas F, Talpaz M, McLaughlin P, Kurzrock R. High serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with a shorter failure-free survival in indolent lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 30: 563-71.
70. PretiHA, Cabanillas F, Talpaz M, Tucker SL, Seymour JF, Kurzrock R. Prognostic value of serum interleukin-6 in diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 186-94.
71. Lai R, O'Brien S, Maushouri T, Rogers A, Kantarjian H, Keating M, et al. Prognostic value of plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2002; 95: 1071-5.
72. De Vita F, Romano C, Orditura M, Galizia G, Martinelli E, Lieto E, et al. Interleukin-6 serum level correlates with survival in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients but is not an independent prognostic indicator. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21: 45-52.
73. Salgado R, Junius S, Benoy I, Van Dam P, Vermeulen P, Van Marck E, et al. Circulating interleukin-6 predicts survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 642-6.
74. Enewold L, Mechanic LE, Bowman ED, Zheng YL, Yu Z, Trivers G, et al. Serum concentrations of cytokines and lung cancer survival in African Americans and Caucasians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 215-22.
75. Kinoshita T, Ito H, Miki C. Serum interleukin-6 level reflects the tumor proliferative activity in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1999; 85: 2526-31.
76. Wu J, Du J, Liu L, Li Q, Rong W, Wang L, et al. Elevated pretherapy serum IL17 in primary hepatocellular carcinoma patients correlate to increased risk of early recurrence after curative hepatectomy. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e50035.
77. van der Valk P, Herman CJ. Leukocyte functions. Lab Invest 1987; 56: 127-37.
78. Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K. Cancer immunoediting from immune surveillance to immune escape. Immunology 2007; 121: 1-14.
79. Al Murri AM, Bartlett JM, Canney PA, Doughty JC, Wilson C, McMillan DC. Evaluation of an inflammation-based prognostic score (GPS) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 227-30.
80. Walsh SR, Cook EJ, Goulder F, Justin TA, Keeling NJ. Neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2005; 91: 181-4.
81. Smith RA, Bosonnet L, Raraty M, Sutton R, Neoptolemos JP, Campbell F, et al. Preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio is an independent significant prognostic marker in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg 2009; 197: 466-72.
82. Holmes EC. Immunology of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 158-63.
83. Casares N, Pequignot MO, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Roux S, Chaput N, et al. Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicininduced tumor cell death. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1691-701.
84. Infante-Duarte C, Horton HF, Byrne MC, Kamradt T. Microbial lipopeptides induce the production of IL-17 in Th cells. J Immunol 2000; 165: 6107-15.
85. Locksley RM. The roaring twenties. Immunity 2008; 28: 437-9.
86. Ouyang W, Kolls JK, Zheng Y. The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation. Immunity 2008; 28: 454-67.
87. Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie MH, de Sauvage FJ, Gurney AL. Interleukin- 23 promotes a distinct CD4 T cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 1910-4.
88. Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 233-40.
89. Bohm I. Quantification of absolute peripheral white blood cells and their subsets in patients with lupus erythematosus: comparison with other inflammatory diseases with and without autoimmune background. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60: 92-5.
90. Maecker HT, McCoy JP, Nussenblatt R. Standardizing immunophenotyping for the Human Immunology Project. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12: 191-200.
91. Gratama JW, Kraan J, Van den Beemd R, Hooibrink B, Van Bockstaele DR, Hooijkaas H. Analysis of variation in results of flow cytometric lymphocyte immunophenotyping in a multicenter study. Cytometry 1997; 30: 166-77.
92. Parish CR, Glidden MH, Quah BJ, Warren HS. Use of the intracellular fluorescent dye CFSE to monitor lymphocyte migration and proliferation. Curr Protoc Immunol 2009; Chapter 4: Unit4 9.
93. Gratama JW, Kraan J, Adriaansen H, Hooibrink B, Levering W, Reinders P, et al. Reduction of interlaboratory variability in flow cytometric immunophenotyping by standardization of instrument set-up and calibration, and standard list mode data analysis. Cytometry 1997; 30: 10-22.
94. Maecker HT, McCoy JP Jr, Amos M, Elliott J, Gaigalas A, Wang L, et al. A model for harmonizing flow cytometry in clinical trials. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 975-8.
95. Maecker HT, Rinfret A, D'Souza P, Darden J, Roig E, Landry C, et al. Standardization of cytokine flow cytometry assays. BMC Immunol 2005; 6: 13.
96. Davis MM. A prescription for human immunology. Immunity 2008; 29: 835-8.
97. Loughlin PM, Cooke TG, George WD, Gray AJ, Stott DI, Going JJ. Quantifying tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets: a practical immuno-histochemical method. J Immunol Methods 2007; 321: 32-40.
98. Steinkamp JA, Habbersett RC, Stewart CC. A modular detector for flow cytometric multicolor fluorescence measurements. Cytometry 1987; 8: 353-65.
99. +lymphocytes in human ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2013; 32: 269-76.
100. Yamada Y, Saito H, Ikeguchi M. Prevalence and clinical relevance of Th17 cells in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2012; 178: 685-91.
101. Li H, Bradbury JA, Dackor RT, Edin ML, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation during allergic lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 37-49.
102. +T lymphocyte counts in healthy adult Indians. Indian J Med Res 2010; 132: 667-75.
103. Margolis KL, Rodabough RJ, Thomson CA, Lopez AM, McTiernan A. Prospective study of leukocyte count as a predictor of incident breast, colorectal, endometrial, and lung cancer and mortality in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1837-44.
104. Proctor MJ, Morrison DS, Talwar D, Balmer SM, Fletcher CD, O'Reilly DS, et al. A comparison of inflammation-based prognostic scores in patients with cancer. A Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 2633-41.
105. Deschoolmeester V, Baay M, Van Marck E, Weyler J, Vermeulen P, Lardon F, et al. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: an intriguing player in the survival of colorectal cancer patients. BMC Immunol 2010; 11: 19.
106. D'Andrilli A, Natoli G, Scarpino S, Rendina EA. Stage I non-small cell lung cancer: the presence of the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosin kinase in the tumour infiltrate is associated with a better long-term prognosis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 15: 148-51.
107. de Jong RA, Leffers N, Boezen HM, ten Hoor KA, van der Zee AG, Hollema H, et al. Presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is an independent prognostic factor in type I and II endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 105-10.
108. +lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 1949-55.
109. Leffers N, Gooden MJ, de Jong RA, Hoogeboom BN, ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, et al. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating Tlymphocytes in primary and metastatic lesions of advanced stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58: 449-59.
110. Halama N, Michel S, Kloor M, Zoernig I, Benner A, Spille A, et al. Localization and density of immune cells in the invasive margin of human colorectal cancer liver metastases are prognostic for response to chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2011; 71: 5670-7.
111. +lymphocyte infiltration is an independent favorable prognostic indicator in basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14: R48.
112. +T lymphocytes in breast cancer depends upon both oestrogen receptor status and histological grade. Histopathology 2011; 58: 1107-16.
113. +T cell pool IL-1 subverts IL-2-mediated suppression. J Immunol 2007; 179: 1423-6.
114. Sfanos KS, Bruno TC, Maris CH, Xu L, Thoburn CJ, DeMarzo AM, et al. Phenotypic analysis of prostate-infiltrating lymphocytes reveals TH17 and Treg skewing. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 3254-61.
115. +T cells in malignant pleural effusion. J Immunol 2010; 185: 6348-54.
116. Gnerlich JL, MitchemJB, Weir JS, Sankpal NV, Kashiwagi H, Belt BA, et al. Induction of Th17 cells in the tumor microenvironment improves survival in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. J Immunol 2010; 185: 4063-71.
117. +T cells display enhanced antitumor immunity. Blood 2009; 114: 596-9.
118. WilkeCM, Kryczek I, Wei S, Zhao E, Wu K, Wang G, et al. Th17 cells in cancer: help or hindrance? Carcinogenesis 2011; 32: 643-9.
119. Clyne B, Olshaker JS. The C-reactive protein. J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 1019-25.
120. Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 812-7.
121. Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 232-44.
122. Gilbert CA, Slingerland JM. Cytokines, obesity, and cancer: new insights on mechanisms linking obesity to cancer risk and progression. Annu Rev Med 2013; 64: 45-57.
123. Renehan AG, Soerjomataram I, Tyson M, Egger M, Zwahlen M, Coebergh JW, et al. Incident cancer burden attributable to excess body mass index in 30 European countries. Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 692-702.
124. Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Friedenreich C, Norat T, Tjonneland A, et al. Body size and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 920-31.
125. Friedenreich C, Cust A, Lahmann PH, Steindorf K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, et al. Anthropometric factors and risk of endometrial cancer: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18: 399-413.
126. Olsen CM, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Sadeghi S, Kolahdooz F, Webb PM. Obesity and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43: 690-709.
127. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2007; 97: 1005-8.
128. McKeown DJ, Brown DJ, Kelly A, Wallace AM, McMillan DC. The relationship between circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 1993-5.
129. Khuseyinova N, Imhof A, Trischler G, Rothenbacher D, Hutchinson WL, Pepys MB, et al. Determination of C-reactive protein: comparison of three high-sensitivity immunoassays. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 1691-5.
130. Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. JClin Invest 2003; 111: 1805-12.
131. Morley JJ, Kushner I. Serum C-reactive protein levels in disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 389: 406-18.
132. Platz EA, Sutcliffe S, De Marzo AM, Drake CG, Rifai N, Hsing AW, et al. Intra-individual variation in serum C-reactive protein over 4 years: an implication for epidemiologic studies. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 847-51.
133. Macy EM, Hayes TE, Tracy RP. Variability in the measurement of Creactive protein in healthy subjects: implications for reference intervals and epidemiological applications. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 52-8.
134. Tsilidis KK, Branchini C, Guallar E, Helzlsouer KJ, Erlinger TP, Platz EA. C-reactive protein and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1133-40.
135. Chaturvedi AK, Caporaso NE, Katki HA, Wong HL, Chatterjee N, Pine SR, et al. C-reactive protein and risk of lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 2719-26.
136. Trichopoulos D, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Trichopoulou A, Boffetta P. Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of cancer: a prospective study from Greece. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 381-4.
137. Zhang SM, Lin J, Cook NR, Lee IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, et al. Creactive protein and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 890-4.
138. Allin KH, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Baseline C-reactive protein is associated with incident cancer and survival in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 2217-24.
139. McSorley MA, Alberg AJ, Allen DS, Allen NE, Brinton LA, Dorgan JF, et al. C-reactive protein concentrations and subsequent ovarian cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 933-41.
140. Gunter MJ, Cross AJ, Huang WY, Stanczyk FZ, Purdue M, Xue X, et al. A prospective evaluation of C-reactive protein levels and colorectal adenoma development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 537-44.
141. Toriola AT, Cheng TY, Neuhouser ML, Wener MH, Zheng Y, Brown E, et al. Biomarkers of inflammation are associated with colorectal cancer risk in women but are not suitable as early detection markers. Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 2648-58.
142. Zhou B, Liu J, Wang ZM, Xi T. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e43075.
143. Lee JG, Cho BC, Bae MK, Lee CY, Park IK, Kim DJ, et al. Preoperative C-reactive protein levels are associated with tumor size and lymphovascular invasion in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2009; 63: 106-10.
144. Pierce BL, Ballard-Barbash R, Bernstein L, Baumgartner RN, Neuhouser ML, Wener MH, et al. Elevated biomarkers of inflammation are associated with reduced survival among breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3437-44.
145. O'Dowd C, McRae LA, McMillan DC, Kirk A, Milroy R. Elevated preoperative C-reactive protein predicts poor cancer specific survival in patients undergoing resection for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5: 988-92.
146. Falconer JS, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Elton R, Wigmore SJ, Garden OJ, et al. Acute-phase protein response and survival duration of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer 1995; 75: 2077-82.
147. Nozoe T, Saeki H, Sugimachi K. Significance of preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of prognosis in esophageal carcinoma. Am J Surg 2001; 182: 197-201.
148. Trautner K, Cooper EH, Haworth S, Ward AM. An evaluation of serum protein profiles in the long-term surveillance of prostatic cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1980; 14: 143-9.
149. Stamatiadis AP, Manouras AJ, Triantos GN, Katergiannakis VA, Apostolidis NS. Combination of serum carcino-embryonic antigen and C-reactive protein-a useful test in preoperative staging of colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 41-3.
150. Wigmore SJ, McMahon AJ, Sturgeon CM, Fearon KC. Acute-phase protein response, survival and tumour recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 255-60.
151. McMillan DC, Wotherspoon HA, Fearon KC, Sturgeon C, Cooke TG, McArdle CS. A prospective study of tumor recurrence and the acutephase response after apparently curative colorectal cancer surgery. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 319-22.
152. Nozoe T, Matsumata T, Kitamura M, Sugimachi K. Significance of preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an indicator for prognosis in colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 1998; 176: 335-8.
153. Han Y, Mao F, Wu Y, Fu X, Zhu X, Zhou S, et al. Prognostic role of Creactive protein in breast cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Biol Markers 2011; 26: 209-15.
154. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 448-54.
155. Ballou SP, Kushner I. C-reactive protein and the acute phase response. Adv Intern Med 1992; 37: 313-36.
156. Ballou SP, Lozanski G. Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein. Cytokine 1992; 4: 361-8.
157. Soler L, Gutierrez A, Martinez-Subiela S, Ceron JJ. Fastmeasurement of serum amyloid A in different specimens from swine by using a new one-step time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23: 902-8.
158. Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, et al. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A and gastric cancer in a nested case-control study: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31: 712-8.
159. Zhang G, Sun X, Lv H, Yang X, Kang X. Serum amyloid A: a new potential serum marker correlated with the stage of breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2012; 3: 940-4.
160. Pierce BL, Neuhouser ML, Wener MH, Bernstein L, Baumgartner RN, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Correlates of circulating C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A concentrations in breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 114: 155-67.
161. Cho WC, Yip TT, Cheng WW, Au JS. Serum amyloid A is elevated in the serum of lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1731-5.
162. Wang JY, Zheng YZ, Yang J, Lin YH, Dai SQ, Zhang G, et al. Elevated levels of serum amyloid A indicate poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 365.
163. Hansen MT, Forst B, Cremers N, Quagliata L, Ambartsumian N, Grum-Schwensen B, et al. A link between inflammation and metastasis: serum amyloid A1 and A3 induce metastasis, and are targets of metastasis-inducing S100A4. Oncogene. 2014 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print].
164. Fleury C, Mignotte B, Vayssiere JL. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cell death signaling. Biochimie 2002; 84: 131-41.
165. Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48: 749-62.
166. Alfadda AA, Sallam RM. Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012: 936486.
167. Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL. Oxidatively generated base damage to cellular DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49: 9-21.
168. Kryston TB, Georgiev AB, Pissis P, Georgakilas AG. Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 2011; 711: 193-201.
169. Waris G, Ahsan H. Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions. J Carcinog 2006; 5: 14.
170. Berquist BR, Wilson DM III. Pathways for repairing and tolerating the spectrum of oxidative DNA lesions. Cancer Lett 2012; 327: 61-72.
171. Cheng KC, Cahill DS, Kasai H, Nishimura S, Loeb LA. 8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes G-T and A-C substitutions. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 166-72.
172. Sauvain JJ, Setyan A, Wild P, Tacchini P, Lagger G, Storti F, et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers. J Occup Med Toxicol 2011; 6: 18.
173. Cooke MS, Loft S, Olinski R, Evans MD, Bialkowski K, Wagner JR, et al. Recommendations for standardized description of and nomenclature concerning oxidatively damaged nucleobases in DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23: 705-7.
174. Marnett LJ. Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutat Res 1999; 424: 83-95.
175. el Ghissassi F, Barbin A, Nair J, Bartsch H. Formation of 1, N6- ethenoadenine and 3, N4-ethenocytosine by lipid peroxidation products and nucleic acid bases. Chem Res Toxicol 1995; 8: 278-83.
176. Nair U, Bartsch H, Nair J. Lipid peroxidation-induced DNA damage in cancer-prone inflammatory diseases: a review of published adduct types and levels in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43: 1109-20.
177. Marnett LJ. Inflammation and cancer: chemical approaches to mechanisms, imaging, and treatment. J Org Chem 2012; 77: 5224-38.
178. Feng Z, Hu W, Tang MS. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal inhibits nucleotide excision repair in human cells: a possible mechanism for lipid peroxidation-induced carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 8598-602.
179. Bartsch H, Nair J. Accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived DNA lesions: potential lead markers for chemoprevention of inflammationdriven malignancies. Mutat Res 2005; 591: 34-44.
180. Bartsch H, Nair J. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the genesis and perpetuation of cancer: role of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and repair. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2006; 391: 499-510.
181. Morrow JD, Hill KE, Burk RF, Nammour TM, Badr KF, Roberts LJ II. A series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87: 9383-7.
182. Fruehauf JP, Meyskens FL Jr. Reactive oxygen species: a breath of life or death? Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 789-94.
183. Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 231-55.
184. Jablonska E, Kiersnowska-Rogowska B, Ratajczak W, Rogowski F, Sawicka-Powierza J. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the course of B-CLL. Adv Med Sci 2007; 52: 154-8.
185. Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 266: 37-56.
186. Yuen JW, Benzie IF. Hydrogen peroxide in urine as a potential biomarker of whole body oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2003; 37: 1209-13.
187. Halliwell B, Long LH, Yee TP, Lim S, Kelly R. Establishing biomarkers of oxidative stress: the measurement of hydrogen peroxide in human urine. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11: 1085-92.
188. Rahman I, Kelly F. Biomarkers in breath condensate: a promising new non-invasive technique in free radical research. Free Radic Res 2003; 37: 1253-66.
189. Ohashi T, Mizutani A, Murakami A, Kojo S, Ishii T, Taketani S. Rapid oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescin with heme and hemoproteins: formation of the fluorescein is independent of the generation of reactive oxygen species. FEBS Lett 2002; 511: 21-7.
190. Shacter E. Quantification and significance of protein oxidation in biological samples. Drug Metab Rev 2000; 32: 307-26.
191. Cadet J, Poulsen H. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage in cellular DNA and urine. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48: 1457-9.
192. Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis C. 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2009; 27: 120-39.
193. Loft S, Danielsen P, Lohr M, Jantzen K, Hemmingsen JG, Roursgaard M, et al. Urinary excretion of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine as biomarker of oxidative damage to DNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 518: 142-50.
194. Kasai H. Chemistry-based studies on oxidative DNA damage: formation, repair, and mutagenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33: 450-6.
195. Irie M, Asami S, Nagata S, Miyata M, Kasai H. Psychological mediation of a type of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, in peripheral blood leukocytes of non-smoking and non-drinking workers. Psychother Psychosom 2002; 71: 90-6.
196. Lee KF, Chung WY, Benzie IF. Urine 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), a specific marker of oxidative stress, using direct, isocratic LC-MS/MS: method evaluation and application in study of biological variation in healthy adults. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411: 416-22.
197. Inaba Y, Koide S, Yokoyama K, Karube I. Development of urinary 8- hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) measurement method combined with SPE. J Chromatogr Sci 2011; 49: 303-9.
198. Smith KA, Shepherd J, Wakil A, Kilpatrick ES. A comparison of methods for the measurement of 8-isoPGF(2alpha): a marker of oxidative stress. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48: 147-54.
199. Cooke MS, Olinski R, Loft S. Measurement and meaning of oxidatively modified DNA lesions in urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3-14.
200. Barregard L, Moller P, Henriksen T, Mistry V, Koppen G, Rossner P Jr, et al. Human and methodological sources of variability in the measurement of urinary 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18: 2377-91.
201. Bartsch H, Nair J. Ultrasensitive and specific detection methods for exocylic DNA adducts: markers for lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Toxicology 2000; 153: 105-14.
202. Breusing N, Grune T, Andrisic L, Atalay M, Bartosz G, Biasi F, et al. An inter-laboratory validation of methods of lipid peroxidation measurement in UVA-treated human plasma samples. Free Radic Res 2010; 44: 1203-15.
203. Lang J, Celotto C, Esterbauer H. Quantitative determination of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1985; 150: 369-78.
204. Borovic S, Tirzitis G, Tirzite D, Cipak A, Khoschsorur GA, Waeg G, et al. Bioactive 1, 4-dihydroisonicotinic acid derivatives prevent oxidative damage of liver cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537: 12-9.
205. Hanaoka T, Nair J, Takahashi Y, Sasaki S, Bartsch H, Tsugane S. Urinary level of 1, N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine, a marker of oxidative stress, is associated with salt excretion and omega 6-polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in postmenopausal Japanese women. Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 71-5.
206. Sun X, Karlsson A, Bartsch H, Nair J. New ultrasensitive 32P-postlabelling method for the analysis of 3, N4-etheno-20-deoxycytidine in human urine. Biomarkers 2006; 11: 329-40.
207. Taghizadeh K, McFaline JL, Pang B, Sullivan M, Dong M, Plummer E, et al. Quantification of DNA damage products resulting from deamination, oxidation and reaction with products of lipid peroxidation by liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2008; 3: 1287-98.
208. Nair J, Barbin A, Guichard Y, Bartsch H. 1, N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine and 3, N4-ethenodeoxycytine in liver DNA from humans and untreated rodents detected by immunoaffinity/32P-postlabeling. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 613-7.
209. Sun X, Nair J, Linseisen J, Owen RW, Bartsch H. Lipid peroxidation and DNA adduct formation in lymphocytes of premenopausal women: role of estrogen metabolites and fatty acid intake. Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 1983-90.
210. Tsikas D. Measurement of nitrotyrosine in plasma by immunoassays is fraught with danger: commercial availability is no guarantee of analytical reliability. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48: 141-3.
211. Utsumi H, Yamada K. In vivo electron spin resonance-computed tomography/nitroxyl probe technique for non-invasive analysis of oxidative injuries. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 416: 1-8.
212. Frost MT, Halliwell B, Moore KP. Analysis of free and protein-bound nitrotyrosine in human plasma by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method that avoids nitration artifacts. Biochem J 2000; 345 (Pt 3): 453-8.
213. Tsikas D, Mitschke A, Gutzki FM. Measurement of 3-nitro-tyrosine in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 828: 255-70.
214. Chuma M, Hige S, Nakanishi M, Ogawa K, Natsuizaka M, Yamamoto Y, et al. 8-Hydroxy-20-deoxy-guanosine is a risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 1431-6.
215. Kumar A, Pant MC, Singh HS, Khandelwal S. Assessment of the redox profile and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. J Cancer Res Ther 2012; 8: 254-9.
216. Bahar G, Feinmesser R, Shpitzer T, Popovtzer A, Nagler RM. Salivary analysis in oral cancer patients: DNA and protein oxidation, reactive nitrogen species, and antioxidant profile. Cancer 2007; 109: 54-9.
217. Kuo HW, Chou SY, Hu TW, Wu FY, Chen DJ. Urinary 8-hydroxy-20- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and genetic polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. Mutat Res 2007; 631: 62-8.
218. Musarrat J, Arezina-Wilson J, Wani AA. Prognostic and aetiological relevance of 8-hydroxyguanosine in human breast carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 1209-14.
219. Chang D, Wang F, Zhao YS, Pan HZ. Evaluation of oxidative stress in colorectal cancer patients. Biomed Environ Sci 2008; 21: 286-9.
220. Khadem-Ansari MH, Shahsavari Z, Rasmi Y, Mahmoodlo R. Elevated levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Carcinog 2011; 10: 14.
221. Diakowska D, Lewandowski A, Kopec W, DiakowskiW, Chrzanowska T. Oxidative DNA damage and total antioxidant status in serum of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2007; 54: 1701-4.
222. Rasanen JV, Sihvo EI, Ahotupa MO, Farkkila MA, Salo JA. The expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in oesophageal tissues and tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33: 1164-8.
223. Loft S, Olsen A, Moller P, Poulsen HE, Tjonneland A. Association between 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine excretion and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22: 1289-96.
224. Loft S, Svoboda P, Kawai K, Kasai H, Sorensen M, Tjonneland A, et al. Association between 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine excretion and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52: 167-72.
225. Rossner P Jr, Gammon MD, Terry MB, Agrawal M, Zhang FF, Teitelbaum SL, et al. Relationship between urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 639-44.
226. Dai Q, Gao YT, Shu XO, Yang G, Milne G, Cai Q, et al. Oxidative stress, obesity, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 2482-8.
227. Cai F, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation on colorectal cancer risk and treatments. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15: 99-106.
228. Cobanoglu U, Demir H, Cebi A, Sayir F, Alp HH, Akan Z, et al. Lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and coenzyme Q10 in lung cancer patients-markers for risk assessment? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011; 12: 1399-403.
229. Peddireddy V, Siva Prasad B, Gundimeda SD, Penagaluru PR, Mundluru HP. Assessment of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde levels as oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomarkers 2012; 17: 261-8.
230. Leufkens AM, van Duijnhoven FJ, Woudt SH, Siersema PD, Jenab M, Jansen EH, et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and risk of developing colorectal cancer: a cohort-nested case-control study in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175: 653-63.
231. Beevi SS, Rasheed AM, Geetha A. Evaluation of oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels in patients with oral cavity cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004; 34: 379-85.
232. Ekmekcioglu S, Ellerhorst J, Smid CM, Prieto VG, Munsell M, Buzaid AC, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in human metastatic melanoma tumors correlate with poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 4768-75.
233. Hata AN, Breyer RM. Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors: multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 103: 147-66.
234. Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 2001; 294: 1871-5.
235. Dannenberg AJ, Altorki NK, Boyle JO, Dang C, Howe LR, Weksler BB, et al. Cyclo-oxygenase 2: a pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2: 544-51.
236. Wang D, Dubois RN. Eicosanoids and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10: 181-93.
237. Tsikas D. Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess in vivo synthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes, isoprostanes and related compounds in humans. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998; 717: 201-45.
238. Il'yasova D, Morrow JD, Ivanova A, Wagenknecht LE. Epidemiological marker for oxidant status: comparison of the ELISA and the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry assay for urine 2, 3- dinor-5, 6-dihydro-15-F2t-isoprostane. Ann Epidemiol 2004; 14: 793-7.
239. Murphey LJ, Williams MK, Sanchez SC, Byrne LM, Csiki I, Oates JA, et al. Quantification of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 by a liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay: determination of cyclooxygenase- specific PGE2 synthesis in healthy humans and those with lung cancer. Anal Biochem 2004; 334: 266-75.
240. Cao H, Xiao L, Park G, Wang X, Azim AC, Christman JW, et al. An improved LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of prostaglandins E(2) and D(2) production in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 2008; 372: 41-51.
241. Kim S, Taylor JA, Milne GL, Sandler DP. Association between urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite and breast cancer risk: a prospective, case-cohort study of postmenopausal women. Cancer Prev Res 2013; 6: 511-8.
242. Dong LM, Shu XO, Gao YT, Milne G, Ji BT, Yang G, et al. Urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 3075-8.
243. Peng L, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Mou H, Zhao Q. Prognostic significance of COX-2 immunohistochemical expression in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e58891.
244. Nassar A, Radhakrishnan A, Cabrero IA, Cotsonis G, Cohen C. COX-2 expression in invasive breast cancer: correlation with prognostic parameters and outcome. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15: 255-9.
245. Ferrandina G, Lauriola L, Zannoni GF, Distefano MG, Legge F, Salutari V, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in tumour and stroma compartments in cervical cancer: clinical implications. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1145-52.
246. Ferrandina G, Lauriola L, Zannoni GF, Fagotti A, Fanfani F, Legge F, et al. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 1205-11.
247. Ferrandina G, Ranelletti FO, Lauriola L, Fanfani F, Legge F, Mottolese M, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Her-2/neu expression in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 85: 305-10.
248. Czachorowski MJ, Amaral AF, Montes-Moreno S, Lloreta J, Carrato A, Tardon A, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in bladder cancer and patient prognosis: results from a large clinical cohort and metaanalysis. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e45025.
249. Karin M, Greten FR. NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 749-59.
250. Karin M. Nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer development and progression. Nature 2006; 441: 431-6.
251. Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Cancerrelated inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30: 1073-81.
252. Staudt LM. Oncogenic activation of NF-kappaB. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2: a000109.
253. Terzic J, Grivennikov S, Karin E, Karin M. Inflammation and colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 2101-14 e5.
254. Park GY, Christman JW. Nuclear factor kappa B is a promising therapeutic target in inflammatory lung disease. Curr Drug Targets 2006; 7: 661-8.
255. Luo JL, Maeda S, Hsu LC, Yagita H, Karin M. Inhibition of NF-kappaB in cancer cells converts inflammation-induced tumor growth mediated by TNFalpha to TRAIL-mediated tumor regression. Cancer Cell 2004; 6: 297-305.
256. Grivennikov SI, Karin M. Inflammation and oncogenesis: a vicious connection. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20: 65-71.
257. Grivennikov SI, Karin M. Dangerous liaisons: STAT3 and NF-kappaB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21: 11-9.
258. Lin WW, Karin M. A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1175-83.
259. Li N, Grivennikov SI, Karin M. The unholy trinity: inflammation, cytokines, and STAT3 shape the cancer microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 429-31.
260. Bottero V, Imbert V, Frelin C, Formento JL, Peyron JF. Monitoring NF-kappa B transactivation potential via real-time PCR quantification of I kappa B-alpha gene expression. Mol Diagn 2003; 7: 187-94.
261. Blaecke A, Delneste Y, Herbault N, Jeannin P, Bonnefoy JY, Beck A, et al. Measurement of nuclear factor-kappa B translocation on lipopolysaccharide- activated human dendritic cells by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Cytometry 2002; 48: 71-9.
262. White KL, Vierkant RA, Phelan CM, Fridley BL, Anderson S, Knutson KL, et al. Polymorphisms in NF-kappaB inhibitors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 170.
263. Andersen V, Christensen J, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Vogel U. Polymorphisms in NFkB, PXR, LXR and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective study of Danes. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 484.
264. Seufert BL, Poole EM, Whitton J, Xiao L, Makar KW, Campbell PT, et al. IkappaBKbeta and NFkappaB1, NSAID use and risk of colorectal cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34: 79-85.
265. Yamamoto M, Taguchi Y, Ito-Kureha T, Semba K, Yamaguchi N, Inoue J. NF-kappaB non-cell-autonomously regulates cancer stem cell populations in the basal-like breast cancer subtype. NatCommun 2013; 4: 2299.
266. Scartozzi M, Bearzi I, Pierantoni C, Mandolesi A, Loupakis F, Zaniboni A, et al. Nuclear factor-kB tumor expression predicts response and survival in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab-irinotecan therapy. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3930-5.
267. Coghill AE, Newcomb PA, Poole EM, Hutter CM, Makar KW, Duggan D, et al. Genetic variation in inflammatory pathways is related to colorectal cancer survival. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 7139-47.
268. Piperdi B, Ling YH, Liebes L, Muggia F, Perez-Soler R. Bortezomib: understanding the mechanism of action. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10: 2029-30.
269. Hideshima T, Ikeda H, Chauhan D, Okawa Y, Raje N, Podar K, et al. Bortezomib induces canonical nuclear factor-kappaB activation in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2009; 114: 1046-52.
270. McCormack VA, Hung RJ, Brenner DR, Bickeboller H, Rosenberger A, Muscat JE, et al. Aspirin and NSAID use and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO). Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22: 1709-20.
271. Zhao YS, Zhu S, Li XW, Wang F, Hu FL, Li DD, et al. Association between NSAIDs use and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 117: 141-50.
272. Ulrich CM, Bigler J, Potter JD. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: promise, perils and pharmacogenetics. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 130-40.
273. Baandrup L, Faber MT, Christensen J, Jensen A, Andersen KK, Friis S, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of ovarian cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 245-55.
274. Rostom A, Dube C, Lewin G, Tsertsvadze A, Barrowman N, Code C, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 376-89.
275. Ladurner P, Pfister D, Seifarth C, Scharer L, Mahlknecht M, Salvenmoser W, et al. Production and characterisation of cell- and tissuespecific monoclonal antibodies for the flatworm Macrostomum sp. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123: 89-104.
276. Rothwell PM, Price JF, Fowkes FG, Zanchetti A, Roncaglioni MC, Tognoni G, et al. Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2012; 379: 1602-12.
277. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF, Belch JF, Meade TW, Mehta Z. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: a study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2012; 379: 1591-601.
278. Harris RE. Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) blockade in the chemoprevention of cancers of the colon, breast, prostate, and lung. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17: 55-67.
279. Vanoirbeek E, Krishnan A, Eelen G, Verlinden L, Bouillon R, Feldman D, et al. The anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of 1, 25(OH)(2) D(3). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25: 593-604.
280. Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and antiinflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51: 311-36.
281. Shimizu M, Tanaka T, Moriwaki H. Obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma: targeting obesity-related inflammation for chemoprevention of liver carcinogenesis. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35: 191-202.
282. Duraiswamy J, Kaluza KM, Freeman GJ, Coukos G. Dual blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4 combined with tumor vaccine effectively restores T-cell rejection function in tumors. Cancer Res 2013; 73: 3591-603.
283. Couzin-Frankel J. Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science 2013; 342: 1432-3.