The suckling piglet as an agrimedical model for the study of pediatric nutrition and metabolism

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences

Volumn 2, Issue , 2014, Pages 419-444

  Odle, Jack ^a   Lin, Xi ^a   Jacobi, Sheila K ^a   Kim, Sung Woo ^a   Stahl, Chad H ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

agrimedical; amino acid; calcium; fatty acid; infant; milk; oligosaccharide; phosphorous

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL FOOD; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PIG; SUCKLING ANIMAL;

ANIMAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, SUCKLING; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; HUMANS; SWINE;

EID: 84906248183     PISSN: 21658102     EISSN: 21658110     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114158     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Flamm EG. 2013. Neonatal animal testing paradigms and their suitability for testing infant formula. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 23:57-67
2. Nuffield Counc. Bioeth. 2005. The Ethics of Research Involving Animals. London: Nuffield Counc. Bioeth.
3. PondWG,Maner JH. 1974. Swine Production in Temperate and Tropical Environments. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
4. Natl. Res. Counc. 2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
5. Lewis AJ, Southern LL, eds. 2001. Swine Nutrition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
6. Miller ER, Ullrey DE. 1987. The pig as a model for human nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 7:361-82
7. Baker DH. 2008. Animal models in nutrition research. J. Nutr. 138:391-96
8. Schook LB, Tumbleson ME, eds. 1996. Advances in Swine in Biomedical Research. New York: Plenum
9. Moughan PJ, Birtles MJ, Cranwell PD, Smith WC, Pedraza M. 1992. The piglet as a model animal for studying aspects of digestion and absorption in milk-fed human infants. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 67:40-113
10. Veum TL, Odle J. 2001. Feeding neonatal pigs. In Swine Nutrition, ed. AJ Lewis, LL Southern, pp. 671-723. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
11. Guilloteau P, Zabielski R, Hammon HM, Metges CC. 2010. Nutritional programming of gastrointestinal tract development. Is the pig a good model for man? Nutr. Res. Rev. 23:4-22
12. Ireland JJ, Roberts RM, Palmer GH, Bauman DE, Bazer FW. 2008. A commentary on domestic animals as dual-purpose models that benefit agricultural and biomedical research. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2797-805
13. Patel MS, Vadlamudi SP, Johanning GL. 1993. Overview of pup in a cup model: Hepatic lipogenesis in rats artificially reared on a high-carbohydrate formula. J. Nutr. 123:373-77
14. Cent. Intell. Agency. 2012. The World Factbook.Washington, DC: Cent. Intell. Agency. https://www. cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ rankorder/2091rank.html
15. Pearson C. 2012. U.S. preterm births drop to lowest rate in a decade. Huffington Post, Nov. 13. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/13/us-preterm- birth-rate-hit-n-2118244.html
16. Nat. Anim. Health Monit. Syst. 2006. Swine 2006: Part IV: Changes in the U.S. Pork Industry, 1990-2006. Washington, DC: US Dep. Agric. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal-health/nahms/swine/downloads/swine2006/ Swine2006-dr-PartIV.pdf
17. Bill Melinda Gates Found. 2009. Maternal, Neonatal&Child Health. Strategy Overview. Seattle, WA: Bill Melinda Gates Found. http://www. gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Maternal-Neonatal-and-Child- Health
18. Bhatia J, Greer F. 2008. Use of soy protein-based formulas in infant feeding. Pediatrics 121:1062-68
19. Innis SM, Gilley J, Werker J. 2001. Are human milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids related to visual and neural development in breast-fed term infants? J. Pediatr. 139:532-38
20. Huang M-C, Brenna JT, Chao AC, Tschanz C, Diersen-Schade DA, Hung H-C. 2007. Differential tissue dose responses of (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA in neonatal piglets fed docosahexaenoate and arachidonoate. J. Nutr. 137:2049-55
21. Donovan SM,Wang M, Li M, Friedberg I, Schwartz SL, Chapkin RS. 2012. Host-microbe interactions in the neonatal intestine: Role of human milk oligosaccharides. Adv. Nutr. 3:450S-55S
22. Sangild PT, Siggers RH, Schmidt M, Elnif J, Bjornvad CR, et al. 2006. Diet-and colonization-dependent intestinal dysfunction predisposes to necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. Gastroenterology 130:1776-92
23. Stoll B, Horst DA, Cui L, Chang X, Ellis KJ, et al. 2010. Chronic parenteral nutrition induces hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and insulin resistance in neonatal pigs. J. Nutr. 140:2193-200
24. Suryawan A, Orellana RA, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. 2011. Triennial Growth Symposium: Leucine acts as a nutrient signal to stimulate protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89:2004-16
25. Suryawan A, Nguyen HV, Almonaci RD, Davis TA. 2012. Differential regulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver of neonatal pigs by leucine through an mTORC1-dependent pathway. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 3:3
26. Rytych JL, Elmore MR, Burton MD, Conrad MS, Donovan SM, et al. 2012. Early life iron deficiency impairs spatial cognition in neonatal piglets. J. Nutr. 142:2050-56
27. Odle J, Harrell RJ. 1998. Nutritional approaches for improving neonatal piglet performance: Is there a place for liquid diets in commercial production? Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 11:774-80
28. Price KL, Lin X, Van Heugten E, Odle R, Willis G, Odle J. 2013. Diet physical form, fatty acid chain length, and emulsification alter fat utilization and growth of newly weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 91:783-92
29. Kim JH, Heo KN, Odle J, Han K, Harrell RJ. 2001. Liquid diets accelerate the growth of early-weaned pigs and the effects are maintained to market weight. J. Anim. Sci. 79:427-34
30. Ebert AR, Berman AS, Harrell RJ, Kessler AM, Cornelius SG, Odle J. 2005. Vegetable proteins enhance the growth of milk-fed piglets, despite lower apparent ileal digestibility. J. Nutr. 135:2137-43
31. Oliver WT,Mathews SA, Phillips O, Jones EE, Odle J, Harrell RJ. 2002. Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed corn syrup solids as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets for neonatal pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80:143-53
32. Puiman P, Stoll B. 2008. Animal models to study neonatal nutrition in humans. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 11:601-6
33. Heinritz SN, Mosenthin R, Weiss E. 2013. Use of pigs as model for research on dietary modulation of the human gut microbiota. Nutr. Res. Rev. 26:191-209
34. Nakamura N, Gaskins HR, Collier CT, Nava GM, Rai D, et al. 2009. Molecular ecological analysis of fecal bacterial populations from term infants fed formula supplemented with selected blends of prebiotics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:1121-28
35. Li M, Bauer LL, Chen X, Wang M, Kuhlenschmidt TB, et al. 2012. Microbial composition and in vitro fermentation patterns of human milk oligosaccharides and prebiotics differ between formula-fed and sow-reared piglets. J. Nutr. 142:681-89
36. Jacobi SK, Odle J. 2012. Nutritional factors influencing intestinal health of the neonate. Adv. Nutr. 3:687-96
37. Domeneghini C, Di Giancamillo A, Arrighi S, Bosi G. 2006. Gut-trophic feed additives and their effects upon the gut structure and intestinal metabolism. State of the art in the pig, and perspectives towards humans. Histol. Histopathol. 21:273-83
38. Corl BA, Odle J, Niu X, Moeser AJ, Gatlin LA, et al. 2008. Arginine activates intestinal p70S6k and protein synthesis in piglet rotavirus enteritis. J. Nutr. 138:24-29
39. Meurens F, Summerfield A, Nauwynck H, Saif L, Gerdts V. 2012. The pig: A model for human infectious diseases. Trends Microbiol. 20:50-57
40. Mellor DJ, Cockburn F. 1986. A comparison of energy metabolism in the new-born infant, piglet and lamb. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 71:361-79
41. Herfel TM, Jacobi SK, Lin X, Walker DC, Jouni ZE, Odle J. 2009. Safety evaluation of polydextrose in infant formula using a suckling piglet model. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47:1530-37
42. Widdowson EM. 1971. Intra-uterine growth retardation in the pig. I. Organ size and cellular development at birth and after growth to maturity. Biol. Neonate 19:329-40
43. Prather RS, Lorson M, Ross JW, Whyte JJ, Walters E. 2013. Genetically engineered pig models for human disease. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 1:203-19. See also http://www.nsrrc.missouri.edu/
44. Natl. Cent. Biotechnol. Inf. Sus scrofa (Pig). Bethesda,MD: Natl.Cent. Biotechnol. Inf. http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome?term5sus%20scrofa
45. Kyoto Encycl. Genes Genomes. http://www.kegg.jp/kegg-bin/search-pathway- text?map5ssc& keyword5&mode51&viewImage5true
46. US Vet. Immune Reag. Netw. http://www.umass.edu/vetimm/swine/index.html
47. Battaglia FC, Meschia G. 1988. Fetal nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 8:43-61
48. Odle J. 1997.Newinsights into the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by the neonate: Observations from a piglet model. J. Nutr. 127:1061-67
49. Dicklin ME, Robinson JL, Lin X, Odle J. 2006. Ontogeny and chain-length specificity of gastrointestinal lipases affect medium-chain triacylglycerol utilization by newborn pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:818-25
50. Tetrick MA, Crenshaw TD, Benevenga NJ. 2012. Octanoate and nonaoate oxidation increases 50-80% over the first two days of life in piglet triceps brachii and gracilis muscle strips. J. Nutr. 142:999-1003
51. Zentek J, Buchheit-Renko S, Ferrara F, Vahjen W, Van Kessel AG, Pieper R. 2011. Nutritional and physiological role of medium-chain triglycerides and medium-chain fatty acids in piglets. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 12:83-93
52. Chapman MJ, Forgez P. 1985. Lipid transport systems: Some recent aspects in swine, cattle and trout during development. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 25:217-26
53. Duee PH, Pegorier JP, Darcy-Vrillon B, Girard J. 1996. Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the newborn pig. In Advances in Swine in Biomedical Research, ed. ME Tumbleson, LB Schook, pp. 865-84. New York: Plenum
54. Lin X, Corl B, Odle J. 2007. Idiosyncrasies of piglet lipid metabolism and their relationship to postnatal mortality. In Paradigms in Pig Science, ed. J Wiseman, pp. 187-206. Sheffield, UK: Nottingham Univ. Press
55. Nicot C, Hegardt FG, Woldegiorgis G, Haro D, Marrero PF. 2001. Pig liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, with low Km for carnitine and high sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition, is a natural chimera of rat liver and muscle enzymes. Biochemistry 40:2260-66
56. Lin X, Shim K, Odle J. 2010. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I control of acetogenesis, the major pathway of fatty acid b-oxidation in liver of neonatal swine. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298:R1435-43
57. Barrero MJ, Alho CS, Ortiz JA, Hegardt FG, Haro D, Marrero PF. 2001. Low activity of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase in liver of starved piglets is due to low levels of protein despite high mRNA levels. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385:364-71
58. Baltzell JK, Bazer FW, Miguel SG, Borum PR. 1987. The neonatal piglet as a model for human neonatal carnitine metabolism. J. Nutr. 117:754-57
59. van Kempen TATG, Odle J. 1993. Medium-chain fatty acid oxidation in colostrum-deprived newborn piglets: Stimulative effect of L-carnitine supplementation. J. Nutr. 123:1531-37
60. Lyvers PP, Lin X, Jacobi SK, Gatlin LA, Woodworth J, Odle J. 2007. Ontogeny of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity, carnitine-Km, and mRNA abundance in pigs throughout growth and development. J. Nutr. 137:898-903
61. Heo K, Lin X, Odle J, Han IK. 2000. Kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I are altered by dietary variables and suggest a metabolic need for supplemental carnitine in young pigs. J. Nutr. 130:2467-70
62. Sundvold H, Grindflek E, Lien S. 2001. Tissue distribution of porcine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a: Detection of an alternatively spliced mRNA. Gene 273:105-13
63. Kim HS, Hausman GJ, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Dean RG. 2000. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g in pig fetal tissue and primary stromal-vascular cultures. Obes. Res. 8:83-88
64. Ding ST, McNeel RL, Mersmann HJ. 1999. Expression of porcine adipocyte transcripts: Tissue distribution and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 123:307-18
65. Peffer PL, Lin X, Odle J. 2005. Hepatic b-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in neonatal pigs after dietary treatments of clofibric acid, isoproterenol, and medium-chain triglycerides. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288:R1518-24
66. Cheon Y, Nara TY, Band MR, Beever JE, Wallig MA, Nakamura MT. 2005. Induction of overlapping genes by fasting and a peroxisome proliferator in pigs: Evidence of functional PPARa in nonproliferating species. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288:R1525-35
67. Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y, Rayner KJ, Moore KJ. 2011. MicroRNAs in lipid metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 22:86-92
68. Gu Y, Li M, Wang T, Liang Y, Zhong Z, et al. 2012. Lactation-related microRNA expression profiles of porcine breast milk exosomes. PLoS ONE 7:e43691
69. Goustard-Langelier B, Guesnet P, Durand G, Antoine J-M, Alessandri J-M. 1999. n-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary fish oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets. Lipids 34:5-16
70. Weiler HA, Fitzpatrick-Wong SC. 2002. Modulation of essential (n-6):(n-3) fatty acid ratios alters fatty acid status but not bone mass in piglets. J. Nutr. 132:2667-72
71. Mathews SA, Oliver WT, Phillips OT, Odle J, Diersen-Schade DA, Harrell RJ. 2002. Comparison of triglycerides and phospholipids as supplemental sources of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglets. J. Nutr. 132:3081-89
72. Li Z, Kaplan ML, Hachey DL. 2000. Hepatic microsomal and peroxisomal docosahexaenoate biosynthesis during piglet development. Lipids 35:1325-33
73. Jacobi SK, Lin X, Corl BA, Hess HA, Harrell RJ, Odle J. 2011. Dietary arachidonate differentially alters desaturase-elongase pathway flux and gene expression in liver and intestine of suckling pigs. J. Nutr. 141:548-53
74. Calder PC. 2012. Long-chain fatty acids and inflammation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71:284-89
75. Leffler CW, Busija DW. 1985. Prostanoids in cortical subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid and pial arterial diameter in newborn pigs. Circ. Res. 57:689-94
76. Li DY, Abran D, Peri KG, Varma DR, Chemtob S. 1996. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in newborn pigs increases cerebral microvessel prostaglandin F2 alpha and prostaglandin E2 receptors, their second messengers and vasoconstrictor response to adult levels. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278:370-77
77. Parfenova H, Shibata M, Zuckerman S, Leffler CW. 1994. CO2 and cerebral circulation in newborn pigs: Cyclic nucleotides and prostanoids in vascular regulation.Am. J.Physiol.HeartCirc.Physiol. 266:H1494-501
78. Gondret F, Guével B, Com E, Vincent A, Lebret B. 2012. A comparison of subcutaneous adipose tissue proteomes in juvenile piglets with a contrasted adiposity underscored similarities with human obesity. J. Proteomics 75:949-61
79. Williams PJ, Marten N, Wilson V, Litten-BrownJC, CorsonAM, et al. 2009. Influence of birth weight on gene regulators of lipid metabolism and utilization in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. Reproduction 138:609-17
80. Collier CT, Williams PN, Carroll JA, Welsh TH Jr, Laurenz JC. 2011. Effect of maternal restraint stress during gestation on temporal lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroendocrine and immune responses of progeny. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 40:40-50
81. Liu L, Song G, Gao F, Guan J, Tang B, Li Z. 2012. Transient exposure to sodium butyrate after germinal vesicle breakdown improves meiosis but not developmental competence in pig oocytes. Cell Biol. Int. 36:483-90
82. Huang Y, Tang X, Xie W, Zhou Y, Li D, et al. 2011. Histone deacetylase inhibitor significantly improved the cloning efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Cell. Reprogramming 13:513-20
83. Mota-Rojas D, Orozco-Gregorio H, Villanueva-Garcia D, Bonilla-Jaime H, Suarez-Bonilla X, et al. 2011. Foetal and neonatal energy metabolism in pigs and humans: A review. Vet. Med. 56:215-25
84. Girard J, Ferre P, Pegorier JP, Duee PH. 1992. Adaptations of glucose and fatty acid metabolism during perinatal period and suckling-weaning transition. Physiol. Rev. 72:507-62
85. Urashima T, Asakuma S, Leo F, Fukuda K, Messer M, Oftedal OT. 2012. The predominance of type I oligosaccharides is a feature specific to human breast milk. Adv. Nutr. 3:473S-82S
86. Ballard O, Morrow AL. 2013. Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 60:49-74
87. Hansen AV, Strathe AB, Kebreab E, France J, Theil PK. 2012. Predicting milk yield and composition in lactating sows: A Bayesian approach. J. Anim. Sci. 90:2285-98
88. Rudloff S, Henkel C, Pohlentz G, Wheeler MB, Monaco MH, et al. 2003. Total oligosaccharide and sialyl-lactose content are elevated in the colostrum of a-lactalbumin transgenic pigs. FASEB J. 16:A265 (Abstract)
89. Tao N, Ochonicky KL, German JB, Donovan SM, Lebrilla CB. 2010. Structural determination and daily variations of porcine milk oligosaccharides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:4653-59
90. Urashima T, Taufik E, Fukuda K, Asakuma S. 2013. Recent advances in studies on milk oligosaccharides of cows and other domestic farm animals. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 77:455-66
91. Kien CL, Cooper JR, Frankel WL. 2003. Moderate disaccharide malabsorption does not affect weight gain and cecal cell proliferation in piglets. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 27:323-26
92. Pacha J. 2000. Development of intestinal transport function in mammals. Physiol. Rev. 80:1633-67
93. Buddington RK, Malo C, Zhang H. 1996. Prenatal and perinatal development of intestinal transport and brush border hydrolases in pigs. In Advances in Swine in Biomedical Research, Vol. 2, ed. ME Tumbleson, LB Schook, pp. 757-67. New York: Plenum
94. Buddington RK, Sangild PT, Hance B, Huang EY, Black DD. 2012. Prenatal gastrointestinal development in the pig and responses after preterm birth. J. Anim. Sci. 90:290-98
95. Pierzynowski SG, Westrom BR, Svendsen J, Svendsen L, Karlsson BW. 1995. Development and regulation of porcine pancreatic function. Int. J. Pancreatol. 18:81-94
96. Fukayama M, Ogawa M, Hayashi Y, Koike M. 1986. Development of human pancreas. Immunohistochemical study of fetal pancreatic secretory proteins. Differentiation 31:127-33
97. Puchal AA, Buddington RK. 1992. Postnatal development of monosaccharide transport in pig intestine. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 262:G895-902
98. Zhang H, Malo C, Buddington RK. 1997. Suckling induces rapid intestinal growth and changes in brush border digestive functions of newborn pigs. J. Nutr. 127:418-26
99. Mersmann HJ. 1974. Metabolic patterns in the neonatal swine. J. Anim. Sci. 38:1022-30
100. Duée PH, Pégorier JP, Le Dividich J, Girard J. 1988. Metabolic and hormonal response to acute cold exposure in newborn pig. J. Dev. Physiol. 10:371-81
101. Herpin P, Louveau I, Damon M, Le Dividich J. 2005. Environmental and hormonal regulation of energy metabolism in early development of the pig. In Biology of Metabolism in Growing Animals, ed.DBurrin, H Mersmann, pp. 353-74. New York: Elsevier
102. Engfer MB, Stahl B, Finke B, Sawatzki G, Daniel H. 2000. Human milk oligosaccharides are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:1589-96
103. Kunz C, Rudloff S, Baier W, Klein N, Strobel S. 2000. Oligosaccharides in human milk: Structural, functional, and metabolic aspects. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20:699-722
104. Roberfroid M. 2007. Prebiotics: The concept revisited. J. Nutr. 137:830S-37S
105. Hernot DC, Boileau TW, Bauer LL, Middelbos IS, Murphy MR, et al. 2009. In vitro fermentation profiles, gas production rates, and microbiota modulation as affected by certain fructans, galactooligosaccharides, and polydextrose. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:1354-61
106. Garrido D, Dallas DC, Mills DA. 2013. Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infantassociated bifidobacteria: Mechanisms and implications. Microbiology 159:649-64
107. Thurl S, Munzert M, Henker J, Boehm G, Müller-Werner B, et al. 2010. Variation of human milk oligosaccharides in relation to milk groups and lactational periods. Br. J. Nutr. 104:1261-71
108. NakanoT, SugawaraM,KawakamiH. 2001. Sialic acid in humanmilk: Composition and functions. Acta Paediatr. Taiwan 42:11-17
109. Tao N, DePeters EJ, German JB, GrimmR, Lebrilla CB. 2009. Variations in bovine milk oligosaccharides during early and middle lactation stages analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-chip/mass spectrometry. J. Dairy Sci. 92:2991-3001
110. Correa-Matos NJ, Donovan SM, Isaacson RE, Gaskins HR, White BA, Tappenden KA. 2003. Fermentable fiber reduces recovery time and improves intestinal function in piglets following Salmonella typhimurium infection. J. Nutr. 133:1845-52
111. Herfel TM, Jacobi SK, Lin X, Fellner V, Walker DC, et al. 2011. Polydextrose enrichment of infant formula demonstrates prebiotic characteristics by altering intestinal microbiota, organic acid concentrations, and cytokine expression in suckling piglets. J. Nutr. 141:2139-45
112. Monaco MH, Kashtanov DO, Wang M, Walker DC, Rai D, et al. 2011. Addition of polydextrose and galactooligosaccharide to formula does not affect bacterial translocation in the neonatal piglet. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 52:210-16
113. LoCascio RG, Ninonuevo MR, Freeman SL, Sela DA, Grimm R, et al. 2007. Glycoprofiling of bifidobacterial consumption of human milk oligosaccharides demonstrates strain specific, preferential consumption of small chain glycans secreted in early human lactation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:8914-19
114. Wu G, Bazer FW, Dai Z, Li D, Wang J, Wu Z. 2014. Amino acid nutrition in animals: Protein synthesis and beyond. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2:In press
115. Ji F, Hurley WL, Kim SW. 2006. Characterization of mammary gland development in pregnant gilts. J. Anim. Sci. 84:579-87
116. KimSW, HurleyWL,HanIK, Easter RA. 1999. Changes in tissue composition associated withmammary gland growth during lactation in sows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2510-16
117. Fraser D, Rushen J. 1992. Colostrum intake by newborn piglets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1-13
118. Smith MW, Jarvis LG. 1978. Growth and cell replacement in the new-born pig intestine. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 203:69-89
119. Varley MA,Wilkinson RG, Maitland A. 1987. Artificial rearing of baby piglets: The effect of colostrum on survival and plasma concentrations of IgG. Br. Vet. J. 143:369-78
120. Brooks PH, Burke J. 1998. Behaviour of sows and piglets during lactation. In The Lactating Sow, ed. MWAVerstegen, PJMoughan, JW Scharma, pp. 301-38.Wageningen, Neth.: Wageningen Acad. Publ.
121. Kim SW. 2013. Sow milk. In Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition: Composition, Production and Health, ed. YW Park, GFW Haenlein, pp. 614-26. Wiley-Blackwell
122. Lin C, Kim SW, Wu G, Mahan DC. 2009. Protein digestibility of porcine colostrum by neonatal pigs. Livest. Sci. 121:182-86
123. Csapo J, Martin TG, Csapo-Kiss ZS, Hazas Z. 1996. Protein, fats, vitamin and mineral concentrations in porcine colostrum and milk from parturition to 60 days. Int. Dairy J. 6:881-902
124. Davis TA, Nguyen HV, Garcia-Bravo R, Fiorotto ML, Jackson EM, Reeds PJ. 1994. Amino acid composition of the milk of some mammalian species changes with stage of lactation. Br. J. Nutr. 72:845-53
125. Kim SW, Wu G. 2004. Dietary arginine supplementation enhances the growth of milk-fed young pigs. J. Nutr. 134:625-30
126. Mateo RD, Wu G, Moon HK, Carroll JA, Kim SW. 2008. Effects of dietary arginine supplementation during gestation and lactation on the performance of lactating primiparous sows and nursing piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:827-35
127. Shen YB, Carroll JA, Yoon I, Mateo RD, Kim SW. 2011. Effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product in sow diets on performance of sows and nursing piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 89:2462-71
128. Voilqué G, Zhao Y, Kim SW. 2012. Composition of porcine colostrum and milk as affected by various production environments. J. Anim. Sci. 90:32 (Abstract)
129. Mavromichalis I, Parr TM, Gabert VM, Baker DH. 2001. True ileal digestibility of amino acids in sow's milk for 17-day-old pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:707-13
130. Wu WZ, Wang XQ,Wu GY, Kim SW, Chen F, Wang JJ. 2010. Differential composition of proteomes in sow colostrum and milk from anterior and posterior mammary glands. J. Anim. Sci. 88:2657-64
131. Kim SW, Hurley WL, Hant IK, Easter RA. 2000. Growth of nursing pigs related to the characteristics of nursed mammary glands. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1313-18
132. Klaver J, van Kempen GJM, Lange PGB, Verstegen MWA, Boer H. 1981. Milk composition and daily yield of different milk components as affected by sow condition and lactation/feeding regimen. J. Anim. Sci. 52:1091-97
133. Gooneratne AD, Hartmann PE, Nottage HM. 1982. The initiation of lactation in sows and the mastitismetritis-acalactia syndrome. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 5:135-40
134. Zou S, McLaren DG, Hurley WL. 1992. Pig colostrum and milk composition: Comparisons between Chinese Meishan and US breeds. Livest. Prod. Sci. 30:115-27
135. King RH, Toner MS, Dove H, Atwood CS, Brown WG. 1993. The response of first-litter sows to dietary protein level during lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 71:2457-63
136. Jackson JR, Hurley WL, Easter RA, Jensen AH, Odle J. 1995. Effects of induced or delayed parturition and supplemental dietary fat on colostrum and milk composition in sows. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1906-13
137. Kim SW, Wu G. 2009. Regulatory role for amino acids in mammary gland growth and milk synthesis. Amino Acids 37:89-95
138. Kim SW, Hurley WL, Han IK, Stein HH, Easter RA. 1999. Effect of nutrient intake on mammary gland growth in lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:3304-15
139. Carter AM, Enders AC. 2013. The evolution of epitheliochorial placentation. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 1:443-67
140. Jensen AR, Elnif J, Burrin DG, Sangild PT. 2001. Development of intestinal immunoglobulin absorption and enzyme activities in neonatal pigs is diet dependent. J. Nutr. 131:3259-65
141. Cabrera R, Lin X, Ashwell M, Moeser A, Odle J. 2013. Early postnatal kinetics of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in fed and fasted piglets and developmental expression of the intestinal immunoglobulin G receptor. J. Anim. Sci. 91:211-18
142. Klobasa F, Butler JE, Werhahn E, Habe F. 1986. Maternal-neonatal immunoregulation in swine. II. Influence of multiparity on de novo immunoglobulin synthesis by piglets. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 11:149-59
143. Butler JE. 1995. Antigen receptors, theirimmunomodulation and the immunoglobulin genes of cattle and swine. Livest. Prod. Sci. 42:105-21
144. Tizard IR. 1996. Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction. Philadelphia: Saunders
145. Natl. Res. Counc. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. In Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
146. Wu G, Knabe DA, Kim SW. 2004. Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs. J. Nutr. 134:2783S-90S
147. Ball RO, Bayley HS. 1984. Tryptophan requirement of the 2.5-kg piglet determined by the oxidation of an indicator amino acid. J. Nutr. 114:1741-46
148. Miller ER, Schmidt DA, Hoefer JA, Ullrey DE, Baltzer BV, et al. 1962. Calcium requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 77:7-17
149. Miller ER, Ullrey DE, Baltzer BV, Luecke RW, Hoefer JA, et al. 1964. Phosphorus requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 82:34-40
150. Hall DD, Cromwell GL, Stahly TS. 1991. Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus, calcium: Phosphorus ratio and vitamin K on performance, bone strength and blood clotting status of pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 69:646-55
151. Nielsen NC, Andersen S, Madsen A, Mortensen HP. 1971. Dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios for growing pigs in relation to serum levels and bone development. Acta Vet. Scand. 12:202-19
152. Seynaeve M, De Wilde R, Janssens G, De Smet B. 1996. The influence of dietary salt level on water consumption, farrowing, and reproductive performance of lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1047-55
153. Coffey MT, Seerley RW,Mabry JW. 1982. The effect of source of supplemental dietary energy on sow milk yield, milk composition and litter performance. J. Anim. Sci. 55:1388-94
154. Miller MB, Hartsock TG, Erez B, Douglass L, Alston-Mills B. 1994. Effect of dietary calcium concentrations during gestation and lactation in the sow on milk composition and litter growth. J. Anim. Sci. 72:1315-19
155. Bergwitz C, Juppner H. 2010. Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annu. Rev. Med. 61:91-104
156. HuMC, Shiizaki K, Kuro-o M,MoeOW. 2013. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and Klotho: Physiology and pathophysiology of an endocrine network of mineral metabolism. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 75:503-33
157. Peacock M. 2010. Calcium metabolism in health and disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5(Suppl. 1):S23-30
158. Kovacs CS, Kronenberg HM. 1997. Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation. Endocr. Rev. 18:832-72
159. Lachenmaier-Currle U, Harmeyer J. 1988. Intestinal absorption of calcium in newborn piglets. Role of vitamin D. Biol. Neonate 53:327-35
160. Schroder B, Hattenhauer O, Breves G. 1998. Phosphate transport in pig proximal small intestines during postnatal development: Lack of modulation by calcitriol. Endocrinology 139:1500-7
161. Koo WW, Krug-Wispe S, Neylan M, Succop P, Oestreich AE, Tsang RC. 1995. Effect of three levels of vitamin D intake in preterm infants receiving high mineral-containing milk. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 21:182-89
162. Bass JK, Chan GM. 2006. Calcium nutrition and metabolism during infancy. Nutrition 22:1057-66
163. Alexander LS, Mahajan A, Odle J, Flann KL, Rhoads RP, Stahl CH. 2010. Dietary phosphate restriction decreases stem cell proliferation and subsequent growth potential in neonatal pigs. J. Nutr. 140:477-82
164. Mahajan A, Alexander LS, Seabolt BS, Catrambone DE, McClung JP, et al. 2011. Dietary calcium restriction affects mesenchymal stem cell activity and bone development in neonatal pigs. J. Nutr. 141:373-79
165. Heaney RP, Weaver CM. 2005. Newer perspectives on calcium nutrition and bone quality. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 24:574S-81S
166. Abrams SA. 2006. Building bones in babies: Can and should we exceed the human milk-fed infant's rate of bone calcium accretion? Nutr. Rev. 64:487-94
167. Lapillonne A, Salle BL, Glorieux FH, Claris O. 2004. Bone mineralization and growth are enhanced in preterm infants fed an isocaloric, nutrient-enriched preterm formula through term.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80:1595-603
168. Schanler RJ, Abrams SA. 1995. Postnatal attainment of intrauterine macromineral accretion rates in low birth weight infants fed fortified human milk. J. Pediatr. 126:441-47
169. Specker B. 2004. Nutrition influences bone development from infancy through toddler years. J. Nutr. 134:691S-95S
170. Wauben IP, Atkinson SA, Shah JK, Paes B. 1998. Growth and body composition of preterm infants: Influence of nutrient fortification of mother's milk in hospital and breastfeeding post-hospital discharge. Acta Paediatr. 87:780-85
171. Zijlstra RT,Whang KY, Easter RA, Odle J. 1996. Effect of feeding a milk replacer to early-weaned pigs on growth, body composition, and small intestinal morphology, compared with suckled littermates. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2948-59
172. van Kempen TATG, Odle J. 1995. Carnitine affects octanoate oxidation to carbon dioxide and dicarboxylic acids in colostrum-deprived piglets: In vivo analysis of mechanisms involved based on CoAand carnitine-ester profiles. J. Nutr. 125:238-50
173. Noblet J, Etienne M. 1986. Effect of energy level in lactating sows on yield and composition of milk and nutrient balance of piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1888-96
174. Zivkovic AM, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. 2011. Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108(Suppl. 1):4653-58
175. Mavromichalis I. 2006. Sow's milk. In Applied Nutrition of Young Pigs, ed. I Mavromichalis, pp. 47-56. Cambridge, MA: CABI
176. Akers S, Groh-Wargo S. 2012. Normal nutrition during infancy. In Pediatric Nutrition, ed. PQ Samour, K King, pp. 71-101. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learn.