Cell-wall carbohydrates and their modification as a resource for biofuels

Plant Journal

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 559-568

  Pauly, Markus ^a   Keegstra, Kenneth ^a  

^a Michigan State University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Biofuel; Cell walls; Hemicellulose; Polysaccharide biosynthesis

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CARBOHYDRATE; POLYSACCHARIDE;

CELL WALL; CHEMISTRY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; PLANT; REVIEW;

CARBOHYDRATES; CELL WALL; ETHANOL; PLANTS; POLYSACCHARIDES;

EID: 43549097333     PISSN: 09607412     EISSN: 1365313X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03463.x     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Akin, D.E. (2007) Grass lignocellulose - strategies to overcome recalcitrance. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 137, 3 15.
2. Billa, E., Koullas, D.P., Monties, B. Koukios, E.G. (1997) Structure and composition of sweet sorghum stalk components. Indust. Crops Prod. 6, 297 302.
3. Boerjan, W., Ralph, J. Baucher, M. (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54, 519 546.
4. Bouton, S., Leboeuf, E., Mouille, G., Leydecker, M.T., Talbotec, J., Granier, F., Lahaye, M., Höfte, H. Truong, H.N. (2002) Quasimodo1 encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase required for normal pectin synthesis and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 14, 2577 2590.
5. Brett, C. Waldron, K. (1996) Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls. Topics in Plant Functional Biology. London : Chapman and Hall.
6. Capek, P., Alfoldi, J. Liskova, D. (2002) An acetylated galactoglucomannan from Picea abies L. Karst. Carbohydr. Res. 337, 1033 1037.
7. Carpita, N.C. (1996) Structure and biogenesis of the cell walls of grasses. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 445 476.
8. Carpita, N.C. Gibeaut, D.M. (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3, 1 30.
9. Carpita, N. McCann, M. (2000) The cell wall. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants (Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. Jones, R.L., eds). Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, pp. 52 108.
10. Chen, F. Dixon, R.A. (2007) Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel production. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 759 761.
11. Chu, B.C.H. Lee, H. (2007) Genetic improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for xylose fermentation. Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 425 441.
12. Chundawat, S.P.S., Venkatesh, B. Dale, B.E. (2007) Effect of particle size based separation of milled corn stover on AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 96, 219 231.
13. Cocuron, J.C., Lerouxel, O., Drakakaki, G., Alonso, A.P., Liepman, A.H., Keegstra, K., Raikhel, N.V. Wilkerson, C.G. (2007) A gene from the cellulose synthase-like C family encodes a β-1,4 glucan synthase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 8550 8555.
14. Cosgrove, D.J. (2000) Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins. Nature 407, 321 326.
15. Cosgrove, D.J. (2001a) Wall structure and wall loosening. A look backwards and forwards. Plant Physiol. 125, 131 134.
16. Cosgrove, D.J. (2001b) Enhancement of Accessibility of Cellulose by Expansins. US Patent No. 6326470.
17. Cote, F. Hahn, M.G. (1994) Oligosaccharins: structures and signal-transduction. Plant Mol. Biol. 26, 1379 1411.
18. Desprez, T., Juraniec, M., Crowell, E.F., Jouy, H., Pochylova, Z., Parcy, F., Höfte, H., Gonneau, M. Vernhettes, S. (2007) Organization of cellulose synthase complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15572 15577.
19. Dhugga, K.S., Barreiro, R., Whitten, B. et al. (2004) Guar seed β-mannan synthase is a member of the cellulose synthase super gene family. Science, 303, 363 366.
20. Duchesne, L.C. Larson, D.W. (1989) Cellulose and the evolution of plant life. Bioscience, 39, 238 241.
21. Ebringerova, A. Heinze, T. (2000) Xylan and xylan derivatives - biopolymers with valuable properties. 1 - Naturally occurring xylans: structures, isolation procedures and properties. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21, 542 556.
22. Edwards, M.E., Dickson, C.A., Chengappa, S., Sidebottom, C., Gidley, M.J. Reid, J.S.G. (1999) Molecular characterization of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. Plant J. 19, 691 697.
23. Edwards, M.E., Marshall, E., Gidley, M.J. Reid, J.S.G. (2002) Transfer specificity of detergent-solubilized fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Plant Physiol. 129, 1391 1397.
24. Edwards, M.E., Choo, T.S., Dickson, C.A., Scott, C., Gidley, M.J. Reid, J.S.G. (2004) The seeds of Lotus japonicus lines transformed with sense, antisense, and sense/antisense galactomannan galactosyltransferase constructs have structurally altered galactomannans in their endosperm cell walls. Plant Physiol. 134, 1153 1162.
25. Faik, A., Price, N.J., Raikhel, N.V. Keegstra, K. (2002) An Arabidopsis gene encoding an α-xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 7797 7802.
26. Fengel, D. Wegener, G. (1989) Wood-Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Berlin : Walter de Gryter.
27. Fenning, T.M. Gershenzon, J. (2002) Where will the wood come from? Plantation forests and the role of biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 20, 291 296.
28. Field, C.B., Behrenfeld, M.J., Randerson, J.T. Falkowski, P. (1998) Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281, 237 240.
29. Fry, S.C., Smith, R.C., Renwick, K.F., Martin, D.J., Hodge, S.K. Matthews, K.J. (1992) Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, a new wall-loosening enzyme activity from plants. Biochem. J. 282, 821 828.
30. Goubet, F., Misrahi, A., Park, S.K., Zhang, Z.N., Twell, D. Dupree, P. (2003) AtCSLA7, a cellulose synthase-like putative glycosyltransferase, is important for pollen tube growth and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 131, 547 557.
31. Grabber, J.H., Ralph, J. Hatfield, R.D. (2002) Model studies of ferulate-coniferyl alcohol cross-product formation in primary maize walls: implications for lignification in grasses. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 6008 6016.
32. Hayashi, T. (1989) Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 139 168.
33. Hazen, S.P., Scott-Craig, J.S. Walton, J.D. (2002) Cellulose synthase-like genes of rice. Plant Physiol. 128, 336 340.
34. Hematy, K., Sado, P.E., Van Tuinen, A., Rochange, S., Desnos, T., Balzergue, S., Pelletier, S., Renou, J.P. Höfte, H. (2007) A receptor-like kinase mediates the response of Arabidopsis cells to the inhibition of cellulose synthesis. Curr. Biol. 17, 922 931.
35. Hernandez-Blanco, C., Feng, D.X., Hu, J. et al. (2007) Impairment of cellulose synthases required for Arabidopsis secondary cell wall formation enhances disease resistance. Plant Cell, 19, 890 903.
36. Himmel, M.E., Ding, S.Y., Johnson, D.K., Adney, W.S., Nimlos, M.R., Brady, J.W. Foust, T.D. (2007) Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science, 315, 804 807.
37. Houghton, J., Weatherwax, S. Ferrell, J. (2006) Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Washington : US Department of Energy Office of Science and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, http://www.doegenomestolife.org/biofuels.
38. Hu, W.J., Harding, S.A., Lung, J., Popko, J.L., Ralph, J., Stokke, D.D., Tsai, C.J. Chiang, V.L. (1999) Repression of lignin biosynthesis promotes cellulose accumulation and growth in transgenic trees. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 808 812.
39. Huber, G.W., Chheda, J.N., Barrett, C.J. Dumesic, J.A. (2005) Production of liquid alkanes by aqueous-phase processing of biomass-derived carbohydrates. Science, 308, 1446 1450.
40. Humphrey, T.V., Bonetta, D.T. Goring, D.R. (2007) Sentinels at the wall: cell wall receptors and sensors. New Phytol. 176, 7 21.
41. Iwai, H., Masaoka, N., Ishii, T. Satoh, S. (2002) A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 16319 16324.
42. Jacobs, A.K., Lipka, V., Burton, R.A., Panstruga, R., Strizhov, N., Schulze-Lefert, P. Fincher, G.B. (2003) An Arabidopsis callose synthase, GSL5, is required for wound and papillary callose formation. Plant Cell, 15, 2503 2513.
43. Jin, S.Y. Chen, H.Z. (2007) Near-infrared analysis of the chemical composition of rice straw. Indust. Crops Prod. 26, 207 211.
44. Kohorn, B.D., Kobayashi, M., Johansen, S., Riese, J., Huang, L.F., Koch, K., Fu, S., Dotson, A. Byers, N. (2006) An Arabidopsis cell wall-associated kinase required for invertase activity and cell growth. Plant J. 46, 307 316.
45. Krupkova, E., Immerzeel, P., Pauly, M. Schmulling, T. (2007) The tumorous shoot development2 gene of Arabidopsis encoding a putative methyltransferase is required for cell adhesion and co-ordinated plant development. Plant J. 50, 735 750.
46. Lane, D.R., Wiedemeier, A., Peng, L.C. et al. (2001) Temperature- sensitive alleles of RSW2 link the KORRIGAN endo-1,4-beta-glucanase to cellulose synthesis and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126, 278 288.
47. Larsson, S., Reimann, A., Nilvebrant, N.O. Jonsson, L.J. (1999) Comparison of different methods for the detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolyzates of spruce. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 77, 91 103.
48. Lerouxel, O., Cavalier, D.M., Liepman, A.H. Keegstra, K. (2006) Biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides - a complex process. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 621 630.
49. Liepman, A.H., Wilkerson, C.G. Keegstra, K. (2005) Expression of cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes in insect cells reveals that CslA family members encode mannan synthases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 2221 2226.
50. Liepman, A.H., Nairn, C.J., Willats, W.G.T., Sørensen, I., Roberts, A.W. Keegstra, K. (2007) Functional genomic analysis supports conservation of function among cellulose synthase-like A gene family members and suggests diverse roles of mannans in plants. Plant Physiol. 143, 1881 1893.
51. Lieth, H. (1975) Primary production of the major vegetation units of the world. In Primary Production of the Biosphere (Lieth, H. Whittaker, R.H., eds). Berlin : Springer-Verlag, pp. 203 215.
52. Lynd, L.R., Wyman, C.E. Gerngross, T.U. (1999) Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnol. Prog. 15, 777 793.
53. Magid, J., Luxhoi, J. Lyshede, O.B. (2004) Decomposition of plant residues at low temperatures separates turnover of nitrogen and energy rich tissue components in time. Plant Soil, 258, 351 365.
54. Meier, H. Reid, J.S.G. (1982) Reserve polysaccharides other than starch in higher plants. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol. 13A (Loewus, F.A. Tanner, W., eds). Berlin : Springer, pp. 418 471.
55. Mølhoj, M., Pagant, S.R. Hofte, H. (2002) Towards understanding the role of membrane-bound endo-beta-1,4-glucanases in cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1399 1406.
56. Nishitani, K. (1997) The role of endoxyloglucan transferase in the organization of plant cell walls. Int. Rev. Cytol. 173, 157 206.
57. Pagant, S., Bichet, A., Sugimoto, K., Lerouxel, O., Desprez, T., McCann, M., Lerouge, P., Vernhettes, S. Höfte, H. (2002) KOBITO1 encodes a novel plasma membrane protein necessary for normal synthesis of cellulose during cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 14, 2001 2013.
58. Paredez, A.R., Somerville, C.R. Ehrhardt, D.W. (2006) Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science, 312, 1491 1495.
59. Park, Y.W., Tominaga, R., Sugiyama, J., Furuta, Y., Tanimoto, E., Samejima, M., Sakai, F. Hayashi, T. (2003) Enhancement of growth by expression of poplar cellulase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 33, 1099 1106.
60. Park, Y.W., Baba, K., Furuta, Y., Iida, I., Sameshima, K., Arai, M. Hayashi, T. (2004) Enhancement of growth and cellulose accumulation by overexpression of xyloglucanase in poplar. FEBS Lett. 564, 183 187.
61. Pauly, M., Andersen, L.N., Kauppinen, S., Kofod, L.V., York, W.S., Albersheim, P. Darvill, A. (1999) A xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus: expression cloning in yeast, purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Glycobiology, 9, 93 100.
62. Peña, M.J., Zhong, R., Zhou, G.-K., Richardson, E.A., O'Neill, M.A., Darvill, A.G., York, W.S. Ye, Z.-H. (2007) Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant Cell, 19, 549 563.
63. Persson, S., Caffall, K.H., Freshour, G., Hilley, M.T., Bauer, S., Poindexter, P., Hahn, M.G., Mohnen, D. Somerville, C. (2007a) The Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 mutant is deficient in glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan, which are essential for secondary cell wall integrity. Plant Cell, 19, 237 255.
64. Persson, S., Paredez, A., Carroll, A., Palsdottir, H., Doblin, M., Poindexter, P., Khitrov, N., Auer, M. Somerville, C.R. (2007b) Genetic evidence for three unique components in primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15566 15571.
65. Pilling, E. Höfte, H. (2003) Feedback from the wall. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6, 611 616.
66. Poorter, H. Villar, R. (1997) The fate of acquired carbon in plants: chemical composition and construction costs. In Plant Resource Allocation (Bazzaz, F.A. Grace, J., eds). San Diego, CA : Academic Press, pp. 39 72.
67. Refregier, G., Pelletier, S., Jaillard, D. Höfte, H. (2004) Interaction between wall deposition and cell elongation in dark-grown hypocotyl cells in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 135, 959 968.
68. Reid, J.S.G., Edwards, M. Dea, I.C.M. (1988) Enzymatic modification of natural seed gums. In Gums and Stabilizers for the Food Industry (Phillips, G.O., Wedlock, D.J. Williams, P.A., eds). Washington DC : IRL Press, pp. 391 398.
69. Richmond, T.A. Somerville, C.R. (2000) The cellulose synthase superfamily. Plant Physiol. 124, 495 498.
70. Richmond, T.A. Somerville, C.R. (2001) Integrative approaches to determining Csl function. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 131 143.
71. Saloheimo, M., Paloheimo, M., Hakola, S., Pere, J., Swanson, B., Nyyssonen, E., Bhatia, A., Ward, M. Penttila, M. (2002) Swollenin, a Trichoderma reesei protein with sequence similarity to the plant expansins, exhibits disruption activity on cellulosic materials. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 4202 4211.
72. Sanjuan, R., Anzaldo, J., Vargas, J., Turrado, J. Patt, R. (2001) Morphological and chemical composition of pith and fibers from Mexican sugarcane bagasse. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 59, 447 450.
73. Scheible, W.-R. Pauly, M. (2004) Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: novel players and insights. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 285 295.
74. Schubert, C. (2006) Can biofuels finally take center stage? Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 777 784.
75. Sharples, S.C. Fry, S.C. (2007) Radioisotope ratios discriminate between competing pathways of cell wall polysaccharide and RNA biosynthesis in living plant cells. Plant J. 52, 252 262.
76. Skjot, M., Pauly, M., Bush, M.S., Borkhardt, B., McCann, M.C. Ulvskov, P. (2002) Direct interference with rhamnogalacturonan I biosynthesis in Golgi vesicles. Plant Physiol. 129, 95 102.
77. Somerville, C. (2006) Cellulose synthesis in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22, 53 78.
78. Somerville, C., Bauer, S., Brininstool, G. et al. (2004) Toward a systems approach to understanding plant-cell walls. Science, 306, 2206 2211.
79. Sørensen, S.O., Pauly, M., Bush, M., Skjot, M., McCann, M.C., Borkhardt, B. Ulvskov, P. (2000) Pectin engineering: modification of potato pectin by in vivo expression of an endo-1,4-beta-d-galactanase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 7639 7644.
80. Suzuki, S., Li, L.G., Sun, Y.H. Chiang, V.L. (2006) The cellulose synthase gene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-specific cellulose synthase-like genes in Populus trichocarpa. Plant Physiol. 142, 1233 1245.
81. Tijmensen, M.J.A., Faaij, A.P.C., Hamelinck, C.N. van Hardeveld, M.R.M. (2002) Exploration of the possibilities for production of Fischer Tropsch liquids and power via biomass gasification. Biomass Bioenerg. 23, 129 152.
82. Turner, S., Gallois, P. Brown, D. (2007) Tracheary element differentiation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 58, 407 433.
83. Ulvskov, P., Wium, H., Bruce, D., Jorgensen, B., Qvist, K.B., Skjot, M., Hepworth, D., Borkhardt, B. Sorensen, S.O. (2005) Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I in tubers of transgenic potatoes. Planta, 220, 609 620.
84. Verbruggen, M.A., Beldman, G. Voragen, A.G.J. (1995) The selective extraction of glucuronoarabinoxylans from sorghum endosperm cell-walls using barium and potassium hydroxide solutions. J. Cereal Sci. 21, 271 282.
85. Vissenberg, K., Martinez-Vilchez, I.M., Verbelen, J.P., Miller, J.G. Fry, S.C. (2000) In vivo colocalization of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity and its donor substrate in the elongation zone of Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell, 12, 1229 1237.
86. Vissenberg, K., Fry, S.C., Pauly, M., Höfte, H. Verbelen, J.P. (2005) XTH acts at the microfibril-matrix interface during cell elongation. J. Exp. Bot. 56, 673 683.
87. Vorwerk, S., Somerville, S. Somerville, C. (2004) The role of plant cell wall polysaccharide composition in disease resistance. Trends Plant Sci. 9, 203 209.
88. Wagner, T.A. Kohorn, B.D. (2001) Wall-associated kinases are expressed throughout plant development and are required for cell expansion. Plant Cell, 13, 303 318.
89. Willats, W.G.T., Steele-King, C.G., McCartney, L., Orfila, C., Marcus, S.E. Knox, J.P. (2000) Making and using antibody probes to study plant cell walls. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38, 27 36.
90. Yuan, S., Wu, Y.J. Cosgrove, D.J. (2001) A fungal endoglucanase with plant cell wall extension activity. Plant Physiol. 127, 324 333.