Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: Analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials

The Lancet

Volumn 379, Issue 9826, 2012, Pages 1602-1612

  Rothwell, Peter M ^a   Price, Jacqueline F ^b   Fowkes, F Gerald R ^b   Zanchetti, Alberto ^c   Roncaglioni, Maria Carla ^d   Tognoni, Gianni ^d   Lee, Robert ^b   Belch, Jill F F ^e   Wilson, Michelle ^a   Mehta, Ziyah ^a   Meade, Tom W ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^d MARIO NEGRI INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^f LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID;

ARTICLE; BLEEDING; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; DEATH; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEOPLASM; NONVASCULAR DEATH; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SMOKING; THERAPY EFFECT;

EID: 84863412124     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61720-0     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Jemal A, Center MM, DeSantis C, Ward EM. Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1893-907.
2. Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol 2007; 18: 581-92.
3. The Lancet. Preventable cancer in the USA. Lancet 2010; 375: 1665.
4. Dannenberg AJ, DuBois RD, eds. Progress in experimental tumour research Vol. 37: COX-2-a new target for cancer prevention and treatment. Karger: Basel, 2003.
5. Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Patrono C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 252-66.
6. Elwood PC, Gallagher AM, Duthie GG, Mur LA, Morgan G. Aspirin, salicylates, and cancer. Lancet 2009; 373: 1301-09.
7. Cuzick J, Otto F, Baron JA, et al. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: an international consensus statement. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 501-07.
8. Bosetti C, Gallus S, La Vecchia C. Aspirin and cancer risk: a summary review to 2007. Recent Results Cancer Res 2009; 181: 231-51.
9. Flossmann E, Rothwell PM, on behalf of the British Doctors Aspirin Trial and the UK-TIA Aspirin Trial. Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet 2007; 369: 1603-13.
10. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Elwin CE, Norrving B, Algra A, Warlow CP, Meade TW. Long-term Effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 2010; 376: 1741-50.
11. Rothwell PM, Fowkes FGR, Belch JFF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW. Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2011; 377: 31-41.
12. Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, et al. Low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 47-55.
13. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
14. Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373: 1849-60.
15. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R, et al. Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. BMJ 1988; 296: 313-16.
16. The Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework. Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. Lancet 1998; 351: 233-41.
17. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, et al, Prevention of Progression of Arterial Disease and Diabetes Study Group; Diabetes Registry Group; Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ 2008; 337: a1840.
18. Fowkes FG, Price JF, Stewart MC, et al. Aspirin for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis Trialists. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 303: 841-48.
19. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Lancet 2001; 357: 89-95.
20. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al, for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-62.
21. Ogawa H, Nakayama M, Morimoto T, et al. Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD) Trial Investigators. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 2134-41.
22. Gruppo Italiano Studio Policitemia (GISP). Low-dose aspirin in polycythaemia vera: a pilot study. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 453-56.
23. Landolfi R, Marchioli R, Kutti J, et al; European Collaboration on Low-Dose Aspirin in Polycythemia Vera Investigators. Efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 114-24.
24. Critical Leg Ischaemia Prevention Study (CLIPS) Group, Catalano M, Born G, Peto R. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med 2007; 261: 276-84.
25. Cote R, Battista RN, Abrahamowicz M, Langlois Y, Bourque F, Mackey A, and the Asymptomatic Cervical Bruit Study Group. Lack of effect of aspirin in asymptomatic patients with carotid bruits and substantial carotid narrowing. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 649-55.
26. DAMAD Study Group. Effect of aspirin alone and aspirin plus dipyridamole in early diabetic retinopathy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Diabetes 1989; 38: 491-98.
27. Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30mg vs 283mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1261-66.
28. Lebeau B, Chastang C, Muir JF, Vincent J, Massin F, Fabre C. No effect of an antiaggregant treatment with aspirin in small cell lung cancer treated with CCAVP16 chemotherapy. Results from a randomized clinical trial of 303 patients. The "Petites Cellules" Group. Cancer 1993; 71: 1741-45.
29. Coghill AE, Newcomb PA, Campbell PT, et al. Prediagnostic non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drug use and survival after diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gut 2011; 60: 491-98.
30. Holmes MD, Chen WY, Li L, Hertzmark E, Spiegelman D, Hankinson SE. Aspirin intake and survival after breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1467-72.
31. Cook NR, Cole SR, Hennekens CH. Use of marginal structural model to determine the effect of aspirin on cardiovascular mortality in the Physicians' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 1045-53.
32. Juul-Moller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosen A, Sorensen S, Omblus R, for the Swedish Angina Pectoris Aspirin Trial (SAPAT) Group. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. Lancet 1992; 340: 1421-25.
33. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: fi nal results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 1044-54.
34. Cleland JG, Findlay I, Jafri S, et al. The Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 157-64.
35. Burn J, Gerdes A-M, Macrae F, et al, on behalf of the CAPP2 Investigators. Long-term Effect of aspirin on cancer risk in carriers of hereditary colorectal cancer: an analysis from the CAPP2 randomised trial. Lancet 2011; published online Oct 28. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61049-0.
36. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 129-35.
37. Robinson MH, Rodrigues VC, Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Mangham CM, Moss SM. Faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer at Nottingham: details of the verification process. J Med Screen 2000; 7: 97-98.
38. Doria-Rose VP, Marcus PM. Death certificates provide an adequate source of cause of death information when evaluating lung cancer mortality: an example from the Mayo Lung Project. Lung Cancer 2009; 63: 295-300.
39. Ederer F, Geisser M, Mongin S, Church T, Mandel J. Colorectal cancer deaths as determined by expert committee and from death certificate. The Minnesota Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1999; 52: 447-52.
40. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF, Belch JFF, Meade TW, Mehta Z. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: a study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2012; published online March 21. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8.
41. Algra AM, Rothwell PM. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic review of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 2012; published online March 21. DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70112-2.
42. Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, Sivakumaran R, et al. Effect of aspirin on vascular and nonvascular outcomes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 209-16.
43. Lai KC, Lam SK, Chu KM, et al. Lansoprazole for prevention of recurrences of ulcer complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 2033-38.
44. Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC, et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 238-44.
45. Lanas A, Fuentes J, Benito R, Serrano P, Bajador E, Sainz R. Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking low-dose aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 779-86.
46. Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M, and the Comparative Risk Assessment collaborating group (Cancers). Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 2005; 366: 1784-93.