Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Volumn 114, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1257-1276

  Ogata, Beth N ^a   Hayes, Dayle ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b Nutrition for the Future Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CALORIC INTAKE; CATERING SERVICE; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; DIET; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE; FOOD QUALITY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; ORGANIZATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; STANDARD;

ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIET; ENERGY INTAKE; FOOD QUALITY; FOOD SUPPLY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES;

EID: 84904660523     PISSN: 22122672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. America's Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2012. Accessed June 21,2013. http://childstats.gov/americaschildren/demo.asp.
2. Halfon N. Life course health development: A new approach for addressing upstream determinants of health and spending. Expert Voices, National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation. 2009. Accessed June 17,2013. http://www.nihcm.org/pdf/ExpertVoices_Halfon_FINAL.pdf.
3. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2020. Accessed June 17,2013. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/LHI/default.aspx.
4. White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity Report to the President. Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity Within a Generation. Accessed June 17,2013. http://www.letsmove.gov/white-house-task-force-childhood-obesity-report-president.
5. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., Flegal K.M. Prevalence of obesity and trends in bodymass index among US children andadolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012, 307(5):483-490.
6. Dalenius K., Borland E., Smith B., Polhamus B., Grummer-Strawn L. Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2010 Report 2012, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
7. Robbins J.M., Mallya G., Polansky M., Schwarz D.F. Prevalence, disparities, and trends in obesity and severe obesity among students in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, school district, 2006-2010. Prev Chronic Dis 2012, 9:E145.
8. Obesity in K-7 students-Anchorage, Alaska, 2003-04 to 2010-11 school years. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013, 62(21):426-430. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
9. Wen X., Gillman M.W., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Sherry B., Kleinman K., Taveras E.M. Decreasing prevalence of obesity among young children in Massachusetts from 2004 to 2008. Pediatrics 2012, 129(5):823-831.
10. Vital signs: Obesity among low-income, preschool-aged children-United States, 2008-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013, 62(31):629-634. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
11. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Total diet approach to healthy eating. JAcad Nutr Diet 2013, 113(2):307-317. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
12. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School 2013, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington DC.
13. The Wellness Impact: Enhancing Academic Success through Healthy School Environments 2013, GENYOUth Foundation, GENYOUth Foundation, New York.
14. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Practice paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics abstract: The role of nutrition in health promotion and chronic disease prevention. Accessed February 28, 2014. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(7):983. http://www.eatright.org/members/practicepapers/.
15. Keast D.R., Fulgoni V.L., Nicklas T.A., O'Neil C.E. Food sources of energy and nutrients among children in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006. Nutrients 2013, 5(1):283-301.
16. Ford C.N., Slining M.M., Popkin B.M. Trends in dietary intake among US 2- to 6-year-old children, 1989-2008. JAcad Nutr Diet 2013, 113(1):35-42.
17. Guenther P., Casavale K., Kirkpatrick S., et al. Diet quality of Americans in 2001-02 and 2007-08 as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010. Nutr Insight 2013, 51.
18. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 December 2010, US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 7th ed.
19. Cook J., Jeng K. Child Food Insecurity: The Economic Impact on Our Nation 2009, Feeding America, Chicago, IL.
20. Coleman-Jensen A., Nord M., Singh A. Household Food Security in the United States in 2012, ERR-155 2013, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
21. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Benchmarks for nutrition in child care. JAm Diet Assoc 2011, 111(4):607-615. American Dietetic Association.
22. Position of the American Dietetic Association, School Nutrition Association, and Society for Nutrition Education: Comprehensive school nutrition services. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110(11):1738-1749. American Dietetic Association, School Nutrition Association, Society for Nutrition Education.
23. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Providing nutrition services for people with developmental disabilities and special health care needs. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110(2):296-307. American Dietetic Association.
24. US Department of Agriculture Food andNutrition Service. Serving Up MyPlate: A Yummy Curriculum. 2012. Accessed June 21,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/resources/servingupmyplate.htm.
25. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Nutrition guidance for healthy children (2-11 yrs) project. Evidence Analysis Library. 2013. Accessed June 17,2013. http://andevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=4314.
26. US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Information Center. Dietary Guidance, DRI Tables. Accessed June 22,2013. http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-tables.
27. Guenther P.M., Casavale K.O., Reedy J., et al. Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2010. JAcad Nutr Diet 2013, 113(4):569-580.
28. Ervin R.B., Ogden C.L. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients in children and adolescents from 1999-2000 through 2009-2010. NCHS Data Brief 2013, (113):1-8.
29. Slining M.M., Popkin B.M. Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among US children and adolescents: 1994-2010. Pediatr Obes 2013, 8(4):307-324.
30. Hoy M, Goldman J, Murayi T, Rhodes D, Moshfegh A. Sodium Intake of the US Population: What We Eat In America, NHANES 2007-2008. Food Surveys Research Group Dietary Data Brief No. 8, October 2011. Accessed June 12,2014. http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12355000/pdf/dbrief/sodium_intake_0708.pdf.
31. Yang Q., Zhang Z., Kuklina E.V., et al. Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2012, 130(4):611-619.
32. Guideline: Sodium Intake for Adults and Children 2012, World Health Organization, World Health Organization, Geneva.
33. Kranz S., Brauchla M., Slavin J.L., Miller K.B. What do we know about dietary fiber intake in children and health? The effects of fiber intake on constipation, obesity, and diabetes in children. Adv Nutr 2012, 3(1):47-53.
34. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids 2005, Panel on Macronutrients, Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber, Subcommittee on upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
35. Bailey R.L., Dodd K.W., Goldman J.A., et al. Estimation of total usual calcium and vitamin D intakes in the United States. JNutr 2010, 140(4):817-822.
36. Hoy M, Goldman J. Potassium Intake ofthe US Population: What We Eat In America, NHANES 2009-2010. Food Surveys Research Group. Dietary Data Brief No. 10. September 2012. Accessed June 12,2014. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/DBrief/10_potassium_intake_0910.pdf.
37. Poti J.M., Popkin B.M. Trends in energy intake among US children by eating location and food source, 1977-2006. JAm Diet Assoc 2011, 111(8):1156-1164.
38. Duffey K.J., Popkin B.M. Causes of increased energy intake among children in the US, 1977-2010. Am J Prev Med 2013, 44(2):e1-e8.
39. Piernas C., Popkin B.M. Food portion patterns and trends among US children and the relationship to total eating occasion size, 1977-2006. JNutr 2011, 141(6):1159-1164.
40. Piernas C., Popkin B.M. Trends in snacking among US children. Health Aff (Millwood) 2010, 29(3):398-404.
41. Hammons A.J., Fiese B.H. Is frequency of shared family meals related to the nutritional health of children and adolescents?. Pediatrics 2011, 127(6):e1565-e1574.
42. Ding D., Sallis J.F., Norman G.J., et al. Community food environment, home food environment, and fruit and vegetable intake of children and adolescents. JNutr Educ Behav 2012, 44(6):634-638.
43. Pearson N., Biddle S.J., Gorely T. Family correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption in children and adolescents: Asystematic review. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12(2):267-283.
44. Scaglioni S., Arrizza C., Vecchi F., Tedeschi S. Determinants of children's eating behavior. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94(6 suppl):2006S-2011S.
45. Drewnowski A., Rehm C.D. Energy intakes of US children and adults by food purchase location and by specific food source. Nutr J 2013, 12:59.
46. Powell L.M., Nguyen B.T. Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption among children and adolescents: Effect on energy, beverage, and nutrient intake. JAMA Pediatr 2013, 167(1):14-20.
47. Hearst M.O., Harnack L.J., Bauer K.W., Earnest A.A., French S.A., Michael Oakes J. Nutritional quality at eight US fast-food chains: 14-year trends. Am J Prev Med 2013, 44(6):589-594.
48. Jaworowska A., Blackham T., Davies I.G., Stevenson L. Nutritional challenges and health implications of takeaway and fast food. Nutr Rev 2013, 71(5):310-318.
49. Bowman S.A., Gortmaker S.L., Ebbeling C.B., Pereira M.A., Ludwig D.S. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics 2004, 113(1 Pt 1):112-118.
50. Small L., Lane H., Vaughan L., Melnyk B., McBurnett D. Asystematic review of the evidence: The effects of portion size manipulation with children and portion education/training interventions on dietary intake with adults. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2013, 10(2):69-81.
51. Mathias K.C., Rolls B.J., Birch L.L., et al. Serving larger portions of fruits and vegetables together at dinner promotes intake of bothfoods among young children. JAcad Nutr Diet 2012, 112(2):266-270.
52. Savage J.S., Fisher J.O., Marini M., Birch L.L. Serving smaller age-appropriate entree portions to children aged 3-5 y increases fruit and vegetable intake and reduces energy density and energy intake at lunch. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 95(2):335-341.
53. Rolls B.J., Engell D., Birch L.L. Serving portion size influences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children's food intakes. JAm Diet Assoc 2000, 100(2):232-234.
54. Savage J.S., Haisfield L., Fisher J.O., Marini M., Birch L.L. Do children eat less at meals when allowed to serve themselves?. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 96(1):36-43.
55. DiSantis K.I., Birch L.L., Davey A., et al. Plate size and children's appetite: Effects of larger dishware on self-served portions and intake. Pediatrics 2013, 131(5):e1451-e1458.
56. Fulgoni V.L., Quann E.E. National trends in beverage consumption in children from birth to 5 years: Analysis of NHANES across three decades. Nutr J 2012, 11:92.
57. Mathias K.C., Slining M.M., Popkin B.M. Foods and beverages associated with higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. Am J Prev Med 2013, 44(4):351-357.
58. Lasater G., Piernas C., Popkin B.M. Beverage patterns and trends among school-aged children in the US, 1989-2008. Nutr J 2011, 10:103.
59. Stahler C. How Many Youth Are Vegetarian? 2010; Accessed June 26,2013. http://www.vrg.org/press/youth_poll_2010.php.
60. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian diets. JAm Diet Assoc 2009, 109(7):1266-1282. American Dietetic Association.
61. Deshmukh-Taskar P.R., Nicklas T.A., O'Neil C.E., Keast D.R., Radcliffe J.D., Cho S. The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient intake and weight status in children and adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110(6):869-878.
62. Affenito S.G., Thompson D., Dorazio A., Albertson A.M., Loew A., Holschuh N.M. Ready-to-eat cereal consumption and the School Breakfast Program: Relationship to nutrient intake and weight. JSch Health 2013, 83(1):28-35.
63. Adolphus K., Lawton C.L., Dye L. The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2013, 7:425.
64. Rampersaud G.C., Pereira M.A., Girard B.L., Adams J., Metzl J.D. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. JAm Diet Assoc 2005, 105(5):743-760. quiz 761-742.
65. Kleinman R.E., Hall S., Green H., et al. Diet, breakfast, and academic performance inchildren. Ann Nutr Metab 2002, 46(suppl 1):24-30.
66. Savage J.S., Fisher J.O., Birch L.L. Parental influence on eating behavior: Conception to adolescence. JLaw Med Ethics 2007, 35(1):22-34.
67. Mitchell G.L., Farrow C., Haycraft E., Meyer C. Parental influences on children's eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite 2013, 60(1):85-94.
68. Branen L., Fletcher J. Comparison of college students' current eating habits and recollections of their childhood food practices. JNutr Educ 1999, 31:304-310.
69. Vauthier J.M., Lluch A., Lecomte E., Artur Y., Herbeth B. Family resemblance in energy and macronutrient intakes: The Stanislas Family Study. Int J Epidemiol 1996, 25(5):1030-1037.
70. Birch L.L., Johnson S.L., Andresen G., Peters J.C., Schulte M.C. The variability of young children's energy intake. NEngl J Med 1991, 324(4):232-235.
71. Gahagan S. Development of eating behavior: Biology and context. JDev Behav Pediatr 2012, 33(3):261-271.
72. Rodgers R.F., Paxton S.J., Massey R., et al. Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: A prospective study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013, 10:24.
73. Bergmeier H., Skouteris H., Horwood S., Hooley M., Richardson B. Associations between child temperament, maternal feeding practices and child body mass index during the preschool years: A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2014, 15(1):9-18.
74. Rodenburg G., Kremers S.P., Oenema A., van de Mheen D. Associations of parental feeding styles with child snacking behaviour and weight in the context of general parenting. Public Health Nutr 2014, 17(5):960-969.
75. Faith M.S., Pietrobelli A., Heo M., et al. Atwin study of self-regulatory eating in early childhood: Estimates of genetic and environmental influence, and measurement considerations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012, 36(7):931-937.
76. Anzman S.L., Birch L.L. Low inhibitory control and restrictive feeding practices predict weight outcomes. JPediatr 2009, 155(5):651-656.
77. Engle P.L., Pelto G.H. Responsive feeding: Implications for policy and program implementation. JNutr 2011, 141(3):508-511.
78. Hurley K.M., Cross M.B., Hughes S.O. Asystematic review of responsive feeding and child obesity in high-income countries. JNutr 2011, 141(3):495-501.
79. Gillman M.W., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Frazier A.L., et al. Family dinner and diet quality among older children and adolescents. Arch Fam Med 2000, 9(3):235-240.
80. Chan J.C., Sobal J. Family meals and body weight. Analysis of multiple family members in family units. Appetite 2011, 57(2):517-524.
81. Birch L.L. Child feeding practices and the etiology of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006, 14(3):343-344.
82. Hughes S.O., Frankel L.A., Beltran A., et al. Food parenting measurement issues: Working group consensus report. Child Obes 2013, 9(suppl):S95-S102.
83. Birch L.L., Marlin D.W. Idon't like it; Inever tried it: Effects of exposure on two-year-old children's food preferences. Appetite 1982, 3(4):353-360.
84. Dazeley P., Houston-Price C., Hill C. Should healthy eating programmes incorporate interaction with foods in different sensory modalities? A review of the evidence. Br J Nutr 2012, 108(5):769-777.
85. Howard A.J., Mallan K.M., Byrne R., Magarey A., Daniels L.A. Toddlers' food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite 2012, 59(3):818-825.
86. Hendy H.M., Raudenbush B. Effectiveness of teacher modeling to encourage food acceptance in preschool children. Appetite 2000, 34(1):61-76.
87. Billon S., Lluch A., Guéguen R., Berthier A.M., Siest G., Herbeth B. Family resemblance in breakfast energy intake: The Stanislas Family Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56(10):1011-1019.
88. Zuercher J.L., Wagstaff D.A., Kranz S. Associations of food group and nutrient intake, diet quality, and meal sizes between adults and children in the same household: A cross-sectional analysis of US households. Nutr J 2011, 10:131.
89. Oliveria S.A., Ellison R.C., Moore L.L., Gillman M.W., Garrahie E.J., Singer M.R. Parent-child relationships in nutrient intake: The Framingham Children's Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 56(3):593-598.
90. O'Connell M.L., Henderson K.E., Luedicke J., Schwartz M.B. Repeated exposure in a natural setting: A preschool intervention to increase vegetable consumption. JAcad Nutr Diet 2012, 112(2):230-234.
91. Eneli I.U., Crum P.A., Tylka T.L. The trust model: A different feeding paradigm for managing childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16(10):2197-2204.
92. Satter E.M. Internal regulation and the evolution of normal growth as the basis for prevention of obesity in children. JAm Diet Assoc 1996, 96(9):860-864.
93. Satter E. Secrets of Feeding a Healthy Family 1999, Kelsey Press, Madison, WI.
94. US Department of Agriculture. MyPlate. Accessed June 26,2013. http://www.choosemyplate.gov.
95. Krebs N.F., Jacobson M.S. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2003, 112(2):424-430.
96. AReview of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents: Follow-Up Report 2012, Federal Trade Commission, Office US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
97. Beam M., Ehrlich G., Black J.D., Block A., Leviton L.C. Evaluation of the healthy schools program: Part II. The role of technical assistance. Prev Chronic Dis 2012, 9. E64.
98. Leadership for Healthy Communities, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Making the Connection: Linking Policies That Prevent Hunger and Childhood Obesity. February 2012. Accessed June 12,2014. http://www.leadershipforhealthycommunities.org/images/stories/lhc_hunger_obesity_02.14.12.pdf.
99. Cheyne A., Gonzalez P., Mejia P., Dorfman L. Food and Beverage Marketing to Children and Adolescents: Limited Progress by 2012 2013, Healthy Eating Research, Minneapolis, MN.
100. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation 2012, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention Food and Nutrition Board, National Academies Press, Washington, DC. D. Glickman, L. Parker, L.J. Sim, H. Del Valle Cook, E.A. Miller (Eds.).
101. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Department of Health andHuman Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Summary. 2008. Accessed June 26,2013. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/summary.aspx.
102. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report: Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth 2012, Subcommittee of the President's Council on Fitness Sports & Nutrition, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
103. Ginsburg K.R. The importance of play inpromoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics 2007, 119(1):182-191. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Communications, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health.
104. Murray R., Ramstetter C. Council on School Health; American Academy of Pediatrics. The crucial role of recess inschool. Pediatrics 2013, 131(1):183-188.
105. Dye B.A., Tan S., Smith V., et al. Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Vital Health Stat 11 2007, (248):1-92.
106. Nunn M.E., Braunstein N.S., Krall Kaye E.A., Dietrich T., Garcia R.I., Henshaw M.M. Healthy Eating Index is a predictor of early childhood caries. JDent Res 2009, 88(4):361-366.
107. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General-Executive Summary 2000, US Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD.
108. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Child Nutrition and Fluoride. Evidence Analysis Library 2009. Accessed June 15,2013. http://andevidencelibrary.com/topic.cfm?cat=4482.
109. Position of the Academy of Nutrition andDietetics: Oral health and nutrition. JAcad Nutr Diet 2013, 113(5):693-701.
110. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: The impact of fluoride on health. JAcad Nutr Diet 2012, 112(9):1443-1453. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
111. Coleman-Jensen A., Nord M., Andrews M., Carlson S. Household Food Security in the United States in 2011. ERR-141 2012, US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
112. Eisenmann J.C., Gundersen C., Lohman B.J., Garasky S., Stewart S.D. Is food insecurity related to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents? A summary ofstudies, 1995-2009. Obes Rev 2011, 12(5):e73-e83.
113. Larson N.I., Story M.T. Food insecurity and weight status among US children and families: A review of the literature. Am J Prev Med 2011, 40(2):166-173.
114. Kohn M.J., Bell J.F., Grow H.M., Chan G. Food insecurity, food assistance and weight status in US youth: New evidence from NHANES 2007-08. Pediatr Obes 2014, 9(2):155-166.
115. The Food Assistance Landscape, FY 2012 Annual Report 2013, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Economic Information Bulletin No. EIB-109, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Washington, DC.
116. Colman S., Nichols-Barrer I.P., Redline J.E., Devaney B.L., Ansell S.V., Joyce T. Effects of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): A Review of Recent Research 2012, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, Alexandria, VA.
117. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change 2005, Institute of Medicine, Institute of Medicine for the National Academies, Washington, DC.
118. Andreyeva T., Luedicke J., Middleton A.E., Long M.W., Schwartz M.B. Positive influence of the revised Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children food packages on access to healthy foods. JAcad Nutr Diet 2012, 112(6):850-858.
119. Chiasson M.A., Findley S.E., Sekhobo J.P., et al. Changing WIC changes what children eat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013, 21(7):1423-1429.
120. Child and Adult Care Food Program: Aligning Dietary Guidance for All 2011, Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
121. US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. CACFP Meal Patterns. Accessed June 21,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/care/ProgramBasics/Meals/Meal_Patterns.htm.
122. Erinosho T.O., Ball S.C., Hanson P.P., Vaughn A.E., Ward D.S. assessing foods offered to children at child-care centers using the Healthy Eating Index-2005. JAcad Nutr Diet 2013, 113(8):1084-1089.
123. School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children 2009, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, National Academies of Sciences, Washington, DC.
124. US Food and Nutrition Service. Summaryof The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of2010. Accessed June 16,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/governance/legislation/PL111-296_Summary.pdf.
125. Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs. Fed Reg 2012, 77(17). US Food and Nutrition Service.
126. USDA. Smart Snack in Schools. Accessed June 28,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Governance/Legislation/allfoods.htm.
127. Gordon A., Fox M. School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-III 2007, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc, Princeton, NJ.
128. Newman C. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by School Lunch Participants: Implications for the Success of New Nutrition Standards, ERR-154 2013, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
129. Bartlett S, Olsho L, Patlan K, etal. Evaluation of the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP). 2003; Accessed June 18,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/Ora/menu/Published/CNP/FILES/FFVP_Summary.pdf.
130. Ohri-Vachaspati P., Turner L., Chaloupka F.J. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program participation in elementary schools in the United States and availability of fruits and vegetables in school lunch meals. JAcad Nutr Diet 2012, 112(6):921-926.
131. US Department of Agriculture Food andNutrition Service. Healthy Schools: Local Wellness Policy. Accessed June 18,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/Healthy/wellnesspolicy.html.
132. US Department of Agriculture, Healthier Schools US Challenge. Accessed June 18,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/healthierus.
133. US Department of Agriculture Food andNutrition Service. School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-IV: Summary of Findings. 2012. Accessed June 12,2014. http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/SNDA-IV_Findings_0.pdf.
134. Brown J.S., Bednar C., DiMarco N.M., Connors P.L. Assessment of changes in school nutrition programs and the school environment as a result of following the HealthierUS School Challenge Program. JChild Nutr Manage 2012, 36(1). Accessed June 30, 2014. http://www.schoolnutrition.org/Content.aspx?id=17278.
135. Beam M., Ehrlich G., Donze Black J., Block A., Leviton L.C. Evaluation of the healthy schools program: Part I. Interim progress. Prev Chronic Dis 2012, 9:E65.
136. Field Research Corporation. Kaiser Permanente Childhood Obesity Prevention Survey.2013. Accessed June 30, 2014. http://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/survey-americans-expect-schools-to-lead-in-preventing-childhood-obesity/.
137. Neumark-Sztainer D. Preventing obesity and eating disorders in adolescents: What can health care providers do?. JAdolesc Health 2009, 44(3):206-213.
138. Danielsdottir S., Burgard D., Oliver-Pyatt W. AED guidelines for childhood obesity prevention programs. Academy for Eating Disorders Newsletter 2009, 17.
139. Lumeng J.C., Forrest P., Appugliese D.P., Kaciroti N., Corwyn R.F., Bradley R.H. Weight status as a predictor of being bullied in third through sixth grades. Pediatrics 2010, 125(6):e1301-e1307.
140. Chriqui J., Resnick E., Schneider L., et al. School District Wellness Policies: Evaluating Progress and Potential for Improving Children's Health Five Years after the Federal Mandate. School Years 2006-07 through 2010-11 2013, Vol. 3. Bridging the Gap Program, Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
141. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Local support for nutrition integrity in schools. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110(8):1244-1254. American Dietetic Association.
142. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Child and adolescent nutrition assistance programs. JAm Diet Assoc 2010, 110(5):791-799. American Dietetic Association.
143. US Department of Agriculture. Super Tracker. Accessed June 26,2013. https://www.supertracker.usda.gov/default.aspx.
144. US Department of Agriculture. Kid's Place. Accessed June 26,2013. http://www.choosemyplate.gov/kids/index.html.
145. Family Nutrition and Physical Activity Screening Tool 2011, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and its Foundation, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL.
146. US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Team Nutrition Resources A to Z. 2013. Accessed June 26,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/library.html.
147. Grow It, Try It, Like It! Preschool Fun with Fruits and Vegetables 2013, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Washington, DC.
148. The Great Garden Detective Adventure: A Standards-Based Gardening Nutrition Curriculum for Grades 3 and 4 2013, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Washington, DC.
149. US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Dig In! Standards-Based Nutrition Education from the Ground Up. 2013. Accessed June 26,2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/Resources/dig_in.html.
150. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics andits Foundation. Kids Eat Right. Accessed August 13,2013. http://www.eatright.org/kids/.