Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender

Journal of Economic Perspectives

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 63-90

  Darity Jr , William A ^a   Mason, Patrick L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002607937     PISSN: 08953309     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/jep.12.2.63     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Arce, Carlos H., Eduard Murguia, and W. Parker Frisbie, "Phenotype and Life Chances Among Chicanos," Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Studies, 1987, 9:1, 19-33.
2. Becker, Gary S., The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.
3. Bendick, Marc Jr., Charles W. Jackson, and Victor A. Reinoso, "Measuring Employment Discrimination through Controlled Experiements." In James B. Stewart, ed. African-Americans and Post-Industrial Labor Markets. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997, 77-100; originally published in The Review of Black Political Economy, Summer 1994.
4. Bendick, Marc Jr., Charles W. Jackson, and Victor A. Reinoso, "Measuring Employment Discrimination through Controlled Experiements." In James B. Stewart, ed. African-Americans and Post-Industrial Labor Markets. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997, 77-100; originally published in The Review of Black Political Economy, Summer 1994.
5. Bianchi, Suzanne M., and Daphne Spain, "Women, Work, and Family in America," Population Bulletin, December 1996, 51:3, 2-48.
6. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn, "Wage Structure and Gender Differentials: An International Comparison," Economica, 1996, 63:250 (Supplemental), S29-S62.
7. Blau, Francine D., M. Ferber, and A. Winkler, The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
8. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn, "Swimming Upstream: Trends in the Gender Wage Differential in the 1980s," Journal of Labor Economics, January 1997, 15:1 (Part 1), 1-42.
9. Blinder, Alan S., Toward An Economic Theory of Income Distribution. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974.
10. Borjas, George J., "Long-Run Convergence of Ethnic Skill Differentials: The Children and Grandchildren of the Great Migration," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, July 1994, 47:4, 553-73.
11. Botwinick, Howard, Persistent Inequalities: Wage Disparity Under Capitalist Competition. New York: Princeton University Press, 1993.
12. Bound, John, and Richard B. Freeman, "Black Economic Progress: Erosion of Post-1965 Gains in the 1980s?" In Steven Shulman and William Darity Jr., eds. Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989, 32-49.
13. Burtless, Gary, "International Trade and the Rise in Earnings Inequality," Journal of Economic Literature, June 1995, 33, 800-16.
14. Campbell, Jay R., Kristin E. Voelkl, and Patricia L. Donahue, "Report in Brief: NAEP 1996 Trends in Educational Progress," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 97-986, August 1997.
15. Card, David, and Alan Krueger, School Quality and Black-White Relative Earnings: a Direct Assessment, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1992, 107:1, 151-200.
16. Cordero-Guzman, Hector, "Sociological Approaches to Employment Discrimination," Unpublished manuscript, University of Chicago, October 1990.
17. Cotton, Jeremiah, "Color or Culture?: Wage Differences Among Non-Hispanic Black Males, Hispanic Black Males and Hispanic White Males," The Review of Black Political Economy, Spring 1993, 21:4, 53-68.
18. Currie, Janet, and Duncan Thomas, "Race, Children's Cognitive Achievement and The BellCurve," NBER Working Paper #5240, August 1995.
19. Darity, William Jr., "What's Left of the Economic Theory of Discrimination?" In Steven Shulman and William Darity, Jr., eds. Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1989, 335-74.
20. Darity, William Jr., Jason Dietrich, and David Guilkey, "Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States: A Secular Perspective," American Economic Review, May 1997, 87, 301-305.
21. Darity, William, Jr., David Guilkey, and William Winfrey, "Explaining Differences in Economic Performance Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the USA: The Data Examined," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, October 1996, 55:4, 411-26.
22. Darity, William Jr., and Samuel Myers, Jr., Persistent Disparity. Edward Elgar Publishers, forthcoming.
23. Darity, William Jr., and Rhonda Williams, "Peddlers Forever? Culture, Competition, and Discrimination," American Economic Review, May 1985, 75:2, 256-61.
24. Dhesi, Autar Singh, and Harbhajan Singh, "Education, Labour Market Distortions and Relative Earnings of Different Religion-Caste Categories in India (A Case Study of Delhi)," Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 1989, 10:1, 75-89.
25. Donohue, John, and James Heckman, "Continuous vs. Episodic Change: The Impact of Civil Rights Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks," Journal of Economic Literature, December 1991, 29:4, 1603-43.
26. Elmslie, Bruce, and Stanley Sedo, "Discrimination, Social Psychology and Hysteresis in Labor Markets," Journal of Economic Psychology, 1996, 17, 465-78.
27. England, Paula, "The Failure of Human Capital Theory to Explain Occupational Sex Segregation," Journal of Human Resources, 1982, 7:3, 358-70.
28. England, Paula, "Wage Appreciation and Depreciation: A Test of Neoclassical Economic Explanations of Occupational Sex Segregation," Social Forces, March 1984, 62:3, 726-49.
29. Ferguson, Ronald, "Shifting Challenges: Fifty Years of Economic Change Toward Black-White Earnings Equality," Daedalus, Winter 1995, 124, 37-76.
30. Fix, Michael, George C. Galster, and Raymond J. Struyk, "An Overview of Auditing for Discrimination." In Michael Fix and Raymond Struyk, eds. Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America. Washington: The Urban Institute Press, 1993, 1-68.
31. Freeman, Richard B., "Changes in the Labor Market for Black Americans 1948-72," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Summer 1973, 1, 67-120.
32. Fortin, Nicole M., and Thomas Lemieux, "Institutional Change and Rising Wage Inequality: Is There a Linkage?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 1997, 11:2, 75-96.
33. Goldin, Claudia, and Cecilia Rouse, "Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of 'Blind' Auditions on Female Musicians," unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, June 1997.
34. Goldsmith, Arthur H., Jonathan Veum, and William Darity, Jr., "The Impact of Psychological and Human Capital on Wages," Economic Inquiry, October 1997, 35:4, 815-29.
35. Gottschalk, Peter, "Inequality, Income Growth and Mobility: The Basic Facts," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 1997, 11:2, 21-40.
36. Harrison, Bennett, "Education and Under-employment in the Urban Ghetto," American Economic Review, December 1972, 62, 796-812.
37. Heckman, James J., "The Value of Quantitative Evidence on the Effect of the Past on the Present," American Economic Review, May 1997, 87:2, 404-8.
38. Heckman, James J., and Peter Siegelman, "The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Methods." In Michael Fix and Raymond Struyk, Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America. Washington: The Urban Institute Press, 1993, 187-258.
39. Herrnstein, Richard, and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
40. Holzer, Harry, What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.
41. James, F., and S. W. DelCastillo, "Measuring Job Discrimination by Private Employers Against Young Black and Hispanic Males Seeking Entry Level Work in the Denver Metropolitan Area," unpublished manuscript, University of Colorado at Denver, March 1991.
42. Johnson, James H., Jr., and Walter C. Farrell, Jr., "Race Still Matters," The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 7, 1995, A48.
43. Johnson Jr., James H., Elisa Jayne Bienenstock, and Jennifer A. Stoloff, "An Empirical Test of the Cultural Capital Hypothesis," The Review of Black Political Economy, Spring 1995, 23:4, 7-27.
44. Juhn, C., Kevin Murphy, and B. Pierce, "Accounting for the Slowdown in Black-White Wage Convergence." In M. Kosters, ed. Workers and Their Wages: Changing Patterns in the United States. Washington: AEI Press, 1991.
45. Keith, Verna M., and Cedric Herring, "Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community," American Journal of Sociology, 1991, 97, 760-78.
46. King, Mary C., "Occupational Segregation by Sex and Race, 1940-1988," Monthly Labor Review, April 1992, 115:41, 30-36.
47. Kirschenman, Joleen, and Kathryn M. Neckerman, " 'We'd Love to Hire Them, But . . .': The Meaning of Race for Employers." In Christopher Jencks & Paul E. Peterson, eds. The Urban Underclass. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1991.
48. Krueger, Anne O., "The Economics of Discrimination," Journal of Political Economy, March/ April 1963, 79:2, 481-86.
49. Leonard, J., "Women and Affirmative Action," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 1989, 3:1, 61-76.
50. Lewis, W. Arthur, "The Dual Economy Revisited," The Manchester School, 1979, 47:3, 211-29.
51. Lieberson, Stanley, A Piece of the Pie: Black and White Immigrants Since 1880. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
52. Lovell, Peggy, "Development and Discrimination in Brazil," Development and Change, 1993, 24, 83-101.
53. Madden, Janice F., "Discrimination - A Manifestation of Male Market Power?" In Cynthia Lloyd, ed. Sex, Discrimination and the Division of Labor, New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.
54. Madden, Janice F., "Gender Differences in the Cost of Displacement: An Empirical Test of Discrimination in the Labor Market," American Economic Review, May 1987, 77:82, 246-51.
55. Mason, Patrick L., "Competing Explanations of Male Interracial Wage Differentials: Missing Variables Models Versus Job Competition," Cambridge Journal of Economics, forthcoming-b.
56. Mason, Patrick L., "Race, Competition and Differential Wages," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995, 19, 545-67.
57. Mason, Patrick L., "Race, Culture, and Skill: Interracial Wage Differences Among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites," Review of Black Political Economy, forthcoming-a.
58. Mason, Patrick L., "Racial Discrimination and the Rate of Return to Cognitive Ability, 1968-1991," unpublished manuscript, University of Notre Dame, 1997.
59. Maxwell, Nan, "The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, January 1994, 47, 249-64.
60. Mincy, Ronald B., "The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Research and Policy Context." In Michael Fix and Raymond J. Struyk, eds. Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America. Washington: The Urban Institute Press, 1993, 165-86.
61. Murnane, Richard J., John B. Willett, and Frank Levy, "The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determination," The Review of Economics and Statistics, May 1995, 77:2, 251-66.
62. Myers, Samuel, Jr., and William E. Spriggs, "Black Employment, Criminal Activity and Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of New Jersey." In Patrick L. Mason and Rhonda M. Williams, eds. Race, Markets and Social Outcomes. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 31-64.
63. Neal, Derek A., and William R. Johnson, "The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences," Journal of Political Economy, 1996, 104:5, 869-95.
64. Neumark, David, Ray J. Bank, and Kye D. Van Nort, "Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5024, 1995.
65. Oaxaca, Ronald, "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review, October 1973, 14:3, 693-709.
66. O'Neill, June, "The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men," The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1990, 4:4, 25-45.
67. Ransford, H.E., "Skin Color, Life Chances, and anti-White Attitude," Social Problems, 1970, 18, 164-78.
68. Riach, Peter B., and Judith Rich, "Measuring Discrimination By Direct Experimental Methods: Seeking Gunsmoke," Journal of PostKeynesian Economics, Winter 1991-2, 14:2, 143-50.
69. Rodgers III, William, and William E. Spriggs, "What Does AFQT Really Measure: Race, Wages, Schooling and the AFQT Score," The Review of Black Political Economy, Spring 1996, 24:4, 13-46.
70. Rodgers III, William, William E. Spriggs, and Elizabeth Waaler, "The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences: Comment," Unpublished manuscript, College of William and Mary, May 25, 1997.
71. Ruhm, Christopher J., "Labor Market Discrimination in the United States." In F.A. Blanchard and F.J. Crosby, eds. Affirmative Action in Perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989, 149-58.
72. Sibicky, Mark, and John Dividio, "Stigma of Psychological Therapy: Stereotypes, Interpersonal Relations, and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy," Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1986, 33:2, 148-54.
73. Silva, Nelson do Valle, "Updating the Cost of Not Being White in Brazil." In Pierre-Michel Fontaine, ed. Race, Class and Power in Brazil, UCLA: CAAS, 1985, 42-55.
74. Sowell, Thomas, Ethnic America. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
75. Swinton, David, "A Labor Force Competition Model of Racial Discrimination in the Labor Market," Review of Black Political Economy, Fall 1978, 9:1, 5-42.
76. Telles, Edward E., and Nelson Lim, "Does Who Classify Race Matter? Self Vs. Social Classification of Race and Racial Income Inequality in Brazil," Unpublished manuscript, UCLA, April 28, 1997.
77. Telles, Edward, and Edward Murguia, "Phenotypic Discrimination and Income Differences Among Mexican Americans," Social Science Quarterly, December 1990, 71:4, 682-94.
78. Thernstrom, Abigail, and Stephen Thernstrom, "The Real Story of Black Progress." The Wall Street Journal, September 3, 1997.
79. Tyree, Andrea, "Reshuffling the Social Deck: From Mass Migration to the Transformation of the American Ethnic Hierarchy." In Judith Blau and Norman Goodman, eds. Social Roles and Social Institutions: Essays in Honor of Rose Laub Coser. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991, 195-215.
80. Vedder, Richard, Lowell Gallaway, and David C. Klingaman, "Black Exploitation and White Benefits: The Civil War Income Revolution." In Richard F. America, ed. The Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1990, 125-38.
81. Waldfogel, Jane, "Understanding the 'Family Gap' in Pay for Women with Children," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 1998, 13:1, 137-56.
82. White, Katherine, "Simultaneity Issues in the Relationship of Income and Intelligence," Undergraduate Senior Honors Thesis, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1997.
83. Williams, John A., The Angry Ones. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996 (originally published by Ace Books in 1960).
84. Wilson, William Julius, The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
85. Woodbury, Stephen, "Culture and Human Capital: Theory and Evidence or Theory versus Evidence?" In William Darity, Jr., ed. Labor Economics: Problems in Analyzing Labor Markets. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, 239-68.
86. Word, Carl O., Mark P. Zanna, and Joel Cooper, "The Nonverbal Mediation of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Interracial Interaction," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1974, 10, 109-20.