Memory detection with the Concealed Information Test: A meta analysis of skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, and P300 data

Psychophysiology

Volumn 51, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 879-904

  Meijer, Ewout H ^a,b   Selle, Nathalie Klein ^b   Elber, Lotem ^b   Ben Shakhar, Gershon ^b  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Concealed Information Test (CIT); Event related potential (ERP); Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT); Heart rate deceleration; Meta analysis; P300; Respiration line length (RLL); Skin conductance response (SCR)

Indexed keywords

DECEPTION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; LIE DETECTION; MEMORY; META ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY;

DECEPTION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; LIE DETECTION; MEMORY;

EID: 84904672887     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12239     Document Type: Article

References (230)

1. Abootalebi, V., Moradi, M. H., & Khalilzadeh, M. A. (2006). A comparison of methods for ERP assessment in a P300-based GKT. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62, 309-320. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.05.009
2. Abootalebi, V., Moradi, M. H., & Khalilzadeh, M. A. (2009). A new approach for EEG feature extraction in P300 based lie detection. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 94, 48-57. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.10.001
3. Ambach, W., Assmann, B., Krieg, B., & Vaitl, D. (2012). Face and voice as social stimuli enhance differential physiological responding in a concealed information test. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 510. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00510
4. Ambach, W., Bursch, S., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (2010). A concealed information test with multimodal measurement. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 75, 258-267. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.010
5. Ambach, W., Dummel, S., Lüeer, T., & Vaitl, D. (2011). Physiological responses in a Concealed Information Test are determined interactively by encoding procedure and questioning format. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.010
6. Ambach, W., Stark, R., Peper, M., & Vaitl, D. (2008a). Separating deceptive and orienting components in a Concealed Information Test. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70, 95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.002
7. Ambach, W., Stark, R., Peper, M., & Vaitl, D. (2008b). An interfering go/no-go task does not affect accuracy in a Concealed Information Test. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 68, 6-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.11.004
8. Ambach, W., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (2011). An interfering n-back task facilitates the detection of concealed information with EDA but impedes it with cardiopulmonary physiology. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 80, 217-226. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.03.010
9. Ansley, N. (1992). The history and accuracy of guilty knowledge and peak of tension tests. Polygraph, 21, 174-274.
10. Bamber, D. (1975). The area under the ordinal dominance graph and the area below the receiver operating characteristic graph. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 12, 378-415. doi: 10.1016/0022-2496(75)90001-2
11. Barland, G. H., & Raskin, D. C. (1976). Validity and reliability of polygraph examinations of criminal suspects (Report No. 76-1, Contract No. 7599-0001). Law Enforcement Assistance Administration: United States Department of Justice.
12. Ben-Shakhar, G. (1977). A further study of the dichotomization theory in detection of information. Psychophysiology, 14, 408-413. doi: 10.1111/j.14698986.1977.tb02974.x
13. Ben-Shakhar, G. (1985). Standardization within individuals: A simple method to neutralize individual differences in psychophysiological responsivity. Psychophysiology, 22, 292-299. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01603.x
14. Ben-Shakhar, G. (2002). A critical review of the control questions test (CQT). In M. Kleiner (Ed.), Handbook of polygraph testing (pp. 103-126). London, UK: Academic Press.
15. Ben-Shakhar, G. (2011). Countermeasures. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test (pp. 200-214). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
16. Ben-Shakhar, G. (2012). Current research and potential application of the Concealed Information Test: An overview. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 342. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00342
17. Ben-Shakhar, G., Bar-Hillel, M., & Kremnitzer, M. (2002). Trial by polygraph: Reconsidering the use of the GKT in court. Law and Human Behaviour, 26, 527-541. doi: 10.1023/A:1020204005730
18. Ben-Shakhar, G., Bar-Hillel, M., & Lieblich, I. (1986). Trial by polygraph: Scientific and juridical issues in lie detection. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 4, 459-479. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2370040408
19. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Dolev, K. (1996). Psychophysiological detection through the guilty knowledge technique: Effects of mental countermeasures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 273-281. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.273
20. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Elaad, E. (2002a). The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) as an application of psychophysiology: Future prospects and obstacles. In M. Kleiner (Eds.), Handbook of polygraph testing (pp. 87-102). London, UK: Academic Press.
21. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Elaad, E. (2002b). Effects of questions' repetition and variation on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test: A reexamination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 972-977. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.972
22. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Elaad, E. (2003). The validity of psychophysiological detection of information with the Guilty Knowledge Test: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 131-151. doi: 10.1037/00219010.88.1.131
23. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Furedy, J. J. (1990). Theories and applications in the detection of deception: A psychophysiological and international perspective. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3282-7
24. Ben-Shakhar, G., & Gati, I. (1987). Common and distinctive features of verbal and pictorial stimuli as determinants of psychophysiological responsivity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 91-105. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.116.2.91
25. Ben-Shakhar, G., Gronau, N., & Elaad, E. (1999). Leakage of relevant information to innocent examinees in the GKT: An attempt to reduce false-positive outcomes by introducing target stimuli. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 651-660. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.651
26. Ben-Shakhar, G., Lieblich, I., & Kugelmass, S. (1970). Guilty Knowledge Technique: Application of signal detection measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 409-413. doi: 10.1037/h0029781
27. Ben-Shakhar, G., Lieblich ., I., & Kugelmass, S. (1975). Detection of information and GSR habituation: An attempt to derive detection efficiency from two habituation curves. Psychophysiology, 12, 283-288. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01291.x
28. Berlad, I., & Pratt, H. (1995). P300 in response to the subject's own name. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 96, 472-474. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(95)00116-A
29. Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict arousal and curiosity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. doi: 10.1037/11164-000
30. Bernstein, A. S. (1979). The orienting response as a novelty and significance detector: Reply to O'Gorman. Psychophysiology, 16, 263-273. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02989.x
31. Bernstein, A. S. (1981). The orienting response and stimulus significance: Further comments. Biological Psychology, 12, 171-185. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(81)90010-7
32. Bond, C. F., & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 214-234.
33. Bond, C. F., & DePaulo, B. M. (2008). Individual differences in judging deception: Accuracy and bias. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 477-492. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.477
34. Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 379-390. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.379
35. Bradley, M. T., & Ainsworth, D. (1984). Alcohol and the psychophysiological detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 21, 63-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02319.x
36. Bradley, M. T., Barefoot, C. A., & Arsenault, A. M. (2011). Leakage of information to innocent suspects. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test (pp. 187-199). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975196.011
37. Bradley, M. T., & Barefoot, C. (2010). Eliciting information from groups: Social information and the Concealed Information Test. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 42, 109-115.
38. Bradley, M. T., & Janisse, M. P. (1981). Accuracy demonstration, threat, and the detection of deception: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and pupillary measures. Psychophysiology, 18, 307-315. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03040.x
39. Bradley, M. T., MacLaren, V. V., & Carle, S. B. (1996). Deception and nondeception in guilty knowledge and guilty action polygraph tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 153-160. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.153
40. Bradley, M. T., Malik, F. J., & Cullen, M. C. (2011). Memory instructions, vocalization, mock crime and concealed information tests with a polygraph. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 840-858. doi: 10.2466/07.22.27.PMS.113.6.840-858
41. Bradley, M. T., & Rettinger, J. (1992). Awareness of crime-relevant information and the guilty knowledge test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 55-59. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.55
42. Bradley, M. T., & Warfield, J. F. (1984). Innocence, information, and the guilty knowledge test in the detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 21, 683-689. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00257.x
43. Breska, A., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Gronau, N. (2012). Algorithms for detecting concealed knowledge among groups when the critical information is unavailable. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18, 292-300. doi: 10.1037/a0028798
44. Breska, A., Maoz, K., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2011). Inter-stimulus intervals for skin conductance response measurement. Psychophysiology, 48, 437-440. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01084.x
45. Carlton, B. L., & Smith, B. J. (1991). The effects of aural versus visual presentations of questions during a detection of deception task (Report No. DoDPI91-R-0002). Ft. McClellan, AL: Department of Defense Polygraph Institute.
46. Carmel, D., Dayan, E., Naveh, A., Raveh, O., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2003). Estimating the validity of the Guilty Knowledge Test from simulated experiments: The external validity of mock crime studies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9, 261-269. doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.9.4.261
47. Castro, A., & Diaz, F. (2001). Effect of the relevance and position of the target stimuli on P300 and reaction time. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41, 43-52. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00182-3
48. Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 21, 294-299. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01214-9
49. Cohen, J. E. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
50. Corral, S., Otero, J., Barrenetxea, A., & Landeta, O. (1998). Información y test de conocimiento culpable en la detección del engaño [Information and the guilty knowledge test in the detection of deception]. Psicológica, 19, 187-199.
51. Cutrow, R. J., Parks, A., Lucas, N., & Thomas, K. (1972). The objective use of multiple physiological indices in the detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 9, 578-587. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1972.tb00767.x
52. Cutmore, T. H. R., Djakovich, T., Kebbell, M. R., & Shum, D. H. K. (2009). An object cue is more effective than a word in ERP-based detection of deception. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71, 185-192. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.08.003
53. Davidson, P. O. (1968). Validity of the guilty knowledge technique: The effect of motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52, 62-65. doi: 10.1037/h0025298
54. Dawson, M. E., Filion, D. L., & Schell, A. M. (1989). Is elicitation of the autonomic orienting response associated with allocation of processing resources? Psychophysiology, 26, 560-572. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb00710.x
55. Day, D. A., & Rourke, B. P. (1974). The role of attention in "lie-detection." Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6, 270-276. doi: 10.1037/h0081873
56. DePaulo, B. M., & Pfeifer, R. L. (1986). On the job experience and skill at detecting deception. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 249-267. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01138.x
57. Donchin, E., & Coles, M. G. H. (1988). Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 357-374. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00058027
58. Donchin, E., Heffley, E., Hillyard, S. A., Loveless, N., Maltzman, I., Ohman, A., ... Siddle, D. (1984). Cognition and event-related potentials. II. The orienting reflex and P300. Brain and information: Event-related potentials. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 425, 39-57.
59. Ekman, P., & O'Sullivan, M. (1991). Who can catch a liar? American Psychologist, 46, 913-920. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.46.9.913
60. Elaad, E. (1987). Psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test. Unpublished doctoral dissertations, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
61. Elaad, E. (1990). Detection of guilty knowledge in real-life criminal investigations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 521-529.doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.5.521
62. Elaad, E. (1994). The accuracy of human decisions and objective measurements in psychophysiological detection of knowledge. Journal of Psychology, 128, 267-280. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1994.9712729
63. Elaad, E. (1998). The challenge of the concealed knowledge polygraph test. Expert Evidence, 6, 161-187. doi: 10.1023/A:1008855511254
64. Elaad, E. (2003). Is the inference rule of the control question polygraph technique plausible? Psychology, Crime & Law, 9, 37-47. doi: 10.1080/10683160308143
65. Elaad, E. (2011). Effects of incomplete information on the detection of concealed crime details. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 36, 159-171. doi: 10.1007/s10484-011-9153-2
66. Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1991). Effects of mental countermeasures on psychophysiological detection in the guilty knowledge test. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 11, 99-108. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(91)90001-E
67. Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1997). Effects of item repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test. Psychophysiology, 34, 587-596. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb01745.x
68. Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2006). Finger pulse waveform length in the detection of concealed information. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61, 226-234. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.005
69. Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2008). Covert respiration measures for the detection of concealed information. Biological Psychology, 77, 284-291. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.001
70. Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2009). Countering countermeasures in the concealed information test using covert respiration measures. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34, 197-209. doi: 10.1007/s10484-009-9090-5
71. Elaad, E., Ginton, A., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1994). The effects of prior expectations and outcome knowledge on polygraph examiners' decisions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 7, 279-292. doi: 10.1002/bdm.3960070405
72. Elaad, E., Ginton, A., & Jungman N. (1992). Detection measures in real-life criminal guilty knowledge tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 757-767. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.757
73. Ellson, D. C., Burke, C. G. Davis, R. C., & Saltzman, I. J. (1952). A report of research on detection of deception (Contract NG onr-18011). Arlington, VA: Office of Naval Research.
74. Ellwanger, J. W., Rosenfeld, J. P., Sweet, J., & Bhatt, M. (1996). Detecting simulated amnesia for autobiographical and recently learned information using the P300 event-related potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 23, 9-23. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(96)00035-9
75. Elton, M., Schandry, R., & Sparrer, B. (1983). A comparative investigation of ERP components and the SCR in a habituation and dishabituation paradigm. International Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 55-62.
76. Engelhard, I. M., Merckelbach, H., & van den Hout, M. A. (2003). The guilty knowledge test and the modified Stroop task in detection of deception: An exploratory study. Psychological Reports, 92, 683-691. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.683
77. Farwell, L. A., & Donchin, E. (1991). The truth will out: Interrogative polygraphy ("lie detection") with event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 28, 531-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01990.x
78. Feld, G. B., Specht, M., & Gamer, M. (2010). Differential electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses to personally relevant information: Comparing sleep and wakefulness. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 8, 72-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00434.x
79. Filion, D. L., Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Hazlett, E. A. (1991). The relationship between skin conductance orienting and the allocation of processing resources. Psychophysiology, 28, 410-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00725.x
80. Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., & Kopell, B. S. (1976). Auditory evoked potentials to unpredictable shifts in pitch. Psychophysiology, 13, 32-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb03333.x
81. Furedy, J. J., & Liss, J. (1986). Countering confessions induced by the polygraph: Of confessionals and psychological rubber hoses. Criminal Law Quarterly, 29, 92-114.
82. Furumitsu, I. (1999). Laboratory investigations in the psychophysiological detection of deception. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
83. Gaines, K. H. (1992). Utility and numerical evaluation of the guilty knowledge test (Report No. DoDPI92-R-0004). Ft. McClellan, AL: Department of Defense Polygraph Institute.
84. Gamer, M. (2005). Countering countermeasures by using a parallel response selection task in a Concealed Information Test examination. Unpublished manuscript.
85. Gamer, M. (2006). Influence of false information on the response profile of guilty examinees in a Concealed Information Test. Unpublished manuscript.
86. Gamer, M. (2007). Inducing arousal during a mock crime does not reduce responsiveness of guilty examinees in a Concealed Information Test. Unpublished manuscript.
87. Gamer, M. (2010). Does the Guilty Actions Test allow for differentiating guilty subjects from informed innocents? A re-examination. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76, 19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.009
88. Gamer, M. (2011). Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test (pp. 12-23). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975196.003
89. Gamer, M., & Berti, S. (2010). Task relevance and recognition of concealed information have different influences on electrodermal activity and event-related brain potentials. Psychophysiology, 47, 355-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00933.x
90. Gamer, M., Godert, H. W., Keth, A., Rill, H. G., & Vossel, G. (2008). Electrodermal and phasic heart rate responses in the Guilty Action Test: Comparing guilty examinees to informed and uninformed innocents. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69, 61-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.001
91. Gamer, M., Kosiol, D., & Vossel, G. (2010). Strength of memory encoding affects physiological responses in the Guilty Action Test. Biological Psychology, 83, 101-107. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.005
92. Gamer, M., Rill, H., Vossel, G., & Gödert, H. W. (2006). Psychophysiological and vocal measures in the detection of guilty knowledge. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60, 76-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.05.006
93. Gamer, M., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., & Vossel, G. (2008). Combining physiological measures in the detection of concealed information. Physiology and Behavior, 95, 333-340. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.06.011
94. Gati, I., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1990). Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 251-263. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.119.3.251
95. Geldreich, E. W. (1941). Studies of the use of the galvanic skin response as a deception indicator. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 44, 346-351. doi: 10.2307/3624902
96. Geldreich, E. W. (1942). Further studies of the use of the galvanic skin response as a deception indicator. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 45, 279-284. doi: 10.2307/3625011
97. Giesen, M., & Rollison, M. A. (1980). Guilty knowledge versus innocent associations: Effects of trait anxiety and stimulus context on skin conductance. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(80)90035-5
98. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and Psychophysics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
99. Grier, J. B. (1971). Non-parametric indexes for sensitivity and bias: Computing formulas. Psychological Bulletin, 75, 424-429. doi: 10.1037/h0031246
100. Gronau, N., Cohen, A., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2003). Dissocations of personally-significant and task-relevant distractors inside and outside the focus of attention: A combined behavioral and psychophysiological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 512-529. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.512
101. Gudjonsson, G. H. (1981). Some psychological determinants of electrodermal responses to deception. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
102. Gudjonsson, G. H., & Haward, R. C., (1982). Detection of deception: Consistency in responding and personality. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54, 1189-1190. doi: 10.2466/pms.1982.54.3c.1189
103. Gustafson, L. A., & Orne, M. T. (1963). Effects of heightened motivation on the detection of deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 408-411. doi: 10.1037/h0041899
104. Gustafson, L. A., & Orne, M. T. (1965a). Effects of perceived role and role success on the detection of deception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 412-417. doi: 10.1037/h0022798
105. Gustafson, L. A., & Orne, M. T. (1965b). The effects of verbal responses on the laboratory detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 7, 10-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1965.tb02629.x
106. Hahm, J., Ji, H. K., Jeong, J. Y., Oh, D. H., Kim, S. H., Sim, K. H., & Lee, J. H. (2009). Detection of concealed information: Combining a virtual mock crime with a P300-based Guilty Knowledge Test. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 269-275. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0309
107. Hirota, A., Sawada, Y., Tanaka, G., Nagano, Y., & Matsuda, I. (2003). A new index for psychophysiological detection of deception: Applicability of normalized pulse volume. Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology, 21, 217-230.
108. Hirota, A., Yokota, K., Wada, J., Watanebe, S., & Takasawa, N. (2000). Heart rate and heart rate variability in psychophysiological detection of deception. Japanese Journal of Science and Technology for Identification, 5, 33-53. doi: 10.3408/jasti.5.33
109. Horvath, F. S. (1977). The effect of selected variables on interpretation of polygraph records. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 127-136. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.62.2.127
110. Honts, C. R., Devitt, M. K., Winbush, M., & Kircher, J. C. (1996). Mental and physical countermeasures reduce the accuracy of the concealed knowledge test. Psychophysiology, 33, 84-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02111.x
111. Horneman, C. J., & O'Gorman, J. G. (1985). Detectability in the card test as a function of the subject's verbal response. Psychophysiology, 22, 330-333. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01609.x
112. Hu, X., Hegman, D., Landry, E., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2012). Increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli increases ability to detect countermeasures to the P300-based complex trial protocol for concealed information detection. Psychophysiology, 49, 85-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01286.x
113. Hu, X., Pornpattananangkul, N., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2013). N200 and P300 as orthogonal and integrable indicators of distinct awareness and recognition processes in memory detection. Psychophysiology, 50, 454-464. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12018
114. Hu, X., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2012). Combining the P300-complex trial-based concealed information test and the reaction time-based autobiographical implicit association test in concealed memory detection. Psychophysiology, 49, 1090-1100. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01389.x
115. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
116. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Sage.
117. Iacono, W. G. (1991). Can we determine the accuracy of polygraph tests? In J. R. Jennings, P. K. Ackles, & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.), Advances in Psychophysiology (pp. 201-207). London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.
118. Iacono, W. G., Boisvenu, G. A., & Fleming J. A. (1984). Effects of Diazepam and Methylphenidate on the electrodermal detection of guilty knowledge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 289-299. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.289
119. Iacono, W. G., Cerri, A. M., Patrick, C. J., & Fleming J. A. (1992). Use of anti-anxiety drugs as countermeasures in the detection of guilty knowledge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 60-64. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.60
120. Iacono, W. G., & Lykken, D. T. (2002). The scientific status of research on polygraph techniques: The case against polygraph tests. In D. L. Faigman, D. H. Kaye, M. J. Saks, & J. Sanders (Eds.), Modern scientific evidence: The law and science of expert testimony (pp. 483-538). St Paul, MN: West Publishing, Co.
121. Johnston, V. S., Miller, D. R., & Burleson, M. H. (1986). Multiple P3s to emotional stimuli and their theoretical significance. Psychophysiology, 23, 684-694. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00694.x
122. Jokinen, A., Santtila, P., Ravaja, N., & Putton, S. (2006). Salience of guilty knowledge items affects accuracy in realistic mock crimes. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62, 185-194. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.04.004
123. Jones, H. E., & Salter, S. (1989). Polygraph accuracy: An analog study. Polygraph, 18, 69-74.
124. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
125. Kensinger, E. A. (2007). Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 213-218. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00506.x
126. Konieczny, J., Fras, M., & Widacki, J. (1984). The specificity of so-called emotional traces and certain features of personality in the polygraph examination. The Journal of Forensic Medicine and Criminology, 34, 25-30.
127. Krapohl, D. J. (1994). The detection of information with items of high or low personal significance using a polygraph: Effects of motivation. Polygraph, 23, 242-250.
128. Krapohl, D. J. (2011). Limitations of the Concealed Information Test in criminal cases. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory Detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test (pp. 151-170). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
129. Krapohl, D. J. (2013). Polygraph principles: A literature review. Polygraph, 42, 35-60.
130. Kubis, J. F. (1962). Studies in lie detection: Computer feasibility considerations. RADC-TR 62-205, Contract AF 30(602)-2270. Air Force Systems Command, U.S. Air Force, Griffiss Air Force Base. New York, NY: Rome Air Development Center.
131. Kugelmass, S., & Lieblich, I. (1966). Effects of realistic stress and procedural interference in experimental lie detection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 211-216. doi: 10.1037/h0023324
132. Kugelmass, S., Lieblich, I., & Bergman, Z. (1967). The role of "lying" in psychophysiological detection. Psychophysiology, 3, 312-315. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02711.x
133. Kunzendorf, R. G., & Bradbury, J. L. (1983). Better liars have better imaginations. Psychological Reports, 52, 634. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1983.52.2.634
134. Labkovsky, E., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2012). The P300-based, complex trial protocol for concealed information detection resists any number of sequential countermeasures against up to five irrelevant stimuli. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 37, 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s10484-011-9171-0
135. Lahri, F. K., & Ganguly, A. K. (1978). An experimental study of the accuracy of polygraph technique in diagnosis of deception with volunteer and criminal subjects. Polygraph, 7, 89-94.
136. Larson, J. A. (1932). Lying and its detection: A study of deception and deception tests. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
137. Lieblich, I., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Kugelmass, S. (1976). Validity of the guilty knowledge technique in a prisoners' sample. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 89-93. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.61.1.89
138. Lieblich, I., Kugelmass, S., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1970). Efficiency of GSR detection of information as a function of stimulus set size. Psychophysiology, 6, 601-608. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02249.x
139. Lieblich, I., Naftali, G., Shmueli, J., & Kugelmass, S. (1974). Efficiency of GSR detection of information with repeated presentation of series of stimuli in two motivational states. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 113-115. doi: 10.1037/h0035781
140. Lubow, R. E., & Fein, O. (1996). Pupillary size in response to a visual guilty knowledge test: New technique for the detection of deception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2, 164-177. doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.2.2.164
141. Lui, M., Rosenfeld, J. P., & Ryan, A. H. (2009). Thirty-site P300 scalp distribution, amplitude variance across sites, and amplitude in detection of multiple deception issues. Social Neuroscience, 4, 491-509. doi: 10.1080/17470910802047964
142. Lykken, D. T. (1959). The GSR in the detection of guilt. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43, 385-388. doi: 10.1037/h0046060
143. Lykken, D. T. (1960). The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: The effects of faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 44, 258-262. doi: 10.1037/h0044413
144. Lykken, D. T. (1974). Psychology and the lie detector industry. American Psychologist, 29, 725-739. doi: 10.1037/h0037441
145. Lykken, D. T. (1998). A tremor in the blood: Uses and abuses of the lie detector. New York, NY: Plenum Trade.
146. Lynn, R. (1966). Attention, arousal and the orienting reaction. New York, NY: Pergamon.
147. MacLaren, V. V. (2001). A quantitative review of the Guilty Knowledge Test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 674-683. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.674
148. Maltzman, I. (1979). Orienting reflexes and significance: A reply to O'Gorman. Psychophysiology, 16, 274-281. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02990.x
149. Marston, W. M. (1917). Systolic blood pressure changes in deception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 143-163. doi: 10.1037/h0073583
150. Marston, W. M. (1938). The lie detector test. New York, NY: Smith.
151. Matsuda, I., Nittono, H., & Ogawa, T. (2011). Event-related potentials increase the discrimination performance of the autonomic-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology, 48, 1701-1710. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01266.x
152. Matsuda, I., Hirota, A., Ogawa, T., Takawasa, N., & Shigemase, K. (2006). A new discrimination method for the Concealed Information Test using pretest data and within-individual comparisons. Biological Psychology, 73, 157-164. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.01.013
153. Matsuda, I., Hirota, A., Ogawa, T., Takasawa, N., & Shigemasu, K. (2009). Within-individual discrimination on the Concealed Information Test using dynamic mixture modeling. Psychophysiology, 46, 439-449. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00781.x
154. Meijer, E. H. (2008). Psychophysiology and the detection of deception: Promises and Perils. Maastricht, The Netherlands: Maastricht University Press.
155. Meijer, E. H., Smulders, F., Johnston, J. E., & Merckelbach, H. (2007). Combining skin conductance and forced choice in the detection of concealed information. Psychophysiology, 44, 814-822. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00543.x
156. Meijer, E. H., Smulders, F., & Merckelbach, H. (2010). Extracting concealed information from groups. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55, 1607-1609. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01474.x
157. Meijer, E. H., Smulders, F. T. Y., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., & Wolf, A. G. (2007). The P300 is sensitive to concealed face recognition. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 231-237. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.08.001
158. Meijer, E. H., Verschuere, B., & Merckelbach, H. (2010). Detecting criminal intent with the concealed information test. Open Criminology Journal, 3, 44-47. doi: 10.2174/1874917801003020044
159. Meixner, J. B., Haynes, A., Winograd, M. R., Brown, J., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2009). Assigned versus random, countermeasure-like responses in the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of deception: task demand effects. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34, 209-220. doi: 10.1007/s10484-009-9091-4
160. Meixner, J. B., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2010). Countermeasure mechanisms in a P300-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology, 47, 57-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00883.x
161. Meixner, J. B., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011). A mock terrorism application of the P300-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology, 48, 149-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01050.x
162. Mertens, R., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008). The role of psychophysiology in forensic assessments: Deception detection, ERPs, and virtual reality mock crime scenario. Psychophysiology, 45, 286-298. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00615.x
163. Miller, A. R., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2004) Response-specific scalp distributions in deception detection and ERP correlates of psychopathic personality traits. Journal of Psychophysiology, 18, 13-26. doi: 10.1027/0269-8803.18.1.13
164. Miller, A. R., Rosenfeld, J. P., Soskins, M., & Jhee, M. (2002). P300 amplitude and topography distinguish between honest performance and feigned amnesia in an autobiographical oddball task. Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 1-11. doi: 10.1027//0269-8803.16.1.1
165. Munsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand. New York, NY: McClure Company.
166. Nahari, G., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2011). Psychophysiological and behavioral measures for detecting concealed information: The role of memory for crime details. Psychophysiology, 48, 733-744. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01148.x
167. National Research Council. (2003). The polygraph and lie detection. Committee to review the scientific evidence on the Polygraph. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
168. Nieuwenhuis, S., de Geus, E. J., & Aston-Jones, G. (2011). The anatomical and functional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology, 48, 162-175. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01057.x
169. Öhman, A. (1979). The orienting response, attention, and learning: An information-processing perspective. In H. D. Kimmel, E. H. van Olst, & J. E. Orlebeke (Eds.), The orienting reflex in humans (pp. 443-471). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
170. Osugi, A. (2011). Daily application of the Concealed Information Test: Japan. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test (pp. 253-275). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975196.015
171. O'Toole, D., Yuille, J. C., Patrick, C. J. & Iacono, W. G. (1994). Alcohol and the physiological detection of deception: Arousal and memory influences. Psychophysiology, 31, 253-263. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02214.x
172. Packer, J. S., & Siddle, D. A. T. (1989). Stimulus miscuing, electrodermal activity, and the allocation of processing resources. Psychophysiology, 26, 192-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb03155.x
173. Peth, J., Vossel, G., & Gamer, M. (2012). Emotional arousal modulates the encoding of crime related details and corresponding physiological responses in the Concealed Information Test. Psychophysiology, 49, 381-390. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01313.x
174. Podlesny, J. A., & Raskin, D. C. (1977). Physiological measures and the detection of deception. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 782-799. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.782
175. Podlesny, J. A., & Raskin, D. C. (1978). Effectiveness of techniques and physiological measures in the detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 15, 344-359. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01391.x
176. Polich, J. (1989). Habituation of P300 from auditory stimuli. Psychobiology, 17, 19-28.
177. Reid, J. E. (1947). A revised questioning technique in lie-detection tests. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 37, 542-547. doi: 10.2307/1138979
178. Reid, J. E., & Inbau, F. E. (1977). Truth and deception: The polygraph ("Lie detector") technique (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
179. Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011). P300 in detecting concealed information. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: Theory and application of the concealed information test (pp. 63-89). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975196.005
180. Rosenfeld, J. P., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Ganis, G. (2012). Detection of concealed stored memories with psychophysiological and neuroimaging methods. In L. Nadel & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Memory and Law (pp. 263-303). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
181. Rosenfeld, P. J., Biroschak, J. R., & Furedy, J. J. (2006). P300-based detection of concealed autobiographical versus incidentally acquired information in target and non-target paradigms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60, 251-259. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.06.002
182. Rosenfeld, J. P., Cantwell, B., Nasman, V. T., Wojdac, V., Ivanov, S., & Mazzeiri, L. (1988). A modified event-related potential-based guilty-knowledge test. International Journal of Neuroscience, 42, 157-161. doi: 10.3109/00207458808985770
183. Rosenfeld, J. P., Ellwanger, J., & Sweet, J. (1995). Detecting simulated amnesia with event-related brain potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(94)00057-L
184. Rosenfeld, J. P., Hu, X., & Pederson, K. (2012). Deception awareness manipulation improves P300-based deception detection in concealed information tests. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 86, 114-121. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.007
185. Rosenfeld, J. P., & Labkovsky, E. (2010). New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: Resistance to countermeasures against only half of the irrelevant stimuli and a possible ERP indicator of countermeasures. Psychophysiology, 47, 1002-1010. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01024.x
186. Rosenfeld, J. P., Labkovsky, E., Winograd, M., Lui, M. A., Vandenboom, C., & Chedid, E. (2008). The complex trial protocol (CTP): A new countermeasure-resistant, accurate, P300-based method for detection of concealed information. Psychophysiology, 45, 906-919. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00708.x
187. Rosenfeld, J. P., Shue, E., & Singer, E. (2007). Single versus multiple probe blocks of P300-based concealed information tests for autobiographical versus incidentally learned information. Biological Psychology, 74, 396-404. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.10.002
188. Rosenfeld, J. P., Soskins, M., Bosh, G., & Ryan, A. (2004). Simple, effective countermeasures to P300-based tests of detection of concealed information. Psychophysiology, 41, 205-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00158.x
189. Rosenfeld, J. P., Tang, M., Meixner, J. B., Winograd, M., & Labovsky, E. (2009). The effects of asymmetric vs. symmetric probability of targets following probe and irrelevant stimuli in the complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information with P300. Physiology and Behavior, 98, 10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.030
190. Ruckmick, C. A. (1938). The truth about the lie detector. Journal of Applied Psychology, 22, 50-58. doi: 10.1037/h0059742
191. Rushby, J. A., & Barry, R. J. (2009). Single-trial event-related potentials to significant stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74, 120-131.
192. Saxe, L., Dougherty, D., & Cross, T. P. (1985). The validity of polygraph testing: Scientific analysis and public controversy. American Psychologist, 40, 355-366. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.40.3.355
193. Schooler, J. (2011). Unpublished results hide the decline effect. Nature, 470, 437. doi: 10.1038/470437a.
194. Siddle, D. A. T. (1991). Orienting, habituation, and resource allocation: An associative analysis. Psychophysiology, 28, 245-259. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb02190.x
195. Siddle, D. A. T., & Packer, J. S. (1987). Stimulus omission and dishabituation of the electrodermal orienting response: The allocation of processing resources. Psychophysiology, 24, 181-190. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00276.x
196. Siddle, D. A. T., & Spinks, J. A. (1992). Orienting, habituation, and the allocation of processing resources. In B. Campbell, R. Richardson, & H. Hayne (Eds.), Attention and information processing in infants and adults: Perspectives from human and animal research (pp. 227-262). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
197. Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359-1366. doi: 10.1177/0956797611417632
198. Singh, J. P., Grann M., &, Fazel, S. (2013) Authorship bias in violence risk assessment? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8, e72484. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072484
199. Sokolov, E. N. (1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. New York, NY: Macmillan.
200. Sokolov, E. N. (1966) Orienting reflex as information regulator. In A. Leontyev, A. Luria, & A. Smirnov (Eds.), Psychological research in U.S.S.R. (pp. 334-360). Moscow, Russia: Progress Publishers.
201. Sokolovsky, A., Rothenberg, J., Labovsky, E., Meixner, J., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011). A novel countermeasure against the reaction time measure of countermeasure use in the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 60-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.03.008
202. Soskins, M., Rosenfeld, J. P., & Niendam, T. (2001). The case for peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at .3Hz high pass filter settings in detection of deception. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40, 173-180. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00154-9
203. Steller, M., Hanert, P., & Eiselt, W. (1987). Extraversion and the detection of information. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 334-342. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(87)90015-8
204. Stern, R. M., Breen, J. P., Watanabe, T., & Bradley, P. S. (1981). Effect of feedback on physiological information on responses to innocent associations and guilty knowledge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 677-681. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.66.6.677
205. Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 150, 1187-1188. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3700.1187
206. Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., Jr., & Birdsall, T. C. (1961). Decision processes in perception. Psychological Review, 68, 301-340. doi: 10.1037/h0040547
207. Thackray, R. I., & Orne, M. T. (1968). A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 4, 329-339. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02775.x
208. Timm, H. W. (1982). Effect of altered outcome expectancies stemming from placebo and feedback treatments on the validity of the guilty knowledge technique. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 391-400. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.67.4.391
209. Timm, H. W. (1987). Effect of biofeedback on the detection of deception. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32, 736-746.
210. van Buskirk, D., & Marcuse, F. L. (1954). The nature of errors in experimental lie detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 187-190. doi: 10.1037/h0059094
211. Vandenbosch, K., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., & De Clercq, A. (2009). The validity of finger pulse line length for the detection of concealed information. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71, 118-123. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.015
212. Verschuere, B., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (2011). Theory of the concealed information test. In B. Verschuere, G. Ben-Shakhar, & E. Meijer (Eds.), Memory detection: theory and application of the Concealed Information Test (pp. 128-148). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975196.008
213. Verschuere, B., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Meijer, E. (Eds.). (2011). Memory detection: Theory and application of the Concealed Information Test. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511975196
214. Verschuere, B., & Crombez, G. (2008). Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test. Psychology, Crime and Law, 14, 287-297. doi: 10.1080/10683160801955183
215. Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., De Clercq, A., & Koster, E. H. W. (2004). Autonomic and behavioral responding to concealed information: Differentiating defensive and orienting responses. Psychophysiology, 41, 461-466. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.00167.x
216. Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., De Clercq, A., & Koster, E. H. W. (2005). Psychopathic traits and autonomic responding to concealed information in a prison sample. Psychophysiology, 42, 239-245. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00279.x
217. Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Degrootte, T., & Rosseel, Y. (2010). Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 991-1002. doi: 10.1002/acp. 1601
218. Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Koster, E., & De Clercq, A. (2007). Antisociality, underarousal and the validity of the concealed information polygraph test. Biological Psychology, 74, 309-318. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.002
219. Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Koster, E., Van Bockstaele, B., & De Clercq, A. (2007). Startling secrets: Startle eye blink modification by concealed crime information. Biological Psychology, 76, 52-60. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.06.001
220. Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Smolders, L., & De Clercq, A. (2009). Differentiating orienting and defensive responses to concealed information: The role of verbalization. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 34, 237-244. doi: 10.1007/s10484-009-9093-2
221. Verschuere, B., Rosenfeld, J. P., Winograd, M. R., Labovsky, E., & Wiersema, R. (2009). The role of deception in P300 memory detection. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14, 253-262. doi: 10.1348/135532508X384184
222. Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
223. Wakamatsu, T. (1987). Effects of motivating the suspect to deceive the polygraph test. Polygraph, 16, 129-144.
224. Wasserman, S., & Bockenholt, U. (1989). Bootstrapping: Applications to psychophysiology. Psychophysiology 26, 208-221.
225. Willrich, A. T., Adler, I., Rill, H., Gödert, H. G., & Vossel, G. (2003). Detection of concealed knowledge: The effects of written versus pictorial stimulus presentation on skin conductance responses and phasic heart rate. Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 252.
226. Winograd, M. R., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011). Mock crime application of the complex trial protocol (CTP) P300-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology, 48, 155-161. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01054.x
227. Yeung, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2004). Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6258-6264. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4537-03.2004
228. Zhao, M., Zheng, C., & Zhao, C. (2012). A new approach for concealed information identification based on ERP assessment. Journal of Medical Systems, 36, 2401-2409. doi: 10.1007/s10916-011-9707-0
229. Zvi, L. (2012). Effects of mental states of guilty and innocent participants on detection efficiency in the concealed information test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
230. Zvi, L., Nachson, I., & Elaad, E. (2012). Effects of coping and cooperative instructions on guilty and informed innocents' physiological responses to concealed information. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 84, 140-148. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.022