Thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Bioalcohol Production: Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 24-72

  Chundawat, S P S ^a   Balan, V ^a   Sousa, L Da costa ^a   Dale, B E ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cellulosic ethanol; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Plant cell wall recalcitrance; Thermochemical pretreatment

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CELLULOSE; CELLULOSIC ETHANOL; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; HYDROLYSIS;

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING; CHEMICAL PRE-TREATMENT; ECONOMICALLY VIABLE; ENZYMATIC DIGESTIBILITY; LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS; LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS; PLANT CELL WALL; THERMOCHEMICAL PRETREATMENT;

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS;

EID: 84903079500     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845699611.1.24     Document Type: Chapter

References (243)

1. Aden A., Ruth M., Ibsen K., Jechura J., Neeves K., Sheehan J., Wallace B. Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis for corn stover. Technical Report 2002, 1-154. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden.
2. Akin D.E., Morrison W.H. Ozone treatment of forage: structure and digestibility of different lignified cell walls. Crop Science 1988, 28:337-342.
3. Akin D.E., Morrison W.H., Rigsby L.L., Barton F.E., Himmelsbach D.S., Hicks K.B. Corn stover fractions and bioenergy: chemical composition, structure, and response to enzyme pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2006, 129:104-116.
4. Alizadeh H., Teymouri F., Gilbert T.I., Dale B.E. Pretreatment of switchgrass by ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 124:1133-1141.
5. Alvo P., Belkacemi K. Enzymatic saccharification of milled timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Biores. Technol 1997, 61:185-198.
6. Anderson W.F., Peterson J., Akin D.E., Morrison W.H. Enzyme pretreatment of grass lignocellulose for potential high-value co-products and an improved fermentable substrate. Twenty-Sixth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals 2005, 303-310.
7. Arato C., Pye E.K., Gjennestad G. The lignol approach to biorefining of woody biomass to produce ethanol and chemicals. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 121-124:871-882.
8. Baker J.O., Ehrman C.I., Adney W.S., Thomas S.R., Himmel M. Hydrolysis of cellulose using ternary mixtures of purified cellulases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998, 70-72:395-403.
9. Balan V., da Costa Sousa L., Chundawat S.P.S., Vismeh R., Jones A.D., Dale B.E. Mushroom spent straw: a potential substrate for an ethanol-based biorefinery. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 35:293-301.
10. Ballesteros I., Oliva J.M., Navarro A.A., Gonzalez A., Carrasco J., Ballesteros M. Effect of chip size on steam explosion pretreatment of softwood. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2000, 84-86:97-110.
11. Ballesteros I., Oliva J.M., Negro M.J., Manzanares P., Ballesteros M. Ethanol production from olive oil extraction residue pretreated with hot water. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2002, 98-100:717-732.
12. Ballesteros I., Negro M.J., Oliva J.M., Cabanas A., Manzanares P., Ballesteros M. Ethanol production from steam-explosion pretreated wheat straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2006, 130:496-508.
13. Bals B., Teachworth L., Dale B.E., Balan V. Extraction of proteins from switchgrass using aqueous ammonia within an integrated biorefinery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 143:187-198.
14. Bayer E.A., Chanzy H., Lamed R., Shoham Y. Cellulose, cellulases and cellulosomes. Curr Op Struct Biol 1998, 8:548-557.
15. Ben-Ghedalia D., Miron J.J. Effects of sodium hydroxide, ozone and sulphur dioxide on the composition and in-vitro digestibility of wheat straw. J Sci Food Agric 1981, 32:224-228.
16. Berlin A., Gilkes N., Kilburn D., Bura R., Markov A., Skomarovsky A., Okunev O., Gusakov A., Maximenko V., Gregg D., Sinitsyn A., Saddler J. Evaluation of novel fungal cellulase preparations for ability to hydrolyze softwood substrates - evidence for the role of accessory enzymes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2005, 37:175-184.
17. Berlin A., Gilkes N., Kilburn D., Maximenko V., Bura R., Markov M., Skomarovsky A., Gusakov A., Sinitsyn A., Okunev O., Solovieva I., Saddler J.N. Evaluation of cellulase preparations for hydrolysis of hardwood substrates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2006, 130(1-3):528-545.
18. Berlin A., Maximenko V., Gilkes N., Saddler J.N. Optimization of enzyme complexes for lignocellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 97(2):287-296.
19. Besle J., Cornu A., Jouany J. Roles of structural phenylpropanoids in forage cell wall digestion. J Sci Food Agric 1994, 64:171-190.
20. Bhat M., Bhat S. Cellulose degrading enzymes and their potential industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv 1997, 15:583-620.
21. Bhat M., Hazlewood G. Enzymology and other Characteristics of Cellulases and Xylanases 2001, CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK.
22. Bidlack J., Malone M., Benson R. Molecular structure and component integration of secondary cell walls in plants. Proc Oklahoma Acad Sci 1992, 72:51-56.
23. Bobleter O., Binder H., Concin R., Burtscher E., et al. Energy from biomass 1981, 554-562. Applied Science Publishers, London. W. Palz (Ed.).
24. Boisset C., Petrequin C., Chanzy H., Henrissat B., Schulein M. Optimized mixtures of recombinant Humicola insolens cellulases for the biodegradation of crystalline cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001, 72(3):339-345.
25. Brownell H.H., Saddler J.N. Steam explosion pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium 1984, 14:55-68.
26. Brune A. Termite guts: the world's smallest bioreactors. Trends in Biotechnology 1998, 16:16-21.
27. Buchert J., Ranua M., Kantelinen A., Viikari L. The role of two Trichoderma reesei xylanases in the bleaching of kraft pulp. Appl Microb Biotechnol 1992, 37:825-829.
28. Buranov A., Mazza G. Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Ind Crops Prod 2008, 28:237-259.
29. Carolan J.E., Joshi S.V., Dale B.E. Technical and financial feasibility analysis of distributed bioprocessing using regional biomass pre-processing centers. J Agri Food Ind Org 2007, 5:1-29.
30. Carpita N., Gibeaut D. Structural models of primary-cell walls in flowering plants - Consistency of molecular-structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J 1993, 3:1-30.
31. Chandra R., Bura R., Mabee W., Berlin A., Pan X., Saddler J. Substrate pretreatment: the key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics?. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2007, 108:67-93.
32. Chang V., Holtzapple M. Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2000, 84-86:5-37.
33. Chen H., Liu L., Yang X., Li Z. New process of maize stalk animation treatment by steam explosion. Biomass Bioenergy 2005, 28:411-417.
34. Chen S., Mowery R., Castleberry V., van Walsum G., Chambliss C. High performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of aliphatic acid, aromatic acid and neutral degradation products in biomass pretreatment hydrolyzates. J Chromat A 2006, 1104:54-61.
35. Chou Y. Supercritical ammonia pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp 1986, 17:19-32.
36. Chum H., Johnson D., Black S., Baker J., Grohmann K., Sarkanen K., Wallace K., Schroeder H. Organosolv pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of poplars: (1) enzyme hydrolysis of cellulosic residues. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988, 31:643-649.
37. Chum H.L., Johnson D.K., Black S.K., Overend R.P. Pretreatment-catalyst effects and the combined severity parameter. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1990, 24/25:1-14.
38. Chundawat S.P.S. Ultra-structural and physicochemical modifications within ammonia treated lignocellulosic cell walls and their influence on enzyme digestibility 2009, Michigan State University, East Lansing, PhD dissertation.
39. Chundawat S., Balan V., Dale B. Effect of particle size based separation of milled corn stover on AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006, 96:219-231.
40. Chundawat S.P.S., Balan V., Jones A.D., Sousa L., Lau M.W., Dale B.E. Towards a fundamental understanding of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment and its effect on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of corn stover 2007, Denver, Colorado.
41. Chundawat S.P.S., Balan V., Dale B.E. High-throughput microplate technique for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 99(6):1281-1294.
42. Chundawat S.P.S., Garlock R., Humpula J., Askeland P., Elder T., Sharma L., Chambliss K., Jones A.D., Vismeh R., Agarwal U., Sousa L., Balan V., Dale B.E. Effect of AFEX pretreatment on corn stover cell wall ultra-structure and its related degradation reactions 2008, New Orleans, Louisiana.
43. Clark D., Mackie K. Steam explosion of the softwood Pinus radiata with sulphur dioxide addition: (1) Process optimization. J Wood Chem Technol 1987, 7:373-403.
44. da Costa Sousa L., Chundawat S.P., Balan V., Dale B.E. 'Cradle-to-grave' assessment of existing lignocellulose pretreatment technologies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009, 20:339-347.
45. Dadi A.P., Varanasi S., Schall C.A. Enhancement of cellulose saccharification kinetics using an ionic liquid pretreatment step. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006, 95:904-910.
46. Dadi A.P., Schall C.A., Varanasi S. Mitigation of cellulose recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis by ionic liquid pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 137-140:407-421.
47. Dale B., Moreira M. A freeze-explosion technique for increasing cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp 1982, 12:31-43.
48. Dale B., Leong C., Pham T., Esquivel V., Rios I., Latimer V. Hydrolysis at low enzyme levels: application of the AFEX process. Biores Technol 1996, 56:111-116.
49. De La Rosa L., Reshamwala S., Latimer V., Shawky B., Dale B., Stuart E. Integrated production of ethanol fuel and protein from coastal Bermuda grass. Appl Biochem Biotech 1994, 45-46:483-497.
50. Ding S., Himmel M. The maize primary cell wall microfibril: a new model derived from direct visualization. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54:597-606.
51. Donohoe B., Decker S., Tucker M., Himmel M., Vinzant T. Visualizing lignin coalescence and migration through maize cell walls following thermochemical pretreatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 10.1002/bit.21959.
52. Ebringerova A. Structural diversity and application potential of hemicelluloses. Macromol Symp 2006, 232:1-12.
53. Ebringerova A., Heinze T. Xylan and xylan derivatives - biopolymers with valuable properties: naturally occurring xylans structures, isolation procedures and properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2000, 21:542-556.
54. Eggeman T., Elander R.T. Process and economic analysis of pretreatment technologies. Biores Technol 2005, 96:2019-2025.
55. Eriksson T., Borjesson J., Tjerneld F. Mechanism of surfactant effect in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002, 31:353-364.
56. Eriksson T., Karlsson J., Tjerneld F. A model explaining declining rate in hydrolysis of lignocellulose substrates with cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) and endo- glucanase I (Cel7B) of Trichoderma reesei. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2002, 101:41-60.
57. Fahlen J., Salmen L. Cross-sectional structure of the secondary wall of fibers as affected by processing. J Mat Sci 2003, 38:119-126.
58. Fan L.T., Lee Y., Beardmore D.R. The influence of major structural features of cellulose on rate of enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 1980, 22:177-190.
59. Fan L.T., Lee Y.H., Beardmore D.R. The influence of major structural features of cellulose on rate of enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 1981, 23:419-424.
60. Fengel D., Wegener G. Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure and Reactions 1989, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
61. Fernández-Bolaños J., Felizón B., Heredia A., Rodríguez R., Guillén R., Jiménez A. Steam-explosion of olive stones: hemicellulose solubilization and enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biores Technol 2001, 79:53-61.
62. Gao D., Chundawat S.P.S., Krishnan C., Balan V., Dale B.E. Mixture optimization of six core glycosyl hydrolases for maximizing saccharification of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreated corn stover. Biores Technol 2010, 101:2770-2781.
63. Garcia-Cubero M.T., Gonzalez-Benito G., Indacoechea I., Coca M., Bolado S. Effect of ozonolysis pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility of wheat and rye straw. Biores Technol 2009, 100:1608-1613.
64. Goldstein I., Easter J. An improved process for converting cellulose to ethanol. Tappi 1992, 75:135-140.
65. Gould J. Alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues to enhance enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnol Bioeng 1984, 26:46-52.
66. Gow L., Wood T. Breakdown of crystalline cellulose by synergistic action between cellulase components from Clostridium thermocellum and Trichoderma koningii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988, 50:247-252.
67. Graenacher C. Cellulose solution 1934, US patent 1,943,176.
68. Grethlein H.E. The effect of pore size distribution on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose substrates. Bio/Technology 1985, 3:155-160.
69. Gusakov A., Sinitsyn A. A theoretical analysis of cellulase product inhibition: effect of cellulase binding constant, enzyme/substrate ratio, and beta-glucosidase activity on the inhibition pattern. Biotechnol Bioeng 1992, 40:663-671.
70. Gusakov A.V., Salanovich T.N., Antonov A.I., Ustinov B.B., Okunev O.N., Burlingame R., Emalfarb M., Baez M., Sinitsyn A.P. Design of highly efficient cellulase mixtures for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 97:1028-1038.
71. Harris E.E., Begliner E. Hydrolysis of wood. Treatment with sulfuric acid in a stationary digester. Ind Eng Chem 1946, 37:12-23.
72. Heinze T., Koschella A. Solvents applied in the field of cellulose chemistry: a mini review. Polímeros 2005, 15:84-90.
73. Hennessey S.M., Friend J., Dunson J.B., Tucker M.P., Elander R.T., Hames B. Integration of alternative feedstreams for biomass treatment and utilization 2007, DuPont, USA, USA.
74. Himmel M., Ding S., Johnson D., Adney W., Nimlos M., Brady J., Foust T. Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 2007, 315:804-807.
75. Holtzapple M.T., Ripley E.P., Nikolaou M. Saccharification, fermentation, and protein recovery from low-temperature AFEX-treated coastal Bermuda grass. Appl Biochem Biotech 1994, 44:1122-1131.
76. Hsu T.A. Handbook on Bioethanol, Production and Utilization 1996, Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC. Wyman (Ed.).
77. ICIS Chemical Business. ICIS 2006.
78. Igarashi K., Wada M., Samejima M. Activation of crystalline cellulose to cellulose III results in efficient hydrolysis by cellobiohydrolase. FEBS Journal 2007, 274:1785-1792.
79. Ishizawa C., Davis M., Schell D., Johnson D. Porosity and its effect on the digestibility of dilute sulfuric acid pretreated corn stover. J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55:2575-2581.
80. Jablonský M., Vrška M., Katuščák S. Cellulose protectors for improving ozone bleaching - review. Wood Res 2004, 49:71-86.
81. Joglekar H.G., Rahman I., Kulkarni B.D. The path ahead for ionic liquids. Chem Eng Technol 2007, 30:819-828.
82. Jungnikl K., Paris O., Fratzl P., Burgert I. The implication of chemical extraction treatments on the cell wall nanostructure of softwood. Cellulose 2008, 15:407-418.
83. Kaar W.E., Holtzapple M.T. Using lime pretreatment to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Biomass Bioenergy 2000, 18:189-199.
84. Keller F.A., Hamilton J.E., Nguyen Q.A. Microbial pretreatment of biomass: potential for reducing severity of thermo chemical biomass pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2003, 105-108:27-41.
85. Kerem Z., Friesem D., Hadar Y. Lignocellulose degradation during solid-state fermentation: Pleurotus ostreatus versus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58:1121-1127.
86. Kilpelainen I., Xie H., King A., Granstrom M., Heikkinen S., Argypropoulos D.S. Dissolution of wood in ionic liquid. J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55:9142-9148.
87. Kim J.S., Lee Y.Y., Torget R.W. Cellulose hydrolysis under extremely low sulfuric acid and high-temperature conditions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2001, 91-93:331-410.
88. Kim S., Dale B.E. Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: bioethanol and biodiesel. Biomass Bioenergy 2005, 29:426-439.
89. Kim S., Dale B.E. Ethanol fuels: E10 or E85 - life cycle perspectives. Int J Life Cycle Assessment 2006, 11:117-121.
90. Kim S., Holtzapple M.T. Lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Biores Technol 2005, 96:1994-2006.
91. Kim S., Holtzapple M.T. Delignification kinetics of corn stover in lime pretreatment. Biores Technol 2006, 97:778-785.
92. Kim S.B., Lee Y.Y. Fractionation of herbaceous biomass by ammonia-hydrogen peroxide percolation treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996, 57/58:147-156.
93. Kim T.H., Lee Y.Y. Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Biores Technol 2005, 96:2007-2013.
94. Kim T.H., Lee Y.Y. Pretreatment of corn stover by soaking in aqueous ammonia. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 124:1119-1131.
95. Kim T.H., Kim J.S., Sunwoo C., Lee Y.Y. Pretreatment of corn stover by aqueous ammonia. Biores Technol 2003, 90:39-47.
96. Klein G., Snodgrass W. Cellulose 1993, Academic Press, London.
97. Klinke H.B., Ahring B.K., Schmidt A.S., Thomsen A.B. Characterization of degradation products from alkaline wet oxidation of wheat straw. Biores Technol 2002, 82:15-26.
98. Klinke H.B., Olsson L., Thomsen A.B., Ahring B.K. Potential inhibitors from wet oxidation of wheat straw and their effect on ethanol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: wet oxidation and fermentation by yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003, 81:738-747.
99. Klinke H.B., Thomsen A.B., Ahring B.K. Inhibition of ethanol-producing yeast and bacteria by degradation products produced during pre-treatment of biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004, 66:10-26.
100. Knoshaug E.P., Selig M.J., Baker J.O., Decker S.R., Himmel M.E., Adney W.M. Heterologous expression of two ferulic acid esterases from Penicillium funiculosum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008, 146:79-87.
101. Kong F., Engler C., Soltes E. Effects of cell-wall acetate, xylan backbone, and lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of aspen wood. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992, 34-35:23-35.
102. Kootstra A.M., Mosier N.S., Scott E.L., Beeftink H.H. Differential effects of mineral and organic acids on the kinetics of arabinose degradation under lignocellulose pretreatment conditions. Biochem Eng J 2009, 43:92-97.
103. Koshijima T., Watanabe T. Association between Lignin and Carbohydrates in Wood and other Plant Tissues 2003, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
104. Koshijima T., Watanabe T., Yaku F. Structure and properties of the lignin carbohydrate complex polymer as an amphipathic substance 1989, American Chemical Society.
105. Koullas D., Christakopoulos P., Kekos D., Koukios E., Macris B. Effect of alkali delignification on wheat straw saccharification by Fusarium oxysporum cellulases. Biomass Bioenergy 1993, 4:9-13.
106. Kristensen J., Thygesen L., Felby C., Jorgensen H., Elder T. Cell-wall structural changes in wheat straw pretreated for bioethanol production. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2008, 15.
107. Kumar R., Wyman C.E. Effect of enzyme supplementation at moderate cellulase loadings on initial glucose and xylose release from corn stover solids pretreated by leading technologies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009, 102:457-467.
108. Kumar R., Wyman C.E. Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on the deconstruction of solids from pretreatment of poplar by leading technologies. Biotechnol Prog 2009, 25:302-314.
109. Kumar R., Mago G., Balan V., Wyman C.E. Physical and chemical characterizations of corn stover and poplar solids resulting from leading pretreatment technologies. Biores Technol 2009, 100:3948-3962.
110. Lapierre C., Pollet B., Ralet M.-C., Saulnier L. The phenolic fraction of maize bran: evidence for lignin-heteroxylan association. Phytochemistry 2001, 57:765-772.
111. Laser M., Schulman D., Allen S.G., Lichwa J., Antal M.J., Lynd L.R. A comparison of liquid hot water and steam pretreatments of sugar cane bagasse for bioconversion to ethanol. Biores Technol 2002, 81:33-44.
112. Lau M.W., Dale B.E. Cellulosic ethanol production from AFEX-treated corn stover using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009, 106:1368-1373.
113. Lau M.W., Dale B.E., Balan V. Ethanolic fermentation of hydrolyzates from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treated corn stover and distillers grain without detoxification and external nutrient supplementation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 99:529-539.
114. Lau M.W., Young J.M., Balan V., Chundawat S.P.S., Bals B.D., Gao D., Garlock R.J., Dale B.E. A rigorous comparison of AFEX and dilute-acid pretreatment using recombinant ethanologens 2008, New Orleans, Louisiana.
115. Laureano-Perez L., Teymouri F., Alizadeh H., Dale B. Understanding factors that limit enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass: characterization of pretreated corn stover. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 124:1081-1099.
116. Laureano-Perez L., Dale B.E., O'Dwyer J.P., Holtzapple M.T. Statistical correlation of spectroscopic analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar samples. Biotechnol Prog 2006, 22:835-911.
117. Lee J. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. J Biotechnol 1997, 56:1-24.
118. Lee J.-W., Gwakl K.-S., Park J.-Y., Park M.-J., Choi D.-H., Kwon M., Choi I.-G. Biological pretreatment of softwood Pinus densiflora by three white rot fungi. J Microbiol 2007, 45:455-491.
119. Lee J.-W., Kim H.Y., Koo B.-W., Choi D.-H., Kwon M., Choi I.-G. Enzymatic saccharification of biologically pretreated Pinus densiflora using enzymes from brown rot fungi. J Biosci Bioeng 2008, 106:162-167.
120. Lee S.-H., Doherty T.V., Linhardt R.J., Dordick J.S. Ionic liquid-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 10.1002/bit.22179.
121. Lee Y.H., Robinson C.W., Moo-Young M. Evaluation of Organosolv process for the fraction and modification of corn stover for bioconversion. Biotechnol Bioeng 1987, 29:572-581.
122. Lee Y.Y., Iyer P., Torget R.W. Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 1999, 65:93.
123. Leonowicz A., Matuszewska A., Luterek J., Ziegenhagen D., Wojta-Wasilewska M., Nam-Seok C., Hofrichter M., Rogalski J. Biodegradation of lignin by white rot fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology 1999, 27:175-185.
124. Lewin M., Roldan L.G. The effect of liquid anhydrous ammonia in the structure and morphology of cotton cellulose 1971, 213-229.
125. Li H., Chen H. Detoxification of steam-exploded corn straw produced by an industrial-scale reactor. Process Biochem 2008, 43:1447-1451.
126. Li H., Kim N.J., Jiang M., Kang J.W., Chang H.N. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic residues pretreated with phosphoric acid-acetone for bioethanol production. Biores Technol 2009, 100:3245-3251.
127. Li Q., He Y.C., Xian M., Jun G., Xu X., Yang J.M., Li L.Z. Improving enzymatichydrolysis of wheat straw using ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate pretreatment. Biores Technol 2009, 100:3570-3575.
128. Liu C., Wyman C. Partial flow of compressed-hot water through corn stover to enhance hemicellulose sugar recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. Biores Technol 2005, 96:1978-1985.
129. Lloyd T.A., Wyman C.E. Combined sugar yields for dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids. Biores Technol 2005, 96:1967-1977.
130. Lora J.H., Glasser W.G. Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. J Polym Environ 2002, 10:39-48.
131. Lu Y., Mosier N.S. Biomimetic catalysis for hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn stover. Biotechnol Prog 2007, 23:116-123.
132. Lu Y., Mosier N.S. Kinetic modeling analysis of maleic acid-catalyzed hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn stover. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 101:1170-1181.
133. Lu Y.L., Warner R., Sedlak M., Ho N., Mosier N.S. Comparison of glucose/xylose cofermentation of poplar hydrolyzates processed by different pretreatment technologies. Biotechnol Prog 2009, 25:349-356.
134. Mansfield S.D. Solutions for dissolution - engineering cell walls for deconstruction. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009, 20:286-294.
135. Mansfield S.D., Mooney C., Saddler J.N. Substrate and enzyme characteristics that limit cellulose hydrolysis. Biotech Prog 1999, 15:804.
136. Martin C., Thomsen A.B. Wet oxidation pretreatment of lignocellulosic residues of sugarcane, rice, cassava and peanuts for ethanol production. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2007, 82:174-181.
137. Martin C., Thomsen M.H., Hauggaard-Nielsen H., Belinda-Thomsen A. Wet oxidation pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of clover-ryegrass mixtures. Biores Technology 2008, 99:8777-8782.
138. Marx-Figini M. On the biosynthesis of cellulose in higher and lower plants. Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 1969, 28:57-67.
139. McAloon A.J., Taylor F., Yee W.C., Ibsen K., Wooley R. Determining the Cost of Producing Ethanol from Corn Starch and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 2000, 1-44. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden.
140. McCann M., Carpita N. Designing the deconstruction of plant cell walls. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2008, 11:314-320.
141. McGinnis G.D., Wilson W.W., Prince S.E., Chen C.C. Conversion of biomass into chemicals with high-temperature wet oxidation. Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 1983, 22:633-636.
142. McMillan J.D. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass 1994, 292-324. M.E. Himmel, J.O. Baker, R.P. Overend (Eds.).
143. Mendonça R.T., Jara J.E., González V., Elissetche J.P., Freer J. Evaluation of the white-rot fungi Ganoderma australe and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora in biotechnological applications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 35:1323-1330.
144. Millett M.A., Baker A.J., Satter L.D. Pretreatments to enhance chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological attack of cellulosic materials. Biotechnol Bioeng 1975, 5:193-219.
145. Mohagheghi A., Tucker M., Grohmann K., Wyman C. High solids simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated wheat straw to ethanol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992, 33:67-81.
146. Morrison W.H., Scheijen M.A., Boon J.J. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and 'Kentucky-3l' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cell walls and their residues after ozonolysis and base hydrolysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1991, 32:17-26.
147. Mosier N.S., Sarikaya A., Ladisch C.M., Ladisch M.R. Characterization of dicarboxylic acids for cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Prog 2001, 17:474-480.
148. Mosier N.S., Ladisch C.M., Ladisch M.R. Characterization of acid catalytic domains for cellulose hydrolysis and glucose degradation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002, 79:610-618.
149. Mosier N., Hendrickson R., Ho N., Sedlak M., Ladisch M.R. Optimization of pH controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn stover. Biores Technol 2005, 96:1986-1993.
150. Mosier N., Wyman C., Dale B., Elander R., Lee Y.Y., Holtzapple M., Ladisch M. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biores Technol 2005, 96:673-686.
151. Mosier N.S., Hendrickson R., Brewer M., Ho N., Sedlak M., Dreshel R., Welch G., Dien B.S., Aden A., Ladisch M.R. Industrial scale-up of pH-controlled liquid hot water pretreatment of corn fiber for fuel ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 125:77-97.
152. Moxyley G., Zhu Z., Zhang Y-H P. Efficient sugar release by the cellulose solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation technology and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. JAgric Food Chem 2008, 56:7885-7890.
153. Murnen H.K., Balan V., Chundawat S.P.S., Bals B., Sousa L.D., Dale B.E. Optimization of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus x giganteus to fermentable sugars. Biotechnol Prog 2007, 23:846-850.
154. O'Connor J. Ammonia explosion pulping. Tappi 1972, 55:353-358.
155. O'Sullivan A. Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels. Cellulose 1997, 4:173-207.
156. 2- impregnated corn stover for fuel ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 124:1055-1067.
157. Öhgren K., Bura R., Saddler J., Zacchi G. Effect of hemicellulose and lignin removal on enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated corn stover. Biores Technol 2007, 98:2503-2510.
158. Palonen H. Role of Lignin in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose 2004, 84. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo.
159. Pan X., Gilkes N., Kadla J., Pye K., Saka S., Gregg D., Ehara K., Xie D., Lam D., Saddler J. Bioconversion of hybrid poplar to ethanol and co-products using an Organosolv fractionation process: optimization of process yields. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006, 94:851-861.
160. Pan X., Xie D., Kang K.-Y., Yoon S.-L., Saddler J.N. Effect of Organosolv ethanol pretreatment variables on physical characteristics of hybrid poplar substrates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 136-140:367-377.
161. Papatheofanous M.G., Billa E., Koullas D.P., Monties B., Koukios E.G. Two-stage acid-catalyzed fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass in aqueous ethanol systems at low temperatures. Biores Technol 1996, 54:305-310.
162. Park S., Johnson D., Ishizawa C., Parilla P., Davis M. Measuring the crystallinity index of cellulose by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Cellulose 2009, 16:641-647.
163. Pauly M., Keegstra K. Cell wall carbohydrates and their modifications as a resource for biofuels. Plant J 2008, 54:559-568.
164. Playne M.J. Increased digestibility of bagasses by pretreatment with alkalis and steam explosion. Biotechnol Bioeng 1984, 26:426-433.
165. Puri V.P. Ozone pretreatment to increase digestibility of lignocelluloses. Biotechnol Lett 1983, 5:773-776.
166. Quesada J., Rubio M., Gomez D. Chemical characterization of ozonated lignin solutions from corn (Zea mays) stalk and poplar (Populus deltoides) wood by capillary gas chromatography. J High Res Chromatog 1997, 20:565-568.
167. Quesada J., Rubio M., Gomez D. Ozonation of lignin rich solid fractions from corn stalks. J Wood Chem Technol 1999, 19:115-137.
168. Ragnar M., Tord E., Torbjörn R. Radical formation in ozone reactions with lignin and carbohydrate model compounds. Holzforschung 1999, 53:292-298.
169. Ramos L., Nazhad M., Saddler J.N. Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the morphology and fine structure of pretreated cellulosic residues. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993, 15:821-831.
170. Reese E., Siu R., Levinson H. Biological degradation of soluble derivatives and its relationship to the mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis. J Bacteriol 1950, 59:485-497.
171. Rinaldi R., Palkovits R., Schuth F. Depolymerization of cellulose using solid catalyst in ionic liquids. Ang Chem 2008, 47:8047-8050.
172. Roncero M.B., Torres A.L., Colom J.F., Vidal T. TCF bleaching of wheat straw pulp using ozone and xylanase. Part A: paper quality assessment. BioresTechnol 2003, 87:305-314.
173. Rosgaard L., Pedersen S., Langston J., Akerhielm D., Cherry J., Meyer A. Evaluation of minimal Trichoderma reesei cellulase mixtures on differently pretreated barley straw substrates. Biotechnol Prog 2007, 23:1270-1276.
174. Ruel K., Chevalier-billosta V., Guillemin F., Sierra J.B., Joseleau J.-P. The wood cell wall at the ultrastructural scale - formation and topochemical organization. Maderas: Ciencia y Technologia 2006, 8:107-116.
175. Ruttan R.F. Ethyl alcohol from sawdust and other wood waste. Soc Chem Ind 1909, 28:1290-1294.
176. Saha B.C. Hemicellulose bioconversion. J Ind Microb Biotech 2003, 30(5):279-291.
177. Saha B., Bothast R. Pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of corn fiber. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1999, 76:65-77.
178. Saha B.C., Iten L.B., Cotta M.A., Wu Y.V. Dilute acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation of rice hulls to ethanol. Biotechnol Prog 2005, 21:816-822.
179. Saulnier L., Thibault J.-F. Ferulic acid and diferulic acids as components of sugar-beet pectins and maize bran heteroxylans. J Sci Food Agric 1999, 79:396-402.
180. Schell D.J., Farmer J., Newman M., McMillan J.D. Dilute-sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover in pilot-scale reactor: investigation of yields, kinetics, and enzymatic digestibilities of solids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2003, 105-108:69-85.
181. Schmidt A., Thomsen A. Optimization of wet oxidation pretreatment of wheat straw. Biores Technol 1998, 64:139-151.
182. Selig M., Viamajala S., Decker S., Tucker M., Himmel M., Vinzant T. Deposition of lignin droplets produced during dilute acid pretreatment of maize stems retards enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol Prog 2007, 23:1333-1339.
183. Selig M., Knoshaug E., Adney W., Himmel M., Decker S. Synergistic enhancement of cellobiohydrolase performance on pretreated corn stover by addition of xylanase and esterase activities. Biores Technol 2008, 99:4997-5005.
184. Selig M., Knoshaug E., Decker S., Baker J., Himmel M., Adney W. Heterologous expression of Aspergillus niger /3-D-xylosidase (XlnD): characterization on lignocellulosic substrates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008, 146:57-68.
185. Sendich E., Laser M., Kim S., Alizadeh H., Laureano-Perez L., Dale B., Lynd L. Recent process improvements for the ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) process and resulting reductions in minimum ethanol selling price. Biores Technol 2008, 99:8429-8435.
186. Sewalt V., Glasser W., Beauchemin K. Lignin impact on fiber degradation. 3. Reversal of inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis by chemical modification of lignin and additives. J Agric Food Chem 1997, 45:1823-1828.
187. Shatalov A.A., Pereira H. Polysaccharide degradation during ozone-based TCF bleaching of non-wood organosolv pulps. Carbohyd Polym 2007, 67:275-281.
188. Shevchenko S.M., Beatson R.P., Saddler J.N. The nature of lignin from steam explosion enzymatic hydrolysis of softwood - structural features and possible uses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1999, 79:867-876.
189. 2-catalyzed steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis. Cell Chem Technol 2001, 35:487-502.
190. Shi J., Chinn M.S., Sharma-Shivappa R.R. Microbial pretreatment of cotton stalks by solid state cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biores Technol 2008, 99:6556-6564.
191. Sidiras D., Koukios E. Acid saccharification of ball milled straw. Biomass 1989, 19:289-306.
192. Sidiras D., Koukios E. Simulation of acid-catalysed organosolv fractionation of wheat straw. Biores Technol 2004, 94:91-98.
193. Sierra R., Granda C., Holtzapple M.T. Short-term lime pretreatment of poplar wood. Biotechnol Prog 2009, 25:323-332.
194. Silverstein R.A., Chen Y., Sharma-Shivappa R.R., Boyette M.D., Osborne J. A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks. Biores Technol 2007, 98:3000-3011.
195. Singh S., Simmons B.A., Vogel K.P. Visualization of biomass solubilization and cellulose regeneration during ionic liquid pretreatment of switchgrass. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009, 104:68-75.
196. Stalbrand H., Mansfield S., Saddler J., Kilburn D., Warren R., Gilkes N. Analysis of molecular size distributions of cellulose molecules during hydrolysis of cellulose by recombinant Cellulomonas fimi beta-1,4-glucanases. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:2374-2379.
197. Stone J.E., Scallan A.M. The effect of component removal upon the porous structure of the cell wall of wood. Part III. A comparison between sulphite and kraft processes. Pap Mag Can 1969, 69:T219-T240.
198. Sun F., Chen H. Organosolv pretreatment by crude glycerol from oleochemicals industry for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Biores Technol 2008, 99:5474-5479.
199. Sun Y., Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Biores Technol 2002, 83:1-11.
200. Swatloski R.P., Spear S.K., Holbrey J.D., Rogers R.D. Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124:4974-4975.
201. Tabka M.G., Herpoel-Gimbert I., Monod F., Asther M., Sigoillot J.C. Enzymatic saccharification of wheat straw for bioethanol production by a combined cellulase, xylanase and feruloyl esterase treatment. Enzyme Microbial Technol 2006, 39:897-902.
202. Taniguchi M., Suzuki H., Watanabe D., Sakai K., Hoshino K., Tanaka T. Evaluation of pretreatment with Pleurotus ostreatus for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng 2005, 100:637-643.
203. Tassinari T., Macy C., Spano L. Energy requirements and process design considerations in compression-milling pretreatment of cellulosic wastes for enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotech Bioeng 1980, 22:1689-1705.
204. Teymouri F., Laureano-Perez L., Alizadeh H., Dale B.E. Optimization of the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Biores Technol 2005, 96:2014-2018.
205. Thompson D., Chen H., Grethlein H. Comparison of pretreatment methods on the basis of available surface area. Biores Technol 1992, 39:155-163.
206. Torget R., Himmel M., Grohmann K. Dilute acid pretreatment of two short rotation herbaceous crops. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1992, 34-35:115-123.
207. Turner M.B., Spear S.K., Huddleston J.G., Holbrey J.D., Rogers R.D. Ionic liquid salt-induced inactivation and unfolding of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. Green Chem 2003, 5:443-447.
208. Väljamäe P., Sild V., Nutt A., Pettersson G., Johansson G. Acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose reveals different modes of synergistic action between cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase I. Eur J Biochem 1999, 266:327-334.
209. van Walsum G.P., Garcia-Gil M., Chen S.-F., Chambliss K. Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on accumulation of organic acids in liquid hot water pretreated biomass hydrolyzates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 136-160:301-311.
210. Varga E., Réczey K., Zacchi G. Optimization of steam pretreatment of corn stover to enhance enzymatic digestibility. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2004, 114:509-523.
211. Varga E., Schmidt A.S., Réczey K., Thomsen A.B. Pretreatment of corn stover using wet oxidation to enhance enzymatic digestibility. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2003, 104:37-50.
212. Wada M., Nishiyama Y., Langan P. X-ray structure of ammonia-cellulose I: new insights into the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose III. Macromolecules 2006, 39:2947-2952.
213. Wada M., Nishiyama Y., Chanzy H., Forsyth T., Langan P. The structure of celluloses. Powder Diffraction 2008, 23:92-95.
214. Wang K., Jiang J.X., Xu F., Sun R.C. Influence of steaming pressure on steam explosion pretreatment of Lespedeza stalks (Lespedeza crytobotrya): Part 1. Characteristics of degraded cellulose. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2009, 94:1379-1388.
215. Wasserscheid P., Haumann M. Catalyst Separation, Recovery and Recycling 2006, 182-213. Springer, Berlin. D.J. Cole-Hamilton, R.P. Tooze (Eds.).
216. Watanabe T. Trends in biorefinery and pretreatments of lignocellulosics by white rot fungi. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 2007, 53:1-13.
217. Weil J., Westgate P., Kohlmann K., Ladisch M. Cellulose pretreatments of lignocellulosic substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994, 16:1002-1004.
218. Weil J.R., Sarikaya A., Rau S.-L., Goetz J., Ladisch C.M., Brewer M., Hendrickson R., Ladisch M.R. Pretreatment of corn fiber by pressure cooking in water. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998, 73:1-17.
219. Weimer P., Chou Y., Weston W., Chase D. Effect of supercritical ammonia on the physical and chemical structure of ground wood. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp 1986, 17:5-18.
220. Weimer P.J., French A.D., Calamari T.A. Differential fermentation of cellulose allomorphs by ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991, 57:3101-3106.
221. Weimer P.J., Mertens D.R., Ponnampalam E., Severin B.F., Dale B.E. FIBEX- treated rice straw as a feed ingredient for lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003, 103:41-50.
222. White A., Brown M. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: visual characterization of the process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78:1047-1051.
223. Wood T. Cellulolytic enzymes system of Trichoderma koningii. Separation of components attacking native cotton. Biochem J 1968, 109:217-229.
224. Wood T., McCrae S. The cellulase of Penicillium pinophilum. Synergism between enzyme components in solubilizing cellulose with special reference to the involvement of two immunologically distinct cellobiohydrolases. Biochem J 1986, 234:93-99.
225. Wood T., McCrae S., Bhat K. The mechanism of fungal cellulase action. Synergism between enzyme components of Penicillium pinophilum cellulase in solubilizing hydrogen-bond ordered cellulose. Biochem J 1989, 260:37-43.
226. Wooley R., Ruth M.F., Glassner D., Sheehan J. Process design and costing of bioethanol technology: A tool for determining the status and direction of research and development. Biotechnol Prog 1999, 15:794-803.
227. Wu Z., Lee Y. Ammonia recycled percolation as a complementary pretreatment to the dilute-acid process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997, 63-65:21-34.
228. Wyman C.E., Dale B.E., Elander R.T., Holtzapple M.T., Ladisch M.R., Lee Y.Y. Comparative sugar recovery data from laboratory scale application of leading pretreatment technologies to corn stover. Biores Technol 2005, 96:2026-2032.
229. Wyman C., Kumar R., Dale B., Elander R., Holtzapple M.T., Ladisch M., Lee Y., Moniruzzaman M., Saddler J. Comparative data for enzymatic digestion of corn stover and poplar wood after pretreatment by leading technologies 2006, San Francisco, California.
230. Wyman C.E., Dale B.E., Elander R.T., Holtzapple M.T., Ladisch M.R., Lee Y.Y., Mitchinson C., Saddler J.N. Comparative sugar recovery and fermentation data following pretreatment of poplar wood by leading technologies. Biotechnol Prog 2009, 25:333-339.
231. Yang B., Wyman C.E. Effect of xylan and lignin removal by batch and flowthrough pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004, 86:88-95.
232. Yang B., Wyman C.E. Characterization of the degree of polymerization of xylooligomers produced by flowthrough hydrolysis of pure xylan and corn stover with water. Biores Technol 2008, 99:5756-5762.
233. Yang B., Willies D., Wyman C. Changes in the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of avicel cellulose with conversion. Biotech Bioeng 2006, 94:1122-1128.
234. Zadrazil F., Puniya A. Studies on the effect of particle size on solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse into animal feed using white-rot fungi. Biores Technol 1995, 54:85-87.
235. Zeitsch K.J. The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its many By-products 2000, vol 13. Elsevier, New York.
236. Zhang Y-H P., Lynd R. Towards an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Noncomplexed cellulase systems. Biotech Bioeng 2004, 88:797-824.
237. Zhang Y-H P., Cui J.B., Lynd L.R., Kuang L.R. A transition from cellulose swelling to cellulose dissolution by o-phosphoric acid: evidence from enzymatic hydrolysis and supramolecular structure. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7:644-648.
238. Zhang Y-H P., Himmel M., Mielenz J. Outlook for cellulase improvement: screening and selection strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2006, 24:452-481.
239. Zhang Y-H P., Ding S.-Y., Mielenz J.R., Cui J.-B., Elander R.T., Laser M., Himmel M.E., McMillan J.R., Lynd L.R. Fractionating recalcitrant lignocellulose at modest reaction conditions. Biotech Bioeng 2007, 97:214-223.
240. Zhao H., Holladay J.E., Brown H., Zhang Z.C. Metal chlorides in ionic liquid solvents convert sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Science 2007, 316:1597-1600.
241. Zhao H., Jones C.L., Baker G.A., Xia S., Olubajo O., Person V.N. Regenerating cellulose from ionic liquids for accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis. J Biotechnol 2009, 139:47-54.
242. Zhao X., Cheng K., Liu D. Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009, 82:815-827.
243. Zhou W., Schüttler H.-B., Hao Z., Xu Y. Cellulose hydrolysis in evolving substrate morphologies I: a general modeling formalism. Biotech Bioeng 2009, 104:261-274.