Discrimination in an Unequal World

Discrimination in an Unequal World

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-336

  Centeno, Miguel Angel ^a   Newman, Katherine S ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Democratization of inequality; Discrimination; Distribution of opportunity; Globalization; Role playing games; Skills; Social hierarchies; Social relations; Traditional categories; Unequal world

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898890520     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (396)

1. Abramovitz, Moses. 1986. "Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind." Journal of Economic History 46 no. 2 (June): 385-406.
2. Aguero, Jorge M. 2005. "Negative Stereotypes and Willingness to Change Them: Testing Theories of Discrimination." Working paper. Riverside: Department of Economics, University of California, 2005.
3. Aigner, Dennis J. and Glenn G. Cain. 1977. "Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Markets." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30 no. 2 (January): 175-187.
4. Akerlof, George. 1970. "The Market for Lemons; Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism." Quarterly Journal of Economics 8 no. 43 (August): 488-500.
5. Akerlof, George. 1984. An Economic Theorist's Book of Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Akerlof, George. 1997. "Social Distance and Social Decisions." Econometrica 65 no. 5 (September): 1005-28.
7. Akoojee, Salim, and Simon McGrath. 2004. "Assessing the Impact of Globalization on South African Education and Training: A Review of the Evidence so Far." Globalisation, Societies and Education 2 no. 1 (March): 25-45.
8. Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana LaFerrara. 2000. "The Determinants of Trust." Discussion paper. National Bureau of Economic Research. In NBER database, (accessed July 1, 2009).
9. Altman, Miriam, and Marina Mayer. 2003. "Overview of Industrial Policy." In Human Resources Development Review 2003: Education, Employment and Skills in South Africa, edited by Human Sciences Research Council 64-83. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
10. Aranoff, D., and J. Tedeschi. 1968. "Original Stakes and Behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game." Psychonomic Science 12 no. 2: 79-80.
11. Arrow, Kenneth. 1972. "Models of Job Discrimination." In Racial Discrimination in Economic Life, edited by A. H. Pascall. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
12. Arrow, Kenneth. 1973. "The Theory of Discrimination." In Discrimination in Labour Markets, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and Albert Reeds 3-33. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
13. Arrow, Kenneth. 1998. "What Has Economics to Say about Racial Discrimination?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 no. 2 (Spring): 91-100.
14. Ashraf, Nava, Iris Bohnet, and Nikita Piankov. 2004. "Is Trust a Bad Investment?" Working paper RWP03-047, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. In KSG Working Paper Series database, (accessed July 1, 2009).
15. Ayres, Ian, and Peter Siegelman. 1995. "Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car." American Economic Review 85 no. 3 (June): 304-21.
16. Azevedo, Thales de. 1996. As Elites de Cor numa Cidade Brasileira: Um Estudo de Ascensão Social, Classes Sociais e Grupos de Prestígio. Salvador: Edufba.
17. Banaji, Mahzarin R., Curtis Hardin, and Alexander J. Rothman. 1993. "Implicit Stereotyping in Person Judgment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 no. 2: 272-81.
18. Banerjee, Abhijit, Sebastian Galiani, Jim Levinsohn, Zoë McLaren, and Ingrid Woolard. 2006. "Why Has Unemployment Risen in the New South Africa?" Working Paper no. 134, Centre for International Development, Harvard University.
19. Banerjee, B., and J. B. Knight. 1985. "Caste Discrimination in the Indian Urban Labour Market." Journal of Development Economics 17 no. 3: 277-307.
20. Bardhan, Pranab. 2006. "Globalization and the Limits to Poverty Alleviation." In Globalization and Egalitarian Redistribution, edited by Pranab Bardhan, Samuel Bowles, and Michael Wallerstein, ch. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Becker, Gary. 1962. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Becker, Gary. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23. Bendick, Marc Jr., Lauren Brown, and Kennington Wall. 1999. "No Foot in the Door: An Experimental Study of Employment Discrimination against Older Workers." Journal of Aging and Social Policy 10 no. 4: 5-23.
24. Bendick, Marc Jr., Charles Jackson, and Victor Reinoso. 1994. "Measuring Employment Discrimination Through Controlled Experiments." Review of Black Political Economy 23: 25-48.
25. Berg, Joyce, John Dickhaut, and Kevin McCabe. 1995. "Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History." Games and Economic Behaviour 10 no. 1 (July): 122-42.
26. Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review 94 no. 4: 991-1013.
27. Bickford-Smith, Vivian, Elizabeth van Heyningen, and Nigel Worden. 1999. Cape Town in the Twentieth Century. Cape Town: David Philip.
28. Blank, Rebecca M., Marilyn Dabady, and Constance F. Citro. 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
29. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. 2003. "Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap." Journal of Labor Economics 21 no. 1 (January): 106-44.
30. Blauner, Robert. 1972. Racial Oppression in America. New York: Harper & Row.
31. Blinder, A. S. 1973. "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates." Journal of Human Resources 8: 436-55.
32. Bobo, Lawrence, James Kluegel, and Ryan Smith. 1997. "Laissez-Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a 'Kinder, Gentler' Anti-Black Ideology." In Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, eds. Steven A. Tuch and Jack K. Martin. Westport, CT: Praeger.
33. Bodenhausen, Galen. 1988. "Stereotypic Biases in Social Decision Making and Memory: Testing Process Models of Stereotype Use." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55: 726-37.
34. Bogardus, Emory. 1947. "Changes in Racial Distances." International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research 1: 55-62.
35. Bohnet, Iris, and Bruno Frey. "Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behaviour in Dictator Games: Comment." American Economic Review 89 no. 1 (March): 335-39.
36. Bolton, Gary E., and Elena Katok. "An Experimental Test for Gender Differences in Beneficent Behaviour." Economic Letters 48 no. 3-4 (June): 287-92.
37. Bouckaert, Jan, and Geert Dhaene. 2004. "Inter-Ethnic Trust and Reciprocity: Results from an Experiment with Small Businessmen." European Journal of Political Economy 20 no. 4 (November): 869-86.
38. Bourdieu, P. 1985. "The Forms of Capital." In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John Richardson 241-58. New York: Greenwood.
39. Bourdieu, P., and J.-C. Passeron. 1973. "Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction." In Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change, edited by Richard K. Brown 71-112. London: Tavistock.
40. Bowles, Samuel. 2006. "Egalitarian Redistribution in Globally Integrated Economies." In Globalization and Egalitarian Redistribution, edited by Pranab Bardhan, Samuel Bowles, and Michael Wallerstein, ch. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Bowles, Samuel, and Ugo Pagano. 2006. "Economic Integration, Cultural Standardization, and the Politics of Social Insurance." In Globalization and Egalitarian Redistribution, edited by Pranab Bardhan, Samuel Bowles, and Michael Wallerstein, ch. 11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Breen, Richard. 1994. "Individual Level Models for Mobility Tables and Other Cross-Classifications." Sociological Methods and Research 23 no. 2: 147-73.
43. Breen, Richard. 1996. Regression Models: Censored, Sample Selected, or Truncated Data. Sage University Paper no. 111. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
44. Brewer, M. B., and R. M. Kramer. 1986. "Choice Behaviour in Social Dilemmas: Effects of Social Identity, Group Size, and Decision Framing." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50: 593-604.
45. Brinton, Mary C. 1993. Women and Economic Miracle: Gender and Work in Postwar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
46. Brown, Colin, and Pat Gay. 1985. Racial Discrimination 17 Years after the Act. London: Policy Studies Institute.
47. Brown, R. S., M. Moon, and B. S. Zoloth. 1980. "Incorporating Occupational Attainment in Studies of Male/Female Earnings Differentials." Journal of Human Resources 15: 3-28.
48. Bunting, I. 2002a. "The Higher Education Landscape under Apartheid." In Transformation in Higher Education: Global Pressures and Local Realities in South Africa, edited by N. Cloete, R. Fehnel, P. Maassen, T. Moja, H. Perold, and T. Gibbon, 58-86. Landsdowne, Cape: Juta.
49. Bunting, I. 2002b. "Students." In Transformation in Higher Education: Global Pressures and Local Realities in South Africa, edited by N. Cloete, R. Fehnel, P. Maassen, T. Moja, H. Perold, and T. Gibbon, 147-70. Landsdowne, Cape: Juta.
50. Burns, Justine. 2006. "Racial Stereotypes, Stigma and Trust in Post-apartheid South Africa." Economic Modelling 23 no. 5 (September): 805-21.
51. Burns, Justine. 2008. "Inequality Aversion and Group Identity in a Segmented Society." Mimeo. University of Cape Town.
52. Buss, David M. 1999. Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
53. Caillaux, E. L. 1994. "Cor e Mobilidade Social no Brasil." Estudos Afro-Asiáticos no. 26: 53-66.
54. Camerer, Colin. 1997. "Individual Decision Making." In The Handbook of Experimental Economics, edited by John Kagel and Alvin Roth 587-704. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. Camerer, Colin. 2002. Behavioural Game Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
56. Cameron, Steven, and James Heckman. "Life Cycle Schooling and Dynamic Selection Bias: Models and Evidence for Five Cohorts of American Males." Journal of Political Economy 106 no. 2 (April): 262-333.
57. Cancio, A. Silvia, T. David Evans, and David J. Maume, Jr. 1996. "The Declining Significance of Race Reconsidered." American Sociological Review 61: 541-56.
58. Cardoso, Fernando H., and O. Ianni. 1960. Cor e Mobilidade Social em Florianópolis: Aspectos das Relações entre Negros e Brancos numa Comunidade do Brasil Meridional. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional (Coleção Brasiliana, vol. 307).
59. Carmichael, Stokely, and Charles Hamilton. 1967. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
60. Carpenter, J. 2002. "Measuring Social Capital: Adding Field Experimental Methods to the Analytical Toolbox." In Social Capital and Economic Development: Well Being in Developing Countries, edited by Jonathan Isham, Thomas Kelly, and Sunder Ramaswamy. Cheltenham, UK: Biddles.
61. Carr, Deborah, and Michael A. Friedman. 2005. "Is Obesity Stigmatizing? Body Weight, Perceived Discrimination, and Psychological Well-Being in the United States." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46: 244-59.
62. Carter, M. R., and M. Castillo. 2003. "An Experimental Approach to Social Capital in South Africa." Staff Paper Series 448, University of Wisconsin, Agricultural and Applied Economics.
63. Carter, Stephen. 2005. Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby. New York: Basic Books.
64. Carvalho, A. P., and M. C. Neri. 2000. "Mobilidade Ocupacional e Raça: Origens, Destinos e Riscos dos Afro-Brasileiros." Ensaios Econômicos, no. 392, EPGE/Fundação Getulio Vargas Editora.
65. Chandra, Kanchan. 2003. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Chaudhuri, A., and L. Gangadharan. 2002. "Gender Differences in Trust and Reciprocity. Paper presented at the AEA meetings, Atlanta, GA, January.
67. Choi, Minsik. 2006. "Threat Effects of Capital Mobility on Wage Bargaining." In Globalization and Egalitarian Redistribution, edited by Pranab Bardhan, Samuel Bowles, and Michael Wallerstein, ch. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68. Christopher, A. J. 2005. "Further Progress in the Desegregation of South African Towns and Cities, 1996-2001." Development Southern Africa 22 no. 2 (June): 267-76.
69. Coate, Steven, and Glenn Loury. 1993. "Will Affirmative Action Policies Eliminate Negative Stereotypes?" American Economic Review 83 no. 5 (December): 1220-40.
70. Cohen, Daniel. 2005. Globalization and Its Enemies. Boston: MIT Press.
71. Cohen, Samuel. 1985. The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
72. Collins, Randall. 1979. Credential Society: A Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: Academic Press.
73. Conley, Dalton. 1999. Being Black: Living in the Red: Race, Wealth and Social Policy in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
74. Cornell, Bradford, and Ivo Welch. 1996. "Culture, Information, and Screening Discrimination." Journal of Political Economy 104 no. 3 (June): 542-71.
75. Corrigan, Patrick, Vetta Thompson, David Lambert, et al. 2003. "Perceptions of Discrimination among Persons with Serious Mental Illness." Psychiatric Services 54 no. 8: 1105-10.
76. Cosser, M. 2009. Studying Ambitions: Pathways from Grade 12 and the Factors That Shape Them. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
77. Cosser, M., with du Toit, J. 2002. From School to Higher Education? Factors Affecting the Choices of Grade 12 Learners. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
78. Cosser, M., with Sehlola. 2009. Thwarted Ambitions: Grade 12 Learner Destinations One Year On. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
79. Costa Pinto, L. 1952. O Negro no Rio de Janeiro: Relações de Raça numa Sociedade em Mudança. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
80. Costa Ribeiro, Carlos Antonio. 2010. Estrutura de Classe e Mobilidade Social no Brasil. Bauru: Edusc.
81. Cotton, C. J. 1988. "On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials." Review of Economics and Statistics 70: 236-43.
82. Cox, J. 2002. "Trust, Reciprocity, and Other Regarding Preferences: Groups vs. Individuals and Males vs. Females." In Advances in Experimental Business Research, edited by Rami Zwick and A. Rapoport 331-50. Boston: Kluwer.
83. Cragg, J.C. 1971. "Some Statistical Models for Limited Dependent Variables." Econometrica 39: 829-44.
84. Crosby, Faye J. 1982. Relative Deprivation and Working Women. New York: Oxford University Press.
85. Crosby, Faye J. 1984. "The Denial of Personal Discrimination." American Behavioral Scientist 27 no. 3: 371-86.
86. Croson, Rachel, and Nancy Buchan. 1999. "Gender and Culture: International Experimental Evidence from Trust Games." American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 89 no. 2: 386-91.
87. Cross, Harry, Genevieve Kenney, Jane Mell, and Wendy Zimmerman. 1990. Employer Hiring Practices: Differential Treatment of Hispanic and Anglo Job Seekers. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1990.
88. Daniel, William Wentworth. 1968. Racial Discrimination in England. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
89. Darity, William, and Ashwini Deshpande. 2003. Boundaries of Clan and Color. New York: Routledge.
90. Darity, William, and Patrick Mason. 1998. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 no. 2 (Spring): 63-90.
91. DeParle, Jason. 2007. "A Good Provider Is Someone Who Leaves." New York Times Magazine, April 22.
92. Deshpande, Ashwini. 2005. "Do Markets Discriminate? Some Insights from Economic Theories." In Reservation and the Private Sector, edited by Sukhadeo Thorat, Aryma, and Prasant Negi. New Delhi: Ramat Publishers.
93. DiPrete, Thomas, and David Grusky. 1990. "Structure and Trend in the Process of Stratification for American Men and Women." American Journal of Sociology 96: 107-43.
94. Domina, Thurston. 2006. "Brain Drain and Brain Gain: Rising Educational Segregation in the United States 1940-2000." City and Community 5 no. 4: 387-407.
95. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A.C. McClurg.
96. Dudley-Jenkins, Laura. 2003. Identity and Identification in India: Defining the Disadvantaged. New York: Routledge.
97. Dufwenberg, Martin, and Astri Muren. 2002. "Discrimination by Gender and Social Distance." Discussion paper, Department of Economics, Stockholm University.
98. Duraisamy, P. 2002. "Changes in the Returns to Education in India, 1983-94: By Gender, Age-Cohort and Location." Economics of Education Review 21 no. 6: 609-22.
99. Dutta, P. V. 2004. "Structure of Wages in India, 1983-1999." Working paper no. 25, Poverty Research Unit, University of Sussex. In PRUS database, (accessed July 1, 2009).
100. Eckel, Catherine, and Philip Grossman. 1996. "Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games." Games and Economic Behaviour 16 no. 2 (October): 181-91.
101. Eckel, Catherine, and Philip Grossman. 1998. "Are Women Less Selfish Than Men? Evidence from Dictator Experiments." Economic Journal 108 no. 448 (May): 726-35.
102. Eckel, Catherine, and R. Wilson. 2003. "Conditional Trust: Sex, Race and Facial Expressions in a Trust Game." Discussion paper, Virginia Tech and Rice University.
103. Elliot, James. 2001. "Referral Hiring and Ethnically Homogeneous Jobs." Social Science Research 30: 401-25.
104. Erickson, Robert, and John Goldthorpe. 1993. The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Nations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
105. Ermisch, John F., and Robert E. Wright. "Wage Offers and Full-Time and Part-Time Employment by British Women." Journal of Human Resources 28 no. 1: 111-33.
106. Fanon, Frantz. 1952. Peau Noire, Masques Blancs. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
107. Farkas, George. 2003. "Cognitive Skills and Noncognitive Traits and Behaviors in Stratification Processes." Annual Review of Sociology 29: 541-62.
108. Fazio, Russell H., and Michael A. Olson. 2003. "Implicit Measures in Social Cognition: Their Meaning and Use." Annual Review of Psychology 54: 297.
109. Feagin, Joe R., and Melvin P. Sikes. 1994. Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience. Boston: Beacon Press.
110. Fehr, Ernst, and Georg Kirchsteiger. 1997. "Reciprocity as a Contract Enforcement Device: Experimental Evidence." Econometrica 65: 833-60.
111. Fehr, Ernst, Georg Kirchsteiger, and Arno Riedel. 1993. "Does Fairness Prevent Market Clearing? An Experimental Investigation." Quarterly Journal of Economics 108: 437-60.
112. Fernandes, D. 2005. "Estratificação Educacional, Origem Socioeconômica e Raça no Brasil: As Barreiras de Cor." Prêmio IPEA 40 Anos-IPEA-CAIXA 2004 (Monografias Premiadas), Brasília, IPEA.
113. Fernandes, Florestan. 1965. A Integração do Negro na Sociedade de Classes. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
114. Fernandez, Roberto, and Celina Su. 2004. "Space in the Study of Labor Markets." Annual Review of Sociology 30: 545-69.
115. Fershtman, Chaim, and Uri Gneezy. 2001. "Discrimination in a Segmented Society: An Experimental Approach." Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 351-77.
116. Fershtman, Chaim, Uri Gneezy, and F. Verboven. 2002. "Discrimination and Nepotism: The Efficiency of the Anonymity Rule." Discussion paper, Eitan Berglas School of Economics, Tel Aviv University.
117. Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
118. Fiske, Susan. 1998. "Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination." In The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by Daniel Gilbert, Susan Fiske, and Gardner Lindzay. New York: Oxford University Press.
119. Fix, Michael, George Galster, and Raymond Struyk, eds. 1993. Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
120. Foote, Daniel H. 1996. "Judicial Creation of Norms in Japanese Labor Law: Activism in the Service of-Stability?" UCLA Law Review 43 no. 3: 635-709.
121. Forsythe, Robert, Joel Horowitz, N. Savin, and Martin Seftin. 1994. "Fairness in Simple Bargaining Experiments." Games and Economic Behaviour 6: 347-69.
122. Foster, Andrew D., and Mark R. Rosenzweig. 1996. "Technical Change and Human-Capital Returns and Investments: Evidence from the Green Revolution." American Economic Review 86 no. 4 (September): 931-53.
123. Frohlich, Norman, and Joe Oppenheimer. 1984. "Beyond Economic Man." Journal of Conflict Resolution 28 no.1: 3-24.
124. Fryer, Ronald G. Jr., and Steven D. Levitt. 2004. "The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names." Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 no. 3 (August): 767-805.
125. Fryer, Roland G. Jr., and Glenn C. Loury. 2005. "Affirmative Action and Its Mythology." Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 no. 3: 147-62.
126. Ganzeboom, Harry, and Donald Treiman. 1996. "Internationally Comparable Measures of Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations." Social Science Research 25 no. 3: 201-39.
127. Gibson, James L. 2004. Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation?. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
128. Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2003. Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
129. Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
130. Gillborn, D. 1999. "Race, Nation and Education: New Labour and the New Racism." In Education Policy and Contemporary Politic, edited by Jack Demaine 82-102. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
131. Glaeser, Edward, David Laibson, José Scheinkman, and Christine L. Soutter. 2000. "Measuring Trust." Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 no. 3: 811-46.
132. Goff, Philip Atiba. 2005. "The Space between Us: Stereotype Threat for Whites in Interracial Domains." Doctoral dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology, Stanford University.
133. Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.
134. Goldin, Claudia. 1990. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press.
135. Goodman, Leo, and M. Hout. 1998. "Statistical Methods and Graphical Displays for Analyzing How the Association between Two Qualitative Variables Differs among Countries, among Groups or Over Time: A Modified Regression-Type Approach." Sociological Methodology 28: 175-230.
136. Government of India, Prime Minister's Office. 2006. Social, Economic, and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India. New Dehli.
137. Granovetter, Mark. 1974. Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
138. Greenhalgh, C. 1980. "Male-Female Differentials in Great Britain: Is Marriage an Equal Opportunity?" Economic Journal 90: 751-75.
139. Gunderson, Morley. 1989. "Male-Female Wage Differentials and Policy Responses." Journal of Economic Literature 27 no. 1 (March): 46-117.
140. Hakim, Catherine. 1996. Key Issues in Women's Work: Female Heterogeneity and the Polarisation of Women's Employment. London: Athlone.
141. Hakken, Jon. 1979. Discrimination against Chicanos in the Dallas Rental Housing Market: An Experimental Extension of the Housing Market Practices Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
142. Harbough, William T., Kate Krause, and Lise Vesterlund. 2002. "Risk Attitudes of Children and Adults." Experimental Economics 5: 53-84.
143. Hasenbalg, Carlos. 1979. Discriminação e Desigualdades Raciais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
144. Hasenbalg, Carlos. 1988. "Raça e Mobilidade Social." In Estrutura Social, Mobilidade e Raça, edited by C. Hasenbalg and Nelson do Valle Silva. Rio de Janeiro: Iuperj/Vértice.
145. Hasenbalg, Carlos, and Nelson do Valle Silva, eds. 1988. Estrutura Social, Mobilidade e Raça. Rio de Janeiro: Iuperj/Vértice.
146. Hasenbalg, Carlos, and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1992. Relações Raciais no Brasil Contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo Editora.
147. Hasenbalg, Carlos, and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1999a. "Educação e Diferenças Raciais na Mobilidade Ocupacional no Brasil." In Cor e Estratificação Social, edited by Carlos Hasenbalg, N. V. Silva, and M. Lima. Rio de Janeiro: Contracapa.
148. Hasenbalg, Carlos, and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1999b. "Race, Schooling and Social Mobility in Brazil." Ciência e Cultura 51 (1999): 457-63.
149. Hasenbalg, Carlos, Márcia Lima, and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1999. Cor e Estratificação Social. Rio de Janeiro: Contracapa.
150. Hara, Junsuke, and Kazuo Seiyama. 1999. Inequality amid Affluence: Social Stratification in Japan. Reprint, Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2005.
151. Harbaugh, William, Kate Krause, and Steven Liday. 2003. "Bargaining by Children." Working paper, University of Oregon.
152. Harbaugh, William, Kate Krause, Steven Liday, and L. Vesterlund. 2002. "Trust in Children." Working paper, University of Oregon.
153. Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Judson Mills, eds. 1999. Cognitive Dissonance: Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
154. Harvey, J. 2001. "The Trust Paradox: A Survey of Economic Inquiries into the Nature of Trust and Trustworthiness." Mimeo. University of Missouri.
155. Hawley, Joshua D. 2004. "Changing Returns to Education in Times of Prosperity and Crisis, Thailand 1985-1998." Economics of Education Review 23 no. 3: 273-86.
156. Heckman, James J. 1998. "Detecting Discrimination." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 no. 2: 101-16.
157. Heckman, James, and Peter Siegelman. 1993. "The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Methods and Findings." In Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America, edited by Michael Fix and Raymond J. Struyk 187-258. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
158. Held, David, Anthony McGraw, David Goldblatt, and Jonathan Perraton. 1999. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Chicago: Stanford University Press.
159. Hendrickx, J. 2000. "Special Restriction in Multinomial Logistic Regression." Stata Technical Bulletin no. 56: 18-26.
160. Henriques, Ricardo. 2001. "Desigualdade Racial no Brasil: Evolução das Condições de Vida na Década de 90." Texto para Discussão, no. 807, Ipea.
161. Higuchi, Yoshio. 1991. "Joshi no gakurekibetsu syuugyou keireki to chingin kouzou" [Female Wage Structure and Work History across Education]. In Nihon keizai to syugyou Koudou [Japanese Economy and Labor Participation], ch. 8. Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shiposha.
162. Hills, John, Julian Le Grand, and David Piachaud. 2002. Understanding Social Exclusion. New York: Oxford University Press.
163. Hoff, K., and P. Pandey. 2003. "Why Are Social Inequalities So Durable? An Experimental Test of the Effects of Indian Caste on Performance." Discussion paper, World Bank and Pennsylvania State University.
164. Hoffman, Elizabeth, Kevin McCabe, Keith Shachat, and Vernon Smith. 1996. "Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behaviour in Dictator Games." American Economic Review 86: 653-60.
165. Hoffman, Elizabeth, Kevin McCabe, Keith Shachat, and Vernon Smith. 2004. "Preference, Property Rights and Anonymity in Bargaining Games." Games and Economic Behaviour 7: 346-80.
166. Holzer, Harry. 1999. What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
167. Hook, J. and T.D. Cook. 1975. "Equity Theory and the Cognitive Ability of Children." Psychological Bulletin 86: 429-45.
168. Horvath, Francis W. 1982. "Forgotten Unemployment: Recall Bias in Retrospective Data." Monthly Labor Review 105 no. 3: 40-44.
169. Hossler, D., Braxton, J. M., and Coopersmith, G. 1989. "Understanding Student College Choice." In Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, edited by J. C. Smart, vol. 5. New York: Agathon Press.
170. Houseman, Susan N., and Katharine G. Abraham. 1993. "Female Workers as a Buffer in the Japanese Economy." American Economic Review 83 no. 2: 45-51.
171. Indian Labour Bureau. Various years. Indian Labour Statistics. Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour, Government of India.
172. Jacobsen, Joyce P. 1998. The Economics of Gender. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Blackwell.
173. Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 2002-2006 (every year). Annual Report on the Basic School Survey [Gakko kihon chosa hokokusho].
174. Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. 1956-2001 (every year). Annual Report on the Basic School Survey [Gakko kihon chosa hokokusho].
175. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Basic Survey on Wage Structure.
176. Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau. Labour Force Survey.
177. Jencks, Christopher, and Meredith Phillips. 1998. The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
178. Jodhka, Surinder S. 2002. Community and Identities: Contemporary Discourses on Culture and Politics in India. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
179. Jodhka, Surinder, and Katherine Newman. In press. "In the Name of Globalization: Meritocracy, Productivity and the Hidden Language Of Caste in the Employment Process." In Blocked by Caste, eds. Katherine Newman and Sukhadeo Thorat. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
180. Johnes, Geraint, and Yasuhide Tanaka. 2008. "Changes in Gender Wage Discrimination in the 1990s: A Tale of Three Very Different Economies." Japan and the World Economy 20 no. 1: 97-113.
181. Jones, James. 1972. Prejudice and Racism. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
182. Jowell, R., and Prescott-Clarke, P. 1970. "Racial Discrimination and White-Collar Workers in Britain." Race 11: 397-417.
183. Kallaway, Peter. 2002. The History of Education under Apartheid 1948-1994. New York: Peter Lewis.
184. Kanter, Rosabeth. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
185. Kawashima, Yoko, and Toshiaki Tachibanaki. 1986. "The Effect of Discrimination and of Industry Segmentation on Japanese Wage Differentials in Relation to Education." International Journal of Industrial Organization 4: 43-68.
186. Keio University. Japan Household Panel Survey.
187. Kessler, Ronald C., Kristin D. Mickelson, and David R. Williams. 1990. "The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40 no. 3: 208-30.
188. Kijima, Yoko. 2006. "Why Did Wage Inequality Increase? Evidence from Urban India 1983-89." Journal of Development Economics 81: 91-117.
189. Kimura, Kunihiro. 2000. "Rodo shijo no kozo to yuhaigu josei no ishiki" [Structure of Labor Market and Social Consciousness of Married Women in Japan]. In Jenda, shijo, kazoku (Nihon no kaiso shisutemu 4) [Gender, Market, and Family (Stratification System in Japan 4)], edited by Kazuo eiyama, 177-92. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
190. Kimura, Kunihiro. 2007. "Education, Employment and Gender Ideology." In Gender and Career in Japan, edited by Atsuko Suzuki 84-109. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.
191. Kimura, Masakazu. 2005. "KHPS no Hyouhon tokusei, Kaitousya tokusei" [Sample Characteristics of KHPS]." In Dynamism of Japanese Household 1 [Nihonnno Kakeikoudouno Dainamizumu], edited byYoshio Higuchi, ch. 1. Tokyo: Keio University Press.
192. Kinder, Donald R., and David O. Sears. 1981. "Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40: 414-31.
193. King, Kenneth, and McGrath, Simon. 2002. Globalization, Enterprise and Knowledge. Oxford: Symposium Books.
194. Kingdon, G. G. 1998. "Does the Labour Market Explain Lower Female Schooling in India?" Journal of Development Studies 35 no. 1: 39-65.
195. Kirshenmann, Joleen, and Kathryn Neckerman. 1991. "'We'd Love to Hire Them, But ... ': The Meaning of Race for Employers." In The Urban Underclass, edited by Christopher Jencks and Paul Peterson 203-34. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
196. Knowles, L. L., and Kenneth Prewitt, eds. 1969. Institutional Racism in America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
197. Kraak, A. 2003. "HRD and the Skills Crisis." In Human Resources Development Review 2003: Education, Employment and Skills in South Africa, edited by Human Sciences Research Council 660-87. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
198. Kramer, Roderick M. 1999. "Trust and Distrust in Organisations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions." Annual Review of Psychology 50: 569-98.
199. Kutner, Bernard, Carol Wilkins, and Penny Rechtman Yarrow. 1952. "Verbal Attitudes and Overt Behavior Involving Racial Prejudice." Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 47: 649-52.
200. Lackshmanasamy, T., and S. Mahdeswaran. 1995. "Caste Discrimination: Evidence from Indian Scientific and Technical Labour Market." Indian Journal of Social Sciences 8 no. 1: 59-77.
201. Lahey, Joanna. 2005. "Age, Women, and Hiring: An Experimental Study." Working paper 11435, National Bureau of Economic Research.
202. LaPiere, Richard T. 1934. "Attitudes vs. Actions." Social Forces 13: 230-37.
203. Lareau, Annette. 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Race, Class, and Family Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
204. Leibbrandt, M., L. Poswell, P. Naidoo, and M. Welch. 2006. "Measuring Recent Changes in South African Inequality and Poverty Using 1996 and 2001 Census Data." In Poverty and Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa, edited by Haroon Bhorat and Ravi Kanbur. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press.
205. Logan, J. A. 1983. "A Multivariate Model for Mobility Tables." American Journal of Sociology 89 no. 2: 324-49.
206. Loury, Glenn. 2002. The Anatomy of Racial Inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
207. Madheswaran, S. 1996. "Econometric Analyses of Labour Market for Scientists in India." PhD dissertation, University of Madras.
208. Madheswaran, S. 2004. "Caste Discrimination in the Indian Labour Market: An Econometric Analysis." Mimeo. Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.
209. Manning, Patrick. 2005. Migration in World History. New York: Routledge.
210. Mansbridge, J. 1999. "Altruistic Trust." In Democracy and Trust, edited by Mark E. Warren 290-309. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
211. Marais, Hein. 1998. South Africa: Limits to Change. London: Zed Books.
212. Mare, Robert. 1980. "Social Background and School Continuation Decisions." Journal of the American Statistical Association 75 (June): 295-305.
213. Mare, Robert. 1981. "Change and Stability in Educational Stratification." American Sociological Review 46: 72-87.
214. Marwell, Gerald, and Ruth E. Ames. 1981. "Economists Free Ride, Does Anyone Else?" Journal of Public Economics 15 no. 3: 295-310.
215. Massey, Douglas S. 2007. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage.
216. Massey, Douglas, and Nancy Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
217. Massey, Douglas, and Garvey Lundy. 2001. "The Use of Black English and Racial Discrimination in Urban Labor Markets: New Methods and Findings." Urban Affairs Review 36: 452-69.
218. Matsuura, Katsumi, and Yukiko Shigeno. 2005. "Daitoshikenni okeru ikujito josei no shugyo" ["Female Childbearing and Labor Participation in Metropolitan Area]. Kaikei kensa kenkyu [Government Auditing Review] 32: 181-213.
219. McConahey, J. B. 1986. "Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale." In Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, edited by John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner. Orlando: Academic Press.
220. Mead, Lawrence. 2001. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Free Press.
221. Mendelsohn, Oliver, and Marika Vicziany. 1998. The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty, and the State in Modern India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
222. Merton, Robert K. 1949. Social Theory and Social Structure. Reprint, enlarged ed., New York: Free Press, 1968.
223. Messick, D., and M. Brewer. 1983. "Solving Social Dilemmas: A Review." In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 4, edited by L. Wheeler 11-44. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
224. Meth, Charles. 2004. "Ideology and Social Policy: 'Handouts' and the Spectre of 'Dependency.'" Transformation 56: 1-30.
225. Mincer, Jacob. 1974. Schooling, Experience and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
226. Mincer, Jacob. 1985. "Inter-country Comparisons of Labor Force Trends and of Related Developments: An Overview." Journal of Labor Economics 3 no. 1: 1-32.
227. Mincer, Jacob, and Yoshio Higuchi. 1988. "Wage Structures and Labor Turnover in the United States and Japan." Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 2: 97-133.
228. Mincer, Jacob, and Haim Ofek. 1982. "Interrupted Work Careers: Depreciation and Restoration of Human Capital." Journal of Human Resources 17: 3-24.
229. Mitchell, Gregory, and Philip E. Tetlock. 2006. "Antidiscrimination Law and the Perils of Mindreading." Ohio State Law Journal 67: 1023-1121.
230. Miyoshi, Koyo. 2008. "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Japan." Japan and the World Economy 20 no. 4: 479-96.
231. Moely, B. E., and Skarin, K. W. S. 1979. "Sex-Differences in Competition-Cooperation Behaviour of Children at Two Age Levels." Sex Roles 5 no. 3: 329-42.
232. Mohanty, Mritiunjoy. 2006. "Social Inequality, Labour Market Dynamics and the Need for Expanding Reservations." Economic and Political Weekly 41 no. 35 (September 2).
233. Moleke, P. 2005. Finding Work: Employment Experiences of South African Graduates. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
234. Moll, P. 1992. "The Decline of Discrimination against Coloured People in South Africa, 1970-1980." Journal of Development Economics 37: 289-307.
235. Moll, P. 1995. "Discrimination Is Declining in South Africa, but Inequality Is Not." Mimeo. Chicago: University of Chicago.
236. Morgan, Stephen L. 1996. "Trends in Black-White Differences in Educational Expectations, 1980-1992." Sociology of Education 69: 308-19.
237. Morgan, Stephen L. 2005. On the Edge of Commitment. Educational Attainment and Race in the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
238. Moss, Philip, and Chris Tilly. 1996. "'Soft Skills' and Race: An Investigation of Black Men's Employment Problems." Work and Occupations 23: 256-76.
239. Moss, Philip, and Chris Tilly. 2001. Stories Employers Tell: Race, Skill, and Hiring in America. New York: Russell Sage Press.
240. Murray, Charles. 1994. Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980. New York: Basic Books.
241. Nagase, Nobuko. 2003. "Danjokan oyobi syuugyou keitai kanno chingin kouzou to chingin kakusa no suikei" [Wage Differentials between Males and Females, or among Work Status]. In Hitennkeikoyouroudousyano Tayouna Syuugyoukeitai [Various Work Status of Non-regular Workers], ch. 6. Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training.
242. National Research Council. 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
243. National Sample Survey Organisation. 2001a. Differences in Level of Consumption among Socio-economic Groups, 1999-2000. NSS Report no. 472. New Delhi: Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
244. National Sample Survey Organisation. 2001b. Employment and Unemployment among Social Groups in India, 1999-2000. NSS Report no. 469. New Delhi: Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
245. National Sample Survey Organisation. 2001c. Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, NSS 55th Round, 1999-2000-Part I. New Delhi: Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
246. National Sample Survey Organisation. 2001d. Literacy and Levels of Education in India, 1999-2000. NSS Report no. 473. New Delhi: Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
247. Nattrass, Nicoli. 2006. "Trading Off Income and Health: AIDS and the Disability Grant in South Africa." Journal of Social Policy 35 no. 1 (January): 3-19.
248. Neuman, Soshana, and Ronald Oaxaca. 2004. "Wage Decompositions with Selectivity-Corrected Wage Equations: A Methodological Note." Journal of Economic Inequality 2: 3-10.
249. Neumark, David. 1988. "Employers' Discriminatory Behaviour and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination." Journal of Human Resources 23: 279-95.
250. Neumark, David. 1996. "Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study." Quarterly Journal of Economics 111: 915-41.
251. Newell, A., and B. Reilly. 1999. "Rates of Return to Educational Qualifications in the Transitional Economies." Education Economics 7 no. 1: 67-84.
252. Newman, Katherine. 1999. No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York: Random House.
253. Nicolaou, K. 2001. "The Link between Macroeconomic Policies, Education Policies and the Education Budget." In Education and Equity: The Impact of State Policies on South African Education, edited by Enver Motala and John Pampallis 53-104. Sandown, South Africa: Heinemann.
254. Nogueira, Oracy. 1998. Preconceito de Marca: As Relações Raciais em Itapetininga. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: EDUSP.
255. Nowell, C., and Tinkler, S. 1994. "The Influence of Gender on the Provision of a Public Good." Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation 25 no. 1: 25-36.
256. Oaxaca, R. L. 1973. "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets." International Economic Review 14 no. 3: 693-709.
257. Oaxaca, R. L., and M. R. Ransom. 1994. "On Discrimination and the Decomposition of Wage Differentials." Journal of Econometrics 61: 5-21.
258. OECD, ed. 2002. Employment Outlook. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
259. OECD. 2006. OECD Economic Surveys: Japan. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
260. Ohashi, Isao. 2005. "Wages, Hours of Work and Job Satisfaction of Retirement-Age Workers." Japanese Economic Review 56 no. 2: 188-209.
261. Oliveira, L. E. G., R. M. Porcaro, and T. C. N. A. Costa. 1983. O Lugar do Negro na Força de Trabalho. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.
262. Oliver, Melvin, and Thomas Shapiro. 1997. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Inequality. Reprint, New York: Routledge, 2006.
263. Orbell, J., R. Dawes, and P. Schwartz-Shea. 1994. "Trust, Social Categories, and Individuals: The Case of Gender." Motivation and Emotion 18 no. 2: 109-28.
264. Orbell, J., A. van de Kragt, and R. Dawes. 1988. "Explaining Discussion Induced Cooperation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 545: 811-19.
265. Ortmann, A., and L. Tichy. 1999. "Gender Effects in the Laboratory: Evidence from Prisoners' Dilemma Games." Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation 39 no. 3: 327-39.
266. Osório, Rafael G. 2003. "Mobilidade Social sob a Perspectiva da Distribuição de Renda." Master's thesis, Departamento de Sociologia, UnB.
267. Ott, Bryant, Nikki Blacksmith, and Ken Royal. 2008. "Job Seekers: Personal Connections Still Matter." Gallup Management Journal. (accessed May 30, 2009).
268. Oyer, Paul. 2004. "Recall Bias among Displaced Workers." Economic Letters 82 no. 3: 397-402.
269. Pager, Devah. 2003. "The Mark of a Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology 108 no. 5: 937-75.
270. Pager, Devah. 2007. Marked: Race, Crime and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
271. Pager, Devah, and Lincoln Quillian. 2005. "Walking the Talk?: What Employers Say Versus What They Do." American Sociological Review 70 no. 3 (June): 355-80.
272. Papastergiadis, Nikos. 2000. The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deterritorialization and Hybridity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
273. Patwardhan, V., and V. Palshikar. 1992. "Reserved Seats in Medical Education: a Study." Journal of Education and Social Change 5: 1-117.
274. Paulsen, M. 1990. College Choice: Understanding Student Enrollment Behavior. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education and George Washington University.
275. Perry, Alex. 2003. "India's Great Divide." Time Asia 162 no. 5.
276. Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1967. "Social Evaluation Theory: Convergence and Applications." In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation vol. 15, edited by David Levine, 241-311. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
277. Phelps, Edmund S. 1972. "The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism." American Economic Review 62 no. 4: 659-61.
278. Pierson, D. 1945. Brancos e Pretos na Bahia: Estudo de Contato Racial. São Paulo, Companhia Editora Nacional. Coleção Brasiliana, vol. 241.
279. Policy Planning and Research Department, Ministry of Labour, Japan. 1966-2001 (every year). Chingin sensasu: Chingin kozo kihon tokei chosa [Basic Survey on Wage Structure].
280. Posel, D. 2001. "What's in a Name? Racial Categorisations under Apartheid and Their Afterlife." Transformation 47: 50-74.
281. Powers, Daniel, and Yu Xie. 2000. Statistical Methods for Categorical Data Analysis. New York: Academic Press.
282. Quillian, Lincoln. 2006. "New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination." Annual Review of Sociology 23: 299-328.
283. Raudenbusch, Stephen, Anthony Bryk, Yuk Fai Cheong, Richard Congdon, and Mathilda du Toit. 2004. HLM6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modelling. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
284. Reimer, C. W. 1983. "Labour Market Discrimination against Hispanic and Black Men." Review of Economics and Statistics 65: 570-79.
285. Reimer, C. W. 1985. "A Comparative Analysis of the Wages of Hispanic, Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites." In Hispanics in the U.S. Economy, edited by G. J. Borjas and M. Tienda. New York: Academic Press.
286. Republic of South Africa. 1995. South African Qualifications Authority Act (Act No. 58 of 1995). Pretoria: Government Printer.
287. Republic of South Africa. 1996. South African Schools Act (Act No. 84 of 1996). Pretoria: Government Printer.
288. Republic of South Africa. 1997. Higher Education Act (Act No. 101 of 1997). Pretoria: Government Printer.
289. Republic of South Africa. 1998. Further Education and Training Act (Act No. 98 of 1998). Pretoria: Government Printer.
290. Republic of South Africa. 2000. Adult Basic Education and Training Act (Act No. 53 of 2000). Pretoria: Government Printer.
291. Republic of South Africa. 2006. Further Education and Training Colleges Act (Act No. 16 of 2006). Pretoria: Government Printer.
292. Riach, Peter B., and Judith Rich. 1991-1992. "Measuring Discrimination by Direct Experimentation Methods: Seeking Gunsmoke." Journal of PostKeynesian Economics 14: 143-50.
293. Riach, Peter B., and Judith Rich. 2002. "Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place." Economic Journal 112 no. 483 (November): 480-518.
294. Ridley, Stanley, James A. Bayton, and Janice Hamilton Outtz. 1989. "Taxi Service in the District of Columbia: Is It Influenced by Patrons' Race and Destination?" Mimeo. Washington, DC: Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under the Law.
295. Roberts, Ben. 2004. "The Happy Transition? Attitudes to Poverty and Inequality after a Decade of Democracy." In South African Social Attitudes: Changing Times, Diverse Voices, edited by Udesh Pillay, Ben Roberts, and Stephen Rule 101-30. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
296. Robinson, W. S. 1950. "Ecological Correlation and the Behavior of Individuals." American Sociological Review 15 no. 3: 351-57.
297. Royster, Deirdre. 2003. Race and the Invisible Hand: How White Networks Exclude Black Men from Blue-Collar Jobs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
298. Runciman, W. G. 1966. Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitude to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
299. Saenger, Gerhart, and Emily Gilbert. 1950. "Custom Reactions to the Integration of Negro Sales Personnel." International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research 4: 57-76.
300. Sagar, H. A., and J. W. Schofield. 1980. "Racial and Behavioral Cues in Black and White Children's Perceptions of Ambiguously Aggressive Acts." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39: 590-98.
301. Scarman, Lord Justice. 1981. "The Brixton Disorders 10-12 April 1981." Cmnd 8427. London: Home Office.
302. Scharleman, J., C. Eckel, A. Kacelnik, and R. Wilson. 2001. "The Value of a Smile: Game Theory with a Human Face." Journal of Economic Psychology 22: 617-40.
303. Schneider, B., and D. Stevenson. 1999. The Ambitious Generation: America's Teenagers, Motivated but Directionless. New Haven: Yale University Press.
304. Schuman, Howard. 1995. "Attitudes." In Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by Karen Cook, Gary Fine, and James House. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
305. Schuman, Howard, and Lawrence Bobo. 1988. "Survey Based experiments in White Racial Attitudes toward Residential Integration." American Journal of Sociology 94: 273-99.
306. Schuman, Howard, Charlottee Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
307. Schuman, Howard, Charlottee Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan. 2001. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
308. Schwab, Stewart. 1986. "Is Statistical Discrimination Efficient?" American Economic Review 76 no. 1: 228-34.
309. Schwartz, Richard, and Jerome Skolnick. 1962. "Two Studies of Legal Stigma." Social Problems 10: 133-42.
310. Scoville, James. 1991. "Towards a Formal Model of a Caste Economy." In Status Influences in Third World Labor Markets: Caste, Gender, Custom. New York: De Gruyter.
311. Scoville, James. 1996. "Labour Market Underpinnings of a Caste Economy." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 55 no. 4: 385-94.
312. Searle-Chatterjee, Mary, and Ursula Sharma. 1994. Contextualizing Caste: Post-Dumontian Approaches. Oxford: Blackwell.
313. Seekings, Jeremy. 2007a. "The Mutability of Distributive Justice Beliefs in South Africa." South African Review of Sociology 38 no. 1 (June): 20-44.
314. Seekings, Jeremy. 2007b. "'Not a Single White Person Should Be Allowed to Go Under': Swartgevaar and the Origins of South Africa's Welfare State, 1924-1929." Journal of African History 48 no. 3 (November): 375-94.
315. Seekings, Jeremy. 2008a. "The Carnegie Commission and the Backlash against Welfare State-Building in South Africa, 1931-1937." Journal of Southern African Studies 34 no. 3 (September): 515-37.
316. Seekings, Jeremy. 2008b. "The Continuing Salience of Race: Discrimination and Diversity in South Africa." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 26 no. 1 (January): 1-26.
317. Seekings, Jeremy. 2008c. "Deserving Individuals and Groups: The Post-apartheid State's Justification of the Shape of South Africa's System of Social Assistance." Transformation 68: 515-37.
318. Seekings, Jeremy. 2008d. "'Just Deserts': Race, Class and Distributive Justice in Post-apartheid South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 34 no. 1 (March): 39-60.
319. Seekings, Jeremy, Tracy Jooste, Mirah Langer, and Brendan Maughan-Brown. 2005. "Inequality and Diversity in Cape Town: An Introduction and User's Guide to the 2005 Cape Area Study." Working paper no. 124, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town.
320. Seekings, Jeremy, and Nicoli Nattrass. 2005. Race, Class and Inequality in South Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. Published in South Africa in 2006 by University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
321. Selten, Reinhart, and Axel Ockenfels. 1998. "An Experimental Solidarity Game." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 34 no. 4 (March): 517-39.
322. Sengupta, Somini, and Hari Kumar. 2006. "Quotas to Aid India's Poor vs. Push for Meritocracy." New York Times, May 23.
323. Sharma, Ursula. 1999. Caste. London: Open University Press.
324. Shavit, Y., and H. P. Blossfeld. 1993. Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries. Boulder, CO: Westview.
325. Silva, Nelson do V. 1988. "Cor e Processo de Realização Socioeconômica." In Estrutura Social, Mobilidade e Raça, edited by C. Hasenbalg and N. V. Silva. Rio de Janeiro: Vértice.
326. Silva, Nelson do V. 2000. "Cor e Mobilidade Ocupacional." In Mobilidade Social no Brasil, edited by N. V. Silva and J. Pastore. São Paulo: Makron.
327. Silva, Nelson do V. 2003. "Expansão Escolar e Estratificação Educacional no Brasil." In Origens e Destinos: Desigualdades Sociais ao Longo da Vida, edited by C. Hasenbalg and N. V. Silva. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks.
328. Silva, Nelson do V., and A. M. Souza. 1986. "Um Modelo para Análise da Estratificação Educacional no Brasil." Cadernos de Pesquisa no. 58: 40-57.
329. Smith, Sandra. 2003. "Exploring the Efficacy of African Americans' Job Referral Networks." Ethnic and Racial Studies 26 no. 6: 1029-45.
330. Smith, Tom W. 1991. "Ethnic Images. General Social Survey Technical Report, 19." Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago.
331. Smith, Tom W. 2001. Intergroup Relations in a Diverse America: Data from the 2000 General Social Survey. New York: American Jewish Committee.
332. Sniderman, Paul M., and Douglas B. Grob. 1996. "Innovation in Experimental Design in Attitude Surveys." Annual Review of Sociology 22: 377-99.
333. Sniderman, Paul M., and Thomas Piazza. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
334. Soroka, Stuart, Keith Banting, and Richard Johnston. 2006. "Immigration and Redistribution in a Global Era." In Globalization and Egalitarian Redistribution, edited by P. Bardhan, S. Bowles, and M. Wallerstein, ch. 10. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
335. South African Council on Higher Education. 2000. Towards a New Higher Education Landscape: Meeting the Equity, Quality and Social Development Imperatives of South Africa in the 21st Century. (accessed July 1, 2009).
336. South African Department of Education. 2000. Senior Certificate Examination Database. Pretoria: Department of Education.
337. South African Department of Education. 2001. National Plan for Higher Education. Pretoria: Department of Education.
338. South African Department of Education. 2002a. "Table 2.12 (2ND ORDER CESM) Headcount of Unduplicated Student Enrolments According to CESM Category of Major(s)/Area of Specialisation and Qualification Type. Institution: Universities." Pretoria: Department of Education, HEMIS database.
339. South African Department of Education. 2002b. "Table 2.12 (2ND ORDER CESM) Headcount of Unduplicated Student Enrolments According to CESM Category of Major(s)/Area of Specialisation and Qualification Type. Institution: Technikons." Pretoria: Department of Education, HEMIS database.
340. South African Department of Education. 2004. Senior Certificate Examination Database. Pretoria: Department of Education.
341. South African Department of Education. 2007a. The National Policy Framework for Teacher Education and Development in South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Education.
342. South African Department of Education. 2007b. "Table 2.12 (2ND ORDER CESM) Headcount of Unduplicated Student Enrolments According to CESM Category of Major(s)/Area of Specialisation and Qualification Type." Pretoria: Department of Education, HEMIS database.
343. South African Department of Education. 2008. Education Statistics in South Africa 2006. Pretoria: Department of Education.
344. South African Department of Finance. 1996. Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR): A Macroeconomic Strategy. Pretoria: Government Printer.
345. Spence, A. Michael. 1974. Market Signaling: Information Transfer in Hiring and Related Screening Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
346. Srinivas, M. N., ed. 1996. Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar. New Delhi: Penguin Books.
347. Standing, Guy, and Michael Samson. 2003. A Basic Income Grant for South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
348. STATA Corporation. 2005. STATA Longitudinal/Panel Data, Reference Manual release 9. College Station, TX: Author.
349. Statistical Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency, Japan. 1966-2001 (every year). Rodoryoku chosa nenpo [Annual Report on the Labour Force Survey].
350. Statistical Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan. 2005-2006 (every year). Rodoryoku chosa nenpo [Annual Report on the Labour Force Survey].
351. Statistical Bureau, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan. 2002-2004 (every year). Rodoryoku chosa nenpo [Annual Report on the Labour Force Survey].
352. Statistics and Information Department, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. 2002-2006 (every year). Chingin sensasu: Chingin kozo kihon tokei chosa [Basic Survey on Wage Structure].
353. Statistics South Africa. 2001. Census in Brief. Report no. 03-02-03 (2001). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
354. Statistics South Africa. 2006. Mid-year Population Estimates, South Africa 2006. Statistical Release P030. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
355. Steeh, Charlotte, and Maria Krysan. 1996. "Trends: Affirmative Action and the Public, 1970-1995." Public Opinion Quarterly 60: 128-58.
356. Stockard, J., and J. D. P. Van deKragt. 1988. "Gender Roles and Behaviour in Social Dilemmas: Are There Sex Differences in Co-operation and in Its Justification?" Social Psychology Quarterly 512: 154-63.
357. Stockman, Norman, Norman Bonney, and Sheng Xuewen. 1995. Women's Work in East and West: The Dual Burden of Employment and Family Life. London: UCL Press.
358. Stouffer, Samuel A., Edward A. Suchman, Leland C. DeVinney, Shirley A. Star, and Robin M. Williams. 1949. The American Soldier. Vol. 1: Adjustment during Army Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
359. Tajfel, H. 1970. "Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination." Scientific American 223: 96-102.
360. Taylor, D. M., S. C. Wright, F. M. Moghaddam, and R. N. Lalonde. 1990. "The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy: Perceiving My Group, But Not Myself, to Be a Target of Discrimination." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16: 254-62.
361. Telles, E. 2003. Racismo à Brasileira: Uma Nova Perspectiva Sociológica. Rio de Janeiro: Relume-Dumará.
362. Thibodeau, Ruth, and Elliot Aronson. 1992. "Taking a Closer Look: Reasserting the Role of the Self-concept in Dissonance Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 no. 5: 591-602.
363. Thorat, S. K. 2004. Caste System in India: Social and Economic Exclusion and Poverty. New Delhi: India Institute of Dalit Studies.
364. Thorat, S. K. 2005. Reservation Policy for Private Sector: Why and How. Pune: Sugava Prakashan.
365. Thorat, S. K., and Umakant. 2004. Caste, Race, and Discrimination: Discourses in International Context. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
366. Thorat, S. K., Aryama, and Prasant Negi. 2005. Reservation and the Private Sector: Quest for Equal Opportunity and Growth. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
367. Topel, Robert. 1991. "Specific Capital, Mobility, and Wages: Wages Rise with Job Seniority." Journal of Political Economy 99 no. 1: 145-76.
368. Turner, Margery, Michael Fix, and Raymond Struyk. 1991. Opportunities Denied, Opportunities Diminished: Racial Discrimination in Hiring. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
369. Turner, Margery Austin, and Felicity Skidmore, eds. 1999. Mortgage Lending Discrimination: A Review of Existing Evidence. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
370. Umino, Michio, and Yuriko Saito. 1990. "Fukoheikan to manzokukan" [A Sense of Unfairness and Satisfaction]. In Kaiso ishiki no dotai [Dynamic of Stratification Consciousness], edited by Junsuke Hara, 97-123. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
371. Union of South Africa. 1949. Immorality Act (Act No. 21 of 1949). Pretoria: Government Printer.
372. Union of South Africa. 1950. Group Areas Act (Act No. 41 of 1950). Pretoria: Government Printer.
373. Union of South Africa. 1952. Natives Laws Amendment Act. Pretoria: Government Printer.
374. Union of South Africa. 1953a. Bantu Education Act (Act No. 47 of 1953). Pretoria: Government Printer.
375. Union of South Africa. 1953b. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (Act No. 49 of 1953). Pretoria: Government Printer.
376. United Nations Development Programme. 2008. Human Development Report 2007/2008 (Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World). New York: Author.
377. U.S. Council of Economic Advisers. 2007. "Immigration's Economic Impact." CEA White Papers, June 20. (accessed July 1, 2009).
378. Van der Merwe, W., and Burns, J. 2008. "What's in a Name? Racial Identity and Altruism in Post-apartheid South Africa." South African Journal of Economics 76 no. 2 (June).
379. Wagley, C. 1952. Race and Class in Rural Brazil. Paris: UNESCO.
380. Walker, Andrew. 2007. "India's Economy 'Nears $1 Trillion.'" BBC News, February 6.
381. Walker, Iain, and Heather J. Smith, eds. 2002. Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development and Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
382. Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society. edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. New York: Bedminister Press.
383. Weisskopf, Thomas E. 2003. "Globalization and Affirmative Action." Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay, India) 38 no. 27: 2818-19.
384. Weisskopf, Thomas E. 2004a. Affirmative Action in the United States and India: A Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge.
385. Weisskopf, Thomas E. 2004b. "The Impact of Reservation on Admissions to Higher Education in India." Economic and Political Weekly, September 25.
386. Weisskopf, Thomas E. 2006. "Is Positive Discrimination a Good Way to Aid Disadvantaged Communities?" Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay, India) 41 no. 8: 717-26.
387. West, C. 1994. Race Matters. New York: Vintage Books.
388. Western, John. 1991. Outcast Cape Town. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
389. Wienk, Ronald E., Clifford Reid, John Simonson, and Frederick Espers. 1979. Measuring Discrimination in American Housing Markets. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
390. William T. Grant Foundation. "The Forgotten Half." The Phi Delta Kappan 70 no. 4.
391. Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Vintage Books.
392. Winship, C., and R. Mare. 1992. "Models for Sample Selection Bias." Annual Review of Sociology 18: 327-50.
393. Wit, Arjaan, Henk Wilkie, and Harmen Oppewal. 1992. "Fairness in Asymmetrical Social Dilemmas" in W. Liebrand, D. Messick and Henk Wilkie,eds. Social Dilemmas. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 183-97.
394. Xie, Yu. 1992. "The Long-Multiplicative Layer Effect Model for Comparing Mobility Tables." American Sociological Review 16: 159-83.
395. Yinger, John. 1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
396. Yonemura, Chiyo. 1998. "Shufu de aru koto, hataraku koto to kaiso ishiki" [Gender, Marriage and Class Identification]. In Kaiso to kekkon, kazoku [Marriage, Family and Stratification], edited by Hideki Watanabe and Kiyoshi Shida, 181-98. Tokyo: Study Group for Social Stratification and Social Mobility Survey.