Neurobiology of ocular pain

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 117-156

  Belmonte, Carlos ^a   Garcia Hirschfeld, Julia ^a   Gallar, Juana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR; DICLOFENAC; DILTIAZEM; FLURBIPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; LIDOCAINE; MORPHINE; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXYBUPROCAINE; PROCAINE; PROXYMETACAINE; SUBSTANCE P; TETRACAINE;

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN STEM; CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; CONJUNCTIVA; CORNEA; EYE DISEASE; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYE INJURY; EYELID; EYELID REFLEX; HUMAN; IRIS; MECHANORECEPTOR; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGY; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL REFLEX; REVIEW; SCLERA; SENSORY NERVE; TEAR FLOW; TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY; THALAMUS; TOPICAL ANESTHESIA; TRIGEMINUS GANGLION; UVEA;

EID: 0031025511     PISSN: 13509462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1350-9462(96)00027-4     Document Type: Review

References (292)

1. Abdel-Latif, A. A. (1989) Regulation of arachidonate release, prostaglandin synthesis, and sphincter constriction in the mammalian iris-ciliary body. In: The Ocular Effects of Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids (L. Z. Bito and J. Stjernschantz, eds). Progress in Clinical Research, Vol. 312., pp. 53-72. Alan R. Liss, New York.
2. Abelli, L., Geppetti, P. and Maggi, C. A. (1993) Relative contribution of sympathetic and sensory nerves to thermal nociception and tissue trophism in rats. Neuroscience 57: 739-745.
3. Accornero, N., Berardelli, A., Bini, G., Cruccu, G. and Manfredi, M. (1980) Corneal reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cornea. Neurology 30: 782-785.
4. Acosta, M. C., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1996) Blink frequency and discomfort during computer watching: influence of ocular humidification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis Sci. 37 (Suppl.) S1083.
5. Adriaensen, H., Gybels, J., Handwerker, H. O. and van Hees, J. (1983) Response properties of thin myelinated (A-delta) fibers in human skin nerves. J. Neurophysiol. 49: 111-122.
6. Alper, M. G. (1976) The anesthesic eye: an investigation of change in the anterior ocular segment of the monkey caused by interrupting the trigeminal nerve at various levels along its course. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 72: 323-365.
7. Alphen, G. W. H. M. van. (1957) Acetylcholine synthesis in corneal epithelium. A. M. A. Arch. Ophthalmol. 58: 449-451.
8. Andersson, S. E. (1990) Sensory neuropeptides: Species variations in effects on the blood-aqueous barrier, regional blood flows and pupillary sphincter muscle. Acta Univ. Upsal. 263: 1-83.
9. Araki, K., Ohashi, Y., Kinoshita, S., Hayashi, K., Kuwayama, Y. and Tano, Y. (1994) Epithelial wound healing in the denervated cornea. Curr. Eye Res. 13: 203-211.
10. Arvidson, B. (1977) Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion. Acta Neuropath. (Berlin) 38: 49-52.
11. Attias, G. (1912) Die nerven der hornhaut des menschen. V. Graefe's Arch. Ophthalmol. 83: 14-316.
12. Baker, K. S., Anderson, S. C., Romanowski, E. G., Thoft, R. A. and SundarRaj, N. (1993) Trigeminal ganglion neurons affect corneal epithelial phenotype. Influence on type VII collagen expression in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34: 137-144.
13. Bazan, H. E. P. (1990) Response of inflammatory lipid mediators following corneal injury. In: Lipid Mediators in Eye Inflammation (N. G. Bazan, ed.). New Trends in Lipid Mediators Research, pp. 1-11. Karger, Basel.
14. Beckers, H. J. M., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G. F. J. M. and Lamers, W. P. M. A. (1992) Ultrastructural organization of trigeminal nerve endings in the rat cornea and iris. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33: 1979-1986.
15. Beckers, H. J. M., Klooster, J., Vrensen, G. F. J. M. and Lamers, W. P. M. A. (1993) Substance P in rat corneal and iridal nerves: An ultrastructural immunohistochemical study. Ophthalmic Res. 25: 192-200.
16. Beding-Barnekow, B., Brodin, E. and Håkanson, R. (1988) Substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B in the ocular responses to injury in rabbits. Br. J. Pharmac. 95: 259-267.
17. Bee, J. A., Kuhl, U., Edgar, D. and von der Mark, K. (1988) Avian corneal nerves: co-distribution with collagen type IV and acquisition of substance P immunoreactivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29: 101-107.
18. Belmonte, C. and Gallar, J. (1996) Corneal nociceptors. In: Neurobiology of Nociceptors (C. Belmonte and F. Cerrero, eds), pp. 146-183. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
19. Belmonte, C., Gallar, J. Lopez-Briones, L. g. and Pozo, M. A. (1994) Polymodality in nociceptive neurons: Experimental models of chemotransduction. In: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing (L. Urban, ed.), NATO Series, Vol. H 79, pp. 87-117. Springer, Berlin.
20. Belmonte, C., Gallar, J., Pozo, M. A. and Rebollo, I. (1991). Excitation by irritant chemical substances of sensory afferent units in the cat's cornea. J. Physiol. 437: 709-725.
21. Belmonte, C. and Giraldez, F. (1981) Responses of cat corneal sensory receptors to mechanical and thermal stimulation. J. Physiol. 321: 355-368.
22. Belmonte, C., Simon, J. and Gallego, A. (1971) Effects of intraocular pressure changes on the afferent activity of the ciliary nerves. Exp. Eye Res. 12: 342-355.
23. Benowitz, L. I. and Routenberg, A. (1987) A membrane phosphoprotein associated with neural development, axonal regeneration, phospholipid metabolism and synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 10: 527-532.
24. Bereiter, D. A., Hathaway, C. B. and Benetti, A. P. (1994) Caudal portions of the spinal trigeminal complex are necessary for autonomic responses and display fos-like immunoreactivity after corneal stimulation in the cat. Brain Res. 657: 73-82.
25. Bergmanson, J. P. G. (1977) The ophthalmic innervation of the uvea in monkeys. Exp. Eye Res. 24: 225-240.
26. Bessou, P. and Perl, E. R. (1969) Response of cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated fibers to noxious stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 32: 1025-1043.
27. Beuerman, R. W. and Kupke, K. (1982) Neural regeneration following experimental wounds of the cornea in the rabbit. In: The Structure of the Eye (J. G. Hollyfield, ed.), pp. 319-330. Elsevier North Holland, Amsterdam.
28. Beuerman, R. W. and Rózsa, A. J. (1984) Collateral sprouts are replaced by regenerating neurites in the wounded corneal epithelium. Neurosci. Lett. 44: 99-104.
29. Beuerman, R. W., Maurice, D. M. and Tanelian, D. L. (1977) Thermal stimulation of the cornea. In: Pain in the Trigeminal Region (D. Anderson and B. Matthews, eds), pp. 422-423. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
30. Beuerman, R. W., Rózsa, A. J and Tanelian D. L. (1985) Neurophysiological correlates of post traumatic acute pain. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (H. L. Fields et al., eds), Vol. 9, pp. 73-81. Raven Press, New York.
31. Beuerman, R. W. and Schimmelpfennig, B. (1980) Sensory denervation of the rabbit cornea affects epithelial properties. Exp. Neurol. 69: 196-201.
32. Beuerman, R. W. and Tanelian, D. L. (1979) Corneal pain evoked by thermal stimulation. Pain 7: 1-14.
33. Biermann, H., Grabner, G., Baumgartner, I. and Reim, M. (1992) Zur hornhautsensibilität nach epikeratophakie. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 201: 18-21.
34. Bill, A., Stjernschantz, J., Mandahl, A., Brodin, E. and Nilsson, G. (1979) Substance P: release on trigeminal nerve stimulation, effects in the eye. Acta Physiol. Scand. 106: 371-373.
35. Boberg-Ans, J. (1955) On the corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol. 34: 149-162.
36. Brücke, H. von, Hellauer, H. F. and Umrath, K. (1949) Azetylcholin-und aneuringehalt der hornhaut und seine beziehungen zur nervenversorgung. Ophthalmologica 117: 19.
37. Buck, S. H. and Burks, T. F. (1986) The neuropharmacology of capsaicin: Review of some recent observations. Pharmac. Rev. 38: 179-226.
38. Buck, S. H., Walsh, J. H., Davis, T. P., Brown, M. R., Yamamura, H. I. and Burks, T. F. (1983) Characterization of the peptide and sensory neurotoxic effects of capsaicin in the guinea pig. J. Neurosci. 3: 2064-2074.
39. Butterfield, L. C. and Neufeld, A. H. (1977) Cyclic nucleotides and mitosis in the rabbit cornea following superior cervical ganglionectomy. Exp. Eye Res. 25: 427-433.
40. Bynke, G. (1983) Capsaicin pretreatment prevents disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the rabbit eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24: 744-748.
41. Bynke, G., Håkanson, R. and Sundler, F. (1984) Is substance P necessary for corneal nociception?. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24: 744-748.
42. Campos, M., Hertzog, L., Garbus, J. J. and McDonnell, P. J. (1992) Corneal sensitivity after photorefractive keratectomy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 114: 51-54.
43. Camras, C. B. and Bito, L. Z. (1980a) The pathophysiological effects of nitrogen mustard on the rabbit eye. I. The biphasic intraocular pressure response and the role of prostaglandins. Exp. Eye Res. 30: 41-52.
44. Camras, C. B. and Bito, L. Z. (1980b) The pathophysiological effects of nitrogen mustard on the rabbit eye. II. The inhibition of the initial hypertensive phase by capsaicin and the apparent role of substance P. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 423-428.
45. Castro, F. de, Silos-Santiago, I., Lopez de Armentia, M., Barbacid, M. and Belmonte, C. (1995) Corneal innervation in mice lacking nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (trkA knockouts). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (Suppl.): 574.
46. Castro-Correia, J. (1967) Studies on the innervation of the uveal tract. Ophthalmologica 154: 497-520.
47. Cervero, F. and Tattersall, J. E. H. (1985) Cutaneous receptive fields of somatic and viscero-somatic neurones in the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 237: 325-332.
48. Chan, K. Y. and Haschke, R. H. (1981) Action of a trophic factor(s) from rabbit corneal epithelial culture on dissociated trigeminal neurons. J. Neurosci. 1: 1155-1162.
49. Chan, K. Y. and Haschke, R. H. (1982) Isolation and culture of corneal cells and their interactions with dissociated trigeminal neurons. Exp. Eye Res. 35: 137-156.
50. Chan, K. Y. and Haschke, R. H. (1985) Specificity of a neuronotrophic factor from rabbit corneal epithelial cell cultures. Exp. Eye Res. 41: 687-699.
51. Chan-Ling, T. (1989) Sensitivity and neural organization of the cat cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30: 1075-1082.
52. Chan-Ling, T., Vannas, A., Holden, B. A. and O'Leary, D. J. (1990) Incision depth affects the recovery of corneal sensitivity and neural regeneration in the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31: 1533-1541.
53. 2 act by distinct mechanisms on sensory nerve terminals in the cat's cornea. Pain, in press.
54. Chen, X., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1995b) Effects of morphine on the response of pain corneal fibers to chemical and mechanical stimulation. Vision Res. 35 (Suppl.): S181.
55. Chen, X., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1995b) Effects of nonsteroidad anti-inflammatory drugs on chemical sensitivity of corneal nociceptors. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 (Suppl.): S30.
56. 2 stimulation of the cornea: A comparison between human sensation and nerve activity in polymodal nociceptive afferents of the cat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7: 1154-1163.
57. Chen, X., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1994) Influence of calcium ions on excitation and sensitization of corneal nociceptors. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7 (Suppl.): 133.
58. Clarke, N. D. and Bee, J. A. (1995) Neurotrophins of the developing avian cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (Suppl.): S574.
59. Cochet, P. and Bonnet, R. (1960) L'esthésie cornéene. La Clin. Ophthalmol. 4: 3-27.
60. Cole, D. F., Bloom, S. R., Burnstock, G., Butler, J. M., McGregor, G. P., Saffery, M. J., Unger, W. G. and Zhang, S. Q. (1983) Increase in SP-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers of rabbit iris and ciliary body one to four months following sympathetic denervation. Exp. Eye Res. 37: 191-197.
61. Cole, D. F. and Unger, W. G. (1973) Prostaglandins as mediators for the response of the eye to trauma. Exp. Eye Res. 17: 357-368.
62. Colin, S. and Kruger, L. (1986) Peptidergic nociceptive axon visualisation in whole-mount preparations of cornea and tympanic membrane in rat. Brain Res. 398: 199-203.
63. Cruccu, G., Agostino, R., Berardelli, A. and Manfredi, M. (1986) Excitability of the corneal reflex in man. Neurosci Lett. 63: 320-324.
64. Cruccu, G., Berardelli, A. and Manfredi, M. (1987) Afferents for the human corneal reflex. J. Neurol. 234: 64.
65. Draeger, J. (1984) Corneal Sensitivity: Measurement and Clinical Importance. Springer, Vienna.
66. Drummond, P. D. (1995) Lacrimation and cutaneous vasodilation in the face induced by painful stimulation of the nasal ala and upper lip. J. Auton. Nerv. Sys. 52: 109-116.
67. Duce, I. R. and Keen, P. (1977) An ultrastructural classification of the neuronal cell bodies of the rat dorsal root ganglion using zinc iodide-osmium impregnation. Cell Tiss. Res. 185: 263-277.
68. Duke-Elder, S. and Wybar, K. C. (1961) The anatomy of the visual system. In: System of Ophthalmology (S. Duke-Elder, ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 540-558. Henry Kimpton, London.
69. Dupuy, B., Thompson, H. and Beuerman, R. W. (1988) Capsaicin: A psychophysical tool to explore corneal sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29 (Suppl): 454.
70. Elsås, T., Edvinson, L., Sundler, F. and Uddman, R. (1994) Neuronal pathways to the rat conjunctiva revealed by retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. Exp. Eye Res. 58: 117-126.
71. Emoto, I. and Beuerman, R. W. (1987) Stimulation of neurite growth by epithelial implants into corneal stroma. Neurosci. Lett. 82: 140-144.
72. Epstein, R. L and Laurence, E. P. (1994) Effect of topical diclofenac solution on discomfort after radial keratotomy. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 20: 378-380.
73. Erlanger, J. and Gasser, H. S. (1937) Electrical Signs of Nervous Activity. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
74. Evinger, C., Manning, K. A. and Sibony, P. A. (1991) Eyelid movements. Mechanisms and normal data. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32: 387-400.
75. Fitzgerald, G. G. and Cooper, J. R. (1971) Acetylcholine as a possible sensory mediator in rabbit corneal epithelium. Biochem. Pharmac. 20: 2741-2748.
76. Frey, M. von. (1922) Die Sensibilität der Hornhaut und Bindehaut des Menschlichen Auges. Dtsch. med. Wsehr. 48: 212-225.
77. Fujita, S., Shimizu, T., Izumi, K., Fukuda, T., Sameshima, M. and Ohba, N. (1984) Capsaicin-induced neuroparalytic-like corneal changes in the mouse. Exp. Eye Res. 38: 165-175.
78. Gallar, J. (1991). Caracterización electrofisiológica de los receptores sensoriales del ojo del gato. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Alicante, Spain.
79. Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1990) Modulation by prostaglandins of nervous activity in corneal nociceptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (Suppl): 514.
80. Gallar, J., Garcia de la Rubia, P., Gonzalez, G. G. and Belmonte, C. (1995) Irritation of the anterior segment by ultraviolet radiation: influence of nerve blockade and calcium antagonists. Curr. Eye Res. 14: 827-835.
81. Gallar, J., Giraldez, F. and Belmonte, C. (1984) Neurophysiological properties of ocular sensory receptors. Proc. Int. Soc. Eye Res. III: 70.
82. Gallar, J., Pozo, M. A., Rebollo, I. and Belmonte, C. (1990) Effects of capsaicin on corneal wound healing. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31: 1968-1974.
83. Gallar, J., Pozo, M. A., Tuckett, R. P. and Belmonte, C. (1993) Response of sensory units with unmyelinated fibres to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimulation of the cat's cornea. J. Physiol. 468: 609-622.
84. Gallin, J. I., Goldstein, I. M. and Snyderman R. (eds) (1992) Inflammation. Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 2nd edn. Raven Press, New York.
85. Gamse, R., Leeman, S., Holzer, P. and Lembeck, F. (1981) Differential effects of capsaicin on the content of somatostatin, substance P and neurotensin in the nervous system of the rat. Naunyn-Schmiedberg's Arch. Pharmac. 317: 140-148.
86. Garcia-Hirschfeld, J., Lopez-Briones, L. G. and Belmonte, C. (1994) Neurotrophic influences on corneal epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 59: 597-605.
87. Gilbard, J. P. and Rossi, S. R. (1990) Tear film and ocular surface changes in a rabbit model of neurotrophic keratitis. Ophthalmology 97: 308-312.
88. Giraldez, F. (1979) Estudio electrofisiológico de los receptores sensoriales de la córnea del gato. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Valladolid Spain.
89. Giraldez, F., Geijo, E. and Belmonte, C. (1979) Response characteristics of corneal sensory fibers to mechanical and thermal stimulation. Brain Res. 177: 571-576.
90. Gnädinger, M., Hahn, H. P. v. and Gruen, F. (1967) Acetylcholine-splitting activity of abraded and cultivated corneal epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 6: 239-242.
91. Gonzalez, G. G., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1995) Influence of diltiazem on the ocular irritative response to nitrogen mustard. Exp. Eye Res. 61: 205-212.
92. Gonzalez, G. G., Garcia de la Rubia, P., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1993) Reduction of capsaicin-induced ocular pain and neurogenic inflammation by calcium antagonists. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34: 3329-3335.
93. Gotz, R. (1972) Zwei neue Instrumente für die Untersuchung der Hornhautsensibilität. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 161: 469-474.
94. Grimes, P. and von Sallmann, L. (1960) Comparative anatomy of the ciliary nerves. Arch. Ophthalmol. 64: 81-91.
95. Guerra-Seijas, M. J., Labandeira Garcia, J. L., Tobio, J. and Gonzalez, F. (1993) Neurons located in the trigeminal sensory complex and the lateral pontine tegmentum project to the oculomotor nucleus in the rabbit. Brain Res. 601: 1-13.
96. Gwon, A., Vaughan, E. R., Cheetham, J. K. and DeGryse, R. (1994) Ocufen (Flurbiprofen) in the treatment of ocular pain after radial keratotomy. CLAO J. 20: 131-138.
97. Hagg, T., Louis, J-C. and Varon, S. (1993) Neurotrophic factors and CNS regeneration. In Neuroregeneration (A. Gorio, ed.), pp. 265-287. Raven Press, New York.
98. Handwerker, H. O. and Reeh, P. W. (1991) Pain and inflammation. Pain Research and Clinical Management (Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain) Vol. 4, pp. 59-70.
99. Harris, L. W. and Purves, D. (1989) Rapid remodelling of sensory endings in the corneas of living mice. J. Neurosci. 9, 2210-2214.
100. Hayashi, O. (1995) Localization and response characteristics of thalamic corneal units in the cat. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 99: 586-594.
101. Hille, B. (1994) Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
102. Hirai, R., Tamamaki, N., Hukami, K. and Nojyo, Y. (1994) Ultrastructural analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-, substance P-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat iris. Ophthalmic Res. 26: 169-180.
103. Hitchings, R. A. (1994) Eye pain. In: Textbook of Pain (3rd Edn) (P. D. Wall and R. Melzack, eds), pp. 555-562. Churchill-Livingstone, London.
104. Churchill-Livingstone, London.
105. Holland, M. G., Sallmann, L. von and Collins, E. M. (1956) A study of the innervation of the chamber angle. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 42: 148-161.
106. Hoyes, A. D. and Barber, P. (1976) Ultrastructure of corneal nerves in the rat. Cell Tiss. Res. 172: 133-144.
107. Hoyes, A. D. and Barber, P. (1977) Ultrastructure of corneal receptors. In: Pain in the Trigeminal Region (D. Anderson and B. Matthews, eds), pp. 1-12. Elsevier/ North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
108. Hu, J. W., Dostrovsky, J. O. and Sessle, B. J. (1981) Functional properties of neurons in cat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn). I. Responses to oral-facial noxious and nonnoxious stimuli and projections to thalamus and subnucleus oralis. J. Neurophysiol. 45: 173-192.
109. Huhtala, A., Johansson, G. and Saari, M. (1975) Myelinated nerves of guinea pig iris after denervation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Ophthalmic Res. 7: 354-362.
110. Ichikawa, H., Mitani, S., Hijiya, H., Nakago, T., Jacobowittz, D. M. and Sugimoto, T. (1993) Calretinin-immunoreactivity in trigeminal neurons innervating the nasal mucosa of the rat. Brain Res. 629: 231-238.
111. Ishikawa, T., del Cerro, M., Liang, F-Q., Loya, N. and Aquavella, J. V. (1994) Corneal sensitivity and nerve regeneration after excimer laser ablation. Cornea 13: 225-231.
112. Jampol, L. M., Neufeld, A. H. and Sears, M. L. (1975) Pathways of the response of the eye to injury. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 14: 184-189.
113. Jancsó, N., Jancsó-Gábor, A. and Szolcsányi, J. (1968) The role of sensory nerve endings in neurogenic inflammation induced in human skin and in the eye and paw of the rat. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother. 33: 32-41.
114. Jones, L. T. (1966) The lacrimal secretory system and its treatment. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 62: 47-60.
115. Kalina, R. E. and Orcutt, J. C. (1990) Ocular and periocular pain. In: The Management of Pain (J. J. Bonica, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 759-768. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
116. Keele, C. A. (1962) The common chemical sense and its receptors. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 139: 547-557.
117. Kenshalo, D. R. (1960) Comparison of thermal sensitivity of the forehead, lip, conjunctiva and cornea. J. appl. Physiol. 15: 987-991.
118. Kenshalo, D. R. Jr, Chudler, E. H., Anton, F. and Dubner, R. (1988) SI nociceptive neurons participate in the encoding process by which monkeys perceive the intensity of noxious thermal stimulation. Brain Res. 454: 378-382.
119. Kerr, F. W. L., Kruger, L., Schawassmann, H. O. and Stern, R. (1968) Somatotopic organization of mechanoreceptor units in the trigeminal nuclear complex of the macaque. J. comp. Neurol. 134: 127-144.
120. Kessler, J. A., Bell, W. O. and Black, I. O. (1983a) Substance P levels differ in sympathetic target organ terminals and ganglion perikarya. Brain Res. 258: 144-146.
121. Kessler, J. A., Bell, W. O. and Black, I. O. (1983b) Interactions between the sympathetic and sensory innervation of the iris. J. Neurosci. 3: 1301-1307.
122. Kessler, W., Kirchhoff, C., Reeh, P. W. and Handwerker, H. O. (1992) Excitation of cutaneous afferent nerve endings in vitro by a combination of inflammatory mediators and conditioning effect of substance P. Exp. Brain Res. 91: 467-476.
123. Klyce, S. D., Beuerman, R. W. and Crosson, C. E. (1985) Alteration of corneal epithelial ion transport by sympathectomy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 26: 434-442.
124. Korsching, S. (1993) The neurotrophic factor concept: a re-examination. J. Neurosci. 13: 2739-2748.
125. Kulkarni, P. (1990) Eicosanoids in ocular inflammation. In: Lipid Mediators in Eye Inflammation (N. G. Bazan, ed.), pp. 12-28. New Trends in Lipid Mediators Research. Karger, Basel.
126. Kuwayama, Y., Terenghi, G., Polak, J. M., Trojanowski, J. Q. and Stone, R. A. (1987) A quantitative correlation of substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity with retrogradely labelled trigeminal ganglion cells innervating the eye. Brain Res. 405: 220-226.
127. Larson, W. L. (1970) Electro-mechanical corneal esthesiometer. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 54: 342-347.
128. LaVail, J., Johnson, W. E. and Spencer, L. C. (1993) Immunohistochemical identification of trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the mouse cornea: relevance to intercellular spread of herpes simplex virus. J. comp. Neurol. 327: 133-140.
129. Lawrenson, J. G. and Ruskell, G. L. (1991) The structure of corpuscular nerve endings in the limbal conjunctiva of the human eye. J. Anat. 177: 75-84.
130. Lawrenson, J. G. and Ruskell, G. L. (1993) Investigation of limbal touch sensitivity using a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 77: 339-343.
131. Lazarov, N. (1995) Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the cat. Acta Histochem. 97: 213-223.
132. Lee, Y., Kawai, Y., Shiosaka, S., Takami, K., Kiyama, H., Hillyard, C. J., Girgis, S., MacIntyre, I., Emson, P. C. and Tohyama, M. (1985) Coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P-like peptide in single cells of the trigeminal ganglion of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis. Brain Res. 330: 194-196.
133. Leeuw, M. de and Chan, K. Y. (1989) Corneal nerve regeneration. Correlation between morphology and restoration of sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30: 1980-1990.
134. Lehtosalo, J. I. (1984) Substance P-like immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion cells supplying the cornea. Histochemistry 80: 273-276.
135. Lehtosalo, J. I., Uusitalo, H. and Palkama, A. (1984a) Sensory supply of the anterior uvea: A light and electron microscope study. Exp. Brain Res. 55: 562-569.
136. Lehtosalo, J. I., Uusitalo, H., Stjernschantz, J. and Palkama, A. (1984b) Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the trigeminal ganglion. A fluorescence, light and electron microscope study. Histochemistry 80: 421-427.
137. Lele, P. P. and Weddell, G. (1956) The relationship between neurohistology and corneal sensibility. Brain 19: 119-154.
138. Lele, P. P. and Weddell, G. (1959) Sensory nerves of the cornea and cutaneous sensibility. Exp. Neurol. 1: 334-359.
139. Lewis, T. (1927) The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and their Responses. Shaw and Sons, London.
140. Lim, C. H. and Ruskell, G. L. (1978) Corneal nerve access in monkey. Albrecht v. Graefe's Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 208: 15-23.
141. Lindahl, O. (1961) Experimental skin pain induced by injection of water-soluble substances in humans. Acta Physiol. Scand. suppl. 179: 1-89.
142. López de Armentia, M., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1995) An in vitro preparation of the eye-trigeminal ganglion of the mouse for intracellular recording of corneal neurons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (Suppl.): 575.
143. Lu, J., Hathaway, C. B. and Bereiter, D. A. (1993) Adrenalectomy enhances fos-like immunoreactivity within the spinal trigeminal nucleus induced by noxious thermal stimulation of the cornea. Neuroscience 54: 809-818.
144. Luhtala, J., Palkama, A. and Uusitalo, H. (1991) Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive fibers in the rat conjunctiva. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32: 640-645.
145. Luhtala, J., Usami, S. and Uusitalo, H. (1992) The dual origin of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat conjunctiva. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (Suppl.): 1413.
146. Luhtala, J. and Uusitalo, H. (1991) The distribution and origin of substance P immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat conjunctiva. Exp. Eye Res. 53: 641-646.
147. Lyne, A. J. (1977) Corneal sensation in scleritis and episcleritis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 61: 650-654.
148. Macintosh, S. R. (1974) The innervation of the conjunctiva in monkeys. Albrecht v. Graefe's Arch. klin. exp. Ophthalmol. 192: 105-116.
149. MacIver, M. B. and Tanelian, D. L. (1992) Activation of C fibers by metabolic perturbations associated with tourniquet ischemia. Anesthesiology 76: 617-623.
150. MacIver, M. B. and Tanelian, D. L. (1993a) Free nerve ending terminal morphology is fiber type specific for A-delta and C fibers innervating rabbit corneal epithelium. J. Neurophysiol. 69: 1779-1783.
151. MacIver, M. B. and Tanelian, D. L. (1993b) Structural and functional specialization of A-delta and C fiber free nerve endings innervating rabbit corneal epithelium. J. Neurosci. 13: 4511-4524.
152. McGowan, D. P., Lawrenson, J. G. and Ruskell, G. L. (1994) Touch sensitivity of the eyelid margin and palpebral conjunctiva. Acta Ophthalmol. 72: 57-60.
153. Magendie, M. (1824) De l'influence de la cinquième paire de nerfs sur la nutrition et les fonctions de l'oeil. J. Physiol. exp. Pathol. (Paris) 4: 176-182.
154. Maggi, C. A. (1995) Tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) as co-transmitters released from peripheral endings of sensory nerves. Progr. Neurobiol. 45: 1-98.
155. Mandahl, A. (1993) Hypertonic saline test for ophthalmic nerve impairment. Acta Ophthalmol. 71: 556-559.
156. Marfurt, C. F. (1981) Somatotopic organization of the cat trigeminal ganglion as determined by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Anat. Rec. 201: 105-118.
157. Marfurt, C. F. and DelToro, D. R. (1987) Corneal sensory pathway in the rat: a horseradish peroxidase tracing study. J. comp. Neurol. 261: 450-459.
158. Marfurt, C. F. and Echtenkamp, S. F. (1988) Central projections and trigeminal ganglion location of corneal afferent neurons in the monkey Macaca fascicularis. J. comp. Neurol. 272: 370-382.
159. Marfurt, C. F. and Ellis, L. C. (1993) Immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the corneal innervation of five mammalian species, including human. J. comp. Neurol. 336: 517-531.
160. Marfurt, C. F., Ellis, L. C. and Jones, M. A. (1993) Sensory and sympathetic nerve sprouting in the rat cornea following neonatal administration of capsaicin. Somatosen. Motor Res. 10: 377-398.
161. Marfurt, C. F. and Jones, M. A. (1995) Parasympathetic innervation of the rat cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (Suppl.): S576.
162. Marfurt, C. F. and Rajchert, D. M. (1991) Trigeminal primary afferent projections to 'non-trigeminal' areas of the rat central nervous system. J. comp. Neurol. 303: 489-511.
163. Mark, D. and Maurice, D. (1977) Sensory recording from isolated cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 16: 541-545.
164. Martin, R. E. and Bazan, N. G. (1992) Growth-associated protein GAP-43 and nerve cell adhesion molecule in sensory nerves of the cornea. Exp. Eye Res. 55: 307-314.
165. Martin, X. and Dolivo, M. (1983) Neuronal and transneuronal tracing in the trigeminal system of the rat using the herpes virus suis. Brain Res. 273: 253-276.
166. Martinez, S. and Belmonte, C. (1996) c-Fos expression in trigeminal nucleus neurons after chemical irritation of the cornea: reduction by selective blockade of nociceptor chemosensitivity. Exp. Brain Res. in press.
167. Mathers, W. D., Jester, J. V. and Lemp, M. A. (1988) Return of human corneal sensitivity after penetrating keratoplasty. Arch. Ophthalmol. 106: 210-215.
168. Matsuda, H. (1968) Electron microscopic study of the corneal nerve with special reference to its endings. Japan. J. Ophthal. 12: 163-173.
169. Matsumiya, Y. and Mostofsky, D. I. (1972) Somatosensory evoked responses elicited by corneal and nostril air puff stimulation. Electroen. clin. Neuro. 33: 225-227.
170. Matsumoto, Y., Tanabe, T., Ueda, S. and Kawata, M. (1992) Immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical studies of peptidergic, aminergic and cholinergic innervation of the lacrimal gland of the monkey (Macaca fuscata). J. Auton. Nerv. Sys. 37: 207-214.
171. Metcalf, J. F. (1982) Corneal sensitivity and neuro-histochemical studies of experimental herpetic keratitis in the rabbit. Exp. Eye Res. 35: 231-237.
172. Meyer, R. A., Campbell, J. N. and Raja, S. N. (1994) Peripheral neural mechanisms of nociception. In: Textbook of Pain (P. D. Wall and R. Melzack, eds), pp. 13-44. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
173. Micieli, G., Tassorelli, C., Sandrini, G., Antonaci, F. and Nappi, G. (1992) The trigemino-pupillary reflex: a model of sensory-vegetative integration. J. Auton. Nerv. Sys. 41: 179-186.
174. Miller, A., Costa, M., Furness, J. B. and Chubb, I. W. (1981) Substance P immunoreactive sensory nerves supply to the rat iris and cornea. Neurosci. Lett. 23: 243-249.
175. Millodot, M. (1973) Objective measurement of corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol. 51: 325-334.
176. Millodot, M. (1975) Do blue-eyed people have more sensitive corneas than brown-eyed people?. Nature 255: 151-152.
177. Millodot, M. (1977) The influence of pregnancy on the sensitivity of the cornea. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 61: 646-649.
178. Millodot, M. and Lamont, M. (1974) Influence of menstruation on corneal sensitivity. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 58: 752-756.
179. Millodot, M., Lim, C. H. and Ruskell, G. L. (1978) A comparison of corneal sensitivity and nerve density in albino and pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 10: 307.
180. Millodot, M. and O'Leary, D. J. (1980) Effect of oxygen deprivation on corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol. 58: 434-439.
181. Mintenig, G., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Martin, C., Gual, A. and Belmonte, C. (1995) Sensory receptors in the anterior uvea of the cat's eye. An in vitro study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36: 1615-1624.
182. Mishima, S. (1957) The effects of denervation and stimulation of the sympathetic and the trigeminal nerve on the mitotic rate of the corneal epithelium in the rabbit. Japan. J. Ophthalmol. 1: 65-73.
183. Morgan, C., Jannetta, P. J. and deGroat, W. C. (1987) Organization of corneal afferent axons in the trigeminal nerve root entry zone in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 68: 411-416.
184. Morgan, C. W., Nadelhaft, I. and deGroat, W. C. (1978) Anatomical localization of corneal afferent cells in the trigeminal ganglion. Neurosurgery 2: 252-257.
185. Moses, R. A. (1979) Adler's Physiology of the Eye. Mosby, St. Louis.
186. Mosso, J. A. and Kruger, L. (1973) Receptor categories represented in trigeminal nucleus caudalis. J. Neurophysiol. 36: 472-488.
187. Mukuno, K., Aoki, S., Ishikawa, S., Tachibana, S., Harada, H., Hozumi, G. and Saito, E. (1983) Three types of blink reflex evoked by supraorbital nerve, light flash and corneal stimulations. Japan. J. Ophthalmol. 27: 261-270.
188. Müller, L. J., Pels, L. and Vrensen, G. F. J. M. (1996) Ultrastructural organization of human corneal nerves. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37: 476-488.
189. Mutch, J. R. (1944) The lacrimation reflex. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 28: 318.
190. Nagano, S., Myres, J. A. and Hall, R. D. (1975) Representation of the cornea in the brain stem of the rat. Exp. Neurol. 49: 653-670.
191. Nishida, Y. and Yokota, T. (1991) Corneal representation within the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and adjacent bulbar lateral reticular formation of the cat. Japan. J. Physiol. 41: 551-565.
192. Norn, M. S. (1973) Conjunctival sensitivity in normal eyes. Acta Ophthalmol. 51: 58-66.
193. Ogilvy, C. S. and Borges, L. F. (1990) Changes in corneal innervation during postnatal development in normal rats and in rats treated at birth with capsaicin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31: 1810-1815.
194. Olson, L., Ayer-Le Lievre, C. Björklud, H., Ebendal, T., Granholm, A. C., Hedlund, K. O., Hökfelt, T., Melander, T., Seiger, A. and Stromberg, I. (1988) The innervation apparatus of the rodent iris. In: Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. The Peripheral Nervous System (A. Björklund, T. Hökfelt and C. Owman, eds), pp. 545-597. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
195. Paintal, A. S. (1964) Effects of drugs on vertebrate mechanoreceptors. Pharmac. Rev. 16: 341-380.
196. Pallikaris, I. G., Papatzanaki, M. E., Georgiadis, A. and Frenschok, O. (1990) A comparative study of neural regeneration following corneal wounds induced by argon fluoride excimer laser and mechanical methods. Lasers Light Ophthalmol. 3: 89-95.
197. Pannabecker, C. L. (1944) Keratitis neuroparalytica. Arch. Ophthalmol. 32: 456-463.
198. Panneton, W. M. and Burton, H. (1981) Corneal and periocular representation within the trigeminal sensory complex in the cat studied with transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. comp. Neurol. 199: 327-344.
199. Passagia, J. G., Benabid, A. L. and Chirossel, J. P. (1993) Approche de la topic cornéenne dans le ganglion trigéminal du rat. Bull. Assoc. Anatomistes 77: 73-78.
200. Pellegrini, J. J., Horn, A. K. E. and Evinger, C. (1995) The trigeminally evoked blink reflex I. Neuronal circuits. Exp. Brain Res. 107: 166-180.
201. Pérez, E., López-Briones, L. G., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1987) Effects of chronic sympathetic stimulation on corneal wound healing. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28: 221-224.
202. Perkins, E. S. (1961) Sensory mechanisms and intraocular pressure. Exp. Eye Res. 1: 160-167.
203. Perl, E. R. (1992) Alterations in the responsiveness of cutaneous nociceptors. Sensitization by noxious stimuli and the induction of adrenergic responsiveness by nerve injury. In: Hyperalgesia and Allodynia (W. D. Willis Jr, ed.), pp. 59-79. Raven Press, New York.
204. Pesin, S. R. and Candia, O. A. (1982) Acetylcholine concentration and its role in ionic transport by the corneal epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 22: 651-659.
205. Peyman, G. A., Rahimy, M. H. and Fernandes, M. L. (1994) Effects of morphine on corneal sensitivity and epithelial wound healing: implications for topical ophthalmic analgesia. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 78: 138-141.
206. Polse, A. (1978) Etiology of corneal sensitivity changes accompanying contact lens wear. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 78: 1202-1206.
207. Pozo, M. A. and Cervero, F. (1993) Neurons in the rat spinal trigeminal complex driven by corneal nociceptors: receptive-field properties and effects of noxious stimulation of the cornea. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 2370-2378.
208. Pozo, M. A., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1990) Thermosensitive afferents encoding temperature changes in the anterior segment of the cat's eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (Suppl.): 169.
209. Pozo, M. A., Gallego, R., Gallar, J. and Belmonte, C. (1992) Blockade by calcium antagonists of chemical excitation and sensitization of polymodal nociceptors in the cat's cornea. J. Physiol. 450: 179-189.
210. Price, D. D., Dubner, R. and Hu, J. W. (1976) Trigeminothalamic neurons in nucleus caudalis responsive to tactile, thermal, and nociceptive stimulation of monkey's face. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 936-953.
211. Proia, A. D., Chung, S. M., Klintworth, G. K. and Lapetina, E. G. (1986) Cholinergic stimulation of phosphatidic acid formation by rat cornea in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 27: 905-908.
212. Ramón y Cajal, S. (1899). Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y de los Vertebrados. Vidal Leuca, Alicante.
213. Rang, H. P., Bevan, S. and Dray, A. (1991) Chemical activation of nociceptive peripheral neurones. Br. Med. Bull. 47: 534-548.
214. Rao, G., John, T., Ishida, N. and Aquavella, J. V. (1985) Recovery of corneal sensitivity in grafts following penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 92: 1408-1411.
215. Reid, T. W., Murphy, C. J., Twahashi, C., Malfroy, B. and Mannis, M. J. (1990) The stimulation of DNA synthesis in epithelial cells by substance P and CGRP. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (Suppl.): 2.
216. Reiser, K. A. (1936) Über die innervation der menschlichen sklera. Arch. Augenheilk. 109: 481-496.
217. Ritchie, J. M. and Greene, M. N. (1985). Local anesthetics. In: Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rall and F. Murad, eds), pp. 302-321. MacMillan, New York.
218. Roland, P. (1992) Cortical representation of pain. Trends Neurosci. 15: 3-5.
219. Rózsa, A. J. and Beuerman, R. W. (1982) Density and organization of free nerve endings in the corneal epithelium of the rabbit. Pain 14: 105-120.
220. Rózsa, A. J., Guss, R. B. and Beuerman, R. W. (1983) Neural remodelling following experimental surgery of the rabbit cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24: 1033-1051.
221. Ruskell, G. L. (1974) Ocular fibers of the maxillary nerve in monkeys. J. Anat. 118: 195-203.
222. Ruskell, G. L. (1975) Nerve terminals and epithelial cell variety in the human lacrimal gland. Cell Tiss. Res. 158: 121-136.
223. Saari, M., Huhtala, A. and Johansson, G. (1973) Organization of the myelinated nerves in the cat iris. Exp. Eye Res. 17: 275-279.
224. Sallmann, L. von, Fuortes, G. F., Macri, F. J. and Grimes, P. (1958) Study of the afferent electric impulses induced by intraocular pressure changes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 45: 211-220.
225. Sánchez-Vives, M. V. and Belmonte, C. (1990) Effects of peptides on nervous activity of sensory fibers in the iris of the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (Suppl.): 514.
226. Schaible, H.-G. (1992) Nociceptive processes in the spinal cord evoked by acute arthritis. In: Hyperalgesia and Allodynia (W. D. Willis, ed.), pp. 203-219. Raven Press, New York.
227. Schaible, H.-G. and Schmidt, R. (1985) Effect of an experimental arthritis on the sensory properties of fine articular afferent units. J. Neurophysiol. 54: 1109-1122.
228. Schimmelpfennig, B. (1982) Nerve structures in human central corneal epithelium. Graefe's Arch. clin. exp. Ophthalmol. 218: 14-20.
229. Schirmer, K. E. (1963a) Assessment of corneal sensitivity. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 47: 488-492.
230. Schirmer, K. E. (1963b) Corneal sensitivity and contact lenses. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 47: 493-495.
231. Schwartz, D. E. (1974) Corneal sensitivity in diabetics. Arch. Ophthalmol. 91: 174-178.
232. Shigenaga, Y., Chen, I. C., Suemune, S., Nishimori, T., Nasution, I. D., Yoshida, A., Sato, H., Okamoto, T., Sera, M. and Hosoi, M. (1986a) Oral and facial representation within the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horns in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 243: 388-408.
233. Shigenaga, Y., Okamoto, T., Nishimori, T., Suemune, S., Nasution, I. D., Chen, I. C., Tsuru, K., Yoshida, A., Tabuchi, K., Hosoi, M. and Tsuru, H. (1986b) Oral and facial representation in the trigeminal principal and rostral spinal nuclei in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 244: 1-18.
234. Shimizu, T., Izumi, K., Fujita, S., Koja, T., Sorimachi, M., Ohba, N. and Fukuda, T. (1987) Capsaicin-induced corneal lesions in mice and the effects of chemical sympathectomy. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 243: 690-695.
235. Sigelman, S. and Friedenwald, J. S. (1954) Mitotic and wound-healing activities of the corneal epithelium. Arch. Ophthalmol. 52: 46-57.
236. Snider, W. D. (1994) Functions of neurotrophins during nervous system development: what the knockouts are teaching us. Cell 77: 627-638.
237. Snow, P. J., Lumb, B. M. and Cervero, F. (1992) The representation of prolonged and intense, noxious somatic and visceral stimuli in the ventrolateral orbital cortex of the cat. Pain 48: 89-99.
238. Steen, K. H., Reeh, P. W., Anton, F. and Handwerker, H. O. (1992) Protons selectively induce lasting excitation and sensitization to mechanical stimulation of nociceptors in the rat skin. J. Neurosci. 12: 86-95.
239. Stevenson, R. W. and Wilson, W. S. (1974) Drug-induced depletion of acetylcholine in the rabbit corneal epithelium. Biochem. Pharmac. 23: 3449-3457.
240. Stone, R. A., Kuwayama, Y. and Laties, A. M. (1987) Regulatory peptides in the eye. Experientia 43: 791-800.
241. Stone, R. A., Kuwayama, Y., Laties, A. M., McGlinn, A. M. and Schmidt, M. L. (1984) Guinea-pig ocular nerves contain a peptide of the cholecystokinin/gastrin family. Exp. Eye Res. 39: 387-391.
242. Stone, R. A., Kuwayama, Y., Terenghi, G. and Polak, J. M. (1986) Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Occurrence in corneal sensory nerves. Exp. Eye Res. 43: 279-283.
243. Stone, R. A., Laties, M. A. and Brecha, N. C. (1982) Substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in the anterior segment of the rabbit, cat and monkey eye. Neuroscience 7: 2459-2468.
244. Stone, R. A. and McGlinn, A. M. (1988) Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerves in human and rhesus monkey eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29: 305-310.
245. Stone, R. A., McGlinn, A. M. and Kuwayama, Y. (1988) Galanin-like immunoreactive nerves in the porcine eye. Exp. Eye Res. 46: 457-461.
246. Strassman, A. M. and Vos, B. P. (1993) Somatotopic and laminar organization of fos-like immunoreactivity in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn induced by noxious facial stimulation in the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 331: 495-516.
247. Strömberg, I., Björklund, H., Melander, T., Rökaeus, A., Hökfelt, T. and Olson, L. (1987) On the origin and distribution of galanin-positive nerve fibers in the rat iris and choroid membrane. Cell Tiss. Res. 250: 267-275.
248. Sugimoto, T., Takemura, M. and Wakisaka, S. (1988) Cell size analysis of primary neurons innervating the cornea and tooth pulp of the rat. Pain 32: 375-381.
249. Szerenyi, K., Sorken, K., Garbus, J. J., Lee, M. and McDonnell, P. J. (1994) Decrease in human corneal sensitivity with topical diclofenac sodium. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 118: 312-315.
250. Szolcsányi, J., Jancsó-Gábor, A. and Joó, F. (1975) Functional and fine structural characteristics of the sensory neuron blocking effect of capsaicin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac. 287: 157-169.
251. Tamai, Y., Iwamoto, M. and Tsujimoto, T. (1986) Pathway of the blink reflex in the brainstem of the cat: interneurons between the trigeminal nuclei and the facial nucleus. Brain Res. 380: 19-25.
252. Tamm, E. R., Flugel, C., Stefeni, F. H. and Lutjen-Drecoll, E. (1994) Nerve endings with structural characteristics of mechanoreceptors in the human scleral spur. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35: 1157-1166.
253. Tanelian, D. L. (1991) Cholinergic activation of a population of corneal afferent nerves. Exp. Brain Res. 86: 414-420.
254. Tanelian, D. L. and Beuerman, R. W. (1980) Recovery of corneal sensation following hard contact lens wear and the implication for adaptation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 1391-1394.
255. Tanelian, D. L. and Beuerman, R. W. (1984) Responses of rabbit corneal nociceptors to mechanical and thermal stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 84: 165-178.
256. Tanelian, D. L. and MacIver, M. B. (1990) Simultaneous visualization and electrophysiology of corneal A-delta and C fiber afferents. J. Neurosci. Meth. 32: 213-222.
257. Tanelian, D. L. and MacIver, M. B. (1991) Analgesic concentrations of lidocaine suppress tonic A-delta and C fiber discharges produced by acute injury. Anesthesiology 74: 934-936.
258. Terenghi, G., Polak, J. M., Ghatei, M. A., Mulderry, P. K., Butler, J. M., Unger, W. G. and Bloom, S. R. (1985) Distribution and origin of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the sensory innervation of the mammalian eye. J. comp. Neurol. 233: 506-516.
259. Terenghi, G., Zhang, S.-Q., Unger, W. G. and Polak, J. M. (1986) Morphological changes of sensory CGRP-immunoreactive and sympathetic nerves in peripheral tissues following chronic denervation. Histochemistry 86: 89-95.
260. Tervo, K. (1981) Effect of prolonged and neonatal capsaicin treatments on the substance P immunoreactive nerves in the rabbit eye and spinal cord. Acta Ophthalmol. 59: 737-746.
261. Tervo, T. and Palkama, A. (1978a) Innervation of the rabbit cornea. A histochemical and electron-microscopic study. Acta Anat. 102: 164-175.
262. Tervo, T. and Palkama, A. (1978b) Ultrastructure of the corneal nerves after fixation with potassium permanganate. Anat. Rec. 190: 851-860.
263. Tervo, K., Tervo, T., Eränkö, L. and Eränkö, O. (1981) Substance P immunoreactive nerves in the rodent cornea. Neurosci. Lett. 25: 95-97.
264. Tervo, K., Tervo, T., Eränkö, L., Eränkö, O., Valtonen, S. and Cuello, C. (1982a) Effect of sensory and sympathetic denervation on substance P immunoreactivity in nerve fibres of the rabbit eye. Exp. Eye Res. 34: 577-585.
265. Tervo, T., Tervo, K., Eränkö, L., Vannas, A., Cuello, C. and Eränkö, O. (1982b) Substance P-immunoreactive nerves in the human cornea and iris. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 23: 671-674.
266. Tervo, T., Tervo, K., Eränkö, L., Vannas, A., Eränkö, O. and Cuello, C. (1983) Substance P immunoreaction and acetylcholinesterase activity in the cornea and gasserian ganglion. Ophthalmic Res. 15: 280-288.
267. Tervo, T., Vannas, A., Tervo, K. and Holden, B. A. (1985) Histochemical evidence of limited reinnervation of human corneal grafts. Acta Ophthalmol. 63: 207-210.
268. Thatcher, D. B. and Allen, M. W. van. (1971) Corneal reflex latency. Neurology 21: 735-737.
269. Tower, S. (1940) Unit for sensory reception in cornea. With notes on nerve impulses from sclera, iris and lens. J. Neurophysiol. 3: 486-500.
270. Trabucchi, G., Brancato, R., Verdi, M., Carones, F. and Sala, C. (1994) Corneal nerve damage and regeneration after excimer laser photokeratectomy in rabbit eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35: 229-235.
271. Trimarchi, F. (1967) La sensibilité corneale alle variazioni termiche. Ann. Oftal. 93: 592-598.
272. Tsubota, K. and Nakamori, K. (1993) Dry eyes and video display terminals. New Engl. J. Med. 328: 584.
273. Tusscher, M. P. M. ten, Klooster, J. and Vrensen, G. F. J. M. (1988) The innervation of the rabbit's anterior eye segment.: A retrograde tracing study. Exp. Eye Res. 46: 717-730.
274. Tusscher, M. P. M. ten, Klooster, J., Want, J. J. L. van der, Lamers, W. P. M. A. and Vrensen, G. F. J. M. (1989) The allocation of nerve fibers to the anterior eye segment and peripheral ganglia of rats. I. The sensory innervation. Brain Res. 494: 95-104.
275. Unger, W. G. (1989) Mediation of the ocular response to injury and irritation: peptides versus prostaglandins. In: The Ocular Effects of Prostaglandins and other Eicosanoids (L. Z. Bito and J. Stjernschantz, eds), pp. 293-328. Alan R. Liss, New York.
276. Unger, W. G. (1990) Review: Mediation of the ocular response to injury. J. Ocular Pharmac. 6: 337-352.
277. Unger, W. G. and Tighe, J. (1984) The response of the isolated iris sphincter muscle of various mammalian species to substance P. Exp. Eye Res. 39: 667-684.
278. Unger, W. G., Terenghi, G., Zhang, S.-Q. and Polak, J. M. (1988) Alteration in the histochemical presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and CGRP-immunoreactivities in the eye following chronic sympathetic or sensory denervation. Curr. Eye Res. 7: 761-769.
279. Valu, L. and Sallai, S. (1967) Beitrag zur innervation der lederhaut. Albretch v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 172: 180-187.
280. Visser, B. W. O. de, Melchelse, K. and Mengens, P. H. A. (1977) Corneal reflex latency in trigeminal nerve lesions. Neurology 27: 1164-1167.
281. Vrabec, F. (1972) Encapsulated sensory corpuscles in the sclerocorneal boundary tissues of the killer whale Orcinus orca L. Acta Anat. 81: 23-29.
282. Wegner, H., Reeh, P. W., Brehm, S., Kreysel, H. W. and Steen, K. H. (1996) Diltiazem blocks the pH-induced excitation of rat nociceptors together with their mechanical and electrical excitability in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1-10.
283. Weinstein, S., Drozdenko, R. and Weinstein, C. (1992) A new device for corneal esthesiometry: Clinical significance and application. Clin. Eye Vis. Care 4: 123-128.
284. Werf, F. van der (1993) Autonomic and sensory innervation of some orbital structures in the primate. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam.
285. Whitear, M. (1960) An electron microscope study of the cornea in mice, with special reference to the innervation. J. Anat. 94: 387-409.
286. Yokota, T., Koyama, N. and Matsumoto, N. (1985) Somatotopic distribution of trigeminal nociceptive neurons in ventrobasal complex of cat thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 53: 1387-1400.
287. Yokota, T., Koyama, N., Nishikawa, N. and Hasegawa, A. (1991a) Trigeminal nociceptive neurons in the subnucleus reticularis ventralis II. Ascending projection. Neurosci. Res. 11: 18-27.
288. Yokota, T., Koyama, N., Nishikawa, N., Nishida, Y., Hasegawa, A. and Fujino, Y. (1991b) Trigeminal nociceptive neurons in the subnucleus reticularis ventralis. I Response properties and afferent connections. Neurosci. Res. 11: 1-17.
289. Zander, E. and Weddell, G. (1951) Observations on the innervation of the cornea. J. Anat. (Lond.) 85: 68-99.
290. Zelená, J. (1994) Nerves and Mechanoreceptors. The Role of Innervation in the Development and Maintenance of Mammalian Mechanoreceptors. Chapman and Hall, London.
291. Zorab, E. C. (1971) Corneal sensitivity after grafting. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 64: 117-118.
292. Zuazo, A., Ibañez, J. and Belmonte, C. (1986) Sensory nerve responses elicited by experimental ocular hypertension. Exp. Eye Res. 43: 759-769.