Corneal nerves in health and disease

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 263-285

  Shaheen, Brittany Simmons ^a   Bakir, May ^a   Jain, Sandeep ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Corneal nerves; Inflammation; Nerve regeneration; Neuropathic pain; Neurotrophic keratitis

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; BETA TUBULIN; BETA TUBULIN III; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; BRIMONIDINE; CEFTRIAXONE; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN XVIII; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; DICLOFENAC; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GRAPE SEED EXTRACT; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR; MINOCYCLINE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROMODULIN; NEUROTROPHIN 3; NEUROTROPHIN 4; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROLINE RICH PROTEIN; PROXYMETACAINE; SEMAPHORIN; SMALL PROLINE RICH PROTEIN 1A; THYROXINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN;

AGING; AUTOIMMINE NEUROPATHY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BLINDNESS; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; CONTACT LENS; CORNEA; CORNEA DISEASE; CORNEA EPITHELIUM; CORNEA INJURY; CORNEA NERVE; CORNEA OPACITY; CORNEA SURGERY; CORNEA TRANSPLANTATION; DRY EYE; EYELID REFLEX; HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS; HUMAN; KERATITIS; KERATOCONUS; KERATOMILEUSIS; LASER EPITHELIAL KERATOMILEUSIS; LEPROSY; MOUSE MODEL; NERVE; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPATHY; NEUROTROPHIC KERATITIS; NEUROTROPHIC KERATOPATHY; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PAIN; PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY; POLYNEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE RICH PLASMA; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

CORNEAL NERVES; INFLAMMATION; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROTROPHIC KERATITIS;

ANIMALS; CORNEA; CORNEAL DISEASES; HUMANS; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NERVE REGENERATION; OPHTHALMIC NERVE;

EID: 84899114780     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: 18793304     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.09.002     Document Type: Review

References (236)

1. Acosta M.C., Berenguer-Ruiz L., García-Gálvez A., et al. Changes in mechanical, chemical, and thermal sensitivity of the cornea after topical application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005, 46:282-286.
2. Ahuja Y., Baratz K.H., McLaren J.W., et al. Decreased corneal sensitivity and abnormal corneal nerves in Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy. Cornea 2012, 31:1257-1263.
3. Akiba M., Maeda N., Yumikake K., et al. Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of human donor cornea using full-field optical coherence tomography. JBiomed Opt 2007, 12:041202.
4. Al-Aqaba M., Alomar T., Lowe J., et al. Corneal nerve aberrations in bullous keratopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2011, 151:840-849.e1.
5. Al-Aqaba M.A., Fares U., Suleman H., et al. Architecture and distribution of human corneal nerves. Br J Ophthalmol 2010, 94:784-789.
6. Al-Aqaba M.A., Otri A.M., Fares U., et al. Organization of the regenerated nerves in human corneal grafts. Am J Ophthalmol 2012, 153:29-37.
7. Alio J.L., Colecha J.R., Pastor S., et al. Symptomatic dry eye treatment with autologous platelet-rich plasma. Ophthalmic Res 2007, 39:124-129.
8. Aloe L., Tirassa P., Lambiase A. The topical application of nerve growth factor as a pharmacological tool for human corneal and skin ulcers. Pharmacol Res 2008, 57:253-258.
9. Amin B., Hajhashemi V., Hosseinzadeh H., et al. Antinociceptive evaluation of ceftriaxone and minocycline alone and in combination in a neuropathic pain model in rat. Neurosci 2012, 224:15-25.
10. Attal N., Cruccu G., Baron R., et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010, 17:1113-1123.
11. Auran J.D., Koester C.J., Kleiman N.J., et al. Scanning slit confocal microscopic observation of cell morphology and movement within the normal human anterior cornea. Ophthalmology 1995, 102:33-41.
12. Bahn R.S. Graves' ophthalmopathy. NEngl J Med 2010, 362:726-738.
13. Ball I.M., Seabrook J., Desai N., et al. Dilute proparacaine for the management of acute corneal injures in the emergency department. CJEM 2010, 12:389-396.
14. Bastos L.F., de Oliveira A.C., Watkins L.R., et al. Tetracyclines and pain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012, 385:225-241.
15. Bates B.D., Mitchell K., Keller J.M., et al. Prolonged analgesic response of cornea to topical resiniferatoxin, a potent TRPV1 agonist. Pain 2010, 149:522-528.
16. Bee J. The development and pattern of innervation of the avian cornea. Dev Biol 1982, 92:5-15.
17. Belmonte C. Corneal nerves: function. Ocular Periphery and Disorders 2011, 162. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.A. Dartt, P. Bex, P. D'Amore (Eds.).
18. Belmonte C. Eye dryness sensations after refractive surgery: impaired tear secretion or "phantom" cornea?. JRefract Surg 2007, 23:598-602.
19. Belmonte C., Acosta M.C., Gallar J. Neural basis of sensation in intact and injured corneas. Exp Eye Res 2004, 78:513-525.
20. Belmonte C., Aracil A., Acosta M.C., et al. Nerves and sensations from the eye surface. Ocul Surf 2004, 2:248-253.
21. Belmonte C., Garcia-Hirschfeld J., Gallar J. Neurobiology of ocular pain. Prog Ret Eye Res 1997, 16:117-156.
22. Benítez-del-Castillo J.M., Acosta M.C., Wassfi M.A., et al. Relation between corneal innervation with confocal microscopy and corneal sensitivity with noncontact esthesiometry in patients with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007, 48:173-181.
23. Benítez-del-Castillo J.M., del Rio T., Iradier T., et al. Decrease in tear secretion and corneal sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis. Cornea 2001, 20:30-32.
24. Benowitz L.I., Popovich P.G. Inflammation and axon regeneration. Curr Opin Neurol 2011, 24:577-583.
25. Beuerman R.W., McDonald M.B., Zhang D., et al. Diclofenac sodium attenuates neural activity after photorefractive keratectomy in rabbits. JRefract Surg 1996, 12:783-791.
26. Beuerman R.W., Schimmelpfennig B. Sensory denervation of the rabbit cornea affects epithelial properties. Exp Neurol 1980, 69:196-201.
27. Bochdalek V. Über die Nerven der durchsichtigen Hornhaut and über einiges anderweitiges Verhalten der letzteren. Med Jb Oest Staates 1839;29:185-94, 398-412.
28. Bock F., Onderka J., Rummelt C., et al. Safety profile of topical VEGF neutralization at the cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009, 50:2095-2102.
29. Bonilla I.E., Tanabe K., Strittmatter S.M. Small proline-rich repeat protein 1A is expressed by axotomized neurons and promotes axonal outgrowth. JNeurosci 2002, 22:1303-1315.
30. Bonini S., Lambiase A., Rama P., et al. Topical treatment with nerve growth factor for neurotrophic keratitis. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:1347-1351. discussion 1351-2.
31. Bonini S., Rama P., Olzi D., et al. Neurotrophic keratitis. Eye (Lond) 2003, 17:989-995.
32. Bragheeth M.A., Dua H.S. Corneal sensation after myopic and hyperopic LASIK: clinical and confocal microscopic study. Br J Ophthalmol 2005, 89:580-585.
33. Brookes N.H., Loh I.P., Clover G.M., et al. Involvement of corneal nerves in the progression of keratoconus. Exp Eye Res 2003, 77:515-524.
34. Brown S.M., Lamberts D.W., Reid T.W., et al. Neurotrophic and anhidrotic keratopathy treated with substance P and insulinlike growth factor 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1997, 115:926-927.
35. Cady R.J., Hirst J.J., Durham P.L. Dietary grape seed polyphenols repress neuron and glia activation in trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Mol Pain 2010, 6:91.
36. Calvillo M.P., McLaren J.W., Hodge D.O., et al. Corneal reinnervation after LASIK: prospective 3-year longitudinal study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:3991-3996.
37. Caporossi A., Mazzotta C., Baiocchi S., et al. Transepithelial corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: qualitative investigation by invivo HRT II confocal analysis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2012, 22(Suppl 7):S81-S88.
38. Carrasco E., Blum M., Weickert C.S., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression is related to post-mitotic events in cerebellar development: regulation by thyroid hormone. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2003, 140:1-13.
39. Ceccuzzi R., Zanardi A., Fiorentino A., et al. Corneal sensitivity in keratoconus after penetrating and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. Ophthalmologica 2010, 224:247-250.
40. Chaudhary S., Namavari A., Yco L., et al. Neurotrophins and nerve regeneration-associated genes are expressed in the cornea after lamellar flap surgery. Cornea 2012, 31:1460-1467.
41. Choi J.A., Chung S.H. Combined application of autologous serum eye drops and silicone hydrogel lenses for the treatment of persistent epithelial defects. Eye Contact Lens 2011, 37:370-373.
42. Chuck R.S., Quiros P.A., Perez A.C., et al. Corneal sensation after laser in situ keratomileusis. JCataract Refract Surg 2000, 26:337-339.
43. Cohen A., Bray G.M., Aguayo A.J. Neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) increases adult rat retinal ganglion cell survival and neurite outgrowth invitro. JNeurobiol 1994, 25:953-959.
44. Conrad A.H., Strafuss J.M., Wittman M.D., et al. Thyroxine increases the rate but does not alter the pattern of innervation during embryonic chick corneal development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:139-153.
45. Conrad A.H., Zhang Y., Walker A.R., et al. Thyroxine affects expression of KSPG-related genes, the carbonic anhydrase II gene, and KS sulfation in the embryonic chicken cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:120-132.
46. Corfas G., Velardez M.O., Ko C.P., et al. Mechanisms and roles of axon-Schwann cell interactions. Journ Neurosci 2004, 24:9250-9260.
47. Cortina M.S., He J., Li N., et al. Recovery of corneal sensitivity, calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive nerves, and increased wound healing induced by pigment epithelial-derived factor plus docosahexaenoic acid after experimental surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 2012, 130:76-83.
48. Cosar C.B., Cohen E.J., Rapuano C.J., et al. Tarsorrhaphy: clinical experience from a cornea practice. Cornea 2001, 20:787-791.
49. Cruzat A., Pavan-Langston D., Hamrah P. Invivo confocal microscopy of corneal nerves: analysis and clinical correlation. Semin Ophthalmol 2010, 25:171-177.
50. Cruzat A., Witkin D., Baniasadi N., et al. Inflammation and the nervous system: The connection in the cornea in patients with infectious keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011, 52:5136-5143.
51. Darwish T., Brahma A., Efron N., et al. Subbasal nerve regeneration after penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2007, 26:935-940.
52. Darwish T., Brahma A., O'Donnell C., et al. Subbasal nerve fiber regeneration after LASIK and LASEK assessed by noncontact esthesiometry and invivo confocal microscopy: prospective study. JCataract Refract Surg 2007, 33:1515-1521.
53. Davis P.J., Davis F.B., Mousa S.A. Thyroid hormone-induced angiogenesis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2009, 5:12-16.
54. De Castro F., Silos-Santiago I., De Armentia M.I., et al. Corneal innervation and sensitivity to noxious stimuli in trkA knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 1998, 10:146-152.
55. Donnenfeld E.D., Ehrenhaus M., Solomon R., et al. Effect of hinge width on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis. JCataract Refract Surg 2004, 30:790-797.
56. Donnenfeld E., Pflugfelder S.C. Topical ophthalmic cyclosporine: pharmacology and clinical uses. Surv Ophthalmol 2009, 54:321-338.
57. Edén U., Riise R., Tornqvist K. Corneal involvement in congenital aniridia. Cornea 2010, 29:1096-1102.
58. Efron N. Putting vital stains in context. Clin Exp Optom. 2013;96:400-21.
59. Erie E.A., McLaren J.W., Kittleson K.M., et al. Corneal subbasal nerve density: a comparison of two confocal microscopes. Eye Contact Lens 2008, 34:322-325.
60. Erie J.C. Corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy: a 3-year confocal microscopy study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2003, 101:293-333.
61. Erie J.C., McLaren J.W., Hodge D.O., et al. Recovery of corneal subbasal nerve density after PRK and LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol 2005, 140:1059-1064.
62. Erie J.C., McLaren J.W., Hodge D.O., et al. The effect of age on the corneal subbasal nerve plexus. Cornea 2005, 24:705-709.
63. Erie J.C., McLaren J.W., Patel S.V. Confocal microscopy in ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 2009, 148:639-646.
64. Esquenazi S., Bazan H.E., Bui V., et al. Topical combination of NGF and DHA increases rabbit corneal nerve regeneration after photorefractive keratectomy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005, 46:3121-3127.
65. Fagerholm P., Lagali N.S., Carlsson D.J., et al. Corneal regeneration following implantation of a biomimetic tissue-engineered substitute. Clin Transl Sci 2009, 2:162-164.
66. Fan J.C., Patel D.V., McGhee C.N. Long-term microstructural changes following epikeratophakia: invivo confocal microscopy study. JCataract Refract Surg 2008, 34:1793-1798.
67. Farrag T.Y., Lehar M., Verhaegen P., et al. Effect of platelet rich plasma and fibrin sealant on facial nerve regeneration in a rat model. Laryngoscope 2007, 117:157-165.
68. Fernyhough P., Mill J.F., Roberts J.L., et al. Stabilization of tubulin mRNAs by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I during neurite formation. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1989, 6:109-120.
69. Finnerup N.B., Otto M., Jensen T.S., et al. An evidence-based algorithm for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Med Gen Med 2007, 9:36.
70. Foldenauer M.E., McClellan S.A., Barrett R.P., et al. Substance P affects growth factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected mouse corneas. Cornea 2012, 31:1176-1188.
71. Fong K.P., Barry C., Tran A.N., et al. Deciphering the human platelet sheddome. Blood 2010, 117:e15-e26.
72. Foster T.E., Puskas B.L., Mandelbaum B.R., et al. Platelet-rich plasma. From basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med 2009, 37:2259-2272.
73. Fu Y., Liu J., Tseng S.C. Ocular surface deficits contributing to persistent epithelial defect after penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2012, 31:723-729.
74. Fukiage C., Nakajima T., Takayama Y., et al. PACAP induces neurite outgrowth in cultured trigeminal ganglion cells and recovery of corneal sensitivity after flap surgery in rabbits. Am J Ophthalmol 2007, 143:255-262.
75. Gaynes B.I., Onyekwuluje A. Topical ophthalmic NSAIDs: a discussion with focus on nepafenac ophthalmic suspension. Clin Ophthalmol 2008, 2:355-368.
76. Ghanem V.C., Ghanem R.C., de Oliveira R. Postoperative pain after corneal collagen cross-linking. Cornea 2013, 32:20-24.
77. Gil-Cazorla R., Teus M.A., Arranz-Márquez E. Comparison of silicone and non-silicone hydrogen soft contact lenses used as a bandage after LASEK. JRefract Surg 2008, 24:199-203.
78. Guidera A.C., Luchs J.I., Udell I.J. Keratitis, ulceration, and perforation associated with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ophthalmology 2001, 108:936-944.
79. Gulati A., Dana R. Keratoconjuctivitis sicca: clinical aspects. Smolin and Thoft's The Cornea: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice 2005, 607. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 4th Ed. G. Smolin, C.S. Foster, D.T. Azar (Eds.).
80. Guttmann-Raviv N., Shraga-Heled N., Varshavsky A., et al. Semaphorin-3A and semaphorin-3F work together to repel endothelial cells and to inhibit their survival by induction of apoptosis. JBiol Chem 2007, 282:26294-26305.
81. Hamrah P., Cruzat A., Dastjerdi M.H., et al. Corneal sensation and subbasal nerve alterations in patients with Herpes Simplex Keratitis: an invivo confocal microscopy study. Ophthalmology 2010, 117:1930-1936.
82. Hanna C., Bicknell D.S., O'Brien J.E. Cell turnover in the adult human eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1961, 65:695-698.
83. Harris L.W., Purves D. Rapid remodeling of sensory endings in the corneas of living mice. JNeurosci 1989, 9:2210-2214.
84. He J., Bazan H.E. Mapping the nerve architecture of diabetic human corneas. Ophthalmology 2012, 119:956-964.
85. He J., Bazan N.G., Bazan H.E. Mapping the entire human corneal nerve architecture. Exp Eye Res 2010, 91:513-523.
86. Heigle T.J., Pflugfelder S.C. Aqueous tear production in patients with neurotrophic keratitis. Cornea 1996, 15:135-138.
87. Heinz C., Eckstein A., Steuhl K.P., et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of corneal ulcer in Graves ophthalmopathy. Cornea 2004, 23:524-526.
88. Herrmann W.A., Shah C., Gabler B., et al. Corneal sensation after laser epithelial keratomileusis for the correction of myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005, 243:33-37.
89. Hillenaar T., van Cleynenbreugel H., Remeijer L. How normal is the transparent cornea? Effects of aging on corneal morphology. Ophthalmology 2012, 119:241-248.
90. Hirata A., Masaki T., Motoyoshi K., et al. Intrathecal administration of nerve growth factor delays GAP 43 expression and early phase regeneration of adult rat peripheral nerve. Brain Res 2002, 944:146-156.
91. Hiura A., Nakagawa H. Innervation of TRPV1-, PGP-, and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers in the subepithelial layer of a whole mount preparation of the rat cornea. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2012, 89:47-50.
92. Hossain P., Sachdev A., Malik R.A. Early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with corneal confocal microscopy. Lancet 2005, 366:1340-1343.
93. Hu Y., Matsumoto Y., Adan E.S., et al. Corneal invivo confocal scanning laser microscopy in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2008, 115:2004-2012.
94. Huang J.C., Sun C.C., Chang C.K., et al. Effect of hinge position on corneal sensation and dry eye parameters after femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK. JRefract Surg 2012, 28:625-631.
95. Isawi H., Dhaliwal D.K. Corneal melting and perforation in Stevens Johnson syndrome following topical bromfenac use. JCataract Refract Surg 2007, 33:1644-1646.
96. Isenmann S., Klöcker N., Gravel C., et al. Protection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells by adenovirally delivered BDNF invivo. Eur J Neurosci 1998, 10:2751-2756.
97. Ishida S., Usui T., Yamashiro K., et al. VEGF164 is proinflammatory in the diabetic retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:2155-2162.
98. Jafarinasab M.R., Zarei-Ghanavati S., Kanavi M.R., et al. Confocal microscopy in chronic and delayed mustard gas keratopathy. Cornea 2010, 29:889-894.
99. Jalbert I., Papas E., Sweeney D.F., et al. Instrument, diurnal, and day to day repeatability of invivo measurements of the central human cornea using slit scanning confocal microscopy and modified optical pachometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43. E-Abstract 1713.
100. Jalbert I., Stapleton F., Papas E., et al. Invivo confocal microscopy of the human cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 2003, 87:225-236.
101. Javadi M.A., Rezaei Kanavi M., Faramarzi A., et al. Confocal scan imaging and impression cytology of the cornea in a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type-2b. JOphthalmic Vis Res 2012, 7:176-179.
102. Jayasena C.S., Flood W.D., Koblar S.A. High EphA3 expressing ophthalmic trigeminal sensory axons are sensitive to ephrin-A5-Fc: implications for lobe specific axon guidance. Neuroscience 2005, 135:97-109.
103. Jeng B.H., Dupps W.J. Autologous serum 50% eyedrops in the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defects. Cornea 2009, 28:1104-1108.
104. Jones M.A., Marfurt C.F. Peptidergic innervation of the rat cornea. Exp Eye Res 1998, 66:421-435.
105. Kauffmann T., Bodanowitz S., Hesse L., et al. Corneal reinnervation after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis: an invivo study with a confocal videomicroscope. Ger J Ophthalmol 1996, 5:508-512.
106. Khokhar S., Natung T., Sony P., et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation in refractory neurotrophic corneal ulcers: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Cornea 2005, 24:654-660.
107. Kim E.C., Lee W.S., Kim M.S. The inhibitory effects of bevacizumab eye drops on NGF expression and corneal wound healing in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010, 51:4569-4573.
108. Kim H.C., Cho Y.J., Ahn C.W., et al. Nerve growth factor and expression of its receptors in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med 2009, 26:1228-1234.
109. Kim S.W., Ha B.J., Kim E.K., et al. The effect of topical bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization. Ophthalmology 2008, 115:e33-e38.
110. Kobayashi N.R., Fan D.P., Giehl K.M., et al. BDNF and NT-4/5 prevent atrophy of rat rubrospinal neurons after cervical axotomy, stimulate GAP-43 and Tα1-tubulin mRNA expression, and promote axonal regeneration. JNeurosci 1997, 17:9583-9595.
111. Kubilus J.K., Linsenmayer T.F. Developmental guidance of embryonic corneal innervation: roles of Semaphorin 3A and Slit2. Dev Biol 2010, 344:172-184.
112. Kumano Y., Matsui H., Zushi I., et al. Recovery of corneal sensation after myopic correction by laser in situ keratomileusis with a nasal or superior hinge. JCataract Refract Surg 2003, 29:757-761.
113. Kumar R.L., Koenig S.B., Covert D.J. Corneal sensation after descemet stripping and automated endothelial keratoplasty. Cornea 2010, 29:13-18.
114. Kurbanyan K., Hoesl L.M., Schrems W.A., et al. Corneal nerve alterations in acute Acanthamoeba and fungal keratitis: an invivo confocal microscopy study. Eye 2012, 26:126-132.
115. Lalive P.H., Truffert A., Magistris M.R., et al. Peripheral autoimmune neuropathy assessed using corneal invivo confocal microscopy. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:403-405.
116. Lambiase A., Coassin M., Costa N., et al. Topical treatment with nerve growth factor in an animal model of herpetic keratitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008, 246-247.
117. Lambiase A., Merlo D., Mollinari C., et al. Molecular basis for keratoconus: lack of TrkA expression and its transcriptional repression by Sp3. PNAS 2005, 102:16795-16800.
118. Lambiase A., Rama P., Bonini S., et al. Topical treatment with nerve growth factor for corneal neurotrophic ulcers. NEngl J Med 1998, 338:1174-1180.
119. Lee H.K., Ryu I.H., Seo K.Y., et al. Topical 0.1% prednisolone lowers nerve growth factor expression in keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients. Ophthalmology 2006, 113:198-205.
120. Lee S.J., Kim J.K., Seo K.Y., et al. Comparison of corneal nerve regeneration and sensitivity between LASIK and laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK). Am J Ophthalmol 2006, 141:1009-1015.
121. Leiper L.J., Ou J., Walczysko P., et al. Control of patterns of corneal innervation by Pax6. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009, 50:1122-1128.
122. Lema I., Duran J.A. Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus. Ophthalmology 2005, 112:654-659.
123. Li H., Xie W., Strong J.A., et al. Systemic anti-inflammatory corticosteroid reduces mechanical pain behavior, sympathetic sprouting, and elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology 2007, 107:469-477.
124. Li S., Nikulina K., DeVoss J., et al. Small proline-rich protein 1B (SPRR1B) is a biomarker for squamous metaplasia indry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:34-41.
125. Li Z., Burns A.R., Han L., et al. IL-17 and VEGF are necessary for efficient corneal nerve regeneration. Am J Pathol 2011, 178:1106-1116.
126. Lim M.S., Nam S.H., Kim S.J., et al. Signaling pathways of the early differentiation of neural stem cells by neurotrophin-3. Biochem Biophys Res Com 2007, 357:903-909.
127. Lindholm D., Heumann R., Hengerer B., et al. Interleukin 1 increases stability and transcription of mRNA encoding nerve growth factor in cultured rat fibroblasts. JBiol Chem 1988, 263:16348-16351.
128. Ling J.D., Gire A., Pflugfelder S.C. PROSE therapy used to minimize corneal trauma in patients with corneal epithelial defects. Am J Ophthalmol 2013, 155:615-619.
129. Liu L., Hartwig D., Harloff S., et al. An optimized protocol for the production of autologous serum eyedrops. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005, 243:706-714.
130. Lopatina T., Kalinina N., Karagyaur M., et al. Adipose-derived stem cells stimulate regeneration of peripheral nerves: BDNF secreted by these cells promotes nerve healing and axon growth de novo. PLoS One 2011, 6:e17899.
131. Lwigale P.Y. Embryonic origin of avian corneal sensory nerves. Dev Biol 2001, 239:323-337.
132. Lwigale P.Y., Bronner-Fraser M. Lens-derived Semaphorin3A regulates sensory innervation of the cornea. Dev Biol 2007, 306:750-759.
133. Madduri S., Papaloïzos M., Gander B. Synergistic effect of GDNF and NGF on axonal branching and elongation invitro. Neurosci Res 2009, 65:88-97.
134. Mannion L.S., Tromans C., O'Donnell C. Corneal nerve structure and function in keratoconus: a case report. Eye Contact Lens 2007, 33:106-108.
135. Marfurt C.F. Corneal nerves: anatomy. Ocular Periphery and Disorders 2011, 150. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.A. Dartt, P. Bex, P. D'Amore (Eds.).
136. Marfurt C.F., Cox J., Deek S., et al. Anatomy of the human corneal innervation. Exp Eye Res 2010, 90:478-492.
137. Martin R.E., Bazan N.G. Growth-associated protein GAP-43 and nerve cell adhesion molecule in sensory nerves of cornea. Exp Eye Res 1992, 55:307-314.
138. Martin R.E., Henken D.B., Hill J.M. Altered expression and changing distribution of the nerve growth associated protein GAP-43 during ocular HSV-1 infection in the rabbit. JNeurovirol 1996, 2:127-135.
139. Martin X.Y., Safran A.B. Corneal hypoesthesia. Surv Ophthalmol 1988, 33:28-40.
140. Matsui H., Kumano Y., Zushi I., et al. Corneal sensation after correction of myopia by photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Journ Cat Refract Surg 2001, 27:370-373.
141. Matsumoto Y., Dogru M., Goto E., et al. Autologous serum application in the treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy. Ophthalmology 2004, 111:1115-1120.
142. Mazzotta C., Traversi C., Baiocchi S., et al. Corneal healing after riboflavin ultraviolet-A collagen cross-linking determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy invivo: early and late modifications. Am J Ophthalmol 2008, 146:527-533.
143. McGhee C.N., Dean S., Danesh-Meyer H. Locally administered ocular corticosteroids: benefits and risks. Drug Saf 2002, 25:33-55.
144. McKenna C.C., Lwigale P.Y. Innvervation of the mouse cornea during development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011, 52:30-35.
145. McKenna C.C., Munjaal R.P., Lwigale P.Y. Distinct roles for neuropilin1 and neuropilin2 during mouse corneal innervation. PLoS One 2012, 7:e37175.
146. Melcangi R.C., Giatti S., Pesaresi M., et al. Role of neuroactive steroids in the peripheral nervous system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011, 2:104.
147. Meller D., Pauklin M., Thomasen H., et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation in the human eye. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011, 108:243-248.
148. Michaeli A., Slomovic A.R., Sakhichand K., et al. Effect of laser in situ keratomileusis on tear secretion and corneal sensitivity. JRefract Surg 2004, 20:379-383.
149. Mimura T., Amano S., Fukuoka S., et al. Invivo confocal microscopy of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Curr Eye Res 2008, 33:940-945.
150. Mitchison T., Kirschner M. Cytoskeletal dynamics and nerve growth. Neuron 1988, 1:761-772.
151. Mocan M.C., Durukan I., Irkec M., et al. Morphologic alterations of both the stromal and subbasal nerves in the corneas of patients with diabetes. Cornea 2006, 25:769-773.
152. Moilanen J.A., Holopainen J.M., Vesaluoma M.H., et al. Corneal recovery after LASIK for high myopia: a 2-year prospective confocal microscopic study. Br J Ophthalmol 2008, 92:1397-1402.
153. Molnár I., Bokk A. Decreased nerve growth factor levels in hyperthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy highlighting the role of neuroprotective factor in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cytokine 2006, 35:109-111.
154. Müller L.J., Marfurt C.F., Kruse F., et al. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. Exp Eye Res 2003, 76:521-542.
155. Müller L.J., Pels L., Vrensen G.F. Ultrastructural organization of human corneal nerves. Invest Opthalmol Visc Sci 1996, 37:476-488.
156. Müller L.J., Vrensen G.F., Pels L., et al. Architecture of human corneal nerves. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:985-994.
157. Murata Y., Masuko S. Peripheral and central distribution of TRPV1, substance P and CGRP of rat corneal neurons. Brain Res 2006, 1085:87-94.
158. Murphy P.J., Patel S., Kong N., et al. Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:1737-1742.
159. Nagasato D., Araki-Sasaki K., Kojima T., et al. Morphological changes of corneal subepithelial nerve plexus in different types of herpetic keratitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011, 55:444-450.
160. Nakamura M., Nishida T., Ofuji K., et al. Synergistic effect of substance P with epidermal growth factor on epithelial migration in rabbit cornea. Exp Eye Res 1997, 65:321-329.
161. Namavari A., Chaudhary S., Chang J.H., et al. Cyclosporine immunomodulation retards regeneration of surgically transected corneal nerves. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012, 53:732-740.
162. Namavari A., Chaudhary S., Ozturk O., et al. Semaphorin 7a links nerve regeneration and inflammation in the cornea. Cornea 2012, 53:4575-4585.
163. Namavari A., Chaudhary S., Sarkar J., et al. Invivo serial imaging of regenerating corneal nerves after surgical transection in transgenic thy1-YFP mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011, 52:8025-8032.
164. Nassaralla B.A., McLeod S.D., Boteon J.E., et al. The effect of hinge position and depth plate on the rate of recovery of corneal sensation following LASIK. Am J Ophthalmol 2005, 139:118-124.
165. Nassaralla B.A., McLeod S.D., Nassaralla J. Effect of myopic LASIK on human corneal sensitivity. Opthalmology 2003, 110:497-502.
166. Nejima R., Miyata K., Tanabe T., et al. Corneal barrier function, tear film stability, and corneal sensation after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Am J Ophthalmol 2005, 139:64-71.
167. Niederer R.L., Perumal D., Sherwin T., et al. Age-related differences in the normal human cornea: a laser scanning invivo confocal microscopy study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007, 91:1165-1169.
168. Niederer R.L., Perumal D., Sherwin T., et al. Laser scanning invivo confocal microscopy reveals reduced innervation and reduction in cell density in all layers of the keratoconic cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:2964-2970.
169. Nishida T., Chikama T., Sawa M., et al. Differential contributions of impaired corneal sensitivity and reduced tear secretion to corneal epithelial disorders. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012, 56:20-25.
170. Oble D.A., Burton L., Maxwell K., et al. Acomparison of thyroxine- and polyamine-mediated enhancement of rat facial nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2004, 189:105-111.
171. Okuno T., Nakatsuji Y., Kumanogoh A. The role of immune semaphorins in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011, 585:3829-3835.
172. Oliveira-Soto L., Efron N. Morphology of corneal nerves using confocal microscopy. Cornea 2001, 20:374-384.
173. Omoto M., Yoshida S., Miyashita H., et al. The semaphorin 3A inhibitor SM-345431 accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration and sensitivity in a murine corneal transplantation model. PLoS One 2012, 7:e47716.
174. Pachigolla G., Prasher P., Di Pascuale M.A., et al. Evaluation of the role of ProKera in the management of ocular surface and orbital disorders. Eye Contact Lens 2009, 35:172-175.
175. Pan S., Li L., Xu Z., et al. Effect of leukemia inhibitory factor on corneal nerve regeneration of rabbit eyes after laser in situ keratomileusis. Neurosci Lett 2011, 499:99-103.
176. Pascolini D., Mariotti S.P. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012, 96:614-618.
177. Pasterkamp R.J., Peschon J.J., Spriggs M.K., et al. Semaphorin 7A promotes axon outgrowth through integrins and MAPKs. Nature 2003, 424:398-405.
178. Patel D.V., McGhee C.N.J. Invivo confocal microscopy of human corneal nerves in health, in ocular and systemic disease, and following corneal surgery: a review. Br J Ophthalmol 2009, 93:853-860.
179. Patel D.V., McGhee C.N. Mapping of the normal human corneal subbasal nerve plexus by invivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005, 46:4485-4488.
180. Patel D.V., McGhee C.N. Mapping the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in keratoconus by invivo laser scanning confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:1348-1351.
181. Patel D.V., Tavakoli M., Craig J.P., et al. Corneal sensitivity and slit scanning invivo confocal microscopy of the subbasal nerve plexus of the normal central and peripheral human cornea. Cornea 2009, 28:735-740.
182. Patel S.V., McLaren J.W., Kittleson K.M., et al. Subbasal nerve density and corneal sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis: femtosecond laser vs mechanical microkeratome. Arch Opthalmol 2010, 128:1413-1419.
183. Paves H., Saarma M. Neurotrophins as invitro growth cone guidance molecules for embryonic sensory neurons. Cell Tissue Res 1997, 290:285-297.
184. Perez-Santonja J.J., Sakla H.F., Cardona C., et al. Corneal sensitivity after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomieusis for low myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 1999, 127:497-504.
185. Peyman G.A., Rahimy M.H., Fernandes M.L. Effects of morphine on corneal sensitivity and epithelial wound healing: implications for topical ophthalmic analgesia. Br J Opthalmol 1994, 78:138-141.
186. Qi H., Chuang E.Y., Yoon K.C., et al. Patterned expression of neurotrophic factors and receptors in human limbal and corneal regions. Mol Vis 2007, 13:1934-1941.
187. Ramaesh K., Ramaesh T., West J.D., et al. Immunolocalisation of leukaemia inhibitory factor in the cornea. Eye 2004, 18:1006-1009.
188. Rosen C.F., Poon R., Drucker D.J. UVB radiation-activated genes induced by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in rat keratinocytes. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:C846-C855.
189. Rosenfeld S.I. Evaluation and management of post-LASIK dry eye syndrome. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2010, 50:191-199.
190. Roszkowska A.M., Colosi P., Ferreri F.M., et al. Age-related modifications of corneal sensitivity. Ophthalmologica 2004, 218:350-355.
191. Ruddle J.B., Mackey D.A., Downie N.A. Clinical progression of keratoconus following a Vth nerve palsy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003, 31:363-365.
192. Sakimoto T., Kim T.I., Ellenberg D., et al. Collagen XVIII and corneal reinnervation following keratectomy. FEBS Lett 2008, 582:3674-3680.
193. Salomão M.Q., Ambrósio R., Wilson S.E. Dry eye associated with laser in situ keratomileusis: mechanical microkeratome versus femtosecond laser. JCat Refract Surg 2009, 35:1756-1760.
194. Sanjay S., Huang P., Lavanya R. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2011, 13:79-91.
195. Sarkar J., Chaudhary S., Namavari A., et al. Corneal neurotoxicity due to topical benzalkonium chloride. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012, 53:1792-1802.
196. Schlemm T.F.W. Nerven der Cornea. Ammon' Z Ophthalmol 1831, 1:113-114.
197. Scholz J., Woolf C.J. The neuropathic pain triad: neurons, immune cells and glia. Nat Neurosci 2007, 10:1361-1368.
198. Skene J.H., Willard M. Axonally transported proteins associated with axon growth in rabbit central and peripheral nervous systems. JCell Biol 1981, 89:96-103.
199. Stachs O., Zhivov A., Kraak R., et al. Invivo three-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy of the epithelial nerve structure in the human cornea. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007, 245:569-575.
200. Starkey M.L., Davies M., Yip P.K., et al. Expression of the regeneration-associated protein SPRR1A in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord of the adult mouse following peripheral and central injury. JComp Neurol 2009, 513:51-68.
201. Stern M.E. Pathophysiology and allergy of the lacrimal functional unit: what goes wrong with our tear-secreting apparatus?. Asian J Ophthalmol 2005, 7:5-8.
202. Sterneck E., Kaplan D.R., Johnson P.F. Interleukin-6 induces expression of Peripherin and cooperates with Trk receptor signaling to promote neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. JNeurochem 1996, 67:1365-1374.
203. Sugaya S., Sakimoto T., Shoji J., et al. Regulation of soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor release from corneal epithelial cells and its role in the ocular surface. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2011, 55:277-282.
204. Takai S., Kinoshita S., Tanaka F., et al. Prominent corneal nerves in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type2A: diagnostic implications. World J Surg 1992, 16:620-623.
205. Takamatsu H., Kumanogh A. Diverse roles for semaphorin-plexin signaling in the immune system. Trends Immunol 2012, 33:127-135.
206. Takeda M., Ikeda M., Tanimoto T., et al. Changes of the excitability of rat trigeminal root ganglion neurons evoked by alpha-adrenreceptors. Neuroscience 2002, 115:731-741.
207. Tan M.H., Bryars J., Moore J. Use of nerve growth factor to treat congenital neurotrophic corneal ulceration. Cornea 2006, 25:352-355.
208. Tavakoli M., Hossain P., Malik R.A. Clinical applications of corneal confocal microscopy. Clin Ophthalmol 2008, 2:435-445.
209. Tavakoli M., Marhsall A., Pitceathly R., et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2010, 223:245-250.
210. Templeton A., Nguyen G., Ash J.D., et al. Chemical sympathectomy increases susceptibility to ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. JNeuroimmunol 2008, 197:37-46.
211. Tole S., Mukovozov I.M., Huang Y.W., et al. The axonal repellent, Slit2, inhibits directional migration of circulating neutrophils. JLeukoc Biol 2009, 86:1403-1415.
212. Tominaga M., Julius D. Capsaicin receptor in the pain pathway. Jpn J Pharmacol 2000, 83:20-24.
213. Tong L., Corrales R.M., Chen Z., et al. Expression and regulation of cornified envelope proteins in human corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:1938-1946.
214. Tuisku I.S., Konttinen Y.T., Konttinen L.M., et al. Alterations in corneal sensitivity and nerve morphology in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Exp Eye Res 2008, 86:879-885.
215. Ueno H., Ferrari G., Hattori T., et al. Dependence of corneal stem/progenitor cells on ocular surface innervation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012, 53:867-872.
216. Vanbever R., Langers G., Montmayeur S., et al. Transdermal delivery of fentanyl: rapid onset of analgesia using skin electroporation. JControl Release 1998, 50:225-235.
217. Villani E., Galimberti D., Viola F., et al. The cornea in Sjogren's syndrome: an invivo confocal study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007, 48:2017-2022.
218. Villani E., Viola F., Sala R., et al. Corneal involvement in Graves' orbitopathy: an invivo confocal study. Invest Ophthalmol 2010, 51:4574-4578.
219. Villanueva O., Atkinson D.S., Lambert S.R. Trigeminal nerve hypoplasia and aplasia in children with goldenhar syndrome and corneal hypoesthesia. JAAPOS 2005, 9:202-204.
220. Walker J.S. Anti-inflammatory effects of opioids. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003, 521:148-160.
221. Walker P., Weischel M.E., Fisher D.A., et al. Thyroxine increases nerve growth factor concentration in adult mouse brain. Science 1979, 204:427-429.
222. Wang Z.Y., Alm P., Håkanson R. The contribution of nitric oxide to endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation: interaction with sensory nerve fibres. Br J Pharmacol 1996, 118:1537-1543.
223. Wells J., Hurlbert R.J., Fehlings M.G., et al. Neuroprotection by minocycline facilitates significant recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. Brain 2003, 126:1628-1637.
224. Wilson S.A., Last A. Management of corneal abrasions. Am Fam Phys 2004, 70:123-128.
225. Wu Y., Chu R.Y., Zhou X.T., et al. Recovery of corneal sensitivity after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy. JCataract Refract Surg 2006, 32:785-788.
226. Xu G., Pierson C.R., Murakawa Y., et al. Altered tubulin and neurofilament expression and impaired axonal growth in diabetic nerve regeneration. JNeuropathol Exp Neurol 2002, 61:164-175.
227. Yamada N., Matsuda R., Morishige N., et al. Open clinical study of eye-drops containing tetrapeptides derived from substance P and insulin-like growth factor-1 for treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defects associated with neurotrophic keratopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2008, 92:896-900.
228. Yoon K.C., Heo H., Im S.K., et al. Comparison of autologous serum and umbilical cord serum eye drops for dry eye syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2007, 144:86-92.
229. Yoon K.C., You I.C., Im S.K., et al. Application of umbilical cord serum eye drops for the treatment of neurotrophic keratitis. Ophthalmology 2007, 114:1637-1642.
230. You L., Ebner S., Kruse F.E. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-induced migration and signal transduction in corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001, 4:2496-2504.
231. You L., Kruse F.E., Volcker H.E. Neurotrophic factors in the human cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000, 41:692-702.
232. Yu C.Q., Rosenblatt M.I. Transgenic corneal neurofluorescence in mice: a new model for invivo investigation of nerve structure and regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007, 48:1535-1542.
233. Yu C.Q., Zhang M., Matis K.I., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates corneal nerve repair. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:3870-3878.
234. Zhao C., Lu S., Tajouri N., et al. Invivo confocal laser scanning microscopy of corneal nerves in leprosy. Arch Ophthalmol 2008, 126:282-284.
235. Zhong J., Dietzel I.D., Wahle P., et al. Sensory impairments and delayed regeneration of sensory axons in interleukin-6-deficient mice. JNeurosci 1999, 19:4305-4313.
236. Zöllner C., Mousa S., Klinger A., et al. Topical fentanyl in a randomized, double-blind study in patients with corneal damage. Clin J Pain 2008, 24:690-696.