Nanoparticle enhanced optical imaging and phototherapy of cancer

Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1677-1712

  Pekkanen, Allison M ^a   DeWitt, Matthew R ^a   Rylander, Marissa Nichole ^b  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Drug delivery; Nanoparticles; Photoacoustic therapy; Photodynamic therapy; Photothermal therapy; Quantum dots; SERS

Indexed keywords

DISEASES; DRUG DELIVERY; LIGHT; OPTICAL IMAGE STORAGE; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; SURFACE SCATTERING; TUMORS;

CANCER; COMPREHENSIVE COMPARISONS; NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; NANOPARTICLE INTERACTION; PHOTOACOUSTIC THERAPY; PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY; SERS; SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING (SERS);

NANOPARTICLES;

NANOPARTICLE; QUANTUM DOT;

FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PHOTOACOUSTIC THERAPY; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC USE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; HUMAN; NEOPLASMS; PHOTOACOUSTICS; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; OPTICAL IMAGING; PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES; PHOTOTHERAPY;

EID: 84904904358     PISSN: 15507033     EISSN: 15507041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1988     Document Type: Review

References (261)

1. R. Siegel, D. Naishadham, and A. Jemal, Cancer statistics, 2013. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 63, 11 (2013).
2. D. Hanahan and R. A. Weinberg, Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144, 646 (2011).
3. T. Sakimoto, M. I. Rosenblatt, and D. T. Azar, Laser eye surgery for refractive errors. The Lancet. 367, 1432 (2006).
4. T. J. Vogl, P. K. Müller, R. Hammerstingl, N. Weinhold, M. G. Mack, C. Philipp, M. Deimling, J. Beuthan, W. Pegios, and H. Riess, Malignant liver tumors treated with MR imaging-guided laser-induced thermotherapy: Technique and prospective results. Radiology. 196, 257 (1995).
5. T. J. Vogl, R. Straub, K. Eichler, O. Söllner, and M. G. Mack, Colorectal carcinoma metastases in liver: Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy - local tumor control rate and survival data. Radiology. 230, 450 (2004).
6. S. L. Jacques, Laser-tissue interactions. Photochemical, photothermal, and photomechanical. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 72, 531 (1992).
7. M. H. Niemz, Laser-Tissue Interactions: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer (2007).
8. W. Choi, A. Sahu, Y. Kim, and G. Tae, Photothermal cancer therapy and imaging based on gold nanorods. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40, 534 (2012).
9. L. C. Kennedy, L. R. Bickford, N. A. Lewinski, A. J. Coughlin, Y. Hu, E. S. Day, J. L. West, and R. A. Drezek, A new era for cancer treatment: Gold-nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies. Small. 7, 169 (2011).
10. E. S. Shibu, M. Hamada, N. Murase, and V. Biju, Nanomaterials formulations for photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Photoch. Photobio. C. 15, 53 (2013).
11. S. Jiang, K. Y. Win, S. Liu, C. P. Teng, Y. Zheng, and M.-Y. Han, Surface-functionalized nanoparticles for biosensing and imaging-guided therapeutics. Nanoscale. 5, 3127 (2013).
12. C. Sun, J. S. H. Lee, and M. Zhang, Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery. Rev. 60, 1252 (2008).
13. O. Veiseh, J. W. Gunn, and M. Zhang, Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 62, 284 (2010).
14. R. Popovtzer, A. Agrawal, N. A. Kotov, A. Popovtzer, J. Balter, T. E. Carey, and R. Kopelman, Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer. Nano Lett. 8, 4593 (2008).
15. O. M. Koo, I. Rubinstein, and H. Onyuksel, Role of nanotechnology in targeted drug delivery and imaging: A concise review. Nanomed-Nanotechnol. 1, 193 (2005).
16. W. K. Leutwyler, S. L. Bürgi, and H. Burgl, Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science. 271, 933 (1996).
17. X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A. M. Wu, S. S. Gambhir, and S. Weiss, Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science. 307, 538 (2005).
18. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. K. Chung, and S. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 969 (2004).
19. U. Resch-Genger, M. Grabolle, S. Cavaliere-Jaricot, R. Nitschke, and T. Nann, Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels. Nat. Methods. 5, 763 (2008).
20. X. Wu, H. Liu, J. Liu, K. N. Haley, J. A. Treadway, J. P. Larson, N. Ge, F. Peale, and M. P. Bruchez, Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nature Biotechnol. 21, 41 (2002).
21. S. Kim, Y. T. Lim, E. G. Soltesz, A. M. De Grand, J. Lee, A. Nakayama, J. A. Parker, T. Mihaljevic, R. G. Laurence, D. M. Dor, L. H. Cohn, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nature Biotechnol. 22, 93 (2004).
22. B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez-Viejo, F. V. Mikulec, J. R. Heine, H. Mattoussi, R. Ober, K. F. Jensen, and M. G. Bawendi, (CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: Synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites. J. Phys. Chem. B. 101, 9463 (1997).
23. A. M. Smith, H. Duan, A. M. Mohs, and S. Nie, Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 60, 1226 (2008).
24. F. Erogbogbo, K.-T. Yong, I. Roy, G. Xu, P. N. Prasad, and M. T. Swihart, Biocompatible luminescent silicon quantum dots for imaging of cancer cells. ACS Nano. 2, 873 (2008).
25. K.-T. Yong, H. Ding, I. Roy, W.-C. Law, E. J. Bergey, A. Maitra, and P. N. Prasad, Imaging pancreatic cancer using bioconjugated InP quantum dots. ACS Nano. 3, 502 (2009).
26. H. S. Choi, B. I. Ipe, P. Misra, J. H. Lee, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, Tissue- and organ-selective biodistribution of NIR fluorescent quantum dots. Nano Lett. 9, 2354 (2009).
27. M. Stroh, J. P. Zimmer, D. G. Duda, T. S. Levchenko, K. S. Cohen, E. B. Brown, D. T. Scadden, V. P. Torchilin, M. G. Bawendi, D. Fukumura, and R. K. Jain, Quantum dots spectrally distinguish multiple species within the tumor milieu in vivo. Nat. Med. 11, 678 (2005).
28. W. Cai, D.-W. Shin, K. Chen, O. Gheysens, Q. Cao, S. X. Wang, S. S. Gambhir, and X. Chen, Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett. 6, 669 (2006).
29. M. Koyakutty, J. Seby, T. Deepa, S. Sonali, M. Deepthy, and N. Shantikumar, Bio-conjugated luminescent quantum dots of doped ZnS: A cyto-friendly system for targeted cancer imaging. Nanotechnology. 20, 065102 (2009).
30. J. Pan and S.-S. Feng, Targeting and imaging cancer cells by Folate-decorated, quantum dots (QDs)-loaded nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers. Biomaterials. 30, 1176 (2009).
31. S.-H. Hu, Y.-W. Chen, W.-T. Hung, I. W. Chen, and S.-Y. Chen, Quantum-dot-tagged reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for bright fluorescence bioimaging and photothermal therapy monitored in situ. Adv. Mater. 24, 1748 (2012).
32. J. Qian, K.-T. Yong, I. Roy, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, E. J. Bergey, H. H. Lee, K. M. Tramposch, S. He, A. Maitra, and P. N. Prasad, Imaging pancreatic cancer using surface-functionalized quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. B. 111, 6969 (2007).
33. H. Tada, H. Higuchi, T. M. Wanatabe, and N. Ohuchi, In vivo real-time tracking of single quantum dots conjugated with monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody in tumors of mice. Cancer Res. 67, 1138 (2007).
34. K.-T. Yong, Mn-doped near-infrared quantum dots as multimodal targeted probes for pancreatic cancer imaging. Nanotechnology. 20, 015102 (2009).
35. K. Chen, Z.-B. Li, H. Wang, W. Cai, and X. Chen, Dual-modality optical and positron emission tomography imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor on tumor vasculature using quantum dots. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. I. 35, 2235 (2008).
36. Z. Li, P. Huang, R. He, J. Lin, S. Yang, X. Zhang, Q. Ren, and D. Cui, Aptamer-conjugated dendrimer-modified quantum dots for cancer cell targeting and imaging. Mater. Lett. 64, 375 (2010).
37. R. Savla, O. Taratula, O. Garbuzenko, and T. Minko, Tumor targeted quantum dot-mucin 1 aptamer-doxorubicin conjugate for imaging and treatment of cancer. J. Control Release. 153, 16 (2011).
38. H. C. Fischer, L. Liu, K. S. Pang, and W. C. W. Chan, Pharmacokinetics of nanoscale quantum dots: In vivo distribution, sequestration, and clearance in the rat. Adv Funct Mater. 16, 1299 (2006).
39. P. Diagaradjane, J. M. Orenstein-Cardona, N. E. Colón-Casasnovas, A. Deorukhkar, S. Shentu, N. Kuno, D. L. Schwartz, J. G. Gelovani, and S. Krishnan, Imaging epidermal growth factor receptor expression in vivo: Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characterization of a bioconjugated quantum dot nanoprobe. Clin Cancer Res. 14, 731 (2008).
40. K. Zimmermann, D. Inglefield, Jr., J. Zhang, H. Dorn, T. Long, C. Rylander, and M. N. Rylander, Single-walled carbon nanohorns decorated with semiconductor quantum dots to evaluate intracellular transport. J. Nanopart Res. 16, 1 (2013).
41. M. DeWitt, A. Pekkanen, J. Robertson, C. G. Rylander, and M. N. Rylander, Influence of hyperthermia on efficacy and uptake of carbon nanohorn-cisplatin conjugates. J. Biomech. Eng.-T. ASME. 132, 021003 (2014).
42. A. Campion and P. Kambhampati, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 27, 241 (1998).
43. C. Zavaleta, A. de la Zerda, Z. Liu, S. Keren, Z. Cheng, M. Schipper, X. Chen, H. Dai, and S. S. Gambhir, Noninvasive raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 8, 2800 (2008).
44. S. Lee, S. Kim, J. Choo, S. Y. Shin, Y. H. Lee, H. Y. Choi, S. Ha, K. Kang, and C. H. Oh, Biological imaging of HEK293 cells expressing PLCγ1 using surface-enhanced raman microscopy. Anal. Chem. 79, 916 (2007).
45. X. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, W. Qian, and M. A. El-Sayed, Cancer cells assemble and align gold nanorods conjugated to antibodies to produce highly enhanced, sharp, and polarized surface raman spectra: A potential cancer diagnostic marker. Nano Lett. 7, 1591 (2007).
46. J. Qian, L. Jiang, F. Cai, D. Wang, and S. He, Fluorescence-surface enhanced Raman scattering co-functionalized gold nanorods as near-infrared probes for purely optical in vivo imaging. Biomaterials. 32, 1601 (2011).
47. S. Lee, H. Chon, M. Lee, J. Choo, S. Y. Shin, Y. H. Lee, I. J. Rhyu, S. W. Son, and C. H. Oh, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging of HER2 cancer markers overexpressed in single MCF7 cells using antibody conjugated hollow gold nanospheres. Biosens Bioelectron. 24, 2260 (2009).
48. J. V. Jokerst, Z. Miao, C. Zavaleta, Z. Cheng, and S. S. Gambhir, Affibody-functionalized gold-silica nanoparticles for Raman molecular imaging of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Small. 7, 625 (2011).
49. Y. Huang, V. P. Swarup, and S. W. Bishnoi, Rapid Raman imaging of stable, functionalized nanoshells in mammalian cell cultures. Nano Lett. 9, 2914 (2009).
50. C. L. Zavaleta, K. B. Hartman, Z. Miao, M. L. James, P. Kempen, A. S. Thakor, C. H. Nielsen, R. Sinclair, Z. Cheng, and S. S. Gambhir, Preclinical evaluation of raman nanoparticle biodistribution for their potential use in clinical endoscopy imaging. Small. 7, 2232 (2011).
51. C. T. Nguyen, J. T. Nguyen, S. Rutledge, J. Zhang, C. Wang, and G. C. Walker, Detection of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell surface markers using surface enhanced Raman scattering gold nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 292, 91 (2010).
52. S. Feng, J. Lin, M. Cheng, Y.-Z. Li, G. Chen, Z. Huang, Y. Yu, R. Chen, and H. Zeng, Gold nanoparticle based surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy of cancerous and normal nasopharyngeal tissues under near-infrared laser excitation. Appl. Spectrosc. 63, 1089 (2009).
53. X. Wang, X. Qian, J. J. Beitler, Z. G. Chen, F. R. Khuri, M. M. Lewis, H. J. C. Shin, S. Nie, and D. M. Shin, Detection of circulating tumor cells in human peripheral blood using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles. Cancer Res. 71, 1526 (2011).
54. D. Lin, S. Feng, J. Pan, Y. Chen, J. Lin, G. Chen, S. Xie, H. Zeng, and R. Chen, Colorectal cancer detection by gold nanoparticle based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of blood serum and statistical analysis. Opt Express. 19, 13565 (2011).
55. S. Feng, R. Chen, J. Lin, J. Pan, G. Chen, Y. Li, M. Cheng, Z. Huang, J. Chen, and H. Zeng, Nasopharyngeal cancer detection based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Biosens Bioelectron. 25, 2414 (2010).
56. J. Lin, R. Chen, S. Feng, Y. Li, Z. Huang, S. Xie, Y. Yu, M. Cheng, and H. Zeng, Rapid delivery of silver nanoparticles into living cells by electroporation for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25, 388 (2009).
57. Z. Liu, X. Li, S. M. Tabakman, K. Jiang, S. Fan, and H. Dai, Multiplexed multicolor raman imaging of live cells with isotopically modified single walled carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 13540 (2008).
58. Z. Liu, S. Tabakman, S. Sherlock, X. Li, Z. Chen, K. Jiang, S. Fan, and H. Dai, Multiplexed five-color molecular imaging of cancer cells and tumor tissues with carbon nanotube Raman tags in the near-infrared. Nano Res. 3, 222 (2010).
59. Z. Liu, C. Davis, W. Cai, L. He, X. Chen, and H. Dai, Circulation and long-term fate of functionalized, biocompatible single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice probed by Raman spectroscopy. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 1410 (2008).
60. J. Robinson, K. Welsher, S. Tabakman, S. Sherlock, H. Wang, R. Luong, and H. Dai, High performance in vivo near-IR (> 1 μm) imaging and photothermal cancer therapy with carbon nanotubes. Nano Res. 3, 779 (2010).
61. X. Wang, C. Wang, L. Cheng, S.-T. Lee, and Z. Liu, Noble metal coated single-walled carbon nanotubes for applications in surface enhanced Raman scattering imaging and photothermal therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 7414 (2012).
62. T. Chernenko, C. Matthäus, L. Milane, L. Quintero, M. Amiji, and M. Diem, Label-free Raman spectral imaging of intracellular delivery and degradation of polymeric nanoparticle systems. ACS Nano. 3, 3552 (2009).
63. J.-H. Kim, J.-S. Kim, H. Choi, S.-M. Lee, B.-H. Jun, K.-N. Yu, E. Kuk, Y.-K. Kim, D. H. Jeong, M.-H. Cho, and Y.-S. Lee, Nanoparticle probes with surface enhanced raman spectroscopic tags for cellular cancer targeting. Anal. Chem. 78, 6967 (2006).
64. S. Mallidi, T. Larson, J. Tam, P. P. Joshi, A. Karpiouk, K. Sokolov, and S. Emelianov, Multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging and plasmon resonance coupling of gold nanoparticles for selective detection of cancer. Nano Lett. 9, 2825 (2009).
65. D. Pan, X. Cai, C. Yalaz, A. Senpan, K. Omanakuttan, S. A. Wickline, L. V. Wang, and G. M. Lanza, Photoacoustic Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging with Self-Assembled Copper Neodecanoate Nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 6, 1260 (2012).
66. Q. Zhang, N. Iwakuma, P. Sharma, B. M. Moudgil, C. Wu, J. McNeill, H. Jiang, and S. R. Grobmyer, Gold nanoparticles as a contrast agent for in vivo tumor imaging with photoacoustic tomography. Nanotechnology. 20, 395102 (2009).
67. C. L. Bayer, S. Y. Nam, Y.-S. Chen, and S. Y. Emelianov, Photoacoustic signal amplification through plasmonic nanoparticle aggregation. J. Biomed. Opt. 18, 016001 (2013).
68. M. F. Kircher, A. de la Zerda, J. V. Jokerst, C. L. Zavaleta, P. J. Kempen, E. Mittra, K. Pitter, R. Huang, C. Campos, F. Habte, R. Sinclair, C. W. Brennan, I. K. Mellinghoff, E. C. Holland, and S. S. Gambhir, A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new triple-modality MRI-photoacoustic-Raman nanoparticle. American Nat. Med. 18, 829 (2012).
69. S. Kim, Y.-S. Chen, G. P. Luke, and S. Emelianov, In vivo three-dimensional spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging for monitoring nanoparticle delivery. Biomed. Opt. Express. 2, 2540 (2011).
70. Y.-S. Chen, W. Frey, S. Kim, P. Kruizinga, K. Homan, and S. Emelianov, Silica-coated gold nanorods as photoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers. Nano Lett. 11, 348 (2011).
71. M. Qu, M. Mehrmohammadi, and S. Emelianov, Detection of nanoparticle endocytosis using magneto-photoacoustic imaging. Small. 7, 2858 (2011).
72. J. R. Cook, W. Frey, and S. Emelianov, Quantitative photoacoustic imaging of nanoparticles in cells and tissues. ACS Nano. 7, 1272 (2013).
73. L.-S. Bouchard, M. S. Anwar, G. L. Liu, B. Hann, Z. H. Xie, J. W. Gray, X. Wang, A. Pines, and F. F. Chen, Picomolar sensitivity MRI and photoacoustic imaging of cobalt nanoparticles. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 4085 (2009).
74. Z. Zha, S. Zhang, Z. Deng, Y. Li, C. Li, and Z. Dai, Enzyme-responsive copper sulphide nanoparticles for combined photoacoustic imaging, tumor-selective chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. Chem. Commun. 49, 3455 (2013).
75. L. Wu, X. Cai, K. Nelson, W. Xing, J. Xia, R. Zhang, A. Stacy, M. Luderer, G. Lanza, L. Wang, B. Shen, and D. Pan, A green synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from honey and their use in real-time photoacoustic imaging. Nano Res. 6, 312 (2013).
76. Y. Kohl, C. Kaiser, W. Bost, F. Stracke, M. Fournelle, C. Wischke, H. Thielecke, A. Lendlein, K. Kratz, and R. Lemor, Preparation and biological evaluation of multifunctional PLGA-nanoparticles designed for photoacoustic imaging. Nanomed-Nanotechnol. 7, 228 (2011).
77. P. K. Jain, X. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, and M. A. El-Sayed, Noble metals on the nanoscale: Optical and photothermal properties and some applications in imaging, sensing, biology, and medicine. Accounts Chem. Res. 41, 1578 (2008).
78. X. Huang, P. Jain, I. El-Sayed, and M. El-Sayed, Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticles. Laser Med. Sci. 23, 217 (2008).
79. B. Nikoobakht and M. A. El-Sayed, Preparation and growth mechanism of gold nanorods (NRs) using seed-mediated growth method. Chem. Mater. 15, 1957 (2003).
80. L. Gou and C. J. Murphy, Fine-tuning the shape of gold nanorods. Chem. Mater. 17, 3668 (2005).
81. Z. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Wang, X. Jiang, X. Li, Z. Hu, Y. Ji, X. Wu, and C. Chen, Mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorods as a light-mediated multifunctional theranostic platform for cancer treatment. Adv. Mater. 24, 1418 (2012).
82. Y.-F. Huang, K. Sefah, S. Bamrungsap, H.-T. Chang, and W. Tan, Selective photothermal therapy for mixed cancer cells using aptamer-conjugated nanorods. Langmuir. 24, 11860 (2008).
83. Z. Li, P. Huang, X. Zhang, J. Lin, S. Yang, B. Liu, F. Gao, P. Xi, Q. Ren, and D. Cui, RGD-conjugated dendrimer-modified gold nanorods for in vivo tumor targeting and photothermal therapy†. Mol. Pharm. 7, 94 (2009).
84. T. B. Huff, L. Tong, Y. Zhao, M. N. Hansen, J.-X. Cheng, and A. Wei, Hyperthermic effects of gold nanorods on tumor cells. Nanomedicine. 2, 125 (2007).
85. J. L. Li, D. Day, and M. Gu, Ultra-low energy threshold for cancer photothermal therapy using transferrin-conjugated gold nanorods. Adv. Mater. 20, 3866 (2008).
86. D. K. Yi, I.-C. Sun, J. H. Ryu, H. Koo, C. W. Park, I.-C. Youn, K. Choi, I. C. Kwon, K. Kim, and C.-H. Ahn, Matrix metalloproteinase sensitive gold nanorod for simultaneous bioimaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. Bioconjugate Chem. 21, 2173 (2010).
87. W. I. Choi, J.-Y. Kim, C. Kang, C. C. Byeon, Y. H. Kim, and G. Tae, Tumor Regression in vivo by photothermal therapy based on gold-nanorod-loaded, functional nanocarriers. ACS Nano. 5, 1995 (2011).
88. H. Kang, B. Jia, J. Li, D. Morrish, and M. Gu, Enhanced photothermal therapy assisted with gold nanorods using a radially polarized beam. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 (2010).
89. E. B. Dickerson, E. C. Dreaden, X. Huang, I. H. El-Sayed, H. Chu, S. Pushpanketh, J. F. McDonald, and M. A. El-Sayed, Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Cancer Lett. 269, 57 (2008).
90. X. Huang, W. Qian, I. H. El-Sayed, and M. A. El-Sayed, The potential use of the enhanced nonlinear properties of gold nanospheres in photothermal cancer therapy. Laser Surg. Med. 39, 747 (2007).
91. X. Huang, P. K. Jain, I. H. El-Sayed, and M. A. El-Sayed, Determination of the minimum temperature required for selective photothermal destruction of cancer cells with the use of immunotargeted gold nanoparticles. Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 412 (2006).
92. I. H. El-Sayed, X. Huang, and M. A. El-Sayed, Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 239, 129 (2006).
93. J. Nam, N. Won, H. Jin, H. Chung, and S. Kim, pH-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 13639 (2009).
94. D. P. O'Neal, L. R. Hirsch, N. J. Halas, J. D. Payne, and J. L. West, Photo-thermal tumor ablation in mice using near infrared-absorbing nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 209, 171 (2004).
95. A. R. Lowery, A. M. Gobin, E. S. Day, N. J. Halas, and J. L. West, Immunonanoshells for targeted photothermal ablation of tumor cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 1, 149 (2006).
96. C. Loo, A. Lowery, N. Halas, J. West, and R. Drezek, Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. Nano Lett. 5, 709 (2005).
97. L. R. Hirsch, R. J. Stafford, J. A. Bankson, S. R. Sershen, B. Rivera, R. E. Price, J. D. Hazle, N. J. Halas, and J. L. West, Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 13549 (2003).
98. A. M. Gobin, M. H. Lee, N. J. Halas, W. D. James, R. A. Drezek, and J. L. West, Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. Nano Lett. 7, 1929 (2007).
99. E. Day, P. Thompson, L. Zhang, N. Lewinski, N. Ahmed, R. Drezek, S. Blaney, and J. West, Nanoshell-mediated photothermal therapy improves survival in a murine glioma model. J Neuro-Oncol. 104, 55 (2011).
100. S. Lal, S. E. Clare, and N. J. Halas, Nanoshell-enabled photothermal cancer therapy: Impending clinical impact. Accounts of Chem. Res. 41, 1842 (2008).
101. M.-R. Choi, K. J. Stanton-Maxey, J. K. Stanley, C. S. Levin, R. Bardhan, D. Akin, S. Badve, J. Sturgis, J. P. Robinson, R. Bashir, N. J. Halas, and S. E. Clare, A cellular trojan horse for delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles into tumors. Nano Lett. 7, 3759 (2007).
102. M. N. Rylander, R. J. Stafford, J. Hazle, J. Whitney, and K. R. Diller, Heat shock protein expression and temperature distribution in prostate tumours treated with laser irradiation and nanoshells. Int. J. Hyperther. 27, 791 (2011).
103. X. Ji, R. Shao, A. M. Elliott, R. J. Stafford, E. Esparza-Coss, J. A. Bankson, G. Liang, Z.-P. Luo, K. Park, J. T. Markert, and C. Li, Bifunctional gold nanoshells with a superparamagnetic iron oxide-silica core suitable for both MR imaging and photothermal therapy. J. Phys. Chem. C. 111, 6245 (2007).
104. W. Dong, Y. Li, D. Niu, Z. Ma, J. Gu, Y. Chen, W. Zhao, X. Liu, C. Liu, and J. Shi, Facile synthesis of monodisperse superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Core@hybrid@Au shell nanocomposite for bimodal imaging and photothermal therapy. Adv. Mater. 23, 5392 (2011).
105. J. You, G. Zhang, and C. Li, Exceptionally high payload of doxorubicin in hollow gold nanospheres for near-infrared light-triggered drug release. ACS Nano. 4, 1033 (2010).
106. M. P. Melancon, W. Lu, Z. Yang, R. Zhang, Z. Cheng, A. M. Elliot, J. Stafford, T. Olson, J. Z. Zhang, and C. Li, In vitro and in vivo targeting of hollow gold nanoshells directed at epidermal growth factor receptor for photothermal ablation therapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 7, 1730 (2008).
107. A. M. Gobin, E. M. Watkins, E. Quevedo, V. L. Colvin, and J. L. West, Near-infrared-resonant gold/gold sulfide nanoparticles as a photothermal cancer therapeutic agent. Small. 6, 745 (2010).
108. E. S. Day, L. Bickford, J. Slater, N. Riggall, R. Drezek, and J. L. West, Antibody-conjugated gold-gold sulfide nanoparticles as multifunctional agents for imaging and therapy of breast cancer. Int. J. Nanomed. 5, 445 (2010).
109. H. Park, J. Yang, J. Lee, S. Haam, I.-H. Choi, and K.-H. Yoo, Multifunctional nanoparticles for combined doxorubicin and photothermal treatments. ACS Nano. 3, 2919 (2009).
110. H. Ke, J. Wang, Z. Dai, Y. Jin, E. Qu, Z. Xing, C. Guo, X. Yue, and J. Liu, Gold-nanoshelled microcapsules: A theranostic agent for ultrasound contrast imaging and photothermal therapy. Angew. Chem. 123, 3073 (2011).
111. B. N. Khlebtsov, V. A. Khanadeev, I. L. Maksimova, G. S. Terentyuk, and N. G. Khlebtsov, Silver nanocubes and gold nanocages: Fabrication and optical and photothermal properties. Nanotechnol. Russia. 5, 454 (2010).
112. J. Chen, D. Wang, J. Xi, L. Au, A. Siekkinen, A. Warsen, Z.-Y. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Xia, and X. Li, Immuno gold nanocages with tailored optical properties for targeted photothermal destruction of cancer cells. Nano Lett. 7, 1318 (2007).
113. L. Au, D. Zheng, F. Zhou, Z.-Y. Li, X. Li, and Y. Xia, A quantitative study on the photothermal effect of immuno gold nanocages targeted to breast cancer cells. ACS Nano. 2, 1645 (2008).
114. S. E. Skrabalak, J. Chen, Y. Sun, X. Lu, L. Au, C. M. Cobley, and Y. Xia, Gold nanocages: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Accounts Chem. Res. 41, 1587 (2008).
115. H. Yuan, A. M. Fales, and T. Vo-Dinh, TAT peptide-functionalized gold nanostars: Enhanced intracellular delivery and efficient NIR photothermal therapy using ultralow irradiance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 11358 (2012).
116. C. L. Nehl, H. Liao, and J. H. Hafner, Optical properties of starshaped gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 6, 683 (2006).
117. B. Kang, M. A. Mackey, and M. A. El-Sayed, Nuclear targeting of gold nanoparticles in cancer cells induces DNA damage, causing cytokinesis arrest and apoptosis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 1517 (2010).
118. G. von Maltzahn, J.-H. Park, A. Agrawal, N. K. Bandaru, S. K. Das, M. J. Sailor, and S. N. Bhatia, Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using long-circulating gold nanorod antennas. Cancer Res. 69, 3892 (2009).
119. A. K. Singh, W. Lu, D. Senapati, S. A. Khan, Z. Fan, T. Senapati, T. Demeritte, L. Beqa, and P. C. Ray, Long-range nanoparticle surface-energy- transfer ruler for monitoring photothermal therapy response. Small. 7, 2517 (2011).
120. W. Lu, A. K. Singh, S. A. Khan, D. Senapati, H. Yu, and P. C. Ray, Gold nano-popcorn-based targeted diagnosis, nanotherapy treatment, and in situ monitoring of photothermal therapy response of prostate cancer cells using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 18103 (2010).
121. S. C. Boca, M. Potara, A.-M. Gabudean, A. Juhem, P. L. Baldeck, and S. Astilean, Chitosan-coated triangular silver nanoparticles as a novel class of biocompatible, highly effective photothermal transducers for in vitro cancer cell therapy. Cancer Lett. 311, 131 (2011).
122. R. Di Corato, D. Palumberi, R. Marotta, M. Scotto, S. Carregal-Romero, P. Rivera-Gil, W. J. Parak, and T. Pellegrino, Magnetic nanobeads decorated with silver nanoparticles as cytotoxic agents and photothermal probes. Small. 8, 2731 (2012).
123. S. Ilknur, C. Dilek, K. Mehmet, B. Asli, and C. Mustafa, Interaction of multi-functional silver nanoparticles with living cells. Nanotechnology. 21, 175104 (2010).
124. P. Yang, Q.-Z. Xu, S.-Y. Jin, Y. Lu, Y. Zhao, and S.-H. Yu, Synthesis of multifunctional Ag@Au@Phenol formaldehyde resin particles loaded with folic acids for photothermal therapy. Chem-Eur. J. 18, 9294 (2012).
125. P. Wu, Y. Gao, H. Zhang, and C. Cai, Aptamer-guided silver-gold bimetallic nanostructures with highly active surface-enhanced Raman scattering for specific detection and near-infrared photothermal therapy of human breast cancer cells. Anal. Chem. 84, 7692 (2012).
126. L.-C. Cheng, J.-H. Huang, H. M. Chen, T.-C. Lai, K.-Y. Yang, R.-S. Liu, M. Hsiao, C.-H. Chen, L.-J. Her, and D. P. Tsai, Seedless, silver-induced synthesis of star-shaped gold/silver bimetallic nanoparticles as high efficiency photothermal therapy reagent. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 2244 (2012).
127. P. Wu, Y. Gao, Y. Lu, H. Zhang, and C. Cai, High specific detection and near-infrared photothermal therapy of lung cancer cells with high SERS active aptamer-silver-gold shell-core nanostructures. Analyst. 138, 6501 (2013).
128. C. M. Hessel, V. P. Pattani, M. Rasch, M. G. Panthani, B. Koo, J. W. Tunnell, and B. A. Korgel, Copper selenide nanocrystals for photothermal therapy. Nano Lett. 11, 2560 (2011).
129. Y. Li, W. Lu, Q. Huang, M. Huang, C. Li, and W. Chen, Copper sulfide nanoparticles for photothermal ablation of tumor cells. Nanomedicine. 5, 1161 (2010).
130. M. Zhou, R. Zhang, M. Huang, W. Lu, S. Song, M. P. Melancon, M. Tian, D. Liang, and C. Li, A chelator-free multifunctional [64Cu]CuS nanoparticle platform for simultaneous micro-PET/CT imaging and photothermal ablation therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 15351 (2010).
131. T. N. Lambert, N. L. Andrews, H. Gerung, T. J. Boyle, J. M. Oliver, B. S. Wilson, and S. M. Han, Water-soluble germanium(0). Nanocrystals: Cell recognition and near-infrared photothermal conversion properties. Small. 3, 691 (2007).
132. K.-W. Hu, F.-Y. Jhang, C.-H. Su, and C.-S. Yeh, Fabrication of Gd2O(CO3)2[middle dot]H2O/silica/gold hybrid particles as a bifunctional agent for MR imaging and photothermal destruction of cancer cells. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 2147 (2009).
133. S. Regli, J. A. Kelly, A. M. Shukaliak, and J. G. C. Veinot, Photothermal response of photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 1793 (2012).
134. C. Lee, H. Kim, C. Hong, M. Kim, S. S. Hong, D. H. Lee, and W. I. Lee, Porous silicon as an agent for cancer thermotherapy based on near-infrared light irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 4790 (2008).
135. C. Lee, C. Hong, J. Lee, M. Son, and S.-S. Hong, Comparison of oxidized porous silicon with bare porous silicon as a photothermal agent for cancer cell destruction based on in vitro cell test results. Laser Med. Sci. 27, 1001 (2012).
136. S. P. Sherlock, S. M. Tabakman, L. Xie, and H. Dai, Photothermally enhanced drug delivery by ultrasmall multifunctional feco/graphitic shell nanocrystals. ACS Nano. 5, 1505 (2011).
137. S. Sherlock and H. Dai, Multifunctional FeCo-graphitic carbon nanocrystals for combined imaging, drug delivery and tumorspecific photothermal therapy in mice. Nano Res. 4, 1248 (2011).
138. C. Lee, C. Hong, H. Kim, J. Kang, and H. M. Zheng, TiO2 nanotubes as a therapeutic agent for cancer thermotherapy. Photochem. American Photobiol. 86, 981 (2010).
139. L. Cheng, K. Yang, Y. Li, X. Zeng, M. Shao, S.-T. Lee, and Z. Liu, Multifunctional nanoparticles for upconversion luminescence/MR multimodal imaging and magnetically targeted photothermal therapy. Biomaterials. 33, 2215 (2012).
140. L. Lu, G. Burkey, I. Halaciuga, and D. V. Goia, Core-shell gold/silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and optical properties. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 392, 90 (2013).
141. W. Zhang, Z. Guo, D. Huang, Z. Liu, X. Guo, and H. Zhong, Synergistic effect of chemo-photothermal therapy using PEGylated graphene oxide. Biomaterials. 32, 8555 (2011).
142. Z. M. Markovic, L. M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, B. M. Todorovic-Markovic, D. P. Kepić, K. M. Arsikin, S. P. Jovanović, A. C. Pantovic, M. D. Dramićanin, and V. S. Trajkovic, In vitro comparison of the photothermal anticancer activity of graphene nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials. 32, 1121 (2011).
143. J. T. Robinson, S. M. Tabakman, Y. Liang, H. Wang, H. Sanchez Casalongue, D. Vinh, and H. Dai, Ultrasmall reduced graphene oxide with high near-infrared absorbance for photothermal therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 6825 (2011).
144. K. Yang, J. Wan, S. Zhang, B. Tian, Y. Zhang, and Z. Liu, The influence of surface chemistry and size of nanoscale graphene oxide on photothermal therapy of cancer using ultra-low laser power. Biomaterials. 33, 2206 (2012).
145. S. K. Singh, M. K. Singh, P. P. Kulkarni, V. K. Sonkar, J. J. A. Grácio, and D. Dash, Amine-modified graphene: Thrombo-protective safer alternative to graphene oxide for biomedical applications. ACS Nano. 6, 2731 (2012).
146. K. Yang, S. Zhang, G. Zhang, X. Sun, S.-T. Lee, and Z. Liu, Graphene in mice: Ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy. Nano Lett. 10, 3318 (2010).
147. X. Ma, H. Tao, K. Yang, L. Feng, L. Cheng, X. Shi, Y. Li, L. Guo, and Z. Liu, A functionalized graphene oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite for magnetically targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Nano Res. 5, 199 (2012).
148. F. Zhou, D. E. Resasco, W. R. Chen, D. Xing, Z. Ou, and B. Wu, Cancer photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 021009-7 (2009).
149. H. K. Moon, S. H. Lee, and H. C. Choi, In vivo near-infrared mediated tumor destruction by photothermal effect of carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano. 3, 3707 (2009).
150. Z. Liu, A. C. Fan, K. Rakhra, S. Sherlock, A. Goodwin, X. Chen, Q. Yang, D. W. Felsher, and H. Dai, Supramolecular stacking of doxorubicin on carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 48, 7668 (2009).
151. X. Liu, H. Tao, K. Yang, S. Zhang, S.-T. Lee, and Z. Liu, Optimization of surface chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes for in vivo photothermal ablation of tumors. Biomaterials. 32, 144 (2011).
152. N. Huang, H. Wang, J. Zhao, H. Lui, M. Korbelik, and H. Zeng, Single-wall carbon nanotubes assisted photothermal cancer therapy: Animal study with a murine model of squamous cell carcinoma. Laser Surg. Med. 42, 798 (2010).
153. P. Chakravarty, R. Marches, N. S. Zimmerman, A. D.-E. Swafford, P. Bajaj, I. H. Musselman, P. Pantano, R. K. Draper, and E. S. Vitetta, Thermal ablation of tumor cells with antibody-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 8697 (2008).
154. F. Zhou, S. Wu, B. Wu, W. R. Chen, and D. Xing, Mitochondria-targeting single-walled carbon nanotubes for cancer photothermal therapy. Small. 7, 2727 (2011).
155. A. R. Burke, R. N. Singh, D. L. Carroll, J. C. S. Wood, R. B. D'Agostino Jr, P. M. Ajayan, F. M. Torti, and S. V. Torti, The resistance of breast cancer stem cells to conventional hyperthermia and their sensitivity to nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy. Biomaterials. 33, 2961 (2012).
156. A. Burke, X. Ding, R. Singh, R. A. Kraft, N. Levi-Polyachenko, M. N. Rylander, C. Szot, C. Buchanan, J. Whitney, J. Fisher, H. C. Hatcher, R. D'Agostino, N. D. Kock, P. M. Ajayan, D. L. Carroll, S. Akman, F. M. Torti, and S. V. Torti, Long-term survival following a single treatment of kidney tumors with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and near-infrared radiation. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 12897 (2009).
157. J. W. Fisher, S. Sarkar, C. F. Buchanan, C. S. Szot, J. Whitney, H. C. Hatcher, S. V. Torti, C. G. Rylander, and M. N. Rylander, Photothermal response of human and murine cancer cells to multiwalled carbon nanotubes after laser irradiation. Cancer Res. 70, 9855 (2010).
158. L. Mocan, F. Tabaran, T. Mocan, C. Bele, A. I. Orza, C. Lucan, R. Stiufiuc, I. Manaila, F. Iulia, I. Dana, F. Zaharie, G. Osian, L. Vlad, and C. Iancu, Selective ex-vivo photothermal ablation of human pancreatic cancer with albumin functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Int. J. Nanomed. 6, 915 (2011).
159. G. Duscher, M. Chisholm, A. Puretzky, C. Rouleau, and D. Geohegan, Atomic structure of single walled carbon nanohorns. Microsc. Microanal. 17, 1510 (2011).
160. S. Iijima, M. Yudasaka, R. Yamada, S. Bandow, K. Suenaga, F. Kokai, and K. Takahashi, Nano-aggregates of single-walled graphitic carbon nano-horns. Chem. Phys. Lett. 309, 165 (1999).
161. T. Murakami, J. Fan, M. Yudasaka, S. Iijima, and K. Shiba, Solubilization of single-wall carbon nanohorns using a PEG-doxorubicin conjugate. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 3, 407 (2006).
162. T. Murakami, K. Ajima, J. Miyawaki, M. Yudasaka, S. Iijima, and K. Shiba, Drug-loaded carbon nanohorns: Adsorption and release of dexamethasone in Vitro. Mol. Pharm. 1, 399 (2004).
163. K. Ajima, M. Yudasaka, T. Murakami, A. Maigné, K. Shiba, and S. Iijima, Carbon nanohorns as anticancer drug carriers. Mol. Pharm. 2, 475 (2005).
164. K. Ajima, T. Murakami, Y. Mizoguchi, K. Tsuchida, T. Ichihashi, S. Iijima, and M. Yudasaka, Enhancement of in vivo anticancer effects of cisplatin by incorporation inside single-wall carbon nanohorns. ACS Nano. 2, 2057 (2008).
165. J. Xu, M. Yudasaka, S. Kouraba, M. Sekido, Y. Yamamoto, and S. Iijima, Single wall carbon nanohorn as a drug carrier for controlled release. Chem. Phys. Lett. 461, 189 (2008).
166. T. Murakami, H. Sawada, G. Tamura, M. Yudasaka, S. Iijima, and K. Tsuchida, Water-dispersed single-wall carbon nanohorns as drug carriers for local cancer chemotherapy. Nanomedicine. 3, 453 (2008).
167. M. Zhang, T. Murakami, K. Ajima, K. Tsuchida, A. S. D. Sandanayaka, O. Ito, S. Iijima, and M. Yudasaka, Fabrication of ZnPc/protein nanohorns for double photodynamic and hyperthermic cancer phototherapy. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 14773 (2008).
168. J. Miyawaki, M. Yudasaka, T. Azami, Y. Kubo, and S. Iijima, Toxicity of single-walled carbon nanohorns. ACS Nano. 2, 213 (2008).
169. J. R. Whitney, S. Sarkar, J. Zhang, T. Do, T. Young, M. K. Manson, T. A. Campbell, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, K. L. More, D. B. Geohegan, C. G. Rylander, H. C. Dorn, and M. N. Rylander, Single walled carbon nanohorns as photothermal cancer agents. Laser Surg. Med. 43, 43 (2011).
170. J. R. Whitney, A. Rodgers, E. Harvie, W. F. Carswell, S. Torti, A. A. Puretzky, C. M. Rouleau, D. B. Geohegan, C. G. Rylander, and M. N. Rylander, Spatial and temporal measurements of temperature and cell viability in response to nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy. Nanomedicine. 7, 1729 (2012).
171. J. Whitney, M. DeWitt, B. M. Whited, W. Carswell, A. Simon, C. G. Rylander, and M. N. Rylander, 3D viability imaging of tumor phantoms treated with single-walled carbon nanohorns and photothermal therapy. Nanotechnology. 24, 275102 (2013).
172. E. Miyako, T. Deguchi, Y. Nakajima, M. Yudasaka, Y. Hagihara, M. Horie, M. Shichiri, Y. Higuchi, F. Yamashita, M. Hashida, Y. Shigeri, Y. Yoshida, and S. Iijima, Photothermic regulation of gene expression triggered by laser-induced carbon nanohorns. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 7523 (2012).
173. R. L. Hood, W. Carswell, A. Rodgers, M. Kosoglu, M. Rylander, D. Grant, J. Robertson, and C. Rylander, Spatially controlled photothermal heating of bladder tissue through single-walled carbon nanohorns delivered with a fiberoptic microneedle device. Laser Med. Sci. 28, 1143 (2013).
174. J. Miyawaki, M. Yudasaka, H. Imai, H. Yorimitsu, H. Isobe, E. Nakamura, and S. Iijima, In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of single-walled carbon nanohorns by labeling with magnetite nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 18, 1010 (2006).
175. L. Cheng, K. Yang, Q. Chen, and Z. Liu, Organic stealth nanoparticles for highly effective in vivo near-infrared photothermal therapy American of cancer. ACS Nano. 6, 5605 (2012).
176. D. E. J. G. J. Dolmans, D. Fukumura, and R. K. Jain, Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 3, 380 (2003).
177. I. J. MacDonald and T. J. Dougherty, Basic principles of photodynamic therapy. J. Porphyr. Phthalocya. 5, 105 (2001).
178. B. W. Henderson and T. J. Dougherty, How does photodynamic therapy work. Photochem. Photobiol. 55, 145 (1992).
179. G. W. Sledge and K. D. Miller, Exploiting the hallmarks of cancer: The future conquest of breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 39, 1668 (2003).
180. M. C. DeRosa and R. J. Crutchley, Photosensitized singlet oxygen and its applications. Coordin. Chem. Rev. 233, 351 (2002).
181. M. W. Wiedmann and K. Caca, General principles of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and gastrointestinal applications. Curr. Pharm. Biotechno. 5, 397 (2004).
182. T. R. Nathan, D. E. Whitelaw, S. C. Chang, W. R. Lees, P. M. Ripley, H. Payne, L. Jones, M. C. Parkinson, M. Emberton, A. R. Gillams, A. R. Mundy, and S. G. Bown, Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy: A phase I study. J. Urology. 168, 1427 (2002).
183. S. G. Bown, A. Z. Rogowska, D. E. Whitelaw, W. R. Lees, L. B. Lovat, P. Ripley, L. Jones, P. Wyld, A. Gillams, and A. W. Hatfield, Photodynamic therapy for cancer of the pancreas. Gut. 50, 549 (2002).
184. K. Moghissi and K. Dixon, Is bronchoscopic photodynamic therapy a therapeutic option in lung cancer? Eur. Respir. J. 22, 535 (2003).
185. S. B. Brown, E. A. Brown, and I. Walker, The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol. 5, 497 (2004).
186. W. Chen and J. Zhang, Using nanoparticles to enable simultaneous radiation and photodynamic therapies for cancer treatment. J. Nanosci. Nanotechno. 6, 1159 (2006).
187. D. K. Chatterjee, L. S. Fong, and Y. Zhang, Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy: An emerging paradigm. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 60, 1627 (2008).
188. R. R. Allison and C. H. Sibata, Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: A clinical review. Photodiagn. Photodyn. 7, 61 (2010).
189. M. Triesscheijn, P. Baas, J. H. M. Schellens, and F. A. Stewart, Photodynamic therapy in oncology. Oncologist. 11, 1034 (2006).
190. T. J. Dougherty, C. J. Gomer, B. W. Henderson, G. Jori, D. Kessel, M. Korbelik, J. Moan, and Q. Peng, Photodynamic therapy. J. Natl. Cancer I. 90, 889 (1998).
191. N. Brasseur, D. Brault, and P. Couvreur, Adsorption of hematoporphyrin onto polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles - Carrier capacity and drug release. Int. J. Pharm. 70, 129 (1991).
192. H. L. L. M. Vanleengoed, V. Cuomo, A. A. C. Versteeg, N. Vanderveen, G. Jori, and W. M. Star, In-vivo fluorescence and photodynamic activity of zinc phthalocyanine administered in liposomes. Brit. J. Cancer. 69, 840 (1994).
193. M. A. D'Hallewin, D. Kochetkov, Y. Viry-Babel, A. Leroux, E. Werkmeister, D. Dumas, S. Grafe, V. Zorin, F. Guillemin, and L. Bezdetnaya, Photodynamic therapy with intratumoral administration of lipid-based mTHPC in a model of breast cancer recurrence. Laser Surg. Med. 40, 543 (2008).
194. Y. P. Fang, P. C. Wu, Y. H. Tsai, and Y. B. Huang, Physicochemical and safety evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acid in novel liposomes as carrier for skin delivery. J. Liposome Res. 18, 31 (2008).
195. D. Kozlowska, P. Foran, P. MacMahon, M. J. Shelly, S. Eustace, and R. O'Kennedy, Molecular and magnetic resonance imaging: The value of immunoliposomes. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 61, 1402 (2009).
196. P. Sapra and T. M. Allen, Internalizing antibodies are necessary for improved therapeutic efficacy of antibody-targeted liposomal drugs. Cancer Res. 62, 7190 (2002).
197. J. Morgan, A. G. Gray, and E. R. Huehns, Specific targeting and toxicity of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine photosensitized liposomes directed to cells by monoclonal-antibody in vitro. Brit. J. Cancer. 59, 366 (1989).
198. Y. E. K. Lee and R. Kopelman, Polymeric nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Biomed. Nanoetechnol: Meth. Prot. 726, 151 (2011).
199. F. A. Anderson, Amended final report on the safety assessment of polyacrylamide and acrylamide residues in cosmetics. Int. J. Toxicol. 24 Suppl. 2, 21 (2005).
200. H. J. Hah, G. Kim, Y. E. K. Lee, D. A. Orringer, O. Sagher, M. A. Philbert, and R. Kopelman, Methylene blue-conjugated hydrogel nanoparticles and tumor-cell targeted photodynamic therapy. Macromol. Biosci. 11, 90 (2011).
201. Y. E. L. Koo, G. R. Reddy, M. Bhojani, R. Schneider, M. A. Philbert, A. Rehemtulla, B. D. Ross, and R. Kopelman, Brain cancer diagnosis and therapy with nanoplatforms. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 58, 1556 (2006).
202. H. Maeda, G. Y. Bharate, and J. Daruwalla, Polymeric drugs for efficient tumor-targeted drug delivery based on EPR-effect. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 71, 409 (2009).
203. G. R. Reddy, M. S. Bhojani, P. McConville, J. Moody, B. A. Moffat, D. E. Hall, G. Kim, Y. E. L. Koo, M. J. Woolliscroft, J. V. Sugai, T. D. Johnson, M. A. Philbert, R. Kopelman, A. Rehemtulla, and B. D. Ross, Vascular targeted nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 6677 (2006).
204. W. Tang, H. Xu, E. J. Park, M. A. Philbert, and R. Kopelman, Encapsulation of methylene blue in polyacrylamide nanoparticle platforms protects its photodynamic effectiveness. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Co. 369, 579 (2008).
205. D. Gao, R. R. Agayan, H. Xu, M. A. Philbert, and R. Kopelman, Nanoparticles for two-photon photodynamic therapy in living cells. Nano Lett. 6, 2383 (2006).
206. Y. N. Konan, M. Berton, R. Gurny, and E. Allemann, Enhanced photodynamic activity of meso-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin by incorporation into sub-200 nm nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 18, 241 (2003).
207. E. Allemann, J. Rousseau, N. Brasseur, S. V. Kudrevich, K. Lewis, and J. E. vanLier, Photodynamic therapy of tumours with hexadecafluoro zinc phthalocyanine formulated in PEG-coated poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles. Int. J. Cancer. 66, 821 (1996).
208. B. Pegaz, E. Debefve, J. P. Ballini, Y. N. Konan-Kouakou, and H. van den Bergh, Effect of nanoparticle size on the extravasation and the photothrombic activity of meso(p-tetracarboxyphenyl) porphyrin. J. Photoch. Photobio. B. 85, 216 (2006).
209. E. Ricci-Junior and J. M. Marchetti, Zinc(II) phthalocyanine loaded PLGA nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy use. Int. J. Pharm. 310, 187 (2006).
210. Y. N. Konan-Kouakou, R. Boch, R. Gurny, and E. Allemann, In vitro and in vivo activities of verteporfin-loaded nanoparticles. J. Control. Release. 103, 83 (2005).
211. J. R. McCarthy, J. M. Perez, and R. Weissleder, PLGA encapsulated porphyrin nanoparticles as activateable photodynamic therapy and imaging agents. Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. S. 229, U352-U352 (2005).
212. M. Jr, J. M. Perez, C. Bruckner, and R. Weissleder, Polymeric nanoparticle preparation that eradicates tumors. Nano Lett. 5, 2552 (2005).
213. J. Bhaumik, R. Weissleder, and J. R. McCarthy, Synthesis and photophysical properties of sulfonamidophenyl porphyrins as models for activatable photosensitizers. J. Org. Chem. 74, 5894 (2009).
214. I. Roy, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, H. E. Pudavar, E. J. Bergey, A. R. Oseroff, J. Morgan, T. J. Dougherty, and P. N. Prasad, Ceramic-based nanoparticles entrapping water-insoluble photosensitizing anticancer drugs: A novel drug-carrier system for photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 7860 (2003).
215. M. C. Daniel and D. Astruc, Gold nanoparticles: Assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem. Rev. 104, 293 (2004).
216. Y. Cheng, A. C. Samia, J. D. Meyers, I. Panagopoulos, B. W. Fei, and C. Burda, Highly efficient drug delivery with gold nanoparticle vectors for in vivo photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Am. American Chem. Soc. 130, 10643 (2008).
217. M. E. Wieder, D. C. Hone, M. J. Cook, M. M. Handsley, J. Gavrilovic, and D. A. Russell, Intracellular photodynamic therapy with photosensitizer- nanoparticle conjugates: Cancer therapy using a 'Trojan horse.' Photoch. Photobio. Sci. 5, 727 (2006).
218. T. Stuchinskaya, M. Moreno, M. J. Cook, D. R. Edwards, and D. A. Russell, Targeted photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cells using antibody- phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates. Photoch. Photobio. Sci. 10, 822 (2011).
219. P. Juzenas, W. Chen, Y. P. Sun, M. A. N. Coelho, R. Generalov, N. Generalova, and I. L. Christensen, Quantum dots and nanoparticles for photodynamic and radiation therapies of cancer. Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 60, 1600 (2008).
220. J. M. Hsieh, M. L. Ho, P. W. Wu, P. T. Chou, T. T. Tsai, and Y. Chi, Iridium-complex modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots; a conceptual design for bi-functionality toward imaging and photosensitization. Chem. Commun (Camb.) 615 (2006).
221. A. C. Samia, X. Chen, and C. Burda, Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15736 (2003).
222. J. M. Tsay, M. Trzoss, L. Shi, X. Kong, M. Selke, M. E. Jung, and S. Weiss, Singlet oxygen production by Peptide-coated quantum dot-photosensitizer conjugates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 6865 (2007).
223. J. C. Boyer, F. Vetrone, L. A. Cuccia, and J. A. Capobianco, Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF4 nanocrystals doped with Er3+, Yb3+ and Tm3+, Yb3+ via thermal decomposition of lanthanide trifluoroacetate precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7444 (2006).
224. S. Heer, K. Kompe, H. U. Gudel, and M. Haase, Highly efficient multicolour upconversion emission in transparent colloids of lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Adv. Mater. 16, 2102-+ (2004).
225. C. Wang, H. Q. Tao, L. Cheng, and Z. Liu, Near-infrared light induced in vivo photodynamic therapy of cancer based on upconversion nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 32, 6145 (2011).
226. J. C. Kah, R. C. Wan, K. Y. Wong, S. Mhaisalkar, C. J. Sheppard, and M. Olivo, Combinatorial treatment of photothermal therapy using gold nanoshells with conventional photodynamic therapy to improve treatment efficacy: An in vitro study. Lasers Surg. Med. 40, 584 (2008).
227. A. Khdair, H. Handa, G. Z. Mao, and J. Panyam, Nanoparticle-mediated combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy overcomes tumor drug resistance in vitro. Eur. J. Pharma. Biopharma. 71, 214 (2009).
228. S. Y. Emelianov, P. C. Li, and M. O'donnell, Photoacoustics for molecular imaging and therapy. Phys. Today. 62, 34 (2009).
229. Z. F. Li, Y. B. Liu, H. Li, W. R. Chen, H. Y. Chen, and H. Wang, Monitoring tissue temperature for photothermal cancer therapy based on photoacoustic imaging: A pilot study. Biophotonics and Immune Responses VIII 858209 (2013).
230. B. Kang, D. C. Yu, Y. D. Dai, S. Q. Chang, D. Chen, and Y. T. Ding, Cancer-cell targeting and photoacoustic therapy using carbon nanotubes as "bomb" agents. Small. 5, 1292 (2009).
231. J. P. Zhong, S. H. Yang, X. H. Zheng, T. Zhou, and D. Xing, In vivo photoacoustic therapy with cancer-targeted indocyanine green-containing nanoparticles. Nanomedicine. 8, 903 (2013).
232. H. Y. Ju, R. A. Roy, and T. W. Murray, Gold nanoparticle targeted photoacoustic cavitation for potential deep tissue imaging and therapy. Biomed. Opt. Express. 4, 66 (2013).
233. A. S. Don and P. J. Hogg, Mitochondria as cancer drug targets. Trends Mol. Med. 10, 372 (2004).
234. S. Desagher and J. C. Martinou, Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol. 10, 369 (2000).
235. F. F. Zhou, S. N. Wu, Y. Yuan, W. R. Chen, and D. Xing, Mitochondria-targeting photoacoustic therapy using single-walled carbon nanotubes. Small. 8, 1543 (2012).
236. B. Radt, T. A. Smith, and F. Caruso, Optically addressable nanostructured capsules. Adv. Mater. 16, 2184-+ (2004).
237. R. Huschka, A. Barhoumi, Q. Liu, J. A. Roth, L. Ji, and N. J. Halas, Gene silencing by gold nanoshell-mediated delivery and laser-triggered release of antisense oligonucleotide and siRNA. ACS Nano. 6, 7681 (2012).
238. R. M. Uda, E. Hiraishi, R. Ohnishi, Y. Nakahara, and K. Kimura, Morphological changes in vesicles and release of an encapsulated compound triggered by a photoresponsive malachite green leuconitrile derivative. Langmuir. 26, 5444 (2010).
239. M. S. Yavuz, Y. Y. Cheng, J. Y. Chen, C. M. Cobley, Q. Zhang, M. Rycenga, J. W. Xie, C. Kim, K. H. Song, A. G. Schwartz, L. H. V. Wang, and Y. N. Xia, Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light. Nat. Mater. 8, 935 (2009).
240. S. E. Skrabalak, J. Y. Chen, Y. G. Sun, X. M. Lu, L. Au, C. M. Cobley, and Y. N. Xia, Gold nanocages: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Accounts Chem. Res. 41, 1587 (2008).
241. D. H. Thompson, O. V. Gerasimov, J. J. Wheeler, Y. J. Rui, and V. C. Anderson, Triggerable plasmalogen liposomes: Improvement of system efficiency. BBA-Biomembranes. 1279, 25 (1996).
242. O. V. Gerasimov, M. Qualls, Y. Rui, and D. H. Thompson, Intracellular drug delivery using pH- and light-activated diplasmenylcholine liposomes. Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. S. 213, 303-PMSE (1997).
243. A. P. Goodwin, J. L. Mynar, Y. Z. Ma, G. R. Fleming, and J. M. J. Frechet, Synthetic micelle sensitive to IR light via a two-photon process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 9952 (2005).
244. G. Y. Chen, C. H. Yang, and P. N. Prasad, Nanophotonics and nanochemistry: Controlling the excitation dynamics for frequency up- and down-conversion in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Accounts Chem. Res. 46, 1474 (2013).
245. Y. M. Yang, Q. Shao, R. R. Deng, C. Wang, X. Teng, K. Cheng, Z. Cheng, L. Huang, Z. Liu, X. G. Liu, and B. G. Xing, In vitro and in vivo uncaging and bioluminescence imaging by using photocaged upconversion nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 51, 3125 (2012).
246. D. W. Hutmacher, R. E. Horch, D. Loessner, S. Rizzi, S. Sieh, J. C. Reichert, J. A. Clements, J. P. Beier, A. Arkudas, O. Bleiziffer, and U. Kneser, Translating tissue engineering technology platforms into cancer research. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 1417 (2009).
247. C. S. Szot, C. F. Buchanan, J. W. Freeman, and M. N. Rylander, 3D〈i〉 in vitro〈/i〉 bioengineered tumors based on collagen I hydrogels. Biomaterials. 32, 7905 (2011).
248. A. L. Timothy, B. James, A. Jesse, and S. Konstantin, Hybrid plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles as molecular specific agents for MRI/optical imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells. Nanotechnology. 18, 325101 (2007).
249. S. Mallidi, T. Larson, J. Aaron, K. Sokolov, and S. Emelianov, Molecular specific optoacoustic imaging with plasmonic nanoparticles. Opt. Express. 15, 6583 (2007).
250. J. Shah, L. Ma, K. Sokolov, K. Johnston, T. Milner, S. Y. Emelianov, S. Park, S. Aglyamov, and T. Larson, Photoacoustic imaging and temperature measurement for photothermal cancer therapy. J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 034024-9 (2008).
251. Z. Zha, Z. Deng, Y. Li, C. Li, J. Wang, S. Wang, E. Qu, and Z. Dai, Biocompatible polypyrrole nanoparticles as a novel organic photoacoustic contrast agent for deep tissue imaging. Nanoscale. 5, 4462 (2013).
252. X. Liang, Z. Deng, L. Jing, X. Li, Z. Dai, C. Li, and M. Huang, Prussian blue nanoparticles operate as a contrast agent for enhanced photoacoustic imaging. Chem. Commun. 49, 11029 (2013).
253. S. Sarkar, A. A. Gurjarpadhye, C. G. Rylander, and M. Nichole Rylander, Optical properties of breast tumor phantoms containing carbon nanotubes and nanohorns. J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 051304-11 (2011).
254. S. Sarkar, K. Zimmermann, W. Leng, P. Vikesland, J. Zhang, H. Dorn, T. Diller, C. Rylander, and M. Rylander, Measurement of the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube-tissue phantom composites with the hot wire probe method. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39, 1745 (2011).
255. V. P. Pattani and J. W. Tunnell, Nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: A comparative study of heating for different particle types. Laser Surg. Med. 44, 675 (2012).
256. B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry. J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 041102 (2006).
257. R. Guo, L. Zhang, H. Qian, R. Li, X. Jiang, and B. Liu, Multifunctional nanocarriers for cell imaging, drug delivery, and near-IR photothermal therapy. Langmuir. 26, 5428 (2010).
258. J.-H. Park, G. von Maltzahn, M. J. Xu, V. Fogal, V. R. Kotamraju, E. Ruoslahti, S. N. Bhatia, and M. J. Sailor, Cooperative nanomaterial system to sensitize, target, and treat tumors. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 981 (2010).
259. B. Jang, J.-Y. Park, C.-H. Tung, I.-H. Kim, and Y. Choi, Gold nanorod-photosensitizer complex for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photodynamic/photothermal therapy in vivo. ACS Nano. 5, 1086 (2011).
260. I. L. Maksimova, G. G. Akchurin, B. N. Khlebtsov, G. S. Terentyuk, G. G. Akchurin, I. A. Ermolaev, A. A. Skaptsov, E. P. Soboleva, N. G. Khlebtsov, and V. V. Tuchin, Near-infrared laser photothermal therapy of cancer by using gold nanoparticles: Computer simulations and experiment. Med. Laser Appl. 22, 199 (2007).
261. J.-L. Li, L. Wang, X.-Y. Liu, Z.-P. Zhang, H.-C. Guo, W.-M. Liu, and S.-H. Tang, In vitro cancer cell imaging and therapy using transferrin- conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 274, 319 (2009).