Are women less selfish than men?: Evidence from dictator experiments

Economic Journal

Volumn 108, Issue 448, 1998, Pages 726-735

  Eckel, Catherine C ^a   Grossman, Philip J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346207524     PISSN: 00130133     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0297.00311     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Aranoff, D. and Tedeschi, J. T. (1968). 'Original stakes and behavior in the prisoner's dilemma game.' Psychonomic Science, vol. 12, pp.79-80.
2. Baxter, S. and Lansing, M. (1983). Women and Politics: The Visible Majority. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
3. Bolton, G. E. and Katok, E. (1995). 'An experimental test for gender differences in beneficent behavior' Economic Letters, vol. 48, pp.287-92.
4. Brown-Kruse, J. and Hummels D. (1993). 'Gender effects in laboratory public goods contributions: do individuals put their money where their mouth is?.' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, vol. 22, pp.255-68.
5. Christy, C. A. (1987). Sex Differences in Political Participation: Process of Change in Fourteen Nations. New York, NY: Praeger.
6. Cooperstock, R. and Parnell, P. (1982). 'Research on psychotropic drug use: a review of findings and methods.' Social Science and Medicine, vol. 16, pp.1179-96.
7. Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York, NY: Hurst and Company.
8. Dawes, R. M., McTavish, J. and Shaklee, H. (1977). 'Behavior, communication, and assumptions about other people's behavior in a common dilemma situation.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 35, pp.1-11.
9. Eagly, A. H. and Crowley, M. (1986). 'Gender and helping behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.' Psychological Bulletin, vol. 100, pp. 283-308.
10. Eckel, C. C. and Grossman, P. J. (1996a). 'Altruism in anonymous dictator games.' Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 16, pp. 181-91.
11. Eckel, C. C. and Grossman, P. J. (1996b). 'Chivalry and solidarity in ultimatum games.' Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Economics Working Paper.
12. Epps, T. W. and Singleton, K. J. (1986). 'An omnibus test for the two-sample problem using the empirical characteristic function.' Journal of Statistics and Computer Simulation, vol. 26, pp. 177-203.
13. Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E. and Sefton M. (1994). 'Fairness in simple bargaining experiments.' Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 6, pp. 347-69.
14. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15. Goertzel, T. G. (1983). 'The gender gap: sex, family income, and political opinions in the early 1980's.' Journal of Political and Military Sociology, vol. 11, pp. 209-22.
16. Gottfredson, M. R. and Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., Shachat, K. and Smith, V. (1994). 'Preference, property rights and anonymity in bargaining games.' Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 7, pp. 346-80.
18. Hoffman, E., McCabe, K. and Smith, V. (1996). 'Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games.' American Economic Review, vol. 86, pp. 653-60.
19. Ingram, B. L. and Berger, S. E. (1977). 'Sex-role orientation, defensiveness, and competitiveness in women.' Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 21, pp. 501-18.
20. Kahn, A., Hottes, J. and Davis, W. L. (1971). 'Cooperation and optimal responding in the prisoner's dilemma game: effects of sex and physical attractiveness.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 17, pp. 267-79.
21. Kandel, D. B. and Logan, J. A. (1984). 'Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: 1. periods of risk for initiation, continued use, and discontinuation.' American Journal of Public Health, vol. 74, pp. 660-6.
22. Ledyard, J. (1995). 'Public goods: a survey of experimental research.' In The Handbook of Experimental Economies (eds. J. H. Kagel and A. E. Roth), pp. 111-94. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
23. Mack, D., Auburn, P. N. and Knight, G. P. (1971). 'Sex role identification and behavior in a reiterated prisoner's dilemma game.' Psychonomic Science, vol. 24, pp. 280-2.
24. Mason, C. F., Phillips, O. R. and Redington, D. B. (1991). 'The role of gender in a non-cooperative game.' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, vol. 15, pp. 215-35.
25. Meux, E. P. (1973). 'Concern for the common good in an N-person game.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 28, pp. 414-8.
26. Moore, D. W. (1996). 'Clinton's increased support over past year: older independents, richest and poorest Americans.' Gallup News Service, vol. 60, no. 48.
27. Nowell, C. and Tinkler, S. (1994). 'The influence of gender on the provision of a public good.' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, vol. 25, pp. 25-36.
28. Orbell, J. and Dawes, R. (1981). 'Social dilemmas.' In Progress in Applied Social Psychology, vol. 1. (eds. G. Stephenson and J. H. Davis). Chichester, England: Wiley.
29. Orbell, J., Dawes, R. and Schwartz-Shea, P. (1994). 'Trust, social categories, and individuals: the case of gender.' Mimeo, University of Oregon.
30. Ortmann, A. and Tichy, L. K. (1996). 'Understanding gender effects in the laboratory: a double-blind design and experimental results.' Unpublished manuscript, Bowdoin College.
31. Rabin, M. (1993). 'Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics.' American Economic Review, vol. 83, pp. 1281-302.
32. Rapoport, A. and Chammah, A. M. (1965). 'Sex differences in factors contributing to the level of cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game.' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 831-8.
33. Roth, A. E. (1995). 'Bargaining experiments.' In The Handbook of Experimental Economics (eds. J. H. Kagel and A. E. Roth), pp. 253-348, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
35. Stockard, J., Van De Kragt, A. J. and Dodge, P. J. (1988). 'Gender roles and behavior in social dilemmas: are there sex differences in cooperation and in its justification?' Social Psychology Quarterly, vol. 51, pp. 154-63.
36. Thaler, R. (1988). 'Anomalies: the ultimatum game.' Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 2, pp. 195-206.
37. Uesugi, T. K. and Vinacke, E. W. (1963). 'Strategy in a feminine game.' Sociometry, vol. 26, pp. 75-88.
38. Vinacke, W. E. (1959). 'Sex roles in a three-person game.' Sociometry, vol. 22, pp. 343-60.
39. Wilson, J. Q. and Herrnstein R. J. (1985). Crime and Human Nature. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
40. Young, P. (1994). Equity in Theory and Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.