New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination

Annual Review of Sociology

Volumn 32, Issue , 2006, Pages 299-328

  Quillian, Lincoln ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Audits; Implicit attitudes; Inequality; Racial attitudes; Racism

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749174146     PISSN: 03600572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123132     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Aigner DJ, Cain G. 1977. Statistical theory of discrimination in labor markets. Indust. Lab. Relat. Rev. 30(2): 175-87
2. Allport G. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley
3. Altonji GJ, Blank RM. 1999. Race and gender in the labor market. In Handbook of Labor Economics, ed. O Ashenfelter, D Card, 3:3143-259. New York: Elsevier Sci.
4. Arkes H, Tetlock P. 2004. Attributions of implicit prejudice, or would Jesse Jackson 'fail' the implicit association test? Psychol. Inq. 15(4):257-78
5. Ashburn-Nardo L, Knowles ML, Monteith MJ. 2003. Black Americans' implicit racial associations and their implications for intergroup judgment. Soc. Cogn. 21:61-87
6. Bendick M, Jackson CW, Reinoso VA. 1994. Measuring employment discrimination through controlled experiments. Rev. Black Polit. Econ. 23:25-48
7. Bertrand M, Mullainathan S. 2004. Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. Am. Econ. Rev. 94:991-1013
8. Bielby W, Baron J. 1986. Men and women at work: sex segregation and statistical discrimination. Am. J. Sociol. 91(4):759-99
9. Blair I, Ma J, Lenton A. 2001. Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of automatic stereotypes through mental imagery. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81:828-41
10. Blalock HM. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: Wiley
11. Blee K. 2002. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
12. Blumer H. 1958. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociol. Rev. 1:3-7
13. Bobo L, Hutchings VL. 1996. Perceptions of racial group competition: extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61(6):951-72
14. Bobo L, Kluegel JR. 1993. Opposition to race-targeting: self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes? Am. Sociol. Rev. 58(4):443-64
15. Bobo L, Kluegel J. 1997. Status, ideology, and dimensions of whites' racial beliefs and attitudes: progress and stagnation. In Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, ed. SA Tuch, JK Martin, pp. 93-120. Westport, CT: Praeger
16. Bobo L, Kluegel JR, Smith R. 1997. Laissezfaire racism: the crystalization of a kinder, gentler, antiblack ideology. In Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, ed. SA Tuch, JK Martin, pp. 15-42. Westport, CT: Praeger
17. Bonilla-Silva E. 2001. White Supremacy and Racism in the Post Civil-Rights Era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
18. Correll J, Park B, Judd C, Wittenbrink B. 2002. The police officer's dilemma: using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83(6):1314-29
19. Cunningham WA, Johnson MK, Raye CL, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, Banaji MR. 2004. Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychol. Sci. 15(12):806-13
20. Dasgupta N. 2004. Implicit ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, and their behavioral manifestations. Soc. Justice Res. 17(2): 143-69
21. Dasgupta N, Greenwald AG. 2001. On the malleability of automatic attitudes: combining automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81:800-14
22. Devine P. 1989. Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56(1):5-18
23. Devine P. 2001. Implicit prejudice and stereotyping: how automatic are they? Introduction to the special section. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81(5):757-59
24. Dovidio JF, Gaertner S. 2000. Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychol Sci. 11:319-23
25. Dovidio JF, Gaertner S, Kawakami K, Hodson G. 2002a. Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cult. Divers. Ethnic Minority Psychol. 8(2):88-102
26. Dovidio JF, Kawakami K, Gaertner S. 2002b. Implicit and explicit prejudice in interracial interaction. J Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82(1):62-68
27. Duckitt J. 1992. The Social Psychology of Prejudice. New York: Praeger
28. Duncan BL. 1976. Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup bias: testing the lower limits of stereotyping of blacks. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 34:590-98
29. Fazio RH, Jackson J, Dunton B, Williams C. 1995. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69(6):1013-27
30. Fazio R, Olson M. 2003. Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54:297-327
31. Feagin J, Sikes MP. 1994. Living with Racism, the Black Middle Class Experience. Boston: Beacon
32. Fischer MJ, Massey DS. 2004. The ecology of racial discrimination. City Community 3(3):221-41
33. Fiske ST. 2002. What we know now about bias and intergroup conflict, the problem of the century. Current Dir. Psychol. Sci. 123-28
34. Fiske ST, Cuddy A, Glick P, Xu J. 2002. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82(6):878-902
35. Gawronski B, Geshke D, Banse R. 2003. Implicit bias in impression formation: associations influence the construal of individuating information. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 33:573-89
36. Gilliam FD, Iyengar S. 2000. Prime suspects: the influence of local television news on the viewing public. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 44(3):560-73
37. Greenwald A, Banaji M. 1995. Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychol. Rev. 102(1):4-27
38. Greenwald A, McGhee D, Schwartz J. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74(6):1464-80
39. Hart AJ, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, McInemey SC, Fischer H, Rauch SL. 2000. Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face stimuli. Neuroreport 11:2351-55
40. Heckman JJ, Siegelman P. 1993. The urban institute audit studies: their methods and findings. In Clear and Convincing Evidence: The Measurement of Discrimination in America, ed. M Fix, RJ Struyk, pp. 187-248. Washington, DC: Urban Inst.
41. Holzer HJ. 1996. What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage
42. Jackman M. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
43. Jackman M, Muha MJ. 1984. Education and intergroup attitudes: moral enlightenment superficial democratic commitment, or ideological refinement? Am. Sociol. Rev. 49:751-69
44. Judd C, Park B. 1993. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychol. Rev. 100(1): 109-28
45. Kawakami K, Dovidio JF, Moll J, Hermsen A, Russin A. 2000. Just say no (to stereotyping): effects of training in the negation of Stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78(5):871-88
46. Kinder D, Sanders L. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
47. Kinder D, Sears D. 1981. Prejudice and politics: symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 40:414-31
48. Kirschenman J, Neckerman K. 1991. We'd love to hire them, but...: the meaning of race for employers. In The Urban Underclass, ed. C Jencks, P Peterson, pp. 203-32. Washington, DC: Brookings
49. LaPiere RT. 1936. Type-rationalizations of group antipathy. Soc. Forces 15(2):232-37
50. Lee YT, Jussim LJ, McCauley CR, eds. 1995. Stereotype Accuracy: Toward Appreciating Group Differences. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
51. Livingston RW. 2002. The role of perceived negativity in the moderation of African Americans' implicit and explicit racial attitudes. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38:405-13
52. Loury GC. 2002. The Anatomy of Racial Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
53. Massey DL, Lundy G. 2001. Use of black English and racial discrimination in urban housing markets: new methods and findings. Urb. Aff. Rev. 36:470-96
54. McConahay JB. 1986. Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism, ed. JF Dovidio, SL Gaertner, pp. 91-125. Orlando, FL: Academic
55. Merton R. 1949. Discrimination and the American creed. In Discrimination and the National Welfare, ed. RM MacIver, pp. 99-126. New York: Harper and Row
56. National Research Council. 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination, Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination, ed. RM Blank, M Dabady, CF Citro. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
57. Olzak S. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
58. Pager D. 2003. The mark of a criminal record. Am. J. Sociol. 108(5):937-75
59. Pager D, Quillian L. 2005. Walking the talk? What employers say and what they do. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70(3):355-80
60. Pettigrew T, Meetens R. 1995. Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. Eur. J. Soc. Pychol. 25:57-75
61. Pettigrew T, Taylor M. 2000. Discrimination. In Encyclopedia of Sociology, ed. EF Borgatta, RJ Montgomery, 1:688-95. New York: Macmillan Ref. 2nd ed.
62. Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. 2005. Allport's intergroup contact hypothesis: its history and influence. In On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport, ed. JF Dovidio, P Glick, LA Rudman, pp. 262-77. Malden, MA: Blackwell
63. Purnell T, Idsardi W, Baugh J. 1999. Perceptual and phonetic experiments on American English dialect identification. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 18:10-30
64. Quillian L. 1995. Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. Am. Sociol. Rev. 60:586-611
65. Quillian L, Pager D. 2001. Black neighbors, higher crime? The role of racial stereotypes in evaluations of neighborhood crime. Am. J. Sociol. 107(3):717-67
66. Riach PA, Rich J. 1991. Testing for racial discrimination in the labor market. Cambridge J. Econ. 15(3):485-508
67. Riach PA, Rich J. 2004. Fishing for discrimination. Rev. Soc. Econ. 62(4):465-86
68. Richeson JA, Baird AA, Gordon HL, Featherton TF, Wyland CL, et al. 2003. An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function. Nat. Neurosci. 6(12):323-28
69. Sagar HA, Schofield JW. 1980. Racial and behavioral cues in black and white children's perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 39(4):590-98
70. Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW. 2004. Seeing disorder: neighborhood stigma and the social construction of broken windows. Soc. Psychol. Q. 67(4):319-42
71. Schuman H, Steeh C, Bobo L, Krysan M. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. Rev. ed.
72. Sears DO. 1988. Symbolic racism. In Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy, ed. PA Katz, DZ Taylor, pp. 53-84. New York: Plenum
73. Sears DO, Jessor T. 1996. Whites' racial policy attitudes: the role of white racism. Soc. Sci. Q. 77:751-59
74. Sidanius J, Devereux E, Pratto F. 1992. A comparison of symbolic racism theory and social dominance theory as explanations for racial policy attitudes. J Soc. Psychol. 132:377-95
75. Smith T. 1991. Ethnic images. General Social Survey Tech. Rep. 19. Chicago: Natl. Opin. Res. Cent, http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/t-19.htm. Accessed Aug. 30, 2005.
76. Sniderman P, Carmines EG. 1997. Reaching Beyond Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
77. Sniderman P, Piazza T. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
78. Son Hing LS, Li W, Zanna MP. 2002. Inducing hypocrisy to reduce prejudicial responses among aversive racists. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38:71-78
79. Taylor DG, Sheatsley P, Greeley A. 1978. Attitudes towards racial integration. Sci. Am. 238:42-51
80. Taylor M. 1998. How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: numbers count. Am. Sociol. Rev. 63:512-35
81. Taylor M, Pettigrew T. 2000. Prejudice. In Encyclopedia of Sociology, ed. EF Borgatta, RJ Montgomery, 2:2242-48. New York: Macmillan Ref. 2nd ed.
82. Tomaskovic-Devey D, Skaggs S. 1999. An establishment-level test of the statistical discrimination hypothesis. Work Occup. 26(4):422-45
83. Turner MA, Ross SL. 2003. Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: Phase 2 -Asians and Pacific Islanders. Washington, DC: Urban Inst.
84. Turner MA, Ross SL. 2005. How racial discrimination affects the search for housing. In The Geography of Opportunity, ed. X de Souza Briggs, pp. 81-100. Washington, DC: Brookings
85. Turner MA, Ross SL, Galster GC, Yinger J. 2002. Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase I HDS 2000. Washington, DC: Urban Inst.
86. Turner M, Struyk R, Yinger J. 1991. Housing Discrimination Study: Synthesis. Washington, DC: US Dep. Housing Urban Dev.
87. Uhlmann E, Dasgupta N, Elgueta A, Greenwald AG, Swanson J. 2002. Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America. Soc. Cogn. 20:198-225
88. Wienk R, Reid C, Simonson J, Eggers F. 1979. Measuring Racial Discrimination in Housing Markets: The Housing Market Practices Study. Washington, DC: US Dep. Housing Urban Dev.
89. Wilson WJ. 1973. Power, Racism, and Privilege: Race Relations in Theoretical and Sociohistorical Perspectives. New York: Free Press
90. Winship C, Morgan SL. 1999. The estimation of causal effects from observational data. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 25:659-707
91. Yinger J. 1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. New York: Russell Sage