Cerebro-renal interactions: Impact of uremic toxins on cognitive function

NeuroToxicology

Volumn 44, Issue , 2014, Pages 184-193

  Watanabe, Kimio ^a   Watanabe, Tsuyoshi ^a   Nakayama, Masaaki ^a  

^a FUKUSHIMA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cerebro renal interactions; Cognitive impairment; Uremic toxins

Indexed keywords

3 (3 CARBOXY 4 METHYL 5 PROPYL 2 FURYL)PROPIONIC ACID; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; CYSTATIN C; GUANIDINOSUCCINIC ACID; HIPPURIC ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYPOXANTHINE; INDICAN; INDOLE; INDOLEACETIC ACID; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; METHYLGLYOXAL; METHYLGUANIDINE; N(G),N(G) DIMETHYLARGININE; PARA CRESYL SULFATE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PHENOL; PROPIONIC ACID; PUTRESCINE; SPERMIDINE; SULFATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREMIC TOXIN; URIC ACID; TOXIN; 3 CARBOXY 4 METHYL 5 PROPYL 2 FURANPROPANOIC ACID; FURAN DERIVATIVE;

BIOACCUMULATION; BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS CONCERNING THE ENTIRE ORGANISM; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN LEVEL; CEREBRORENAL INTERACTION; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLUTE; ANIMAL; BRAIN; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMPLICATION; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; UREMIA; CEREBRO RENAL INTERACTION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DISEASE COURSE; HORMONE ACTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NEUROTOXICITY; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; TOXIN ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL; UREMIA;

EID: 84904537186     PISSN: 0161813X     EISSN: 18729711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.014     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Afsar B., Elsurer R., Covic A., Johnson R.J., Kanbay M. Relationship between uric acid and subtle cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2011, 34:49-54.
2. Asif M., Soiza R.L., McEvoy M., Mangoni A.A. Asymmetric dimethylarginine: a possible link between vascular disease and dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013, 10:347-356.
3. Bahn A., Ljubojevic M., Lorenz H., Schultz C., Ghebremedhin E., Ugele B., Sabolic I., Burckhardt G., Hagos Y. Murine renal organic anion transporters mOAT1 and mOAT3 facilitate the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites. Am J Physiol: Cell Physiol 2005, 289:C1075-C1084.
4. Bavaresco C.S., Ben J., Chiarani F., Netto C.A., Wyse A.T. Intrastriatal injection of hypoxanthine impairs memory formation of step-down inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008, 90:594-597.
5. Beard C.M., Kokmen E., O'Brien P.C., Ania B.J., Melton L.J. Risk of Alzheimer's disease among elderly patients with anemia: population-based investigations in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Ann Epidemiol 1997, 7:219-224.
6. Beeri M.S., Moshier E., Schmeidler J., Godbold J., Uribarri J., Reddy S., Sano M., Grossman H.T., Cai W., Vlassara H., Silverman J.M. Serum concentration of an inflammatory glycotoxin, methylglyoxal, is associated with increased cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Mech Ageing Dev 2011, 132:583-587.
7. Brady C.B., Gaziano J.M., Cxypoliski R.A., Guarino P.D., Kaufman J.S., Warren S.R., Hartigan P., Goldfarb D.S., Jamison R.L. Homocysteine lowering and cognition in CKD: the Veterans Affairs homocysteine study. Am J Kidney Dis 2009, 54:440-449.
8. Brines M.L., Ghezzi P., Keenan S., Agnello D., de Lanerolle N.C., Cerami C., Itri L.M., Cerami A. Erythropoietin crosses the blood-brain barrier to protect against experimental brain injury. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:10526-10531.
9. Buchman A.S., Tanne D., Boyle P.A., Shah R.C., Leurgans S.E., Bennett D.A. Kidney function is associated with the rate of cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology 2009, 73:920-927.
10. Bugnicourt J.M., Godefroy O., Chillon J.M., Choukroun G., Massy Z.A. Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: the neglected kidney-brain axis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013, 24:353-363.
11. Cerami A., Brines M.L., Ghezzi P., Cerami C.J. Effects of epoetin alfa on the central nervous system. Semin Oncol 2001, 28:66-70.
12. Chen C.L., Lai P.H., Chou K.J., Lee P.T., Chung H.M., Fang H.C. A preliminary report of brain edema in patients with uremia at first hemodialysis: evaluation by diffusion-weighted MR imaging. AJNR, Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:68-71.
13. Cheung W.W., Ding W., Gunta S.S., Gu Y., Tabakman R., Klapper L.N., Gertler A., Mak R.H. A pegylated leptin antagonist ameliorates CKD-associated cachexia in mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013, 25:119-128.
14. Chou F.F., Chen J.B., Hsieh K.C., Liou C.W. Cognitive changes after parathyroidectomy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2008, 143:526-532.
15. Cogan M.G., Covey C.M., Arieff A.I., Wisniewski A., Clark O.H., Lazarowitz V., Leach W. Central nervous system manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 1978, 65:963-970.
16. de Arriba S.G., Stuchbury G., Yarin J., Burnell J., Loske C., Munch G. Methylglyoxal impairs glucose metabolism and leads to energy depletion in neuronal cells-protection by carbonyl scavengers. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28:1044-1050.
17. De Deyn P.P., D'Hooge R., Van Bogaert P.P., Marescau B. Endogenous guanidino compounds as uremic neurotoxins. Kidney Int Suppl 2001, 78:S77-S83.
18. de Lima M.N., Polydoro M., Laranja D.C., Bonatto F., Bromberg E., Moreira J.C., Dal-Pizzol F., Schroder N. Recognition memory impairment and brain oxidative stress induced by postnatal iron administration. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 21:2521-2528.
19. Deguchi T., Isozaki K., Yousuke K., Terasaki T., Otagiri M. Involvement of organic anion transporters in the efflux of uremic toxins across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 2006, 96:1051-1059.
20. Di Loreto S., Zimmitti V., Sebastiani P., Cervelli C., Falone S., Amicarelli F. Methylglyoxal causes strong weakening of detoxifying capacity and apoptotic cell death in rat hippocampal neurons. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008, 40:245-257.
21. Doherty G.H., Beccano-Kelly D., Yan S.D., Gunn-Moore F.J., Harvey J. Leptin prevents hippocampal synaptic disruption and neuronal cell death induced by amyloid beta. Neurobiol Aging 2013, 34:226-237.
22. Drueke T.B., Locatelli F., Clyne N., Eckardt K.U., Macdougall I.C., Tsakiris D., Burger H.U., Scherhag A. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2071-2084.
23. Duranton F., Cohen G., De Smet R., Rodriguez M., Jankowski J., Vanholder R., Argiles A. Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012, 23:1258-1270.
24. Economos A., Wright C.B., Moon Y.P., Rundek T., Rabbani L., Paik M.C., Sacco R.L., Elkind M.S. Interleukin 6 plasma concentration associates with cognitive decline: the northern Manhattan study. Neuroepidemiology 2013, 40:253-259.
25. Elderkin-Thompson V., Irwin M.R., Hellemann G., Kumar A. Interleukin-6 and memory functions of encoding and recall in healthy and depressed elderly adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012, 20:753-763.
26. Eloot S., Torremans A., De Smet R., Marescau B., De Wachter D., De Deyn P.P., Lameire N., Verdonck P., Vanholder R. Kinetic behavior of urea is different from that of other water-soluble compounds: the case of the guanidino compounds. Kidney Int 2005, 67:1566-1575.
27. Erbayraktar S., Grasso G., Sfacteria A., Xie Q.W., Coleman T., Kreilgaard M., Torup L., Sager T., Erbayraktar Z., Gokmen N., Yilmaz O., Ghezzi P., Villa P., Fratelli M., Casagrande S., Leist M., Helboe L., Gerwein J., Christensen S., Geist M.A., Pedersen L.O., Cerami-Hand C., Wuerth J.P., Cerami A., Brines M. Asialoerythropoietin is a nonerythropoietic cytokine with broad neuroprotective activity in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:6741-6746.
28. Euser S.M., Hofman A., Westendorp R.G., Breteler M.M. Serum uric acid and cognitive function and dementia. Brain 2009, 132:377-382.
29. Fiori L.M., Mechawar N., Turecki G. Identification and characterization of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase promoter variants in suicide completers. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66:460-467.
30. Ford A.H., Almeida O.P. Effect of homocysteine lowering treatment on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis 2012, 29:133-149.
31. Ford A.H., Flicker L., Hankey G.J., Norman P., van Bockxmeer F.M., Almeida O.P. Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and cognitive impairment: the health in men study. Mol Psychiatry 2012, 17:559-566.
32. Fukui K., Omoi N.O., Hayasaka T., Shinnkai T., Suzuki S., Abe K., Urano S. Cognitive impairment of rats caused by oxidative stress and aging, and its prevention by vitamin E. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002, 959:275-284.
33. Furukawa S., Usuda K., Abe M., Hayashi S., Ogawa I. Indole-3-acetic acid induces microencephaly in mouse fetuses. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2007, 59:43-52.
34. Gelb S., Shapiro R.J., Hill A., Thornton W.L. Cognitive outcome following kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:1032-1038.
35. Ghidoni R., Benussi L., Glionna M., Desenzani S., Albertini V., Levy E., Emanuele E., Binetti G. Plasma cystatin C and risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 22:985-991.
36. Giorgetti S., Raimondi S., Cassinelli S., Bucciantini M., Stefani M., Gregorini G., Albonico G., Moratti R., Montagna G., Stoppini M., Bellotti V. Beta2-microglobulin is potentially neurotoxic, but the blood brain barrier is likely to protect the brain from its toxicity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009, 24:1176-1181.
37. Goldstein D.A., Feinstein E.I., Chui L.A., Pattabhiraman R., Massry S.G. The relationship between the abnormalities in electroencephalogram and blood levels of parathyroid hormone in dialysis patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980, 51:130-134.
38. Goldstein D.A., Massry S.G. Parathyroid hormone, uremia, and the nervous system. Contrib Nephrol 1980, 20:73-83.
39. Gondouin B., Cerini C., Dou L., Sallee M., Duval-Sabatier A., Pletinck A., Calaf R., Lacroix R., Jourde-Chiche N., Poitevin S., Arnaud L., Vanholder R., Brunet P., Dignat-George F., Burtey S. Indolic uremic solutes increase tissue factor production in endothelial cells by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Kidney Int 2013, 84:733-744.
40. Griva K., Thompson D., Jayasena D., Davenport A., Harrison M., Newman S.P. Cognitive functioning pre- to post-kidney transplantation-a prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:3275-3282.
41. Guisado R., Arieff A.I., Massry S.G., Lazarowitz V., Kerian A. Changes in the electroencephalogram in acute uremia: effects of parathyroid hormone and brain electrolytes. J Clin Invest 1975, 55:738-745.
42. Gupta N., Zhang H., Liu P. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of acute putrescine depletion by difluoromethylornithine in rats. Neuroscience 2009, 161:691-706.
43. Gupta V.K., Scheunemann L., Eisenberg T., Mertel S., Bhukel A., Koemans T.S., Kramer J.M., Liu K.S., Schroeder S., Stunnenberg H.G., Sinner F., Magnes C., Pieber T.R., Dipt S., Fiala A., Schenck A., Schwaerzel M., Madeo F., Sigrist S.J. Restoring polyamines protects from age-induced memory impairment in an autophagy-dependent manner. Nat Neurosci 2013, 16:1453-1460.
44. Hailpern S.M., Melamed M.L., Cohen H.W., Hostetter T.H. Moderate chronic kidney disease and cognitive function in adults 20 to 59 years of age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:2205-2213.
45. Hankey G.J., Ford A.H., Yi Q., Eikelboom J.W., Lees K.R., Chen C., Xavier D., Navarro J.C., Ranawaka U.K., Uddin W., Ricci S., Gommans J., Schmidt R., Almeida O.P., van Bockxmeer F.M. Effect of B vitamins and lowering homocysteine on cognitive impairment in patients with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial and meta-analysis. Stroke 2013, 44:2232-2239. (a journal of cerebral circulation).
46. Hill M.B. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Nephrol Nurs J 2001, 28:348-349.
47. Hirotsu C., Tufik S., Ribeiro D.A., Alvarenga T.A., Andersen M.L. Genomic damage in the progression of chronic kidney disease in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2011, 25:416-422.
48. Hoogendijk W.J., Lips P., Dik M.G., Deeg D.J., Beekman A.T., Penninx B.W. Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:508-512.
49. Hooshmand B., Solomon A., Kareholt I., Rusanen M., Hanninen T., Leiviska J., Winblad B., Laatikainen T., Soininen H., Kivipelto M. Associations between serum homocysteine, holotranscobalamin, folate and cognition in the elderly: a longitudinal study. J Intern Med 2012, 271:204-212.
50. Hsieh Y.H., McCartney K., Moore T.A., Thundyil J., Gelderblom M., Manzanero S., Arumugam T.V. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to inflammatory changes in the brain. Shock 2011, 36:424-430.
51. Hu X., Xu X., Zhu G., Atzler D., Kimoto M., Chen J., Schwedhelm E., Luneburg N., Boger R.H., Zhang P., Chen Y. Vascular endothelial-specific dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1-deficient mice reveal that vascular endothelium plays an important role in removing asymmetric dimethylarginine. Circulation 2009, 120:2222-2229.
52. Huang X., Wang F., Chen W., Chen Y., Wang N., von Maltzan K. Possible link between the cognitive dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus and the neurotoxicity of methylglyoxal. Brain Res 2012, 1469:82-91.
53. Hughes K., Flynn T., de Zoysa J., Dalbeth N., Merriman T.R. Mendelian randomization analysis associates increased serum urate, due to genetic variation in uric acid transporters, with improved renal function. Kidney Int 2013, 85:344-351.
54. Itoh Y., Ezawa A., Kikuchi K., Tsuruta Y., Niwa T. Protein-bound uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and their effects on endothelial ROS production. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012, 403:1841-1850.
55. Iwata K., Watanabe H., Morisaki T., Matsuzaki T., Ohmura T., Hamada A., Saito H. Involvement of indoxyl sulfate in renal and central nervous system toxicities during cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Pharm Res 2007, 24:662-671.
56. Jassal S.V., Roscoe J., LeBlanc D., Devins G.M., Rourke S. Differential impairment of psychomotor efficiency and processing speed in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2008, 40:849-854.
57. Jochemsen H.M., Kloppenborg R.P., de Groot L.C., Kampman E., Mali W.P., van der Graaf Y., Geerlings M.I. Homocysteine, progression of ventricular enlargement, and cognitive decline: the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Magnetic Resonance study. Alzheimers Dement 2013, 9:302-309.
58. Jorde R., Waterloo K., Saleh F., Haug E., Svartberg J. Neuropsychological function in relation to serum parathyroid hormone and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The Tromso study. J Neurol 2006, 253:464-470.
59. Jourde-Chiche N., Dou L., Cerini C., Dignat-George F., Brunet P. Vascular incompetence in dialysis patients-protein-bound uremic toxins and endothelial dysfunction. Semin Dial 2011, 24:327-337.
60. Kalirao P., Pederson S., Foley R.N., Kolste A., Tupper D., Zaun D., Buot V., Murray A.M. Cognitive impairment in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2011, 57:612-620.
61. Kanoski S.E., Hayes M.R., Greenwald H.S., Fortin S.M., Gianessi C.A., Gilbert J.R., Grill H.J. Hippocampal leptin signaling reduces food intake and modulates food-related memory processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:1859-1870.
62. Khatri M., Nickolas T., Moon Y.P., Paik M.C., Rundek T., Elkind M.S., Sacco R.L., Wright C.B. CKD associates with cognitive decline. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:2427-2432.
63. Kielstein J.T., Donnerstag F., Gasper S., Menne J., Kielstein A., Martens-Lobenhoffer J., Scalera F., Cooke J.P., Fliser D., Bode-Boger S.M. ADMA increases arterial stiffness and decreases cerebral blood flow in humans. Stroke 2006, 37:2024-2029.
64. Koushik N.S., McArthur S.F., Baird A.D. Adult chronic kidney disease: neurocognition in chronic renal failure. Neuropsychol Rev 2010, 20:33-51.
65. Kurella M., Chertow G.M., Fried L.F., Cummings S.R., Harris T., Simonsick E., Satterfield S., Ayonayon H., Yaffe K. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:2127-2133.
66. Kurella M., Yaffe K., Shlipak M.G., Wenger N.K., Chertow G.M. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in menopausal women. Am J Kidney Dis 2005, 45:66-76.
67. Kurella Tamura M., Wadley V., Yaffe K., McClure L.A., Howard G., Go R., Allman R.M., Warnock D.G., McClellan W. Kidney function and cognitive impairment in US adults: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2008, 52:227-234.
68. Lee J.J., Chin H.J., Byun M.S., Choe J.Y., Park J.H., Lee S.B., Choi E.A., Chae D.W., Kim K.W. Impaired frontal executive function and predialytic chronic kidney disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59:1628-1635.
69. Lee S.Y., Lee H.J., Kim Y.K., Kim S.H., Kim L., Lee M.S., Joe S.H., Jung I.K., Suh K.Y., Kim H.K. Neurocognitive function and quality of life in relation to hematocrit levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Psychosom Res 2004, 57:5-10.
70. Leist M., Ghezzi P., Grasso G., Bianchi R., Villa P., Fratelli M., Savino C., Bianchi M., Nielsen J., Gerwien J., Kallunki P., Larsen A.K., Helboe L., Christensen S., Pedersen L.O., Nielsen M., Torup L., Sager T., Sfacteria A., Erbayraktar S., Erbayraktar Z., Gokmen N., Yilmaz O., Cerami-Hand C., Xie Q.W., Coleman T., Cerami A., Brines M. Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic. Science 2004, 305:239-242.
71. Li J., Dong B.R., Lin P., Zhang J., Liu G.J. Association of cognitive function with serum uric acid level among Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2010, 45:331-335.
72. Li W., Maloney R.E., Circu M.L., Alexander J.S., Aw T.Y. Acute carbonyl stress induces occludin glycation and brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction: role for glutathione-dependent metabolism of methylglyoxal. Free Radic Biol Med 2013, 54:51-61.
73. Liu J., Head E., Gharib A.M., Yuan W., Ingersoll R.T., Hagen T.M., Cotman C.W., Ames B.N. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-l-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:2356-2361.
74. Liu M., Liang Y., Chigurupati S., Lathia J.D., Pletnikov M., Sun Z., Crow M., Ross C.A., Mattson M.P., Rabb H. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 19:1360-1370.
75. Liu P., Gupta N., Jing Y., Zhang H. Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats. Neuroscience 2008, 155:789-796.
76. Liu Y., Li J., Wang Z., Yu Z., Chen G. Attenuation of early brain injury and learning deficits following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to cystatin C: possible involvement of the autophagy pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2014, 49:1043-1054.
77. Martins I., Gomes S., Costa R.O., Otvos L., Oliveira C.R., Resende R., Pereira C.M. Leptin and ghrelin prevent hippocampal dysfunction induced by Abeta oligomers. Neuroscience 2013, 241:41-51.
78. Marzocco S., Popolo A., Bianco G., Pinto A., Autore G. Pro-apoptotic effect of methylguanidine on hydrogen peroxide-treated rat glioma cell line. Neurochem Int 2010, 57:518-524.
79. Matafome P., Sena C., Seica R. Methylglyoxal, obesity, and diabetes. Endocrine 2013, 43:472-484.
80. McMahon J.A., Green T.J., Skeaff C.M., Knight R.G., Mann J.I., Williams S.M. A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:2764-2772.
81. McQuillan R., Jassal S.V. Neuropsychiatric complications of chronic kidney disease. Nature reviews. Nephrology 2010, 6:471-479.
82. Meijers B.K., De Loor H., Bammens B., Verbeke K., Vanrenterghem Y., Evenepoel P. p-Cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 4:1932-1938.
83. Mink R., Johnston J. The effect of infusing hypoxanthine or xanthine on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rabbits. Brain Res 2007, 1147:256-264.
84. Miyamoto Y., Iwao Y., Mera K., Watanabe H., Kadowaki D., Ishima Y., Chuang V.T., Sato K., Otagiri M., Maruyama T. A uremic toxin, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate induces cell damage to proximal tubular cells via the generation of a radical intermediate. Biochem Pharmacol 2012, 84:1207-1214.
85. Mooijaart S.P., Sattar N., Trompet S., Lucke J., Stott D.J., Ford I., Jukema J.W., Westendorp R.G., de Craen A.J. Circulating interleukin-6 concentration and cognitive decline in old age: the PROSPER study. J Intern Med 2013, 274:77-85.
86. More S.S., Vartak A.P., Vince R. Restoration of glyoxalase enzyme activity precludes cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013, 4:330-338.
87. Murray A.M. Cognitive impairment in the aging dialysis and chronic kidney disease populations: an occult burden. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008, 15:123-132.
88. Murray A.M., Barzilay J.I., Lovato J.F., Williamson J.D., Miller M.E., Marcovina S., Launer L.J. Biomarkers of renal function and cognitive impairment in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011, 34:1827-1832.
89. Murray A.M., Pederson S.L., Tupper D.E., Hochhalter A.K., Miller W.A., Li Q., Zaun D., Collins A.J., Kane R., Foley R.N. Acute variation in cognitive function in hemodialysis patients: a cohort study with repeated measures. Am J Kidney Dis 2007, 50:270-278.
90. Murray A.M., Tupper D.E., Knopman D.S., Gilbertson D.T., Pederson S.L., Li S., Smith G.E., Hochhalter A.K., Collins A.J., Kane R.L. Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common. Neurology 2006, 67:216-223.
91. Mutsaers H.A., Wilmer M.J., Reijnders D., Jansen J., van den Broek P.H., Forkink M., Schepers E., Glorieux G., Vanholder R., van den Heuvel L.P., Hoenderop J.G., Masereeuw R. Uremic toxins inhibit renal metabolic capacity through interference with glucuronidation and mitochondrial respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013, 1832:142-150.
92. Nakai S., Watanabe Y., Masakane I., Wada A., Shoji T., Hasegawa T., Nakamoto H., Yamagata K., Kazama J.J., Fujii N., Itami N., Shinoda T., Shigematsu T., Marubayashi S., Morita O., Hashimoto S., Suzuki K., Kimata N., Hanafusa N., Wakai K., Hamano T., Ogata S., Tsuchida K., Taniguchi M., Nishi H., Iseki K., Tsubakihara Y. Overview of regular dialysis treatment in Japan (as of 31 December 2011). Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 2013, 17:567-611.
93. Niwa T. Removal of protein-bound uraemic toxins by haemodialysis. Blood Purif 2013, 35(Suppl 2):20-25.
94. Ohtsuki S., Asaba H., Takanaga H., Deguchi T., Hosoya K., Otagiri M., Terasaki T. Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem 2002, 83:57-66.
95. Patel N., Dalal P., Panesar M. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome: a narrative review. Semin Dial 2008, 21:493-498.
96. Pfeffer M.A., Burdmann E.A., Chen C.Y., Cooper M.E., de Zeeuw D., Eckardt K.U., Feyzi J.M., Ivanovich P., Kewalramani R., Levey A.S., Lewis E.F., McGill J.B., McMurray J.J., Parfrey P., Parving H.H., Remuzzi G., Singh A.K., Solomon S.D., Toto R. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:2019-2032.
97. Pickett J.L., Theberge D.C., Brown W.S., Schweitzer S.U., Nissenson A.R. Normalizing hematocrit in dialysis patients improves brain function. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 33:1122-1130.
98. Pikula A., Boger R.H., Beiser A.S., Maas R., DeCarli C., Schwedhelm E., Himali J.J., Schulze F., Au R., Kelly-Hayes M., Kase C.S., Vasan R.S., Wolf P.A., Seshadri S. Association of plasma ADMA levels with MRI markers of vascular brain injury: Framingham offspring study. Stroke 2009, 40:2959-2964.
99. Post J.B., Jegede A.B., Morin K., Spungen A.M., Langhoff E., Sano M. Cognitive profile of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients without dementia. Nephron Clin Pract 2010, 116:c247-c255.
100. Prohovnik I., Post J., Uribarri J., Lee H., Sandu O., Langhoff E. Cerebrovascular effects of hemodialysis in chronic kidney disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, 27:1861-1869.
101. Rabie T., Marti H.H. Brain protection by erythropoietin: a manifold task. Physiology 2008, 23:263-274.
102. Rajagopalan P., Refsum H., Hua X., Toga A.W., Jack C.R., Weiner M.W., Thompson P.M. Mapping creatinine- and cystatin C-related white matter brain deficits in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2013, 34:1221-1230.
103. Rakowski D.A., Caillard S., Agodoa L.Y., Abbott K.C. Dementia as a predictor of mortality in dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 1:1000-1005.
104. Roman S.A., Sosa J.A., Pietrzak R.H., Snyder P.J., Thomas D.C., Udelsman R., Mayes L. The effects of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone changes on psychological and cognitive function in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg 2011, 253:131-137.
105. Schroeder J.C., Dinatale B.C., Murray I.A., Flaveny C.A., Liu Q., Laurenzana E.M., Lin J.M., Strom S.C., Omiecinski C.J., Amin S., Perdew G.H. The uremic toxin 3-indoxyl sulfate is a potent endogenous agonist for the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochemistry 2010, 49:393-400.
106. Seliger S.L., Longstreth W.T., Katz R., Manolio T., Fried L.F., Shlipak M., Stehman-Breen C.O., Newman A., Sarnak M., Gillen D.L., Bleyer A., Siscovick D.S. Cystatin C and subclinical brain infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:3721-3727.
107. Seliger S.L., Siscovick D.S., Stehman-Breen C.O., Gillen D.L., Fitzpatrick A., Bleyer A., Kuller L.H. Moderate renal impairment and risk of dementia among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:1904-1911.
108. Sena C.M., Matafome P., Crisostomo J., Rodrigues L., Fernandes R., Pereira P., Seica R.M. Methylglyoxal promotes oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacol Res 2012, 65:497-506.
109. Shah R.C., Wilson R.S., Bienias J.L., Arvanitakis Z., Evans D.A., Bennett D.A. Relation of blood pressure to risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and change in global cognitive function in older persons. Neuroepidemiology 2006, 26:30-36.
110. Shamoto-Nagai M., Maruyama W., Kato Y., Isobe K., Tanaka M., Naoi M., Osawa T. An inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, rotenone, inactivates proteasome by oxidative modification and induces aggregation of oxidized proteins in SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurosci Res 2003, 74:589-597.
111. Sigrist S.J., Carmona-Gutierrez D., Gupta V.K., Bhukel A., Mertel S., Eisenberg T., Madeo F. Spermidine-triggered autophagy ameliorates memory during aging. Autophagy 2014, 10:178-179.
112. Singh A.K., Szczech L., Tang K.L., Barnhart H., Sapp S., Wolfson M., Reddan D. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2085-2098.
113. Sirich T.L., Funk B.A., Plummer N.S., Hostetter T.H., Meyer T.W. Prominent accumulation in hemodialysis patients of solutes normally cleared by tubular secretion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013, 25(3):615-622.
114. Smogorzewski M.J. Central nervous dysfunction in uremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38:S122-S128.
115. Srikanth V., Westcott B., Forbes J., Phan T.G., Beare R., Venn A., Pearson S., Greenaway T., Parameswaran V., Munch G. Methylglyoxal, cognitive function and cerebral atrophy in older people. J Gerontol Ser, A: Biol Sci Med Sci 2013, 68:68-73.
116. Sun C.Y., Hsu H.H., Wu M.S. p-Cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate induce similar cellular inflammatory gene expressions in cultured proximal renal tubular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013, 28:70-78.
117. Sundelof J., Arnlov J., Ingelsson E., Sundstrom J., Basu S., Zethelius B., Larsson A., Irizarry M.C., Giedraitis V., Ronnemaa E., Degerman-Gunnarsson M., Hyman B.T., Basun H., Kilander L., Lannfelt L. Serum cystatin C and the risk of Alzheimer disease in elderly men. Neurology 2008, 71:1072-1079.
118. Suri R.S., Garg A.X., Chertow G.M., Levin N.W., Rocco M.V., Greene T., Beck G.J., Gassman J.J., Eggers P.W., Star R.A., Ornt D.B., Kliger A.S. Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials: study design. Kidney Int 2007, 71:349-359.
119. Tachikawa M., Hosoya K. Transport characteristics of guanidino compounds at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: relevance to neural disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011, 8:13.
120. Temple R.M., Langan S.J., Deary I.J., Winney R.J. Recombinant erythropoietin improves cognitive function in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992, 7:240-245.
121. Tiboldi A., Lentini A., Provenzano B., Tabolacci C., Hoger H., Beninati S., Lubec G. Hippocampal polyamine levels and transglutaminase activity are paralleling spatial memory retrieval in the C57BL/6 J mouse. Hippocampus 2012, 22:1068-1074.
122. Torremans A., Marescau B., Van Dam D., Van Ginneken C., Van Meir F., Van Bogaert P.P., D'Hooge R., de Vente J., De Deyn P.P. GSA: behavioral, histological, electrophysiological and neurochemical effects. Physiol Behav 2005, 84:251-264.
123. Toyoda K., Fujii K., Fujimi S., Kumai Y., Tsuchimochi H., Ibayashi S., Iida M. Stroke in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a 22-year single-center study. Am J Kidney Dis 2005, 45:1058-1066.
124. van den Kommer T.N., Dik M.G., Comijs H.C., Jonker C., Deeg D.J. Homocysteine and inflammation: predictors of cognitive decline in older persons?. Neurobiol Aging 2010, 31:1700-1709.
125. Vanholder R., De Smet R. Pathophysiologic effects of uremic retention solutes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10:1815-1823.
126. Vanholder R., De Smet R., Glorieux G., Argiles A., Baurmeister U., Brunet P., Clark W., Cohen G., De Deyn P.P., Deppisch R., Descamps-Latscha B., Henle T., Jorres A., Lemke H.D., Massy Z.A., Passlick-Deetjen J., Rodriguez M., Stegmayr B., Stenvinkel P., Tetta C., Wanner C., Zidek W. Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int 2003, 63:1934-1943.
127. Vanholder R., Glorieux G., De Smet R., Lameire N. New insights in uremic toxins. Kidney Int Suppl 2003, S6-S10.
128. Vanholder R., Van Laecke S., Glorieux G. What is new in uremic toxicity?. Pediatr Nephrol 2008, 23:1211-1221.
129. Vannorsdall T.D., Jinnah H.A., Gordon B., Kraut M., Schretlen D.J. Cerebral ischemia mediates the effect of serum uric acid on cognitive function. Stroke 2008, 39:3418-3420.
130. Vida C., Corpas I., De la Fuente M., Gonzalez E.M. Age-related changes in xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation, as well as in the correlation between both parameters, in plasma and several organs from female mice. J Physiol Biochem 2011, 67:551-558.
131. Vos P.F., Zilch O., Jennekens-Schinkel A., Salden M., Nuyen J., Kooistra M.M., van Huffelen A.C., Sitskoorn M.M. Effect of short daily home haemodialysis on quality of life, cognitive functioning and the electroencephalogram. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:2529-2535.
132. Wada M., Nagasawa H., Kawanami T., Kurita K., Daimon M., Kubota I., Kayama T., Kato T. Cystatin C as an index of cerebral small vessel disease: results of a cross-sectional study in community-based Japanese elderly. Eur J Neurol 2010, 17:383-390.
133. Wamser M.N., Leite E.F., Ferreira V.V., Delwing-de Lima D., da Cruz J.G., Wyse A.T., Delwing-Dal Magro D. Effect of hypoxanthine, antioxidants and allopurinol on cholinesterase activities in rats. J Neural Transm 2013, 120:1359-1367.
134. Wang W., Li S., Dong H.P., Lv S., Tang Y.Y. Differential impairment of spatial and nonspatial cognition in a mouse model of brain aging. Life Sci 2009, 85:127-135.
135. Watanabe H., Miyamoto Y., Honda D., Tanaka H., Wu Q., Endo M., Noguchi T., Kadowaki D., Ishima Y., Kotani S., Nakajima M., Kataoka K., Kim-Mitsuyama S., Tanaka M., Fukagawa M., Otagiri M., Maruyama T. p-Cresyl sulfate causes renal tubular cell damage by inducing oxidative stress by activation of NADPH oxidase. Kidney Int 2013, 83:582-592.
136. Watanabe I., Tatebe J., Namba S., Koizumi M., Yamazaki J., Morita T. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates indoxyl sulfate-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circ J 2013, 77:224-230. (Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society).
137. Watanabe K., Okada K., Fukabori R., Hayashi Y., Asahi K., Terawaki H., Kobayashi K., Watanabe T., Nakayama M. Methylglyoxal (MG) and cerebro-renal interaction: does long-term orally administered MG cause cognitive impairment in normal Sprague-Dawley rats?. Toxins 2014, 6:254-269.
138. Weiner D.E., Bartolomei K., Scott T., Price L.L., Griffith J.L., Rosenberg I., Levey A.S., Folstein M.F., Sarnak M.J. Albuminuria, cognitive functioning, and white matter hyperintensities in homebound elders. Am J Kidney Dis 2009, 53:438-447.
139. Wu I.W., Hsu K.H., Lee C.C., Sun C.Y., Hsu H.J., Tsai C.J., Tzen C.Y., Wang Y.C., Lin C.Y., Wu M.S. p-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphate predict progression of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011, 26:938-947.
140. Yaffe K., Lindquist K., Shlipak M.G., Simonsick E., Fried L., Rosano C., Satterfield S., Atkinson H., Windham B.G., Kurella-Tamura M. Cystatin C as a marker of cognitive function in elders: findings from the health ABC study. Ann Neurol 2008, 63:798-802.
141. Yamamoto S., Kazama J.J., Narita I., Naiki H., Gejyo F. Recent progress in understanding dialysis-related amyloidosis. Bone 2009, 45(Suppl 1):S39-S42.
142. Ye L., Huang Y., Zhao L., Li Y., Sun L., Zhou Y., Qian G., Zheng J.C. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha induce neurotoxicity through glutamate production: a potential role for neuronal glutaminase. J Neurochem 2013, 125:897-908.
143. Zeki Al Hazzouri A., Stone K.L., Haan M.N., Yaffe K. Leptin, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia among elderly women. J Gerontol Ser, A: Biol Sci Med Sci 2013, 68:175-180.
144. Zhang Y., Xiong Y., Mahmood A., Meng Y., Qu C., Schallert T., Chopp M. Therapeutic effects of erythropoietin on histological and functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury in rats are independent of hematocrit. Brain Res 2009, 1294:153-164.
145. Zheng P., Chen J.J., Huang T., Wang M.J., Wang Y., Dong M.X., Huang Y.J., Zhou L.K., Xie P. A novel urinary metabolite signature for diagnosing major depressive disorder. J Proteome Res 2013, 12(12):5904-5911.
146. Zheng S., Yu M., Lu X., Huo T., Ge L., Yang J., Wu C., Li F. Urinary metabonomic study on biochemical changes in chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression. Clin Chim Acta 2010, 411:204-209.