The value of a smile: Game theory with a human face

Journal of Economic Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 617-640

  Scharlemann, Jörn P W ^a   Eckel, Catherine C ^b   Kacelnik, Alex ^a   Wilson, Rick K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

2360; 3040; Behavioral game theory; C7; C91; Facial expressions; Sex differences; Trust

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009802731     PISSN: 01674870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00059-9     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Anderson N.H. Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 9(3):1968;272-279.
2. Berg J., Dickhaut J., McCabe K. Trust, reciprocity and social history. Games and Economic Behavior. 10:1995;122-142.
3. Biddle J., Hamermesh D.S. Beauty, productivity, and discrimination: Lawyers' looks and lucre. Journal of Labor Economics. 16(1):1998;172-201.
4. Bonetti S. Experimental economics and deception. Journal of Economic Psychology. 19(3):1998;377-395.
5. Bonetti S. Experimental economics and deception: response. Journal of Economic Psychology. 19(3):1998;411-414.
6. Brown, W. M., Palameta, B., & Moore, C. (1999). The evolution of altruist-detection: can humans decode nonverbal signals of cooperative demeanor? Paper presented at the annual Meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Salt Lake City, UT, June 2-6, 1999.
7. Bruce V., Young A. In the eye of the beholder. 1998;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8. Burnham T., McCabe K., Smith V.L. Friend-or-foe intentionality priming in an extensive form trust game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 43(1):2000;57-73.
9. Camerer C., Hogarth R. The effects of financial incentives in experiments: A review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 19(1-3):1999;7-42.
10. Croson R., Buchan N. Gender and culture: International experimental evidence from trust games. American Economic Review. 89(2):1999;386-391.
11. Darwin C. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. 1872;John Murray, London.
12. Deutsch F.M. Status, sex, and smiling: The effect of role on smiling in men and women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 16:1990;531-540.
13. Duchenne de Boulogne, G.-B. d. B. (1862). The mechanism of human facial expression or an electro-physiological analysis of the expression of the emotions. Edited & translated by R. A. Cuthbertson (1990). Studies in emotion and social interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Duchenne de Boulogne, G.-B. d. B. (1862). The mechanism of human facial expression or an electro-physiological analysis of the expression of the emotions. Edited & translated by R. A. Cuthbertson (1990). Studies in emotion and social interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. (in press). Differences in the economic decisions of men and women: Experimental evidence. In C. Plott & V. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of experimental results. New York: Elsevier, forthcoming.
16. Eckel, C. C., & Wilson, R. K. (1997). The human face of game theory. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Economic Science Association, Tucson, AZ, September 19-20, 1997.
17. Eckel, C. C., & Wilson, R. K. (1998). Reputation formation in simple bargaining games. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Meeting, Chicago, IL, 23-25 April, 1998.
18. Ekman, P. (Ed.). (1982). Emotion in the human face. Studies in emotion and social interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982). Measuring facial movement with the Facial Action Coding System. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face (pp. 178-211). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Ekman P., Friesen W.V., Davidson R.J. The duchenne smile - emotional expression and brain physiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 58:1990;342-353.
21. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., Ellsworth, P. (1982). Methodological decisions. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face (pp. 22-38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Foster D.A. Bargaining across borders: How to negotiate business successfully anywhere in the world. 1992;McGraw-Hill, New York.
23. Frank R.H. Passions within reasons: The strategic role of the emotions. 1988;W.W. Norton, New York.
24. Frank M.G., Ekman P., Friesen W.V. Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64:1993;83-93.
25. Fridlund A.J. Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. 1994;Academic Press, San Diego.
26. Frohlich N., Oppenheimer J. Some consequences of e-mail vs. face-to-face communication in experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 35:1998;389-403.
27. Glaeser E., Laibson D.I, Scheinkman J.A., Soutter C.L. Measuring trust. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 115(3):2000;811-846.
28. Grafen A. Biological signals as handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 144:1990;517-546.
29. Hamermesh D.S., Biddle J.E. Beauty and the labor market. American Economic Review. 84(5):1994;1174-1194.
30. Hamilton W.D., Zuk M. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science. 218:1982;384-387.
31. Hey J. Experimental economics and deception: A comment. Journal of Economic Psychology. 19(3):1998;397-401.
32. Hinsz V.B., Tomhave J.A. Smile and (half) the world smiles with you, frown and you frown alone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 17:1991;586-592.
33. Kimmel H.D. Three criteria for the use of one-tailed tests. Psychology Bulletin. 54:1957;351-353.
34. LaFrance M., Hecht M.A. Why smiles generate leniency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 21:1995;207-214.
35. Lau S. The effect on smiling on person perception. Journal of Social Psychology. 117:1982;63-67.
36. McKelvey R.D., Palfrey T.R. An experimental study of the centipede game. Econometrica. 60:1992;803.
37. Mullen B., Futrell D., Stairs D., Tice D.M., Dawson K.E., Riordan C.A., Kennedy J.G., Baumeister R.F., Radloff C.E., Goethals G.R., Rosenfeld P. Newscasters facial expressions and voting-behavior of viewers - can a smile elect a president? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51:1986;291-295.
38. Nahm F.K.D., Perret A., Amaral D.G., Albright T.D. How do monkeys look at faces? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 9:1997;611-623.
39. Roth, A. (1995). Bargaining Experiments. In J. H. Kagel & A. E. Roth (Eds.), The handbook of experimental economics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
40. Sell J. Gender, strategies, and contributions to public goods. Social Psychology Quarterly. 60(3):1997;252-265.
41. Surakka V., Hietanen J.K. Facial and emotional reactions to duchenne and non-duchenne smiles. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 29:1998;23-33.
42. Tidd K.L., Lochard J.S. Monetary significance of the affiliative smile: A case for reciprocal altruism. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 11:1978;344-346.
43. Walk R.D., Walters K.L. Perception of the smile and other emotions of the body and face at different distances. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 26:1988;510-510.
44. Walters A., Stuchlmacher A., Meyer L. Gender and negotiator competitiveness: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 76(1):1998;1-29.
45. Zahavi A. The cost of honesty (further remarks on the handicap principle). Journal of Theoretical Biology. 67:1977;146-151.
46. Zebrowitz L.A. Reading faces: Window to the soul? 1997;Westview Press, Boulder, CO.